February 14, 2025 • 39 mins
In this episode, we explore the critical importance of managing soybean seeding rates to optimize yield and profitability. By understanding the specific characteristics of soybean varieties, soil types, and environmental factors, growers can tailor their seeding strategies for better production outcomes.
• Seeding rate management for maximizing soybean yield
• Importance of variety-specific recommendations
• Differentiation between high and low VPI soybeans
• Impact of soil water index on seeding strategies
• Adjusting populations for different yield environments
• Influence of row spacing on canopy closure
• Relative maturity considerations in seeding decisions
• Key takeaways for optimizing soybean production
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:02):
Welcome to Spilling the Beans, the podcast that
spills the secrets to unlockingyour soybean farm's full
potential.
Every Tuesday, your hosts, billBackus and Jeff Mueller, dive
into expert strategies andinnovative solutions that will
help you boost your yields andmaximize your returns.
Whether you're a seasonedgrower or new to soybean farming
, we're here to help you succeed.
Let's get started.
Speaker 2 (00:25):
Hello and welcome to another edition, or another
episode of Spilling the Beans.
I'm Jeff Mueller and I'm BillBackus, and thanks again for
joining us as we dive into theworld of soybeans, covering
various topics and providinginsights to the soybean industry
.
Bill, it's Valentine's Day week.
Have you gotten your giftsalready for your wife?
Speaker 3 (00:46):
No, I haven't.
I need to get on that.
So typically I get that likethe day of right.
How about you?
Speaker 2 (00:53):
Oh, same here.
I won't get it until probablythe 14th, and then I'll probably
forget until mid-afternoon, andthen I'll be either out of what
I need to find or somethinglike that.
I'm not a very good plannerwhen it comes to those things,
but I do try.
I do try.
Speaker 3 (01:06):
So Bill, thanks, I do try as well.
I'll just have to make anexcuse to go run to town
somewhere, since we left.
There you go, there you go.
Speaker 2 (01:12):
Good call I gotta go get some office, some things for
the office.
I'll be right back.
So, bill, thanks for joining metoday as we're discussing
another episode here on Spillingthe Beans.
You know, last week we wentinto we had a really nice
in-depth conversation on soybeanfertility, you know, talked
about some of the stuff we wereworking with, what we're dealing
with, just some things toreally make the soybeans happy
to help maximize some of those,some of those yields we have out
(01:35):
there this week.
Why don't you you want todiscuss kind of what we want to
bring to our audience and whatwe're going to focus on for this
episode?
Speaker 3 (01:42):
Yeah, really, I think , probably one of the topics
that's probably most near anddear to my heart.
Really, you think about seedingrate management and finding
that sweet spot, really formaximum yield.
You think about what we'redoing here.
So, as we dig into literally wekeep talking every week, you
know the G by E, by M.
We think about differentsoybean varieties require
(02:03):
different soybean seeding ratesin different environments.
So you can't really, you knowthere's some things we can think
about, but you can't typicallydo a broadcast of one rate for
one variety across all acres.
It really, you know, tomaximize, you're going to have
to start thinking about somethings differently.
So you know, as we, you knowhow do we optimize each?
You know, to maximize soybeanproduction.
(02:25):
You know, jeff, as we thinkabout that.
So how do we optimize eachsoybean variety to maximize
soybean production?
You know, think about this year, especially in a year, you know
, when we need to produce everybushel we possibly can.
So, jeff, how do we get there?
How do we get that figured out?
Speaker 2 (02:43):
Yeah, that's a great question.
It's a loaded question, right?
There's a lot of things thatcan depend on it too.
I'll just use a kind of anexample over here in my neck of
the woods.
You know those are some thingswe take in consideration when
we're talking about our pivotirrigated versus our dry land.
You know what do we have outthere.
We know that our irrigatedacres tend to be our highest
(03:05):
yielding, best producing type ofacre and we can run into those
cases with our dry land orlimited rainfall areas can have
more of a stress on there.
So, population wise, what do youdo?
You know you would think, ok,I'm going to go heavier on the
irrigated because I want to getmore plants out there, I want to
get more yield out there.
That's where I'm going tomaximize on my rain fed acre.
(03:29):
You know, more of my dry landI'm going to be.
I'm going to be lower in thepopulation because I want more
plants and everything out there.
But it really it's a varietaldependent.
You know there's a lot ofproducts that you want to put on
irrigated acres that youprobably want to have at a lower
population, just because of thevariety works better that way.
But also, if you have a lotmore population out there and it
really likes to branch andeverything, you can get a really
(03:51):
big, robust plant.
It can go down.
You can have all kinds ofissues that are going through
there.
You know, when you think aboutwhat you need out there.
Do you need height out therefor that field?
What are you looking at fromthere?
Population makes a differencethere.
Do you need height out therefor that field?
What are you looking at fromthere?
Population makes a differencethere.
Do I need canopy?
What kind of canopy am Ilooking for?
What type of row spacing, whichis something we'll be talking
about here in the next episode.
(04:12):
That's going to affect whatyou're going to be dealing with
there.
So everything comes down tomaking sure that you get the
pods out there, to get the beansout there and maximize that
yield.
So understanding thatpopulation from a varietal
standpoint will help dictatethat more.
And then knowing that theremight be some that you might
think under a rain fed situationover here, you want a lower pop
(04:33):
because you want bigger plantsout there, but that might not be
the right way to maximize thatyield out because you don't want
to limit yourself in thosecases, because even though we've
been struggling through adrought for a while, it is going
to rain again and we know that.
If you know you got to, ifyou're preparing yourself for
low yields, you're already onestep behind the eight ball right
(04:56):
.
So you need to make sure thatyou're preparing yourself to
maximize those yields if thethings come in.
And that's just some managementthings that we're going to work
with, and one of those ispopulation, and that's something
you know, really that we'regoing to talk about today.
So question to you I have is youknow you think about where we
were used to be at soybeanpopulations?
You know before the advent ofthe varieties that came out and
(05:18):
everything and the traits youknow it was.
Go run to the bin, go grab.
You know.
Go grab a bucket full, fill upyour planter, your drill.
You know, throw in a bushel peracre or whatever it was, or
whatever.
You know.
Really, right now everybodykeeps talking about the 140,000
seeds per acre.
You know it's kind of what wetalk about.
That's the generic answer,right?
How many seeds per acre?
140,000 seeds per acre, becausethat's what comes in a bag now.
(05:40):
140,000 seeds in a bag.
You know that is why they putthe bag.
You know the reason why isbecause it has it in the bag.
But is there truly an optimumseeding rate for soybeans?
I mean, can you generalize aseeding rate and say, okay, this
(06:01):
is a seeding rate you want tostay at, no matter what bean you
have and whether it's good orwhether it's bad, in general, it
, it and in general it willaverage itself out and be the be
the best opportunity we have.
Is that?
Is that?
Would you say, 140 K, is that?
Or can you generalize that intoone saying from that standpoint
?
Speaker 3 (06:13):
Yeah, great, great question.
Jeff Get this question probablyevery day.
Right as we're as we're talkingthrough, you know, preparing
for the season, especially thistime of the year, in February,
we're finalizing everything andwe're getting really our
management plans finalized.
We got seed ordered and nowit's kind of the next step of
what am I going to do.
I got to think about myfertility plans, like we talked
(06:35):
last week.
This week we're going to talkabout what are the seeding rates
, what do we want to do and howdo I figure that out?
So so, as you think about a lotof different, you know people
listening are either a doingwhat we just talked about.
Right, they're doing 140blanket.
They're not into that.
They don't have the ability onthe planter to change the
population on the go.
(06:56):
They don't have the ability towrite.
You know variable rate scriptsacross multiple environments.
You know, take your if you gotA, b, c, d zones, if you will.
You know that I've kind of setmy zones up to say, okay, on
this environment, my farm, I'mgoing to put this population on.
A lot of guys are, a lot moreare getting there as we start
talking through different.
You know dry land environments.
(07:16):
You know irrigation.
You probably don't have manyscripts, I'm guessing, written
on those.
Correct me if I'm wrong, but Idon't think you probably do.
It's probably a standardizedfor this pivot, I'm going to run
it here.
Dry land, I'm going to run ithere.
As you get into non-irrigatedacres, we start thinking through
some different scripts acrossdifferent soil types.
So my answer is really no, wecan't go there.
(07:37):
We really, and we shouldn't.
But reality is, are we?
Yes, there's a lot of, you know.
Let's just keep it simple onsoybeans.
And you know, if we go to corn,for example, we're doing that
for corn already, right, we aredoing so.
We're taking that hybrid.
We're saying, okay, I'm goingto plant this one at 28,000,
(08:05):
this one at 34, this one at 38.
You know if I have some otherareas where you're 22 depending
on the water you have, you're 24depending on the, the flex type
, you know what that corn hybridhas and you think about
soybeans.
Potentially you can think aboutthe same way, right, and think
about you know if that varietyagain back to the high vpi and
low vpi, we're going to getthere in a little bit know, we
can vary some populations basedupon that variety profile index
(08:27):
and really how that soybeanplant build yields.
So I think that's the big pieceof that.
We kind of tie in the, you know, the G by E, by M.
We talk about how that genetics, by environment, by management,
really all work together and westart thinking through you know
how do I basically write aprescription for that variety in
(08:47):
that environment, with themanagement that I'm going to do,
you know, either pre or postplanting, right?
So I get one shot each year toput that seed in the ground.
