The Laredo Smallpox Riot

a Smallpox outbreak arose in Octobere 1898 in Laredo, but tensions grew when the Texas Rangers were callled to assist in forcibly taking sick people to "pesthouses". In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the Laredo Smallpox Riot.

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Sources

https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/laredo-smallpox-riot
https://www.texmed.org/Template.aspx?id=2012
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1069029/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/history.htmlhttps://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab=tab_2
https://traviscountyhistorical.blogspot.com/2023/02/a-history-of-travis-county-pest-camps.html
https://www.marquette.edu/cgi-bin/cuap/db.cgi?uid=default&ID=5982&view=Search&mh=1

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:10):
Hi everyone. This is Carmen and Christina and this is
The Study as a known, a podcast where we talk
about Latin American history. Sometimes it's horrible and deals with
heavy topics like racism, corruption, and genocide. But more than that,
it's also by resistance, power and community. And we're back
for back maybe. Yes, the break was what we needed

(00:31):
for me to pack and mostly unpacked. Yeah, and we're ready.
We're ready to go. So today it's it's a shorter
episode because there's not a lot of information on the
scene that happened, but I didn't know about it. So
here we are. A few episodes back. I did a

(00:52):
series on mob violence toward Mexicans in the US, and
the last two really focused on Texas and the Texas Arrangers.
And like we sometimes do, we make short videos about
the topics that we cover on the podcast to post
on TikTok and Instagram. Right, yeah, And I don't remember
where the comment came from, but I posted a video

(01:14):
about the Bortovindi massacre and the Texas Rangers and someone said,
look into the smallpox riot of vlad Delo, Texas, and
I was like, okay, oh, I don't think I saw
that comment. Yeah, well there's thousands now so when you
combine Instagram and TikTok. Anyway, Yeah, someone said that and

(01:38):
I was like, okay, and that's what this episode is,
the smallpox riots. Interesting, never heard of this. Yeah, I
had no idea. And so this takes place in March
eighteen ninety nine. But before we can talk about what
happened on that day, that's share some context. Yes, we
have like a little button that just like context. Context.

(01:59):
We love context. Actually the button should say we love context,
we love no, but we love it. No, yeah, no, seriously.
So you know, thanks to the series that we did
on violence, violence, we know that this was a very

(02:19):
tense time period between the Texas Rangers and Mexicans in
Texas because of the Texas Rangers, but also you know,
there's the Mexican American War, then just a lot of
angles arrive into the area, the Mexican Revolution, all of
these things are happening, and just really it's it was

(02:41):
bad time, contentious time, yes, thank you. And also this
is the eighteen hundreds we're talking about, and it's like
a terrible time to be sick with anything just in general. Yeah, yeah,
like that's a death sentence, a cough dead not dead.
Cut on your finger. If you don't lose your finger,
you die, or you lose your finger and then you die. Right, Yeah,

(03:04):
tennis and all that. Yeah, we didn't have things that
we have today, like vaccines. But also before we talk
about the riot, what is smallpox. It is a super
contagious disease caused by the variola virus. Even though the
names sound the same, chicken pox and smallpox, chicken pox

(03:28):
is not from the same virus. I was gonna say,
it's a different virus, right, it's a herpes virus. Yeah,
I remember from listening to this podcast will Kill You,
a very fun podcast. I haven't listened to that in
so long. I haven't either a while. I got to
get back to it. But yeah, So smallpox is believed
to have existed for at least three thousand years before

(03:49):
it was eradicated three thousand years. Well, yes, and it's
eradicated like it's gone. Oh, like it's eradicated now. It
doesn't exist except in labs to be maybe when they
used as a biological weapon, which is very scary. Anyway,

(04:10):
The origin of smallpox is unknown, but smallpox like rashes
have been found on Egyptian mummies. Wow. Yeah, I forgot
which mummy specifically, but like on his head. Oh, and
that's where that three thousand years comes from. They're dating
back to like that like for sure, then possibly longer.

