April 29, 2025 • 40 mins
Frogeye Leaf Spot (FLS) may sound harmless, but it can quietly take a serious toll on your soybean yields. In this episode, we welcome back Daren Mueller to dive into this increasingly common and often misdiagnosed disease. Learn why FLS is gaining ground in regions once thought safe, how resistance is developing, and the most effective strategies to identify, manage, and stay ahead of the threat.
Key Takeaways:
- Frogeye Leaf Spot can cause up to 30% yield loss if left unmanaged.
- Fungicide resistance is on the rise—relying on one mode of action may no longer be enough.
- Proactive scouting and accurate diagnosis are critical to prevent mismanagement.
- A layered approach—including variety selection, rotation, and multi-mode fungicides—offers the best line of defense.
- New tools and data are helping growers get ahead of resistance trends and protect plant health season after season.
Disclaimer:
Liberty, Outlook , Zidua, Zidua PRO , Poncho Votivo Precise, Endura , Revytek, Fastac CS, ILEVO , Vault IP Plus , Relenya , Priaxor , Liberty ULTRA , are registered trademarks of BASF. Nemasphere, Zorina and Voraxor are trademarks of BASF. Enlist, Enlist One, Enlist Duo, and Enlist E3 are registered trademarks of Corteva Agriscience LLC. The transgenic event in Enlist E3 soybeans is jointly developed and owned by Corteva Agriscience LLC and M.S. Technologies, L.L.C.
Xitavo is a registered trademark of MS Technologies and exclusively distributed by BASF. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners and use of any such trademark does not imply any affiliation with or endorsement by its owner.
Always read and follow label directions. Before mixing components, always conduct a compatibility jar test. Always consult respective product labels for specific mixing instructions. The most restrictive label applies. Fastac CS is a restricted use pesticide. Nemasphere, Zorina, and Voraxor are not registered and not available for sale. This information is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended to promote the sale of this product. Any sale of this product after registration is obtained shall be based solely on the EPA approved product label, and any claims regarding product safety and efficacy shall be addressed solely by the label. The views expressed by BASF employees and Guest are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of BASF. Grow Smart is a registered trademark of BASF. Copyright 2025 BASF Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:02):
Welcome to Spilling the Beans, the podcast that
spills the secrets to unlockingyour soybean farm's full
potential.
Every Tuesday, your hosts, billBackus and Jeff Mueller, dive
into expert strategies andinnovative solutions that will
help you boost your yields andmaximize your returns.
Whether you're a seasonedgrower or new to soybean farming
, we're here to help you succeed.
Let's get started.
Speaker 2 (00:25):
Hello and welcome to another episode of Spilling the
Beans.
I'm Jeff Mueller and I'm BillBackus.
And thanks again for joining usas we dive into the world of
soybeans, covering varioustopics and providing insights to
the soybean industry Bill.
We are only a couple days awayfrom the 1st of May, which is my
parents' 60th weddinganniversary.
(00:45):
I just found out here a coupleweeks ago, so got to do a little
celebrating there.
So how's things in Iowatreating you?
How's things in your neck ofthe woods?
Speaker 3 (00:54):
Oh, yeah, doing well.
Yeah, big old May Day, it's allexciting there too.
So I got a couple of kiddosmoved back from Georgia, so
they're back here and so we'respending a lot of time with them
and having a lot of fun withthe grandkids a little bit more
than what we have been able to.
So I joined that time andreally, yeah, just you know,
done with Easter and moving onto May Day here and getting into
(01:17):
getting some corn in the groundin a big way.
So a lot of stuff going on anda lot of a lot of planters
rolling, so yep this is so far.
Speaker 2 (01:24):
Yep, it's, it's, it's the start of fury may, of june,
july and august and thenseptember, right, so we're just
on the forefront of this uh, ofthis season going and again
hoping, uh, everybody that'slistening and all the farmers
hope we have a fantastic yearand it's it treats everybody
wonderful this year.
You know, last week we talkedwith Storr again and we talked
(01:46):
about charcoal rot, right, sowe've done some diseases.
Two weeks ago we talked with DrMueller, darren Mueller, and we
discussed sudden death syndrome.
So we thought, hey, let's throw, let's make it a trifecta,
right.