Unless it gets hailed off, I'mgoing to do it again but I get
one shot basically put it inbased upon the planting date you
know, which is going to come uphere very soon in a future
episode and we tie that alltogether and we really, you know
(09:11):
, literally dig into all thestuff that we've got going on,
you know, so on and so forth,with our whole system.
So you think about a holisticapproach.
We have to think about all theother factors that are going on
within that field, right?
So that field that we have, sothat's the big piece of puzzle
(09:34):
of it.
So we go back to the pods peracre, by the seed per pod, by
the weight per seed.
So if we increase our seedingrate, potentially we could have
more pods per acre right.
But if you don't have the rightvariety out there that could
potentially go down and then ifyou increase you may not get as
many seeds per pod because itdecided to add more stress.
I only put on two seeds per podand then we start doing, you
(09:57):
know, weight per seed.
So back to what you saidearlier about I went out to the
bin and I got that bushel, thatfive gallon bucket out there,
and I put the planter in.
You know, back in the dayeverything was I want that
really high seed count, right, Iwant that 3,800 seeds per pound
.
I don't want that 2,500 seedsper pound because that doesn't
go as far.
Right.
So we think about, you know, theseeding rate that we put
(10:18):
together and you start writingthat script and really tie that
all together again in a holisticapproach for that field.
So that's a big piece of thingsthat I think about.
But really to answer yourquestion you know long answer to
your question but is there atruly an optimum seeding rate
for soybeans?
Really no, but I would say itdepends as a typical agronomist.
It depends because we're goingto address that situation
(10:39):
accordingly in differentenvironments.
Speaker 2 (10:42):
Yeah, no, that's a great question and you know you
hit something on that.
You know I get a kick out of.
Two is yeah, they knowspecifically on that corn hybrid
what population and they'll setit.
And you know if they do havevariable rate planting for
populations, they'll set it onthe corn Beans just kind of get
the blanket throw out there.
And you know the differencebetween 20,000 seeds out there
(11:07):
per acre on soybeans, dependingon where you're in the field,
can make the difference of aplant putting on more pods
producing more yield, standingwell, versus maybe it goes down,
gets more disease, pods don'tfill out.
You can have a big bushel swingin there.
So again, understanding thefield that you're going into,
(11:27):
the environment you're goinginto and how those varieties
handle high populations, lowpopulations, mid populations,
can be a pretty big swing inbushels.
And you know $10 a bushel.
You know three, four bushel anacre, that's 30, 40 bucks more
an acre.
You know that's a differencebetween breaking even and making
a profit or losing money.
(11:47):
So, yeah, great question there,bill.
Speaker 3 (11:49):
So yeah, yeah.
So, Jeff, if you could, youknow we talked about the VPI.
So if you could give us someexamples of a high, mid and low
VPI and their respective seedingrates by environment, you know,
maybe, maybe, if you know anyhistorical yield responses kind
of for your area, you'llprobably tie in a little bit of
dry land irrigation, you knowkind of what you're seeing and
(12:09):
how that response is and howthey're working together.
Speaker 2 (12:12):
Yeah, yeah.
So when we were talking youknow we've talked and we've
mentioned it before and talkedin previous episodes you know
VPI, variety Profile Index, andit's something we've been
working on and again really tiesinto our ability here to answer
the question you know, is aflat rate of 140,000?
Should we just go with the oneseeding rate, stay from there,
(12:33):
or where do things work?
So we talk about high, mediumand low VPI soybeans and when
we're talking about a high VPI,we're talking about a plant that
likes to branch out, puts a lotof its yield on its branches,
so it'll get bigger.
It gets big, it gets bushy, itreally likes to branch out.
So you get a bean like thatthat likes to have its space, it
wants to move out, it wants toput out.
(12:55):
If you put it under some highpopulations it won't branch out.
So it minimizes the branchingthat occurs there and maybe at a
lower population, because it'sgoing to put more of its yield
on its branches.
So you want to have a littlebit lower population, you want
to be able to fill out, put itsbranches,000, 125,000 plants per
(13:15):
acre.
That's where you're going tomaximize it out.
When we get talking a low VPI,we're talking something that you
(13:38):
know.
It puts it more on that mainstem of that soybean plant.
It's not going to branch out awhole lot so it doesn't really
put its levels out there onthose branches.
So more of something that is onthat low VPI side.
We usually want our populationsup a little higher than that
140,000.
They might want to be in that150, 160,000 range because we
need the plants out there,because it doesn't matter,
(14:00):
because if we have a lowerpopulation it will have more of
an adverse effect on it.
And then we have somethingthat's more of a mid VPI.
It kind of you don't see awhole lot of difference between
lower populations and higherpopulations.
I mean the swings aren't verydifferentiating there.
It kind of handles both of them.
Those are usually our productsthat are a very good consistent
(14:20):
product across that acre.
That's that bean that it didn'twin all the plots, it didn't
lose all the plots, but it wasalways consistently in that top
three or four in that plot ortop three of the beans that you
had out there.
Just a nice consistent product.
Some of the things to thinkabout with the high VPI type.
So think about environments.
High VPI, you're going to wantthem in a environment that's
(14:44):
going to be have less moisturestress, because if you get more
moisture stress in thosesituations you're going to get
less branching out there, whichis going to have an adverse
effect on that yield.
You're also looking atsomething you want to keep on
that lower level of thepopulation side.
If you put it in at a highpopulation it may be okay but
you'll have a tendency there itwon't branch out as much but you
also get something that will begrowing more taller and robust,
trying to get those branches tocome out and you can have more
(15:05):
issues with standability, someof those things.
So when we get under irrigatedsituations here in Nebraska
where we have irrigation, welike those high VPIs.
We'll keep in that 120 to130,000 range because we know we
don't have that moisture stressthere.
We're going to be good fromthose cases.
Those are the type of productswe probably are avoiding on our
tougher dryland acre becausethey just won't branch out like
(15:26):
we want and we can have a moreof an adverse effect on yield.
We get a low VPI situation.
Those are going to be more theones we're going to handle onto
our more of our droughty orstress or dry land acre because
we know we're going to have thatpopulation out there and they
can handle that moisture stressbetter than those high VPI, just
because of their plantstructure and where they put
their pots.
(15:46):
Now we get under a goodirrigated type of acre.
There Again we may not see asmuch of a difference, as much an
advantage, just from the simplefact that it still can handle
it puts it on the main stem.
So we may not get that massiveboost into that 100 bushel range
with those type of productsbecause they main stem and they
just don't have the ability.
Mediums kind of can go.
(16:07):
Both acres Say, okay, this goeson, good irrigated, this will go
on your tougher dry land.
It fits across both, all, bothgenres.
You know really very well fromthere.
So again, um, it really comesback to that.
You know 140, is that the samelevel we want out there?
And then going one bean acrossthe whole field, knowing the
bean you have out there, andthen the environment, or not so
much the environment but thetype of topography and the type
(16:29):
of ground you have out there, uh, it might be something that,
hey, this same variety in thisfield could have a
differentiation of 20,000 or30,000 plants per acre, just
depending on where you're in thefield with the fertility and
some of those things like that.
So it really takes a lot ofthings into consideration and
that's understanding yoursoybeans, knowing what varieties
you're planting, getting thatinformation from who's giving
(16:49):
you the varieties and where it'sgoing to fit, and knowing how
to plant those and maximize itout, because if you get too high
a population on some they mayyield but they may go down
because they get reallybranching, fall down and really
heavy.
But then you start thinking inI need row closure.
We talk about weed control.
All those things add intopopulation and what you're using
from a variety from thatstandpoint also.
So that was an excellentquestion there, bill, because
(17:10):
that really it's just not aone-size-fits-all on soybeans,
like some people have beenthinking.
It's really understanding andagain, understanding your bean.
We talked about fertilityearlier, making your bean happy.
That is where you maximize theyield and that's where that
return on investment comes from.
So, as we're talking about thatand I mentioned a little bit
about the irrigation and the dryland, but we'll hear you know
(17:32):
part of that phase or some ofthe stuff we'll talk about is
soil water index and or you'llsee SWI.
Sorry, you know how.
You know.
What is it, I guess?
The soil water index.
What's it mean, you know?
Is it just different between asandy soil or clay soil, dry or
wet, and how does it influenceseeding rate?
What are some of the factors tosoil water index?
(17:52):
How does that affect thatpotential seeding rate of those
beans you're putting out there?
Speaker 3 (17:55):
Yeah, no, great, great question, Jeff, and a lot
of information what you justsaid there.
So, as we think through soilwater index, we think about, you
know, everything we're tryingto do here is manage that
at-risk acre and what we want tothink about.
So we're thinking about wherewater moves to and where it
moves from.
So you think about elevation,you think about topography, you
(18:17):
think about soil type, you thinkabout sandy soils, you think
about clay soils, you thinkabout water holding capacity,
you think about all that stuffand how they all interact, you
know, with one another.
So a high you know VPI, a highone that branches a lot, one
that wants to branch a lot.
So you have, you know, almostall soybeans.
Can, you know, throw somebranches if you plant them, you
(18:39):
know if they're a low enoughpopulation.
But what we're finding is thereare certain tendencies, as we
just talked about the VPI andthat variety profile index.
What we're finding, you know,with our friends at Advanced
AgriLitics got to give themcredit, them credit here too,
because we're doing a lot ofwork on this and their ag
engineering partner is adivision that's doing a lot of
work with us on this, so I'vegot to give them credit here.
(19:00):
So all that stuff that we'reworking together with them to
understand our soybean varietiesbetter than really anybody else
in the industry, all reallygoes back to the variety, plant
type and kind of understandingwhat its genetic makeup is and
its tendencies.