(04:31):
The earliest written description of a disease that sounds like
smallpox comes from fourth century China. Fourth century. I can't
even like fathom the fourth century, right, like oh, and
then there's like there's like a drawings of them like
making altars to a god to like help them with smallpox,

(04:51):
which is just fascinating to see how people dealt with
it because obviously there's no vaccines, so all they had
was their gods or god. Yeah. Yeah, yeah. In Japan
in the eleventh century, there's uh drawings of offerings to
a smallpox demon. Yeah. Anyway, so early signs on symptoms

(05:16):
of smallpox include a high fever, fatigue, severe back pain,
severe back pain. I want to connected that I know
the symptoms so amazing. I wouldn't have thought of that,
and it's gone, so you wouldn't know it exactly exactly. Yes,
thank you vaccines. Well to come back as has the measles,
I hope not if it's a two rfk it will

(05:39):
hm hmm but less rare, but also sometimes happen with
some people's abdominal pain and vomiting. And that's like day
one and two, right, because it gets worse and then
you die. Yes. Day three is when the rash develops.
And this is a very specific looking rash, like there's

(05:59):
these big bumps everywhere. The bumps are full of clear
liquid and then puss, I'm sorry for this, and then that.
Then these bumps develop a crust and then that dries
and falls off. Yeah, And the rash begins on the
face and hands and then spreads to the entire body,

(06:23):
but in the in the face specifically, it's these like
lesions inside the mouth, the now the nose and mouth oo. Yeah.
That then they become ulcers. So then you can't even eat, right, no,
I mean it sounds painful like it would. But also
some people are throwing up at the same time, you know. Yeah,
honestly sounds like a terrible time. No. Yeah, again, highly contagious.

(06:47):
It's transmitted from person to person through droplets. So like
you know, you're love one sick, you comfort them, they
turn and cough in your face and get done. They
breathe next to you, but also through contaminated clothes and bedding.
And it has an incubation period. Do you know what
incubation period means? Yeah? I like, I like vaguely like, no,

(07:13):
it's like the time I'll just like explain, yeah, before
you go on about how you don't know what was
the same. It's the time between when you get it
and you're contagious and then you before you show symptoms, right, yeah,
so it is the time from you are infected to
the time you show symptoms. Sometimes you spread the disease

(07:34):
during this, sometimes you don't smill box. It's not contagious
during the incubation period. It is contagious when you start
having a fever, which is like day one of symptoms.
So interesting, Yeah, which is good because the incubation period
of this is seven to nineteen days. Seven to nineteen days. Yeah,
so you could have gotten it from someone between that
time nationality symptoms, Yeah, you know in those amount of days.

(07:57):
Well that means it doesn't spread as easy as fast
as something else until yeah, like but it's not like
they knew that back then, right right, So it's what
someone is sick though, and you're near that sick person
one hundred percent, you're going to get it, right, but
it wasn't like like COVID right right, right, Yeah, and
then your infectious from the moment the fever develops to

(08:19):
the last scabs. I did know that falling off and
this these scabs like sorry, the pustular rash, the pustules,
those wings gap. It sounds discussing, but the pustular rash
is before its scabs, right, yes, the scabs after Yeah,
so that's about ten days and then it takes another

(08:40):
six days after that for the scabs to all fall off. Now,
so you're like infections for a long time. Yeah, you're
dealing with this for a long time if you don't die. Yeah,
what was the survivable rate of this? It was like
three out of ten people died. Oh, but I couldn't
find the exact year, like because in some areas like
ninety percent of people. Yeah, like the seventeenth century when

(09:05):
colonizers brought smallpox to North America. Yeah, and it was
extremely deadly. And I will say it was deadly er
because in like Europe and all these areas there was
a form of inoculation for a while. So inoculation is
like a precursor to vaccines, where like people had is
that like herd immunity, Yeah, sort of like people had

(09:27):
been living in close proximity to animals that had variations
of smallpox within their own like species, right, and because
of that people some people developed inoculation or some people
had already gotten sick and survived, and so then you
know that immunity spreads, and so a lot of people
were already immune, these people being the colonizers that then

(09:49):
came to North America, South America, these places that had
never seen this disease before, and like a smallpox killed
at least thirty percent of all indigenous peopleeople in like
all these continents, in some areas like being like one
hundred percent of some groups percent. Wow, and you're adding