So let's talk a little bit thisweek about another disease and
we're going to talk a little bitabout frog eye leaf spot, or
FLS, which doesn't really gettalked about a whole lot.
(02:06):
It's kind of a it's a diseasethat we don't hear a whole lot,
or when you do, it's like inpassing.
But we thought it'd be kind ofbe neat to talk about because
there's more out there than werealized and we and we wanted to
hit on it.
So we wanted to talk about frogeye leaf spot and we're going
to have our guest on todaythat's going to help us with
that also and its impact onsoybean crops and some of the
effective, you know, managementstrategies we can utilize if
(02:28):
it's a concern for us.
So FLS or frog eye leaf spot,but you see a lot of times
labeled as FLS, it's quicklybecoming more than just a minor
yield robbing pest that we'reseeing, or not.
Pest disease, excuse me, thatwe're seeing in soybeans.
We're seeing more and more ofit comes.
Since we have millions of acresof disease hosts, more
(02:49):
inoculants present in the cropresidue and recent
fungal-resistant development,we're at more risk at frog-eye
leaf spot coming in year overyear here over towards the west.
It has never been that talkedabout but it's still there in
the fields here and there thatwe see.
You know it's more of thatSouthern play that we have
(03:09):
coming up with that, but again,I think we misdiagnose it more
than anything.
We call it something else, orit's dirt on the leaves or
something like that.
So you know we'll get into thata little bit more.
But you know, with that said, Iknow you have experienced more
to the East than we have overhere to the West.
Um, uh, frog, I leave spot.
So again, we always kind oflike to have that little story
(03:31):
time or tie to lead it into our,to our for to our guests, um,
guests that we're having ontoday.
So you know, bill, I knowyou've had more experience with
it and seen it more in someareas, so I'm going to let you
take away with kind of Bill'sstory time here.
Yeah, yeah, yeah so thanks,jeff.
Speaker 3 (03:46):
Again, always a pleasure here.
So if you think about frog, atleast by, you know yield, rob,
you know up to 30%, kind of cutthe chase on the number.
I think can be significant whenwe get to that point.
But you know we do havefungicides that we can use.
We're going to talk a littlebit about.
You know, the resistancedevelopment, fungal resistance
today.
I'll let our guests be morespecific on that.
(04:07):
But what story I want to talkabout?
I got a couple of stories here.
So you know, as we start walkingbeans, you know, literally a
long time ago, when you and Iwere young, you know it's not
one of those diseases that wesaw a lot of, right, you know.
But we weren't looking for that, we were looking for weeds, we,
(04:29):
but we weren't looking for that, we were looking for weeds, we
were walking beans, right.
So now you know, you and I wereout walking beans and we're
evaluating varieties and we'respending a lot of time, you know
, walking through thesevarieties and looking at them
and seeing a lot of differentexperimentals as well.
So so as you go back hereseveral years, you know we did a
lot of a lot of differentvarieties that you and I've been
through here over the pastseveral years.
You know there are certain onesthat actually were very
susceptible to frog eye leafspot and it was very easy to
find it as you walk throughthose plots and those trials and
(04:50):
those fields and reallyseparate them out.
So as we sorted through thevarieties, it's very, very easy
to find One particular one.
I did here just a couple yearsago.
We were actually looking atsome other genetics that were
not part of our current lineupand I was walking through the
plot there and these wereactually genetics, global
(05:11):
genetics, and I think thisspecific one was actually from
South America that's where itwas from and I walked right up
to this thing and I was likeholy cow, I've never seen so
much frog-eye leaf spot on oneplant.
It was very distinct.
These four rows were justloaded with frog eye leaf spot
top and bottom.
I mean it was insane to look atthat thing and see you know how
(05:33):
much genetics play into thisand understanding, you know kind
of where we're at.
So that's really one big pieceof that story in that puzzle,
you know.
Then we do have some, you know,fungicides obviously BASF big
fungicide company.
So we'll talk about that here alittle bit today too, but we'll
spend more time with our guesthere today.
So again, main thing is thatit's all.
It's a lot of places, you know,as I travel from, from southern
(05:55):
Iowa all the way to southernMinnesota into southeast South
Dakota, you know I have found itall the way from south to north
, but definitely as you gofurther south you find more, I
think.
But we'll let our expert heretalk a little bit more about
that.