But it goes back to soil waterindex, kind of understanding
what it's, what its geneticmakeup is and its tendencies,
but but it goes back to soilwater index.
That's really what it goes backto.
So we got to understand whatthat is like.
You say it's all about water,where water moves to, where it
(19:22):
moves from.
So you think about something ona slope, think that's got a
high slope, typically organicmatters lower.
You think about we just don'thave, you know, the, the best
soil there.
Overall we're going to run alower, a mid to a low VPI type
product on that acre and we'retypically going to increase that
seeding rate.
(19:42):
If we go to a something that'sgot a high soil water index,
something that's got more water,a better soil, higher organic
matter, better CEC, reallyeverything that's about that.
You know we've got to thinkabout some other things.
There too.
We've got to start thinkingabout, you know, is there some
diseases there that we've got tobe concerned about?
So that comes into effect thereas well.
So we're going to typicallylower that population.
(20:05):
One other thing is we're goingto go with a high VPI type
product there.
One other thing we've got tothink about, you know, is how
does that product interact witheverything it's doing?
So you go back to that rootingarchitecture where it has a very
lateral type root, it's goingto, you know, go after the
nutrients and moisture basicallyin that top, you know, six,
seven, eight inches of soilwhere it has.
(20:26):
And if we go back to the lowVPI that has a very deep
penetrating root, one that goesvery deep and mines out moisture
, finds nutrients deeper, soyou're going to find some roots.
If you do a root dig you'regoing to find them 10, 12, you
know 14 inches long, with a nicedeep, you know main tap root
going down, deeper, you know,really, than other ones.
So as we think about that, sowe're typically also going to
narrow the row spacing up, andwe'll talk about row spacing
(20:49):
here in a future episode, butwe're typically going to attempt
to, if we can, you know, if wehave the ability to narrow that
row, spacing up really forcanopy on that lower soil water
index, and we're going totypically want to go with a
wider row on that high soilwater index.
Just typically we want to thinkabout how they interact.
So let's enter in soil waterindex, let's add in wheat
(21:10):
management.
So if we think about, let's goback to you know, historically
the trend was that we had reallygood weed control.
We've talked about that inprevious episodes.
We had really good weed control.
We could widen that row up, wecould lower populations, we
could do some things, and that'sbeen the trend as populations
have been going down, down, downand lo and behold, what we
(21:33):
found is we're getting more andmore weeds poking through late
season.
So population as a culturalpractice ties into soil water
index.
Very nicely, because you got tothink about how that works
together.
So we want to now, you know,get canopy as quickly as we
possibly can.
So potentially increasing ourseeding rates is not a very
popular topic, especially we'retrying to save money here.
(21:54):
But really we think about howthe weed control interaction is.
That's something we got tostart thinking about so.
So it all ties back to the soilwater index.
That's why I brought that inhere, because I think that piece
really ties together quitenicely.
So we'll talk more about that.
We get into row spacing, Ithink, in one of these future
episodes.
So so, jeff, we think aboutyield environment.
(22:20):
That's another way to look at.
You know, we think about soilwater index, but another
categorized categorization weuse is yield environment.
So how about, how do we are rexon, let's say, a 90 bushel
environment?
How about a 70 versus 50 versus30, so you know, or 90 or above
and so.
So how are our recs changed byyield environment?
Speaker 2 (22:36):
So yeah, great question.
I guess the answer is they do,because we know a higher
yielding environment versus alower yielding environment, some
of the challenges we're goingto have there.
Really, again, it comes down towhat variety we're going out
there with.
That's going to be the bestvariety, that's going to fit,
and how does it handle?
(22:56):
Does it do more from abranching aspect, from a yield
component?
Is it more of a main stem thatwe have out there?
You think about cases wherewe're probably in 90-bushel
environments.
You're probably looking at abean that really puts a lot of
yield.
It puts a lot of push on itsbranches.
It probably branches out morefrom those cases.
So again, wrecks in there areprobably going to be in that 140
(23:19):
or under, more than likelyunder 140 in a lot of those
cases we have to take inconsideration when you have that
type of yield.
Also, standability is going toplay a factor in there,
harvestability, some of thosethings.
If you have a product out therethat's all tangled, laying flat
and you can only harvest it oneway, not only you're using
losing money from yield, butyou're also losing a lot of
money from a harvest situationthat you have going through
(23:40):
there.
So figure that in when we get30 bushel environments.
You know those are toughenvironments and what's the
first thing that everybody wantsto do is, well, I'm only going
to throw, you know, 80 000plants out there.
You know, that's all I'mworried.
But I want a bigger plant,making sure I got more moisture
out there.
Well, you may be limitingyourself in those cases too,
because we've talked about,usually in those cases, those
type of tough and that's prettytough acre there and there's a
(24:03):
that acres around there a lot.
There's several 50 and underacres out there.
You know we're going to wantsomething that's more of a lower
vpi or something that reallyhandles that or can tap that
moisture better.
So more of that tap system wewere talking about with those
low VPI products.
But the inverse of that is youneed plants out there, right?
So you're going to have to havesome plants out there, and we
(24:24):
also talk about that.
If you're under thosesituations, you're probably
going to be drier conditions,you're going to have less plant
growth, less plant height, soyou're going to have less plants
growth, less plant height, soyou're going to need more plants
out there.
So the thought is, hey, I wantto put a lower population out
there to maximize that moistureout there.
And in hindsight you maybe needto be putting mid to higher
populations out there becauseyou need more of those plants
(24:44):
out there to get that yield outthere.
From that standpoint.
So again, a lot of it dependson the variety you have out
there and then you take into theatmosphere, into the
environment you're going in with, and then again you know if
you're going out there assumingit's going to be 30 bushel yield
, you're already settingyourselves up for failure In a
(25:05):
lot of those cases.
You know what happens if mothernature does bless you with a
couple of rains, a timely rains,and also that 30 bushel acre
turns into 75 bushel beans.
You know it's happened beforeit happens.
If you don't have thosepopulations out there, you're
not going to get that 70 bushelbean.
But if you do have thatpopulation out there, you know
you have that potential there.
So there's it's kind of aloaded question, bill, but it's
(25:28):
really understanding thevarieties you're putting out
there and the environments youhave out there to maximize from
some of those cases.
So that was a great questionand I don't know if I gave a
correct answer on it, but it'skind of a floating scale from
that standpoint.
But you know we're going to talkabout seeding rates.
You know we talked aboutseeding rates here, some of the
(25:50):
stuff, but you know how does itaffect some other aspects of
what we're looking at from acultural practices Meaning.
You know what's about rowspacing.
You know how's it affected withdata planning, relative
maturity.
You know we can talk about thelongitude and the latitude.
You know east to west, north tosouth, what that affected,
(26:10):
diseases expected or potentialsout there.
You know there's a whole lot ofthings you don't think about
that seeding rate has an effecton.
You know secondary effects on.
You got some answers on some ofthose or some of the things
that our listeners should bethinking about if we're thinking
about a change in some of ourseeding rate, moving away from
that 140,000 covers all acresand what are some of the
challenges.
But what are some of theadvantages or what are some of
the things we need to be dealingwith or looking at If that's
(26:31):
something our listeners arethinking about, looking at
changing this upcoming year.
Speaker 3 (26:35):
Yeah, jeff, no great question.
So you know, in Iowa, for me,in my area, I have the luxury of
going clear up to SoutheastSouth Dakota as well.
In my area I have the luxury ofgoing clear up to Southeast
South Dakota as well.
So I really go from amaturities that I cover at
roughly a 0.8 all the waythrough about a 4.5 roughly.
So I cover a lot of differentthings and we see a lot of
different environments and wetalked a lot of different areas.
(26:56):
So so you talk and go back toyour question on the you know
below 50 bushel environment.
So you get into South Dakota,you get to Yankton, you get up
to Mitchell, you get up in someof those areas.
There's definitely some 50bushel beans and they're happy
with that.
You get a lot of 30, 35.
So did some seeding rate trialsout there and did see the
response of increasing theseeding rate when, given a
(27:17):
timely rain, did tie in nicelyand historically there's been a
lowering in seeding rates.
But again that goes back towhat I said earlier about weed
control.
So we've had the luxury ofhaving the ability to have lower
seeding rates and have goodweed control.
Well, there's a lot ofchallenges that are going around
with that.
So you start thinking throughall these interactions.
So, row spacing, let's startwith that one.
(27:39):
So yeah, we're going to want toconsider we're going to talk
more about this, you know,future episode but really
narrowing that row spacing up.
We've done a lot of yieldtrials over many, many years
that just really show it's allabout that canopy, closing that
canopy earlier and, as we talkthrough data planning coming up
in a future episode as well,we're going to see how that
interacts with that.
(27:59):
But closing that canopy, youknow, getting that soybean
maximizing its photosynthesis,that we're getting basically
around that how it can basicallymaximize yield because we don't
want that sunlight hitting theground and what that does, it's
losing, you know, yield, becausethat's what you know.
Soybeans are light harvesters.
That's the way you think aboutthem.
That's all they do.
(28:20):
That's what their focus.
Their job is is to, you know,turn that sunlight into soybeans
and that's really their job andthat's what they're doing.
So we think about how do wethink about that practice to
narrow that canopy, that rowspacing up, to get canopy
closure as soon as we possiblycan.
Of course there's concerns withthat, which are diseases, right
?
So if we know we have whitemold, for example.
(28:42):
We have to think about airflow.