(10:09):
measos and the flu. That's where those numbers grow even
more because measos and the flu also had not been
encountered by these groups before Cortes and his army of
colonizers they lost their first battle to the Meschica in
the Tan, and then they were returning for their second attack,
fearing that they were going to lose because they had
already like lost that first battle. When they got back

(10:30):
to the they found that smallpox had devastated the city,
like so many had died already because they brought smallpox
with them in other parts, like in more north than that,
so like in the what would become the US, But
when it was like still under British colonization, they found

(10:53):
that smallpox was very deadly to indigenous people and they
were like, hey, let's make smallpox blankets. Yeah, and there
was a weapon, and again it was very very deadly.
The Incan Empire also a very very like ninety percent
mentality rate mortality rate, so yeah, very deadly. And until

(11:16):
smallpox was eradicated through a vaccine, there were outbreaks that
happened very often all over the world. The last known
cases happened in the late nineteen seventies. Damn mm hmm,
yeah that long ago. No, no, yeah again, no, thanks
to vaccines. It is the only human infectious disease in

(11:36):
the world to be completely eradicated, because even polio came back, right, yeah,
and it wasn't completely eradicated everywhere. It had been eradicated
in the US, but obviously like other areas. I remember
listening well too, this podcast will kill you, and they
mentioned that, Yeah, in some areas of the world it
was still around, and I think they had someone from
I forgot where in the world, but they had contracted

(11:59):
it as a child as guests they had them him
on Wow. Well yeah, like I said, outbreaks happened on
a very regular basis before wide efforts to completely get
rid of this disease. And again, the way this was
done is it was amazing. I didn't write it down
because it would take so long. But basically it was
like a worldwide effort between like Who and the CDC.

(12:23):
And I mean, if anyone wants to learn more, you
can listen to the episode on smallpox from this podcast
will kill you because they get into the history. Yeah,
how it was eradicated all of that, Yeah, but it's fascinating.
But basically, yeah, it was just this effort like quarantines,
door to door vaccinations, things like that. Contact tracing. I

(12:47):
am fascinated by contact tracing, truly fascinating, and it is
what helped eradicate smallpox even the last outbreak that the
last one that happened in somewhere, yeah, in nineteen seventy seven.
I forgot where it was though, Somalia maybe, but it
was contact tracing where they were able to like stop
it from being spread and then like just vaccinate everyone.

(13:10):
So yeah, contact tracing it works, public health it works.
So yeah. One of these regular outbreaks that happened before
the eradication of smallpox eighteen ninety eight Loretto, Texas. So

(13:32):
on October fourth, eighteen ninety eight, doctors in Laredo started
noticing the spread of an illness that resembled chicken pox.
It was spreading among the children, and soon they realized,
oh no, this is not chicken pox, this is smallpox
because it's more deadly. The first death from this outbreak
happened on October twenty ninth, eighteen ninety eight, and it

(13:53):
was a Mexican child, and this death prompted the then mayor,
Mayor Lewis J. Christen and officials to start a committee
to investigate the spread of this illness. And within three months,
by the end of January eighteen ninety nine, there had
been more than one hundred cases in Laedo, and because

(14:14):
of this, officials advised stronger measures to control the spread
of the disease. And so this is where doctor Walter
Fraser Blunt Blunt, a Texas State health officer then advised
house to house vaccination and fumigation, the burning of all
possibly contaminated clothing and personal effects that could not be fumigated,

(14:36):
and then the establishment of a field hospital for all
infected patients. And this field hospital it became like a
quarantine area that then was called a pest house. And
these measures to control the disease were mostly taking place
in the poorer areas of Ladedo, which also happened to
be mostly Mexican areas. And like we know that then

(15:00):
populated areas are where viruses thrive. Yeah, it has nothing
to do with a race, right, If anything, it has
to do with the disparities that follow racial and ethnic
and disadvantage groups right right, And then there's a reason

(15:23):
the most a risk groups are the more highly densely
populated areas. You add in like the style of living, like, oh,
is it a multi generational home? Right people in this area?
So yeah, all those things come into play when you
look at how viruses are spreading. But we and our
listeners know that this is the time period also where