So again today we've got DarrenMueller joining us Again.
He's a professor, extensionplant pathologist at Iowa State
University.
(06:15):
He's also the coordinator ofthe Iowa State Integrated Pest
Management Program.
Darren's main researchinterests involve understanding
the biology and management offield crop diseases.
Darren is also the co-directorof the North Central IPM Center
and the Crop Protection Network.
Darren earned his BS from theUniversity of Wisconsin in
(06:37):
Madison in 96, his MS in plantpathology from the University of
Illinois in 99, and his and hisPhD in plant pathology from the
University of Illinois in 2001.
So again, welcome to the stagehere, darren Mueller.
So welcome, darren, glad tohave you here, you bet.
Speaker 2 (06:54):
Thanks for joining us , darren, thanks again you bet.
So over there in Ames, right,yeah, yeah.
So how'd spring football go forthe Cyclones?
Are you guys going to be anygood this year?
Speaker 4 (07:08):
That's always a good question.
I think that, in general, ourcurrent coaching staff has
gotten our hopes up a littlehigher than than previous
coaches, and so our expectationsare are creeping up and, you
know, they might actually bematching some of the
expectations of some of theNebraska teams of lore, you know
.
Speaker 2 (07:27):
Yeah, I understand that Every time this year we're
undefeated, defending nationalchampions, and then the first
game comes and then our hopesare usually dashed.
But it's not like the 90s forus, but it's getting better.
Well, Darren, thanks forjoining us today.
Talk a little bit about todaywe're talking, you know, Frog
Eye Leaf spot, so it's somethingwe probably it doesn't get as
(07:47):
much publicity, maybe is the wayto say it or get talked about
as much as other ones, likesudden death, like we talked a
couple weeks ago with you andwhite mold.
But really, what is frog-eyeleaf spot and why are we
concerned about it and how didit get its name?
Frog-eye leaf spot?
I mean, that's just notsomething you just pulled out of
(08:08):
the air somewhere, so can yougive us a little background on
it?
Speaker 4 (08:11):
This is evidence that plant pathologists have really
bad senses of humor and thensometimes it just it turns into
an actual disease name.
But I think one of the originalpublications actually has a
photo of a frog in thepublication and so somebody's
imagination said that this looksa little bit like a frog's eye
(08:33):
and whammo, there you go, youhave it.
So this is evidence thatscientists should not be
marketing people and you knowthey should keep these people
separate and you just sort ofyou know, stay in your lane.
But this is probably the numberone disease, foliar disease of
soybeans in the US, like if youget into regions you're going to
(08:58):
find Cercospora, leaf blight isreally a problem in, you know,
louisiana and some areas andthere's target spot and brown
spot which are sort of lowercanopy, probably more widespread
, but then you know, lessdestructive but depends on the
variety.
But frog eye is one thathistorically has been a southern
disease and, like you know, youlook at the literature back 20,
(09:20):
30 years ago and it's wellestablished in Georgia and that
whole line where soybeans aregrown and then just over time,
if you start looking at thedisease loss estimates from like
96 to 2000,.
It was hardly even mentioned inthe Midwest, like it was not
something that we even paidattention to.
And then you know you get ayear like 2018 where I think in
(09:44):
Iowa, every field I walked intohad enough frog eye that would
probably warrant a fungicideapplication.
So, as an IPM coordinator, whosomebody is preaching like hey,
spray less, be responsible.
Like there's seven millionacres of soybeans in Iowa could
have been sprayed with afungicide and it would have
benefited.
So you know, there's yearswhere this disease really can
(10:08):
take off and just depends on howsusceptible the varieties are
and how much inoculums out there.
But I think Bill's story ispretty spot on.
It's there, the inoculums there, and if the conditions are
right and you have the wrongvariety that's planted, it's
something that can come and biteyou in the butt.
Speaker 3 (10:27):
Yeah, no, that's very true.
I mean you think about thedisease triangle.
You put that all together.
You've got the host, you've gotthe pathogen, you've got the
environment.
So we've got the susceptiblehost there look out.
I mean that's kind of the key.
So we think about that andthink about the disease triangle
.
So let's think about theconditions, let's think about
the environment.
So what conditions does frogeye leaf spot thrive in Darren?
Speaker 1 (10:47):
And what do we as we're?