We have to think about you know,canopy in too soon or too late
or different things that youthink about and how, when that
we've talked about white moldpreviously and how that you know
the apothecia basically kind ofget up and they start, you know
, shooting in there and we getthat canopy.
And we've talked aboutdifferent light spectrums and
how that all ties together.
But canopy is a big part ofthat which ties right back to
(29:04):
seeding rates.
So definitely an interactionbetween the two which all goes
back to the G by E by M yieldtriangle.
So you know data planning we'regoing to talk about that, how
that interacts here in a futureepisode as well, because there
is a key interaction that tiesinto canopy closure, which ties
into seeding rates.
So planting earlier, wetheoretically could go a little
(29:25):
bit lower.
That is very, very possible.
That is something we can do.
But again, we've got tounderstand back to your point,
it depends.
We've got to understand oursoybean varieties and really
understand where they start with.
So as we go later in the yearwe typically want to increase
our population.
So typically my rule of thumbis after May 1st I start
increasing about every week,about 10,000 every week.
Speaker 1 (29:47):
So whatever you're starting with.
Speaker 3 (29:49):
So take your pick wherever you're starting and
then you know, max out at, youknow 180.
I don't think I go much pastthat commonly you know different
environments, you know, maywarrant going a little thicker
than that, but that definitely,you know, in a year where we're
trying to understand seed costsand try to maximize production,
we have to take all that intoaccount as well.
So relative maturity get thatquestion a lot as well.
(30:10):
So how does that influence byseeding rate?
So did some studies on that andreally at the end of the day
there wasn't a lot ofinteraction except for which
kind of goes into the latitude,longitude.
So as you go north you're goingto find, as I get clear,
farther north I do find that youknow the earlier RMs do respond
, typically almost every singleone of them, regardless of high,
(30:33):
mid or low VPI response to ahigher seeding rate.
So based upon that early RM, wesee that as we go fuller season
, you know clear down to that,three, eights and up to four and
four, fives and whatever, notuh in a low uh, low vpi type
environment or a low yieldenvironment or a low soil water
(30:55):
index environment, they staypretty flat.
There's not a lot of changethere.
Uh, regardless of what, whatseeding rate you put at, as we
get to that same RM and you goto a fuller season or a fuller
or higher population.
So 100, 140, 180, I do see alittle bit of an increase in a
higher yield environment, but itmaxes out about 140.
(31:17):
So if you go low at 100, youknow you're not really gaining a
lot by going up to 140, but itkind of depends on the
environment, depends on yoursoil and depends on the
environment that you're puttinginto.
But yeah, I really did a lot ofstudies there, broke them out
by relative maturity, broke themout by soil water index and
really kind of tied it backtogether.
So there are some responses torelative maturity, latitude,
(31:40):
longitude.
Yeah, definitely, as you movenorth you'll see some things.
As you move east and west.
So as you go west into yourarea, you know your area better
than I do, but you know,understand dry land irrigation.
As you go east, they typicallyhave more moisture, they
typically have more clay, theytypically have more some other
phytophthora diseases.
So you may see, in the east youget Indiana, ohio you might see
(32:01):
some lower populations becausethey typically have a little
more water, so their soil waterindex is a little higher.
So think about that.
As we go north we get intoMinnesota and the Dakotas.
Again, that's an east and westthing.
Minnesota is the state of awhole bunch of lakes, right, and
you get into the Dakotas we geta lot more kind of the Western
(32:23):
Plains and some things changethere.
So you got to understand theenvironment where you're in.
So as we hit this podcast wehit a lot of different people.
You know, understand with yourlocal agronomist kind of what
you're doing, but know that 140is not really the back to that
question.
Start a podcast.
That is not the one populationthat fits all, because all these
factors RM, row spacing,relative maturity, data planning
(32:47):
all interact with seeding rateand you got to understand those
interactions and how they alltie together.
So, jeff, that was a lot ofstuff in this episode.
So you know any other commentsor areas that you want to
discuss that we didn't getcovered.
Speaker 2 (32:58):
Well, one thing I wanted to touch back, run back
on real quick, because I thinkit'd be really interesting to
our listeners.
So you said, once you get pastMay 1st, every week after you
like to up the population up byabout 10,000.
Why is that?
What's the reasoning for that?
Speaker 3 (33:12):
Yeah, really, as we, as we get there, what we find in
all of our studies, I'm tryingto compensate for data planning,
right, so we're going to tieinto that here in a future
episode and how many bushels welose you know after the first
day that you can plant.
So I'm not going to give theanswer to that question which is
coming up here future, but youknow how many bushels we lose
after the first day, you knowfit for planting.
I'm trying to compensate forthat.
(33:33):
So I'm trying to compensate forthe loss of yield by planting
later with soybeans.
So it really comes back tocanopy comes back to I want to
get that plant growing as tallas I possibly can because I want
to get you know that thosebottom couple nodes off the
ground.
So I get that that big 30, 40foot platform that I'm running
(33:53):
through with the combineunderneath those and not leave a
bunch of uh pods, you know,sitting an inch or two off the
ground.
So I want to get those pods uphigher.
I want to get canopy.
I want to get better weedcontrol because beans are not
going to grow very tall when Iplant them later and I want to
try and compensate for that.
So also with the RM, you know,for planting day, we're going to
talk about that as well, butI'll slip it in here as well.
As you think about, we're goingto start shifting some RMs
(34:15):
around.
We're going to want to keepthat fuller season RM as we go.
A little bit later We'll tieback to that in our data
planning discussion.
But that doesn't get influencedby seeding rate as well.
So they really interact, youknow, nicely together.
But you got to understand thoseinteractions Again.
That goes back to that G by Eby M yield triangle and how that
all ties together with that.
But no great great question,jeff.
Speaker 2 (34:36):
Yeah, no, look forward to further episodes
delving into that a little bitmore.
Yeah, you know, biggest takehome points, you know, for me,
for for our listeners out there,is understanding that it's not
a one size fits all for forsoybeans, knowing your varieties
, talk to your, your, yourperson, who's who you're getting
(34:56):
your seed from, where do they,where do they work, and
understanding where they workand how to place them.
You know the difference of a 20, 15, 20,000 plants per acre can
make the difference between avery happy productive field or a
field that just was beans again, and that can be the big
difference between again notmaking money per acre or having
(35:16):
a nice return on investment fromthat standpoint.
So you know, I think that's thekey take home point is making
sure we're putting them in theright scenarios and right
situations to maximize theiryield potential and maximize not
only that but their defensiveand their characteristics that
help with minimizing diseasepotential and all those things
that come into play from thatstandpoint.
(35:37):
Bill, any final words oranything to add before we sign
off on this episode today?
Speaker 3 (35:42):
Yeah, I did think of one more thing.
Your comment made me think ofone other thing.
So we think about, and we'regoing to talk about, row spacing
here in a future one, but wegot to talk about that as well
really quick, because how thatties into seating rate.
So if you're on a 30-inch rowversus a 15, versus a 20,
typically if you're that sameacre, I will actually increase
the population from from.
(36:04):
If I'm planting a 120 on thispiece of ground, if I shift to
15, I'm going to add about 10 or15,000 to that just because I
changed the row spacing.
And all that did is because Ichanged the spacing between
plants, and that's what I got tothink about.
So I want to allow that plantsome room to kind of do what
it's designed to do.
It goes back to the VPI ratingthat we've given.
(36:26):
So there's a lot ofinteractions there.
But if I'm planting a 120 and Isay this is what I'm going to
do in 30 inch, I'll probably saya 130 or 135 in a 15s.
Or if I'm a 140, probably goingto go 155, basically in a 15s.
That's kind of a typicalstandard recommendation that I
have across the acres that Icover.
So, again, a lot of good stuffthere, but no great great.
(36:48):
I really enjoyed the VPIdiscussion that you had on the
high, mid and low and kind ofdifferent by environment and
really that different yieldenvironment.
A lot of good stuff there.
So really there's a lot more tothis understanding seeding rate
.
But you know, for a podcasttrying to get into 30-some
minutes or so, you know, tryingto get this covered, definitely
reach out to us or reach out toyour local agronomist.
Speaker 2 (37:10):
Absolutely, and, bill , thanks for joining me again
today covering this topic andthanks to all of you for joining
us today on this episode ofSpilling the Beans.
We invite you to download theGrow Smart Live app for more
resources and share this podcastwith other growers.
Speaker 1 (37:27):
So thanks for joining us today and make it a great
day.
Thanks for joining us onSpilling the Beans, where every
episode gets you one step closerto maximizing your soybean
profitability.
If you found today's insightsvaluable, subscribe and leave us
a review on your favoriteplatform.
Download the Grow Smart Liveapp for more resources and share
the podcast with other growers.
See you next week with moreexpert tips to help you grow
(37:50):
smarter and achieve the bestyields yet.
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Triaxor, liberty Ultra areregistered trademarks of BASF.
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Enlist, enlist One, enlist Duoand Enlist E3 are registered
(38:10):
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The transgenic event in EnlistE3 Soybeans is jointly developed
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All other trademarks are theproperty of their respective
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Always read and follow labeldirections Before mixing
(38:31):
components.
Always conduct a compatibilityjar test.
Always consult respectiveproduct labels for specific
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Fastax CS is a restricted usepesticide.
Mimasphere, zorina and Voraxorare not registered and not
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(38:53):
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Speaker 3 (38:56):
The views expressed by BASF employees and guests are
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Speaker 1 (39:01):
GrowSmart.
Welcome to Spilling the Beans, the podcast that
spills the secrets to unlockingyour soybean farm's full
potential.