(15:46):
eugenics was like fully thriving, right, you know, people were
blamed because of their race, Like, oh, those dirty Mexicans.
So the fact this was getting mostly Mexican children was
adding touch that narrative. Yes, thank you for your type. Yeah. Yeah. Also,
these pest camps were hardly a place to heal and

(16:07):
get better. It was probably more disease written. Yeah, and
it was more like a prison, Oh god, and a
death sentence going there and meant you were going to die. Basically,
these pest camps had armed guards to keep the sick
in and visitors out. No one was allowed to be
closer than seventy five feet. It was also common for

(16:29):
these patients to escape when guards were not around. I mean,
you can't treat people like this or else they're gonna
want to escape even though they're sick. You can spread
their illness. Yeah, but when you treat people like shit,
they're gonna want If you treat them like prisoners, they're
going to feel they need to escape, like come on now. Yeah.
Oftentimes they were referred to as inmates instead of patients.
Oh my god. And so of course no one is

(16:51):
gonna want to go there, or even if they're sick. Yeah,
like you might even lie about meansick, right, you might
resist going there. Right, It was coming for patients to
escape and then run into the nearest body of water
to looking for relief from the pain and then die.
You know, other people ran to their homes to die

(17:12):
in comfort, but then unfortunately like spread the disease. Right. Yeah,
there's a case of a patient escaping and then pouring
kerosene all over himself and his bedding and then setting
himself on fire. Oh wow, truly vile, horrible things, truly,
I mean, and like I'm sure obviously there was no
better way to handle this, right, right, crisis. Yeah, this pandemic,

(17:36):
I don't know if it was pandemic thoal that has
an egredemication, Okay, yeah, epidemic also, like I understand these
are different times. I'm just sharing what these pest houses
were like and that they were more like presents. Right. So,
Small Box was still spreading and it was so bad
that on March sixteenth, eighteen ninety nine, doctor Blunt himself

(17:57):
arrived in Lato from Austin, Texas to be there and
in charge of the fight against this epidemic. Around this
time that he was arriving from Austin to l Ledo,
residents began to resist the fumigations and like, I can't
find a reason why they were resisting. But I think
if we think back to how it has to do

(18:18):
with how they were treating the contagious people, right, if
we think to how they were being treated inside the
pest houses, and then you think about like our episode
on the Panama Canal Zone and how the fumigations were
taking place there and say that, yeah, yeah, it isn't
hard to see why anyone would be resistant to this.
I imagine they were just getting in there, not explaining anything.

(18:40):
I imagine there was a language barrier, and like, yeah,
you know, so I understand the point of resistance, not
the point I understand the resistance happening, right, Like, I
don't blame them the apprehension, right, Like, I get it.
But because of this resistance, Blunt requested the Texas Rangers.

(19:06):
Texas Rangers mentioned bingo, Yeah, he requested them to assist
medical teams in the house to house vaccinations and fumigations.
And so the Rangers, or a detachment of the Rangers
arrived three days later on March nineteenth, eighteen ninety nine.
And this is probably not a surprise, but the Rangers

(19:27):
started breaking doors down, removing people with force from their
homes and like dragging them to the pest houses violently.
And so in response to this, protesters got together and
started throwing rocks at the Texas Rangers and health officials, rocking, yes, rockings,

(19:48):
And during this protest, one health official was hit on
the head by a rock and one of the protesters,
Pablo Aguillade, was shot in the leg. From what I
can see, both were okay, no, none of these injuries were deadly,
and so that was at for now, But of course
that wasn't everything right. The following day, the Laredo Times

(20:10):
reported that quote a local hardware store called the Dudes
Dutes Deutz I'm gonna guess dudes as well, I don't know, okay,
called the Dudes Brothers had received a telephone order for
two thousand rounds of bugshot to be delivered to a

(20:31):
house in the southeastern portion of the city. But instead
of feeling the order, the authorities were notified and given
the location where the delivery was to be made. And so,
based on that report, local Sheriff LR or TH's and
Captain J. H. Rogers of the Texas Rangers and the

(20:52):
Texas Rangers Detachment, they obtained a search warrant for wherever
that ammunition was supposed to be delivered. By now, more
rangers had arrived as reinforcements, and they began doing house
to house searches looking for the ammunition that had been
allegedly delivered or that had been ordered for delivery. And

(21:13):
so when they got to the home of a former
la of the policeman named Agapito, the rangers met some trouble.
Agapito met them outside of his house and he was
speaking with sheriff or thieves when a young man who
had been standing in the doorway yelled, yeah, like I

(21:35):
don't know, telling someone now, oh right, and then he
ran inside and at that moment the rangers drew their guns,
and by then Agapito had also ran inside and gone
out through the back door along with several armed men,
and then a gun battle ensued. So was in on it? Yeah?