Speaker 3 (10:49):
sitting here and we're putting stuff in the seat
and the ground.
Today, as we think through andwe're managing this crop, and
when we start watching forin-season stuff, what are we
going to?
Speaker 4 (11:02):
watch for in the season you can get really dorky
and sort of talk about thepercent of relative humidity and
sort of temperatures.
And I would say, if you keep itat a general level, if it's
warmer than normal especiallythe nighttime temperatures are a
little bit warmer that's goingto favor it.
If it gets too hot it will shutit down.
(11:23):
So you know, it's sort of likeI always equate a lot of these
fungi to us.
You know, if we'd like to gogolfing or do something, if it's
too hot we sort of melt and ifit's too cold we sort of wuss
out.
So if it's something in betweenand you're you're, you're sort
of contemplating going out andgoing golfing or fishing or
something outside and you'rewearing shorts and a t-shirt,
the fungi are probably prettyhappy.
(11:44):
On the moisture side, like youneed moisture and if it comes in
the form of humidity or leafwetness from dew or rain,
there's different fungi likedifferent forms of that.
But I always, like again, tryto keep it simple.
Like if you walk outside andyour shoes get wet, then it's
(12:04):
nine o'clock in the morning.
Fungi are happy.
If you haven't seen dew forthree weeks, there's probably
not a lot growing.
You know, like we're missingout on some rain.
We're missing out on somemoisture period.
You also have the leaves arecurling on the cornfields and
there's no dew in the morning,and it's been like that for
(12:25):
weeks.
You probably are not going toget frog eye, so that's like you
could over complicate it andreally dork out and try to
figure out.
You know the exact humiditiesand stuff like that.
But I'd say, if you'recomfortable, temperature wise,
fungus is probably growing.
If your shoes get wet in themorning, there's enough moisture
out there for it to grow yeah,so so follow on to that.
Speaker 3 (12:47):
one is the residue, so how does it overwinter?
Where's it at?
How does it stay here?
Speaker 2 (12:52):
you know, for those conditions and how did, how did,
how did it move in, how didhow's it get here?
Speaker 3 (12:57):
I mean, why is it here?
Where are we seeing it now?
More than more than we have?
And and you know, as we said,it was in the South.
Speaker 1 (13:02):
So let's talk about that as well.
Speaker 3 (13:04):
So we have the conditions on the environment,
but how's that pathogen stillhere?
Why is it still here?
Speaker 4 (13:09):
Yeah, I mean.
Well, you know most of thepathogens have figured out ways
to survive in the winter months.
In fact, you know, like Ialways tell people, I store all
my fungi in the lab in a minus80 freezer and so you're not
going to cold them out ofstorage or out of survival in a
winter.
What they don't like arefreezing and thawing.
(13:33):
So actually if it freezes andit stays frozen it's fine.
But if you get 60 degreetemperatures in January and then
followed up pretty rapid cycle,they start taking in water and
then it freezes again.
You can sort of get some messwith some survival that way.
But you know, once, once theyget established in in counties
(13:57):
and then it's on the residue, uh, that that's.
That's sort of that's the localinoculum, though that's going
to help get the that epidemicstarted early in the season.
A lot of times frog eye isgoing to be relying on that
inoculum building up furthersouth.
And then sort of think back toyour soybean rust days.
For those that are thelisteners that are not familiar
(14:17):
with it.
We used to keep track of wheresoybean rust was building up and
sort of follow the windpatterns, that all of the foliar
pathogens can sort of move inthose clouds and sort of in that
path where it builds up andthen it moves further north and
it establishes.
That moves up and um.
Then if it gets, you know ifit's in the wrong spot and you
pick up a gust of it in in ahurricane or in a windstorm or
(14:40):
something, it can deposit a lotof spores.
So it can come both ways.
It can be local inoculum, whichup in Iowa, nebraska, there's
less of that, like you know.
Just go out and look at yourcrop.
There's a lot of soybean leavesthat don't have any of the
spots you know in most years andso there's not a lot of
survival locally.
But then as you move furthersouth you're going to have more
(15:02):
local survival.
Speaker 2 (15:12):
And then that will you know.
So that's the secondaryinoculant was coming in late in
the season.
Yeah, no, that's fantastic.
Follow-up question, bill.