Every Tuesday, your hosts, billBackus and Jeff Mueller, dive
into expert strategies andinnovative solutions that will
help you boost your yields andmaximize your returns.
Whether you're a seasonedgrower or new to soybean farming
, we're here to help you succeed.
Let's get started.
Speaker 2 (00:25):
Hello and welcome to another edition, or another
episode of Spilling the Beans.
I'm Jeff Mueller and I'm BillBackus, and thanks again for
joining us as we dive into theworld of soybeans, covering
various topics and providinginsights to the soybean industry
.
Bill, it's Valentine's Day week.
Have you gotten your giftsalready for your wife?
Speaker 3 (00:46):
No, I haven't.
I need to get on that.
So typically I get that likethe day of right.
How about you?
Speaker 2 (00:53):
Oh, same here.
I won't get it until probablythe 14th, and then I'll probably
forget until mid-afternoon, andthen I'll be either out of what
I need to find or somethinglike that.
I'm not a very good plannerwhen it comes to those things,
but I do try.
I do try.
Speaker 3 (01:06):
So Bill, thanks, I do try as well.
I'll just have to make anexcuse to go run to town
somewhere, since we left.
There you go, there you go.
Speaker 2 (01:12):
Good call I gotta go get some office, some things for
the office.
I'll be right back.
So, bill, thanks for joining metoday as we're discussing
another episode here on Spillingthe Beans.
You know, last week we wentinto we had a really nice
in-depth conversation on soybeanfertility, you know, talked
about some of the stuff we wereworking with, what we're dealing
with, just some things toreally make the soybeans happy
to help maximize some of those,some of those yields we have out
(01:35):
there this week.
Why don't you you want todiscuss kind of what we want to
bring to our audience and whatwe're going to focus on for this
episode?
Speaker 3 (01:42):
Yeah, really, I think , probably one of the topics
that's probably most near anddear to my heart.
Really, you think about seedingrate management and finding
that sweet spot, really formaximum yield.
You think about what we'redoing here.
So, as we dig into literally wekeep talking every week, you
know the G by E, by M.
We think about differentsoybean varieties require
(02:03):
different soybean seeding ratesin different environments.
So you can't really, you knowthere's some things we can think
about, but you can't typicallydo a broadcast of one rate for
one variety across all acres.
It really, you know, tomaximize, you're going to have
to start thinking about somethings differently.
So you know, as we, you knowhow do we optimize each?
You know, to maximize soybeanproduction.
(02:25):
You know, jeff, as we thinkabout that.
So how do we optimize eachsoybean variety to maximize
soybean production?
You know, think about this year, especially in a year, you know
, when we need to produce everybushel we possibly can.
So, jeff, how do we get there?
How do we get that figured out?
Speaker 2 (02:43):
Yeah, that's a great question.
It's a loaded question, right?
There's a lot of things thatcan depend on it too.
I'll just use a kind of anexample over here in my neck of
the woods.
You know those are some thingswe take in consideration when
we're talking about our pivotirrigated versus our dry land.
You know what do we have outthere.
We know that our irrigatedacres tend to be our highest
(03:05):
yielding, best producing type ofacre and we can run into those
cases with our dry land orlimited rainfall areas can have
more of a stress on there.
So, population wise, what do youdo?
You know you would think, ok,I'm going to go heavier on the
irrigated because I want to getmore plants out there, I want to
get more yield out there.
That's where I'm going tomaximize on my rain fed acre.
(03:29):
You know, more of my dry landI'm going to be.
I'm going to be lower in thepopulation because I want more
plants and everything out there.
But it really it's a varietaldependent.
You know there's a lot ofproducts that you want to put on
irrigated acres that youprobably want to have at a lower
population, just because of thevariety works better that way.
But also, if you have a lotmore population out there and it
really likes to branch andeverything, you can get a really
(03:51):
big, robust plant.
It can go down.
You can have all kinds ofissues that are going through
there.
You know, when you think aboutwhat you need out there.
Do you need height out therefor that field?
What are you looking at fromthere?
Population makes a differencethere.
Do you need height out therefor that field?
What are you looking at fromthere?
Population makes a differencethere.
Do I need canopy?
What kind of canopy am Ilooking for?
What type of row spacing, whichis something we'll be talking
about here in the next episode.
(04:12):
That's going to affect whatyou're going to be dealing with
there.
So everything comes down tomaking sure that you get the
pods out there, to get the beansout there and maximize that
yield.
So understanding thatpopulation from a varietal
standpoint will help dictatethat more.
And then knowing that theremight be some that you might
think under a rain fed situationover here, you want a lower pop
(04:33):
because you want bigger plantsout there, but that might not be
the right way to maximize thatyield out because you don't want
to limit yourself in thosecases, because even though we've
been struggling through adrought for a while, it is going
to rain again and we know that.
If you know you got to, ifyou're preparing yourself for
low yields, you're already onestep behind the eight ball right
(04:56):
.
So you need to make sure thatyou're preparing yourself to
maximize those yields if thethings come in.
And that's just some managementthings that we're going to work
with, and one of those ispopulation, and that's something
you know, really that we'regoing to talk about today.
So question to you I have is youknow you think about where we
were used to be at soybeanpopulations?
You know before the advent ofthe varieties that came out and
(05:18):
everything and the traits youknow it was.
Go run to the bin, go grab.
You know.
Go grab a bucket full, fill upyour planter, your drill.
You know, throw in a bushel peracre or whatever it was, or
whatever.
You know.
Really, right now everybodykeeps talking about the 140,000
seeds per acre.
You know it's kind of what wetalk about.
That's the generic answer,right?
How many seeds per acre?
140,000 seeds per acre, becausethat's what comes in a bag now.
(05:40):
140,000 seeds in a bag.
You know that is why they putthe bag.
You know the reason why isbecause it has it in the bag.
But is there truly an optimumseeding rate for soybeans?
I mean, can you generalize aseeding rate and say, okay, this
(06:01):
is a seeding rate you want tostay at, no matter what bean you
have and whether it's good orwhether it's bad, in general, it
, it and in general it willaverage itself out and be the be
the best opportunity we have.
Is that?
Is that?
Would you say, 140 K, is that?
Or can you generalize that intoone saying from that standpoint
?
Speaker 3 (06:13):
Yeah, great, great question.
Jeff Get this question probablyevery day.
Right as we're as we're talkingthrough, you know, preparing
for the season, especially thistime of the year, in February,
we're finalizing everything andwe're getting really our
management plans finalized.
We got seed ordered and nowit's kind of the next step of
what am I going to do.
I got to think about myfertility plans, like we talked
(06:35):
last week.
This week we're going to talkabout what are the seeding rates
, what do we want to do and howdo I figure that out?
So so, as you think about a lotof different, you know people
listening are either a doingwhat we just talked about.
Right, they're doing 140blanket.
They're not into that.
They don't have the ability onthe planter to change the
population on the go.
(06:56):
They don't have the ability towrite.
You know variable rate scriptsacross multiple environments.
You know, take your if you gotA, b, c, d zones, if you will.
You know that I've kind of setmy zones up to say, okay, on
this environment, my farm, I'mgoing to put this population on.
A lot of guys are, a lot moreare getting there as we start
talking through different.
You know dry land environments.
(07:16):
You know irrigation.
You probably don't have manyscripts, I'm guessing, written
on those.
Correct me if I'm wrong, but Idon't think you probably do.
It's probably a standardizedfor this pivot, I'm going to run
it here.
Dry land, I'm going to run ithere.
As you get into non-irrigatedacres, we start thinking through
some different scripts acrossdifferent soil types.
So my answer is really no, wecan't go there.
(07:37):
We really, and we shouldn't.
But reality is, are we?
Yes, there's a lot of, you know.
Let's just keep it simple onsoybeans.
And you know, if we go to corn,for example, we're doing that
for corn already, right, we aredoing so.
We're taking that hybrid.
We're saying, okay, I'm goingto plant this one at 28,000,
(08:05):
this one at 34, this one at 38.
You know if I have some otherareas where you're 22 depending
on the water you have, you're 24depending on the, the flex type
, you know what that corn hybridhas and you think about
soybeans.
Potentially you can think aboutthe same way, right, and think
about you know if that varietyagain back to the high vpi and
low vpi, we're going to getthere in a little bit know, we
can vary some populations basedupon that variety profile index
(08:27):
and really how that soybeanplant build yields.
So I think that's the big pieceof that.
We kind of tie in the, you know, the G by E, by M.
We talk about how that genetics, by environment, by management,
really all work together and westart thinking through you know
how do I basically write aprescription for that variety in
(08:47):
that environment, with themanagement that I'm going to do,
you know, either pre or postplanting, right?
So I get one shot each year toput that seed in the ground.
Unless it gets hailed off, I'mgoing to do it again but I get
one shot basically put it inbased upon the planting date you
know, which is going to come uphere very soon in a future
episode and we tie that alltogether and we really, you know
(09:11):
, literally dig into all thestuff that we've got going on,
you know, so on and so forth,with our whole system.
So you think about a holisticapproach.
We have to think about all theother factors that are going on
within that field, right?
So that field that we have, sothat's the big piece of puzzle
(09:34):
of it.
So we go back to the pods peracre, by the seed per pod, by
the weight per seed.
So if we increase our seedingrate, potentially we could have
more pods per acre right.
But if you don't have the rightvariety out there that could
potentially go down and then ifyou increase you may not get as
many seeds per pod because itdecided to add more stress.
I only put on two seeds per podand then we start doing, you
(09:57):
know, weight per seed.