(21:55):
I think he set them up? Oh wow, damn, not
the setup, It would seem that way. I don't know,
it does kind of seem that way. Yeah, I don't
know who shot first, that's not clear. But did you
saying ambush? Wow damn? Set up? The texted rangers? Yeah,
I think so, uh and so. In this gun battle

(22:16):
Detextas Rangers captain J. H. Rogers was hitting the shoulder
and I got Pito had been shot in the chest.
Both were still alive. I Gotto fell to the ground
from his wound, and then Ranger A y those his
initials A y Old ran up to Apito and shot
him in the head twice. Okay, I mean he was

(22:38):
already like hers down, He's down, man down. Shoot a
man once he's already down, like the role of I
don't know, I'm making shut up, but it's not wrong.
I don't know. To me, yes, but you know, I
guess when you're being ambushed, it's all fair game. But
it's all fair game to the Rangers anyway. They don't care.

(22:58):
That's true. That's true. I mean they ambushed. But they
have done this otherwise, probably right, they used to say.
But yeah they have we know they have another man,
Santiago Grimaldo was shot in the stomach and A Gopito's
sister was shot in the arm. From this instance, though,

(23:19):
I think A Gopito was the only one to be
killed or to die. The Rangers evactuated with their captain
and then they returned to the scene. Once their captain
was saved, they returned to find a crowd of one
hundred surrounding a gopito, and some of the one hundred
were armed, not all of them, just some of them,

(23:40):
you know, only a small them out probably numbers. I
don't have exact numbers. Okay. There was some back and
forth between the crowd and the rangers, and then someone
in the crowd fired at the rangers. Then the arrangers
opened fire into the crowd, the whole crowd, the whole crowd. Yeah,

(24:03):
and I found eight were wounded, but there's also some
sources that say thirteen. So eight to thirteen were wounded
from this attack, and one man died. And the rangers
then retreated into market Square and all through the night
there was gunfire exchange. Oh wow. Yeah. The rangers had
to call on the US Army cavalry unit that was

(24:25):
stationed at Fort McIntosh, and the cavalry arrived on March
twenty first, eighteen ninety nine, and then over the next
several days, with the help of the army, together they
coelled this riot rebellion, right, I don't know mine anyway,
So they arrested twenty one people, including a journalist named

(24:46):
Housto Cardenas for having participated in the riot. But I
don't know what their evidence was for any of it, right,
just they arrested twenty one people that were part of
the crowd, and more small pop deaths occurred through the
end of March, then decreased in April of that year,
and then by May the quarantine order in Laedo had

(25:07):
been lifted. And yeah, that was the smallpox riot of Ladolo, Texas. Interesting. Interesting, Yeah,
I found this surprising, But this isn't the only small
box riot in the US. You find that surprising? Yeah,

(25:30):
I just didn't. I guess I didn't think that there
was going to be more than one occurrence of this.
Where were the rest? Was it also like targeted like
Mexicans or what? No, this was the mostly Polish community
in eighteen ninety four in Milwaukee, Okay, but a Polish
community in what eighteen eighteen ninety four, ninety four. They

(25:50):
were considered ethnic back then, so yeah, so so yeah.
Mobs of Milwaukee residents took to the streets to protest
the isolation of smallpox patients. On August fifth, eighteen ninety four.
A mob of three thousand armed with clubs and knives
prevented health officers from removing a sick child from their
house to be taken to the hospital. Wow. And then