I was gonna.
I was gonna ask that too fromthat comment from there.
So, um, before I go into mynext question, just real quick,
something you had said a coupleweeks ago when we talked about
you with sds just still blows meaway.
But we had talked aboutrotation and how you know know,
rotate to corn.
That's always our number oneway to limit soybean diseases.
(15:34):
And you made a comment howactually corn actually probably
increases.
Rotating corn potentiallyincreases the sudden death that
we have going on there With frogeye leaf spot.
Does a corn soybean rotationhelp minimize potential of that
disease?
I know you said the early partwould be what it is.
Depends on what blows in fromthe south.
(15:55):
Will a rotation have?
Will it make it?
Will it help make a difference?
Speaker 4 (16:01):
Yeah, for sure.
And so this is one of thediseases where a rotation to
corn, or really most in anysorghum or you know really
anything else but especiallycorn, yeah, that's great.
It's not a, it's not a host.
Speaker 2 (16:14):
So okay, that's, that's good to know over here in
nebraska.
So continuous soybeans.
Speaker 3 (16:18):
So so we have people you know doing some of that, so
that's a bad thing, right?
Speaker 4 (16:26):
for that.
This would be one of thediseases that would build up in
continuous soybeans.
Speaker 2 (16:29):
Yeah right, yeah, well, that's good because
there's there's quite a bit ofthat going on.
I wouldn't say quite a bit, butwe have some of that going on
in some areas.
That's right.
That's a good point there, bill.
So, with that being said, farm,I'm farmer a here and I've got
frog eye leaf spot in my beans,or I had it in my beans last
year or whatever two years agoor whatever things are going to
be.
And what are some of mymanagement?
(16:50):
Or what, if you are farming thesoybeans, dr Mueller, what
would be some of the managementbest practices you would do to
help control frog eye leaf spotif you had it in your soybean
fields?
Speaker 4 (17:02):
Well, from a plant pathologist point of view, this
is one of the more annoyingdiseases because you know, the
soybean breeders really havegood sources of resistance and
so it's striking.
It's one of those diseasesthat's easy to eliminate in a
yield trial if somebody actuallygoes out and takes notes and
(17:22):
wanders through that field, andso I'm glad to hear you guys are
doing that and your guys'sgenetics, because when you
wander into a variety, there'sreally no reason at this point
for a super susceptible to bereleased, unless it's at a mommy
or like as a very specifictrait that you are needing to
have in there.
So, um, so, but but there are.
(17:44):
So, yeah, there are goodsources of resistance and that
it doesn't always completelyhold up.
You know, like again, if youget enough inoculum, you're
going to overwhelm that, thatsystem.
But uh, start with theresistant varieties and and
those are usually labeled.
It's on the bag you can, andyou guys have it in your, in
your seed catalog so you knowwhen they're resistant, and so
(18:05):
start with that.
Speaker 3 (18:11):
Perfect.
So what else?
What else is there from amanagement standpoint, if I?
Speaker 4 (18:14):
hit.
What if I get it?
So if I pick the best variety,then what?
And then if you get that 2018year where there's enough
inoculum, that's sort of pouringinto your state and it's sort
of you know it's showing up atsome level, I mean you want to
get out and scout, encouragepeople to go out and look.
You don't need a lot of fog eyeto get yield loss.
(18:35):
And so you know you mentionedin your story up to 30%.
You know I have some fieldtrials here in Iowa that I
estimate maybe 3% on the uppercanopy and I'm I'm still getting
a four to six bushel yieldresponse with a fungicide with
that low of of of severity.
(18:55):
So you don't need a lot of ofthese spots to really come in
and Nick yield and so so thereally it comes down to
fungicides and and right now thegood thing is is that a lot of
the fungicides are effective.
I think you mentioned resistanceissues in your in your story.
There are some that arecompletely ineffective as well,
(19:18):
and so it makes for fungicidessome conversations.
It's a more complicated thing.
I think, bill, when you and Ifirst started working, we would
say just get a fungicide outthere and get it out at the
right timing, don't screw up thecoverage, it'll work.
You know, like it was really asimpler story back then, right,
(19:38):
like you could just like hey,just get something out there,
you know you'll be fine.
Now, man, now I'd say you knowyou have to do your homework.
It's a lot like herbicides.