So back to what you saidearlier about I went out to the
bin and I got that bushel, thatfive gallon bucket out there,
and I put the planter in.
You know, back in the dayeverything was I want that
really high seed count, right, Iwant that 3,800 seeds per pound
.
I don't want that 2,500 seedsper pound because that doesn't
go as far.
Right.
So we think about, you know, theseeding rate that we put
(10:18):
together and you start writingthat script and really tie that
all together again in a holisticapproach for that field.
So that's a big piece of thingsthat I think about.
But really to answer yourquestion you know long answer to
your question but is there atruly an optimum seeding rate
for soybeans?
Really no, but I would say itdepends as a typical agronomist.
It depends because we're goingto address that situation
(10:39):
accordingly in differentenvironments.
Speaker 2 (10:42):
Yeah, no, that's a great question and you know you
hit something on that.
You know I get a kick out of.
Two is yeah, they knowspecifically on that corn hybrid
what population and they'll setit.
And you know if they do havevariable rate planting for
populations, they'll set it onthe corn Beans just kind of get
the blanket throw out there.
And you know the differencebetween 20,000 seeds out there
(11:07):
per acre on soybeans, dependingon where you're in the field,
can make the difference of aplant putting on more pods
producing more yield, standingwell, versus maybe it goes down,
gets more disease, pods don'tfill out.
You can have a big bushel swingin there.
So again, understanding thefield that you're going into,
(11:27):
the environment you're goinginto and how those varieties
handle high populations, lowpopulations, mid populations,
can be a pretty big swing inbushels.
And you know $10 a bushel.
You know three, four bushel anacre, that's 30, 40 bucks more
an acre.
You know that's a differencebetween breaking even and making
a profit or losing money.
(11:47):
So, yeah, great question there,bill.
Speaker 3 (11:49):
So yeah, yeah.
So, Jeff, if you could, youknow we talked about the VPI.
So if you could give us someexamples of a high, mid and low
VPI and their respective seedingrates by environment, you know,
maybe, maybe, if you know anyhistorical yield responses kind
of for your area, you'llprobably tie in a little bit of
dry land irrigation, you knowkind of what you're seeing and
(12:09):
how that response is and howthey're working together.
Speaker 2 (12:12):
Yeah, yeah.
So when we were talking youknow we've talked and we've
mentioned it before and talkedin previous episodes you know
VPI, variety Profile Index, andit's something we've been
working on and again really tiesinto our ability here to answer
the question you know, is aflat rate of 140,000?
Should we just go with the oneseeding rate, stay from there,
(12:33):
or where do things work?
So we talk about high, mediumand low VPI soybeans and when
we're talking about a high VPI,we're talking about a plant that
likes to branch out, puts a lotof its yield on its branches,
so it'll get bigger.
It gets big, it gets bushy, itreally likes to branch out.
So you get a bean like thatthat likes to have its space, it
wants to move out, it wants toput out.
(12:55):
If you put it under some highpopulations it won't branch out.
So it minimizes the branchingthat occurs there and maybe at a
lower population, because it'sgoing to put more of its yield
on its branches.
So you want to have a littlebit lower population, you want
to be able to fill out, put itsbranches,000, 125,000 plants per
(13:15):
acre.
That's where you're going tomaximize it out.
When we get talking a low VPI,we're talking something that you
(13:38):
know.
It puts it more on that mainstem of that soybean plant.
It's not going to branch out awhole lot so it doesn't really
put its levels out there onthose branches.
So more of something that is onthat low VPI side.
We usually want our populationsup a little higher than that
140,000.
They might want to be in that150, 160,000 range because we
need the plants out there,because it doesn't matter,
(14:00):
because if we have a lowerpopulation it will have more of
an adverse effect on it.
And then we have somethingthat's more of a mid VPI.
It kind of you don't see awhole lot of difference between
lower populations and higherpopulations.
I mean the swings aren't verydifferentiating there.
It kind of handles both of them.
Those are usually our productsthat are a very good consistent
(14:20):
product across that acre.
That's that bean that it didn'twin all the plots, it didn't
lose all the plots, but it wasalways consistently in that top
three or four in that plot ortop three of the beans that you
had out there.
Just a nice consistent product.
Some of the things to thinkabout with the high VPI type.
So think about environments.
High VPI, you're going to wantthem in a environment that's
(14:44):
going to be have less moisturestress, because if you get more
moisture stress in thosesituations you're going to get
less branching out there, whichis going to have an adverse
effect on that yield.
You're also looking atsomething you want to keep on
that lower level of thepopulation side.
If you put it in at a highpopulation it may be okay but
you'll have a tendency there itwon't branch out as much but you
also get something that will begrowing more taller and robust,
trying to get those branches tocome out and you can have more
(15:05):
issues with standability, someof those things.
So when we get under irrigatedsituations here in Nebraska
where we have irrigation, welike those high VPIs.
We'll keep in that 120 to130,000 range because we know we
don't have that moisture stressthere.
We're going to be good fromthose cases.
Those are the type of productswe probably are avoiding on our
tougher dryland acre becausethey just won't branch out like
(15:26):
we want and we can have a moreof an adverse effect on yield.
We get a low VPI situation.
Those are going to be more theones we're going to handle onto
our more of our droughty orstress or dry land acre because
we know we're going to have thatpopulation out there and they
can handle that moisture stressbetter than those high VPI, just
because of their plantstructure and where they put
their pots.
(15:46):
Now we get under a goodirrigated type of acre.
There Again we may not see asmuch of a difference, as much an
advantage, just from the simplefact that it still can handle
it puts it on the main stem.
So we may not get that massiveboost into that 100 bushel range
with those type of productsbecause they main stem and they
just don't have the ability.
Mediums kind of can go.
(16:07):
Both acres Say, okay, this goeson, good irrigated, this will go
on your tougher dry land.
It fits across both, all, bothgenres.
You know really very well fromthere.
So again, um, it really comesback to that.
You know 140, is that the samelevel we want out there?
And then going one bean acrossthe whole field, knowing the
bean you have out there, andthen the environment, or not so
much the environment but thetype of topography and the type
(16:29):
of ground you have out there, uh, it might be something that,
hey, this same variety in thisfield could have a
differentiation of 20,000 or30,000 plants per acre, just
depending on where you're in thefield with the fertility and
some of those things like that.
So it really takes a lot ofthings into consideration and
that's understanding yoursoybeans, knowing what varieties
you're planting, getting thatinformation from who's giving
(16:49):
you the varieties and where it'sgoing to fit, and knowing how
to plant those and maximize itout, because if you get too high
a population on some they mayyield but they may go down
because they get reallybranching, fall down and really
heavy.
But then you start thinking inI need row closure.
We talk about weed control.
All those things add intopopulation and what you're using
from a variety from thatstandpoint also.
So that was an excellentquestion there, bill, because
(17:10):
that really it's just not aone-size-fits-all on soybeans,
like some people have beenthinking.
It's really understanding andagain, understanding your bean.
We talked about fertilityearlier, making your bean happy.
That is where you maximize theyield and that's where that
return on investment comes from.
So, as we're talking about thatand I mentioned a little bit
about the irrigation and the dryland, but we'll hear you know
(17:32):
part of that phase or some ofthe stuff we'll talk about is
soil water index and or you'llsee SWI.
Sorry, you know how.
You know.
What is it, I guess?
The soil water index.
What's it mean, you know?
Is it just different between asandy soil or clay soil, dry or
wet, and how does it influenceseeding rate?
What are some of the factors tosoil water index?
(17:52):
How does that affect thatpotential seeding rate of those
beans you're putting out there?
Speaker 3 (17:55):
Yeah, no, great, great question, Jeff, and a lot
of information what you justsaid there.
So, as we think through soilwater index, we think about, you
know, everything we're tryingto do here is manage that
at-risk acre and what we want tothink about.
So we're thinking about wherewater moves to and where it
moves from.
So you think about elevation,you think about topography, you
(18:17):
think about soil type, you thinkabout sandy soils, you think
about clay soils, you thinkabout water holding capacity,
you think about all that stuffand how they all interact, you
know, with one another.
So a high you know VPI, a highone that branches a lot, one
that wants to branch a lot.
So you have, you know, almostall soybeans.
Can, you know, throw somebranches if you plant them, you
(18:39):
know if they're a low enoughpopulation.
But what we're finding is thereare certain tendencies, as we
just talked about the VPI andthat variety profile index.
What we're finding, you know,with our friends at Advanced
AgriLitics got to give themcredit, them credit here too,
because we're doing a lot ofwork on this and their ag
engineering partner is adivision that's doing a lot of
work with us on this, so I'vegot to give them credit here.
(19:00):
So all that stuff that we'reworking together with them to
understand our soybean varietiesbetter than really anybody else
in the industry, all reallygoes back to the variety, plant
type and kind of understandingwhat its genetic makeup is and
its tendencies.
But it goes back to soil waterindex, kind of understanding
what it's, what its geneticmakeup is and its tendencies,
but but it goes back to soilwater index.
That's really what it goes backto.
So we got to understand whatthat is like.
You say it's all about water,where water moves to, where it
(19:22):
moves from.
So you think about something ona slope, think that's got a
high slope, typically organicmatters lower.
You think about we just don'thave, you know, the, the best
soil there.
Overall we're going to run alower, a mid to a low VPI type
product on that acre and we'retypically going to increase that
seeding rate.
(19:42):
If we go to a something that'sgot a high soil water index,
something that's got more water,a better soil, higher organic
matter, better CEC, reallyeverything that's about that.
You know we've got to thinkabout some other things.