(26:11):
two days later, two thousand got together to prevent the
removal of a child suspected to have passed away from
smallpox from their house because there was a rule to
try and control the outbreak that a body had to
be buried on the night of death. But they wanted,
you know, obviously to bury their loved ones. Yeah. And
that's when things like this get so because back then,

(26:33):
obviously they just didn't care about people in some places, right, Yeah,
I mean, if they barely show a semblance of care now,
it's like even worse back then. Yeah. And it should
also be added first that people want to First, people
were scared, right in this case, and they didn't understand
what was going on. Yeah, in this case and in Texas, right,

(26:54):
both are very similar I think to me, So people, Yeah,
people didn't know what was going on. People were scared.
But also people want to hold on to like their
traditions and rituals and practices of like caring for their
loved ones, doing their funerals, respecting the dead the way
they they are accustomed to. You can't do those things
in the middle of an outbreak, so you know, that

(27:16):
makes it even more difficult. But then you add in
the way these things are being enforced, these guidelines, these
wolves much more violent than today. But it also should
be added at these hospitals like in you know, in
the case of the pest houses in Texas. But this
specific hospital in Milwaukee, it became known as the slaughterhouse.
They were known to treat patients who were sent there horribly.

(27:40):
They were not giving them water, prison. Yes, so of
course when that's your other option, like people aren't gonna riot, Yeah, yeah, exactly. Yeah,
people just went there to die, like wow, So of
course people don't want to go there, and they don't
want to send their children there. Yeah, we were kids

(28:02):
sent there too. Yes, everyone that was sick and smallpox
was very again as most diseases I get, I think
are very rough on children and the elderly. So yeah,
it's like it's understandable. It kind of like you think
about it in terms of now, and I still don't
think it really applies to all the masks. I don't

(28:24):
think it's the same as at least here in the
United States as COVID because they were not forcing people
as much as people wanted to say they were being
forced and being persecuted and whatever. Like, the reality is
that you weren't. And the other reality at the same
time is that the groups that were the most affected, black,

(28:46):
Latino Indigenous in very you know, urban areas, these are
the populations that have been medically mistreated in the past. Well,
and that's why I was so confused, because I'm like
the least oppressed, the least affected, or the loudest bunch
during the pandemic about about, you know, being supposedly repressed,
and I'm like, you guys don't know repression. You guys

(29:09):
want to be in this club, Come on right right?
But yeah that was that was this episode. Okay, that
was cool, well sort of good to learn about it,
I guess. Yeah. Yeah, not cool that it happened, of course. Yeah.
Nothing that we talk about is cool. That happened was
something something, yeah, some things, yeah, but most mostly not. Yeah.

(29:36):
So yeah, just a quick, little short one for our return,
I think, Okay, okay, or is there anything you want
to add before we end the episode? I don't think so.
Other than that, if you want to help us. Over
on Patreon, you get first at free episodes. But also, yeah,

(30:00):
I was like, what are they called? And these? In
these episodes, we are often either dissecting like the latest
news that are depressing or internet drama. Sometimes we start
talking about the political state of the word not what
is it that Jaden Smith meme? Oh I forgot, but

(30:21):
I know what you're talking about. Yeah, no, I was
gonna say. Sometimes we also talk about somehow start talking
about fundmentalist Christian influencers that has happened to try to
destroy our world. Yeah yeah and force us into their
horrible way of life. Yes. Actually, I'm wondering is this

(30:42):
going to be our return episode or is it going
to be the interview with a flower trald in my Blood?
It could be this one. That way, you have a
lot more time to edit. No, okay, well it's oh
well tomorrow or recording? Yeah, yeah, what the episode is
next Thursday? Oh yeah. Anyway, by the time this comes out,

(31:04):
you'll probably have heard our other episode. Because I'm thinking
that this might not be our return return episode. But okay,
it's because we were like, well we're bag baby. Yeah,
but it's fine. It's fine because this is the second
time back to our normal episodes because right right, yeah, okay.
Other than that, yeah, we hope that this was one
less Estoria Unknown for you. Bye bye Estoriasunknown is produced

(31:28):
by Carmen and Christina, researched by Carmen and Christina, edited
by Christina. You can find sources for every episode at
unknown dot com and in our show notes. Creating the
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Studia as an own podcast