It should have been back thenwe were sort of overlooking some
of these things, but treat itlike a herbicide.
You should know every one ofyour frat codes.
You should know what is in yourfungicide.
(19:58):
It's a premix of X, y and Z.
What are those?
What's the?
What's the percent of theactive ingredient in those?
Um, how effective are theyagainst these different
pathogens that that might be outin your field?
Are there resistance issues inthem, like what, what?
So yeah it it becomes.
It should be something that youspend a little bit of time on.
(20:21):
Uh, before for you beforepulling that trigger.
Speaker 3 (20:23):
So yeah, so a couple of quick questions there.
So FRAC, just for the guys whodon't understand what is that,
what is that?
Speaker 4 (20:30):
Sorry, yeah, fungicide Resistance Action
Committee.
So that's just a committee thatsort of categorizes fungicides
based on their mode of action.
And so if a fungicide is in aspecific FRAC code, if
resistance develops in that, itwill develop resistance to all
of them in that, in that code.
And so it's just a way for usto look at fungicides and and
(20:54):
figure out, you know, categorizethem in ways that they they're
managing the fungi.
Speaker 3 (20:59):
So so if we go to frog eye leaf spot and we, in a
sense that's our topic todayfrack which, which one or which
which classes?
Speaker 4 (21:09):
uh, frog at least, but showing resistance
development so the, the mostcommon ones that are used in
fungicides and in the reallythroughout the us, would be
three, seven and eleven.
So three is the triazoles orthe azoles um, seven would be
sdhis and then 11 is the qois orthe strobilurin fungicides, and
(21:32):
the right now the we'remonitoring and all of the
classes.
And there's other classes too.
So there's uh, bretcode.
One has a couple that would betop center, thiophane, methyl
and umyl, and there's a fewother ones out there.
For the most part simplifiedthings.
Let's say 3, 7, 11.
We're monitoring that right nowthe 11, the strobilur, and the
(21:56):
QI is high levels of resistancethroughout all the population
for this pathogen.
Speaker 3 (22:03):
Yeah, so that's one thing we got to be concerned
about, right, cause that's beena widely used and still a widely
used fungicide that's out thereand so so let's.
So.
So R3 was, was you know?
Finally getting to my question.
So just to rehash so can wecontrol frog at least, but at R3
, and that's the timing I'msaying, with a fungicide or is
there a different timing, orwith IPM?
(22:25):
What would you recommend?
Speaker 4 (22:26):
Yeah, I mean, I think that the easy way would be R3.
And I think all of theliterature out there is.
Beginning pod is when you wantto have a fungicide out there,
protecting you know, as that podis filling and so.
But I would say, you know, toput on my IPM hat there's
(22:47):
probably ways you can eitherlimit it.
There are some models that areout there, like my.
I have a PhD student right nowthat is working on one, but I
know some companies also havethem and that would help time
that application a little bitbetter.
Or maybe you know, help youmake the decision not to spray
if it's not needed, and thatwould be a way to help sort of
(23:10):
steward some of the productsthat we have out there.
So but r3 is the safe one.
If you're going to pull thetrigger like that, that's
probably your best bang for yourbuck at this point.
If you want to take it a nextstep, I would, you know, dive
into, dive into one of thosemodels and see how well it works
.
At least test it on your farmand see if it works.
Speaker 3 (23:31):
Yeah, and I think a couple more follow-up questions
here.
So as we think through the 3, 7, or 11, you know multiple modes
of action.
We're trying to make sure we dothat right to keep frog eye at
bay, if you will, and so I thinkthat's one piece, so speak to
that for a second and then tieinto the future.
So again, I always like thequestion.
So as I'm thinking about mynext crop and corn and soybeans
(23:54):
down the road as I rotatethrough, so what can I do to
manage, you know, resistancedevelopment on my farm, manage
frog eye leaf spot on my farm,and what can I be doing as a
listener here as yourrecommendations to them?
Speaker 4 (24:11):
That's a, that's the million dollar question in the
plant pathology world right now.
And like we don't have a lot offungicide, we don't have a lot
of classes available to us.
I think that you know, justlike the herbicide world, it
becomes fairly limited as towhat actually is effective, and
so, you know, making sure thatthose are around in the future
(24:32):
becomes important.