There too.
We've got to start thinkingabout, you know, is there some
diseases there that we've got tobe concerned about?
So that comes into effect thereas well.
So we're going to typicallylower that population.
(20:05):
One other thing is we're goingto go with a high VPI type
product there.
One other thing we've got tothink about, you know, is how
does that product interact witheverything it's doing?
So you go back to that rootingarchitecture where it has a very
lateral type root, it's goingto, you know, go after the
nutrients and moisture basicallyin that top, you know, six,
seven, eight inches of soilwhere it has.
(20:26):
And if we go back to the lowVPI that has a very deep
penetrating root, one that goesvery deep and mines out moisture
, finds nutrients deeper, soyou're going to find some roots.
If you do a root dig you'regoing to find them 10, 12, you
know 14 inches long, with a nicedeep, you know main tap root
going down, deeper, you know,really, than other ones.
So as we think about that, sowe're typically also going to
narrow the row spacing up, andwe'll talk about row spacing
(20:49):
here in a future episode, butwe're typically going to attempt
to, if we can, you know, if wehave the ability to narrow that
row, spacing up really forcanopy on that lower soil water
index, and we're going totypically want to go with a
wider row on that high soilwater index.
Just typically we want to thinkabout how they interact.
So let's enter in soil waterindex, let's add in wheat
(21:10):
management.
So if we think about, let's goback to you know, historically
the trend was that we had reallygood weed control.
We've talked about that inprevious episodes.
We had really good weed control.
We could widen that row up, wecould lower populations, we
could do some things, and that'sbeen the trend as populations
have been going down, down, downand lo and behold, what we
(21:33):
found is we're getting more andmore weeds poking through late
season.
So population as a culturalpractice ties into soil water
index.
Very nicely, because you got tothink about how that works
together.
So we want to now, you know,get canopy as quickly as we
possibly can.
So potentially increasing ourseeding rates is not a very
popular topic, especially we'retrying to save money here.
(21:54):
But really we think about howthe weed control interaction is.
That's something we got tostart thinking about so.
So it all ties back to the soilwater index.
That's why I brought that inhere, because I think that piece
really ties together quitenicely.
So we'll talk more about that.
We get into row spacing, Ithink, in one of these future
episodes.
So so, jeff, we think aboutyield environment.
(22:20):
That's another way to look at.
You know, we think about soilwater index, but another
categorized categorization weuse is yield environment.
So how about, how do we are rexon, let's say, a 90 bushel
environment?
How about a 70 versus 50 versus30, so you know, or 90 or above
and so.
So how are our recs changed byyield environment?
Speaker 2 (22:36):
So yeah, great question.
I guess the answer is they do,because we know a higher
yielding environment versus alower yielding environment, some
of the challenges we're goingto have there.
Really, again, it comes down towhat variety we're going out
there with.
That's going to be the bestvariety, that's going to fit,
and how does it handle?
(22:56):
Does it do more from abranching aspect, from a yield
component?
Is it more of a main stem thatwe have out there?
You think about cases wherewe're probably in 90-bushel
environments.
You're probably looking at abean that really puts a lot of
yield.
It puts a lot of push on itsbranches.
It probably branches out morefrom those cases.
So again, wrecks in there areprobably going to be in that 140
(23:19):
or under, more than likelyunder 140 in a lot of those
cases we have to take inconsideration when you have that
type of yield.
Also, standability is going toplay a factor in there,
harvestability, some of thosethings.
If you have a product out therethat's all tangled, laying flat
and you can only harvest it oneway, not only you're using
losing money from yield, butyou're also losing a lot of
money from a harvest situationthat you have going through
(23:40):
there.
So figure that in when we get30 bushel environments.
You know those are toughenvironments and what's the
first thing that everybody wantsto do is, well, I'm only going
to throw, you know, 80 000plants out there.
You know, that's all I'mworried.
But I want a bigger plant,making sure I got more moisture
out there.
Well, you may be limitingyourself in those cases too,
because we've talked about,usually in those cases, those
type of tough and that's prettytough acre there and there's a
(24:03):
that acres around there a lot.
There's several 50 and underacres out there.
You know we're going to wantsomething that's more of a lower
vpi or something that reallyhandles that or can tap that
moisture better.
So more of that tap system wewere talking about with those
low VPI products.
But the inverse of that is youneed plants out there, right?
So you're going to have to havesome plants out there, and we
(24:24):
also talk about that.
If you're under thosesituations, you're probably
going to be drier conditions,you're going to have less plant
growth, less plant height, soyou're going to have less plants
growth, less plant height, soyou're going to need more plants
out there.
So the thought is, hey, I wantto put a lower population out
there to maximize that moistureout there.
And in hindsight you maybe needto be putting mid to higher
populations out there becauseyou need more of those plants
(24:44):
out there to get that yield outthere.
From that standpoint.
So again, a lot of it dependson the variety you have out
there and then you take into theatmosphere, into the
environment you're going in with, and then again you know if
you're going out there assumingit's going to be 30 bushel yield
, you're already settingyourselves up for failure In a
(25:05):
lot of those cases.
You know what happens if mothernature does bless you with a
couple of rains, a timely rains,and also that 30 bushel acre
turns into 75 bushel beans.
You know it's happened beforeit happens.
If you don't have thosepopulations out there, you're
not going to get that 70 bushelbean.
But if you do have thatpopulation out there, you know
you have that potential there.
So there's it's kind of aloaded question, bill, but it's
(25:28):
really understanding thevarieties you're putting out
there and the environments youhave out there to maximize from
some of those cases.
So that was a great questionand I don't know if I gave a
correct answer on it, but it'skind of a floating scale from
that standpoint.
But you know we're going to talkabout seeding rates.
You know we talked aboutseeding rates here, some of the
(25:50):
stuff, but you know how does itaffect some other aspects of
what we're looking at from acultural practices Meaning.
You know what's about rowspacing.
You know how's it affected withdata planning, relative
maturity.
You know we can talk about thelongitude and the latitude.
You know east to west, north tosouth, what that affected,
(26:10):
diseases expected or potentialsout there.
You know there's a whole lot ofthings you don't think about
that seeding rate has an effecton.
You know secondary effects on.
You got some answers on some ofthose or some of the things
that our listeners should bethinking about if we're thinking
about a change in some of ourseeding rate, moving away from
that 140,000 covers all acresand what are some of the
challenges.
But what are some of theadvantages or what are some of
the things we need to be dealingwith or looking at If that's
(26:31):
something our listeners arethinking about, looking at
changing this upcoming year.
Speaker 3 (26:35):
Yeah, jeff, no great question.
So you know, in Iowa, for me,in my area, I have the luxury of
going clear up to SoutheastSouth Dakota as well.
In my area I have the luxury ofgoing clear up to Southeast
South Dakota as well.
So I really go from amaturities that I cover at
roughly a 0.8 all the waythrough about a 4.5 roughly.
So I cover a lot of differentthings and we see a lot of
different environments and wetalked a lot of different areas.
(26:56):
So so you talk and go back toyour question on the you know
below 50 bushel environment.
So you get into South Dakota,you get to Yankton, you get up
to Mitchell, you get up in someof those areas.
There's definitely some 50bushel beans and they're happy
with that.
You get a lot of 30, 35.
So did some seeding rate trialsout there and did see the
response of increasing theseeding rate when, given a
(27:17):
timely rain, did tie in nicelyand historically there's been a
lowering in seeding rates.
But again that goes back towhat I said earlier about weed
control.
So we've had the luxury ofhaving the ability to have lower
seeding rates and have goodweed control.
Well, there's a lot ofchallenges that are going around
with that.
So you start thinking throughall these interactions.
So, row spacing, let's startwith that one.
(27:39):
So yeah, we're going to want toconsider we're going to talk
more about this, you know,future episode but really
narrowing that row spacing up.
We've done a lot of yieldtrials over many, many years
that just really show it's allabout that canopy, closing that
canopy earlier and, as we talkthrough data planning coming up
in a future episode as well,we're going to see how that
interacts with that.
(27:59):
But closing that canopy, youknow, getting that soybean
maximizing its photosynthesis,that we're getting basically
around that how it can basicallymaximize yield because we don't
want that sunlight hitting theground and what that does, it's
losing, you know, yield, becausethat's what you know.
Soybeans are light harvesters.
That's the way you think aboutthem.
That's all they do.
(28:20):
That's what their focus.
Their job is is to, you know,turn that sunlight into soybeans
and that's really their job andthat's what they're doing.
So we think about how do wethink about that practice to
narrow that canopy, that rowspacing up, to get canopy
closure as soon as we possiblycan.
Of course there's concerns withthat, which are diseases, right
?
So if we know we have whitemold, for example.
(28:42):
We have to think about airflow.
We have to think about you know,canopy in too soon or too late
or different things that youthink about and how, when that
we've talked about white moldpreviously and how that you know
the apothecia basically kind ofget up and they start, you know
, shooting in there and we getthat canopy.
And we've talked aboutdifferent light spectrums and
how that all ties together.
But canopy is a big part ofthat which ties right back to
(29:04):
seeding rates.
So definitely an interactionbetween the two which all goes
back to the G by E by M yieldtriangle.
So you know data planning we'regoing to talk about that, how
that interacts here in a futureepisode as well, because there
is a key interaction that tiesinto canopy closure, which ties
into seeding rates.
So planting earlier, wetheoretically could go a little
(29:25):
bit lower.
That is very, very possible.
That is something we can do.
But again, we've got tounderstand back to your point,
it depends.
We've got to understand oursoybean varieties and really
understand where they start with.
So as we go later in the yearwe typically want to increase
our population.
So typically my rule of thumbis after May 1st I start
increasing about every week,about 10,000 every week.
Speaker 1 (29:47):
So whatever you're starting with.
Speaker 3 (29:49):
So take your pick wherever you're starting and
then you know, max out at, youknow 180.
I don't think I go much pastthat commonly you know different
environments, you know, maywarrant going a little thicker
than that, but that definitely,you know, in a year where we're
trying to understand seed costsand try to maximize production,
we have to take all that intoaccount as well.
So relative maturity get thatquestion a lot as well.
(30:10):
So how does that influence byseeding rate?
So did some studies on that andreally at the end of the day
there wasn't a lot ofinteraction except for which
kind of goes into the latitude,longitude.
So as you go north you're goingto find, as I get clear,
farther north I do find that youknow the earlier RMs do respond
, typically almost every singleone of them, regardless of high,
(30:33):
mid or low VPI response to ahigher seeding rate.
So based upon that early RM, wesee that as we go fuller season
, you know clear down to that,three, eights and up to four and
four, fives and whatever, notuh in a low uh, low vpi type
environment or a low yieldenvironment or a low soil water
(30:55):
index environment, they staypretty flat.
There's not a lot of changethere.
Uh, regardless of what, whatseeding rate you put at, as we
get to that same RM and you goto a fuller season or a fuller
or higher population.
So 100, 140, 180, I do see alittle bit of an increase in a
higher yield environment, but itmaxes out about 140.
(31:17):
So if you go low at 100, youknow you're not really gaining a
lot by going up to 140, but itkind of depends on the
environment, depends on yoursoil and depends on the
environment that you're puttinginto.
But yeah, I really did a lot ofstudies there, broke them out
by relative maturity, broke themout by soil water index and
really kind of tied it backtogether.
So there are some responses torelative maturity, latitude,
(31:40):
longitude.
Yeah, definitely, as you movenorth you'll see some things.
As you move east and west.
So as you go west into yourarea, you know your area better
than I do, but you know,understand dry land irrigation.
As you go east, they typicallyhave more moisture, they
typically have more clay, theytypically have more some other
phytophthora diseases.
So you may see, in the east youget Indiana, ohio you might see
(32:01):
some lower populations becausethey typically have a little
more water, so their soil waterindex is a little higher.
So think about that.
As we go north we get intoMinnesota and the Dakotas.
Again, that's an east and westthing.
Minnesota is the state of awhole bunch of lakes, right, and
you get into the Dakotas we geta lot more kind of the Western
(32:23):
Plains and some things changethere.
So you got to understand theenvironment where you're in.
So as we hit this podcast wehit a lot of different people.
You know, understand with yourlocal agronomist kind of what
you're doing, but know that 140is not really the back to that
question.
Start a podcast.
That is not the one populationthat fits all, because all these
factors RM, row spacing,relative maturity, data planning
(32:47):
all interact with seeding rateand you got to understand those
interactions and how they alltie together.
So, jeff, that was a lot ofstuff in this episode.
So you know any other commentsor areas that you want to
discuss that we didn't getcovered.
Speaker 2 (32:58):
Well, one thing I wanted to touch back, run back
on real quick, because I thinkit'd be really interesting to
our listeners.
So you said, once you get pastMay 1st, every week after you
like to up the population up byabout 10,000.
Why is that?
What's the reasoning for that?
Speaker 3 (33:12):
Yeah, really, as we, as we get there, what we find in
all of our studies, I'm tryingto compensate for data planning,
right, so we're going to tieinto that here in a future
episode and how many bushels welose you know after the first
day that you can plant.
So I'm not going to give theanswer to that question which is
coming up here future, but youknow how many bushels we lose
after the first day, you knowfit for planting.
I'm trying to compensate forthat.
(33:33):
So I'm trying to compensate forthe loss of yield by planting
later with soybeans.
So it really comes back tocanopy comes back to I want to
get that plant growing as tallas I possibly can because I want
to get you know that thosebottom couple nodes off the
ground.
So I get that that big 30, 40foot platform that I'm running
(33:53):
through with the combineunderneath those and not leave a
bunch of uh pods, you know,sitting an inch or two off the
ground.
So I want to get those pods uphigher.
I want to get canopy.
I want to get better weedcontrol because beans are not
going to grow very tall when Iplant them later and I want to
try and compensate for that.
So also with the RM, you know,for planting day, we're going to
talk about that as well, butI'll slip it in here as well.
As you think about, we're goingto start shifting some RMs
(34:15):
around.
We're going to want to keepthat fuller season RM as we go.
A little bit later We'll tieback to that in our data
planning discussion.
But that doesn't get influencedby seeding rate as well.
So they really interact, youknow, nicely together.
But you got to understand thoseinteractions Again.
That goes back to that G by Eby M yield triangle and how that
all ties together with that.
But no great great question,jeff.
Speaker 2 (34:36):
Yeah, no, look forward to further episodes
delving into that a little bitmore.
Yeah, you know, biggest takehome points, you know, for me,
for for our listeners out there,is understanding that it's not
a one size fits all for forsoybeans, knowing your varieties
, talk to your, your, yourperson, who's who you're getting
(34:56):
your seed from, where do they,where do they work, and
understanding where they workand how to place them.
You know the difference of a 20, 15, 20,000 plants per acre can
make the difference between avery happy productive field or a
field that just was beans again, and that can be the big
difference between again notmaking money per acre or having
(35:16):
a nice return on investment fromthat standpoint.
So you know, I think that's thekey take home point is making
sure we're putting them in theright scenarios and right
situations to maximize theiryield potential and maximize not
only that but their defensiveand their characteristics that
help with minimizing diseasepotential and all those things
that come into play from thatstandpoint.
(35:37):
Bill, any final words oranything to add before we sign
off on this episode today?
Speaker 3 (35:42):
Yeah, I did think of one more thing.
Your comment made me think ofone other thing.
So we think about, and we'regoing to talk about, row spacing
here in a future one, but wegot to talk about that as well
really quick, because how thatties into seating rate.
So if you're on a 30-inch rowversus a 15, versus a 20,
typically if you're that sameacre, I will actually increase
the population from from.
(36:04):
If I'm planting a 120 on thispiece of ground, if I shift to
15, I'm going to add about 10 or15,000 to that just because I
changed the row spacing.
And all that did is because Ichanged the spacing between
plants, and that's what I got tothink about.
So I want to allow that plantsome room to kind of do what
it's designed to do.
It goes back to the VPI ratingthat we've given.
(36:26):
So there's a lot ofinteractions there.
But if I'm planting a 120 and Isay this is what I'm going to
do in 30 inch, I'll probably saya 130 or 135 in a 15s.
Or if I'm a 140, probably goingto go 155, basically in a 15s.
That's kind of a typicalstandard recommendation that I
have across the acres that Icover.
So, again, a lot of good stuffthere, but no great great.
(36:48):
I really enjoyed the VPIdiscussion that you had on the
high, mid and low and kind ofdifferent by environment and
really that different yieldenvironment.
A lot of good stuff there.
So really there's a lot more tothis understanding seeding rate
.
But you know, for a podcasttrying to get into 30-some
minutes or so, you know, tryingto get this covered, definitely
reach out to us or reach out toyour local agronomist.
Speaker 2 (37:10):
Absolutely, and, bill , thanks for joining me again
today covering this topic andthanks to all of you for joining
us today on this episode ofSpilling the Beans.
We invite you to download theGrow Smart Live app for more
resources and share this podcastwith other growers.
Speaker 1 (37:27):
So thanks for joining us today and make it a great
day.
Thanks for joining us onSpilling the Beans, where every
episode gets you one step closerto maximizing your soybean
profitability.
If you found today's insightsvaluable, subscribe and leave us
a review on your favoriteplatform.
Download the Grow Smart Liveapp for more resources and share
the podcast with other growers.
See you next week with moreexpert tips to help you grow
(37:50):
smarter and achieve the bestyields yet.
Liberty Outlook, zidua, ziduaPro, poncho, motivo, precise,
endura, ribitec, fastax, cs,elevo, vault, ip+, relenia,
Triaxor, liberty Ultra areregistered trademarks of BASF.
Nemisphere, zorina and Voraxorare trademarks of BASF.
Enlist, enlist One, enlist Duoand Enlist E3 are registered
(38:10):
trademarks of Corteva AgritionsLLC.
The transgenic event in EnlistE3 Soybeans is jointly developed
and owned by Corteva AgritionsLLC and MS Technologies LLC.
Chitavo is a registeredtrademark of MS Technologies and
exclusively distributed by BSF.
All other trademarks are theproperty of their respective
owners and use of any suchtrademark does not imply any
affiliation with or endorsementby its owner.
Always read and follow labeldirections Before mixing
(38:31):
components.
Always conduct a compatibilityjar test.
Always consult respectiveproduct labels for specific
mixing instructions.
The most restrictive labelapplies, not time.
Fastax CS is a restricted usepesticide.
Mimasphere, zorina and Voraxorare not registered and not
available for sale.
This information is providedfor educational purposes only
and is not intended to promotethe sale of this product.
Any sale of this product afterregistration is obtained shall
be based solely on the EPAapproved product label and any
(38:53):
claims regarding product safetyand efficacy shall be addressed
solely by the label.
Speaker 3 (38:56):
The views expressed by BASF employees and guests are
their own and do notnecessarily reflect the views of
BASF.
Speaker 1 (39:01):
GrowSmart.
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