One of the recommendations isto do a pre-mix, and so, but I,
I would say I'm going to sort ofdork out a little bit here and
get on a soapbox, but when I saya pre-mix, that the definition
of a pre-mix means that each ofthe active ingredients works,
and so if part of that pre-mixis the 11 is the strobe, we
(24:54):
learn then and you're, and let's, let's say it's, you know, a 3
and a 11, and the 11 is theresistance to it, and that
resistance is complete.
Then you know you're onlyspraying the three and you're
putting all that pressure onthat triazole at that point, and
so, uh, you, you.
That's why I think it really,you really need to be doing our
(25:15):
homework on, like, what exactlyis being put in that field and
then, and then consider thatresistance issue, uh, on on top
of it.
And so, that being said, I dothink that, like if I were to
implement an IPM plan, I thinkthe best way to really preserve
these is a pre-mix.
(25:35):
I think long, long term, bill, Ithink that ultimately we're
going to get into biologicals,we're going to get into things
that can be combined withfungicides to sort of help
preserve or elongate the shelflife of these things.
I don't think we're there yet,but I'm putting my eggs, and at
least some of my eggs, in thatbasket long, long, long term.
(25:56):
But in the short term I wouldsay, try to limit your
applications.
Like right now we have tar spotand we have southern rust
coming in, we have a lot ofstuff on corn and I would like
for these products to continueto be effective in the corn
world, you know, and we havegood resistance in the varieties
(26:18):
for frog eye leaf spot and, yes, there's brown spot, and then,
if you get a little bit furthersouth, there's target spot or
area of light.
There's things out there atwhich those all happen to have
resistance issues too.
If, for the listeners that arecurious, if you, if you list a
foliar disease in soybean, it isprobably resistant at some
(26:39):
level to that, to that 11, tothe to the strobe we learned.
So limit your applicationswould be, would be my
recommendation.
So if it's a shoe test, walkoutside and there's no dew on
the ground and you can gogolfing and not get your feet
wet, and then don't pull thetrigger If you have models to
follow or if you just watch,drop monitor or like you know
(27:03):
there's.
There's different tools,everyone can pick one, but
that'd be my recommendation.
Long answer, sorry.
Yeah, no, that's good, and justone follow up on.
Speaker 3 (27:12):
that is, as we think about, you know, commodity
prices.
We think about making some cutsin our operation, you know.
You think about, you know, I'mgoing to pick this cheaper
fungicide that only has, youknow, two modes of action, and
one of them happens to be thestrobe.
Yeah, you only got one that'sworking.
So make sure you do yourhomework.
I just want to reiterate that Ithink that's very, very, very
(27:33):
important and that's a hugepoint in this whole frog eye
leaf spot discussion.
That's kind of the timing ofthis as well.
As you start to think aboutyour plan for the next couple
months here, listeners, as wellas you start to think about your
plan for the next couple monthshere, listeners, you know, make
sure you do your homework andthink that through.
Speaker 2 (27:48):
So I'll get off my soapbox and turn it back to Jeff
.
No, that's okay, I took a napand everything real quick.
We're getting toward the end ofthe podcast.
I just have a couple follow-upquestions.
So you had made the commentthat you saw 2% to 3% frog eye
leaf spot on soybean leaves, butyou were seeing a 4% to 6%
bushel difference or damage.
(28:08):
How does it damage that plant?
I mean, that's pretty powerful,2% to 3% taking 5 bushels.
So how does it do that damageon the plants there?
Speaker 4 (28:21):
I'm going to probably get out of my lane a little bit
here in my answer, so you knowthere could be a plant
pathologist out there that cancall in.
Speaker 2 (28:29):
Well, whatever, yeah, you feel comfortable with.
Speaker 4 (28:31):
But I'll just say, like the easy answer is is that
it's reduced in photosynthesis.
But if you start looking at theoverall surface area of the
leaf and then and the amount ofyield loss that you're seeing,
there has to be more to it.
And then, and the amount ofyield loss that you're seeing,
there has to be more to it.
And so sort of think of anyfungus that's growing on a guess
is the surface, is that lesion,but there's a whole bunch of
(28:52):
growth that's inside that leaf,and so that each lesion actually
becomes a sink.
And so if you start, I wouldguess that if you started
looking at the percent ofphotosynthase synthase being
produced in that square incharound each lesion, I would
guess that they're that's goingdown too, that's feeding the,
that's feeding the fungal growth, sort of think.
(29:14):
Uh, the you know to bring it tolike stranger things.
Or, like you know the the tvshow, like you know where you
have this, jeff's looking at melike you never watched this
never watched it before.
Speaker 2 (29:25):
I gotta be honest with you.
Speaker 4 (29:26):
You have an assignment before the next
podcast because, like thatanalogy, like you sort of have
this undergrowth underneaththat's just sort of sucking the
life out of, out of the land,and there's actually a pumpkin
field in one of the seasons thatis sort of withering and dying
because it has this growth, butlike that, that's sort of how I
envision the frog eye leafspotter.
A lot of the fungi on the leafis that, yes, you have the
(29:50):
reduction in photosynthesis, youalso have the photosynthase
feeding that growth instead ofgoing to the pot or going to the
seed, and so that's the bestway for me to explain it.
Speaker 2 (30:02):
No, perfect, perfect.
And with that I don't have anymore shooting questions at it,
but I do have one here before welet you go, excuse me.
You know, every year we talkabout things coming up from the
south, right, southern Rust, wetalk about whatever like that Is
there a site or a location oris there a place we can go to
(30:23):
get like updates?
You know, like hey, we're,we're starting to see it coming
in kansas or it's coming inmissouri or, you know, could be
movement in your area, becausethis is one of those, as it
moves, as it moves from thesouth up, in a lot of those
cases we kind of can get alittle bit of heads up that hey,
it's, it's coming or it'smoving.
Do you have any uh places?
Uh, our audience could go tolook to see where they can
(30:45):
possibly.
Speaker 4 (30:47):
Yeah, for frog eye no , but I would say that there's
some indicator diseases that areout there.
There's the canary in the minethat you can use, and so Crop
Protection Network has a tabresources and then you go there
and there's maps that are onthat page and we do track tar
spot and southern rust and, likesouthern rust would be one in
(31:07):
corn that is moving souththrough the north and you know
it, it requires the same thingsand so you know it requires a
moisture and and the inoculumthere and so, uh, you really,
where those diseases are poppingup is probably where you have
moisture, which is probably, youknow, which is going to be
conditions that would befavorable for frog eye too.
(31:28):
So you don't not, we don't haveone specifically for frog eye
and I can, we can throw that outthere to my colleagues to see
if that's something we couldstart.
But right now I'd say you canlook at just look at the
indicator any disease, and theother thing I do is I follow a I
I follow a bunch of people thatare that actually get out in
the field on Twitter and so andand so when I start to see, you
(31:52):
know certain people sayingthey're they're seeing it, then
that triggers it for me, and soidentify some people that are
active scouts, that are inMissouri or you know wherever
South of where you're at.
Speaker 2 (32:04):
So Social media has a lot of good.
Speaker 4 (32:05):
at times, too, it doesn't have a lot of good but
that's one of them that I wouldsay that does have some good.
Speaker 2 (32:10):
Absolutely Well, Bill , I don't have any more
questions.
What about you?
Speaker 3 (32:15):
Yeah, darren, any closing comments.
Anything else you have?
Well?
Speaker 4 (32:18):
we closed with lookalikes with SDS, so I'm
going to close with somelookalikes on frog eye and I do,
I'm going to pull a bill and Ihave a quick, real quick story.
I was on, I was on Twitter andsomebody had tweeted like oh, I
found frog eye leaf spot inManitoba, canada, and and and
looking at the disease and sowell, another quick the.
(32:40):
The first, the first report offrog eye leaf spot in North
Dakota was the resistance strainof the pathogen, just to show
you how prevalent the resistantpathogen is.
It's really hard to find asensitive path, the sensitive
strain of the pathogen, to theQI fungicides anymore.
So that's one thing.
The second one is that thispitcher in Manitoba it was not
(33:02):
frog eye, and so one of thethings that we're doing in our
lab is we're collecting a lot ofleaves and we're looking for
resistance and sometimes even mylab.
So this is not the blame forthe person on Twitter in
Manitoba because it looked alittle bit like frog eye.
So there's some lookalikes outthere.
So there's actually somediseases like phyllosticta would
be is a classic example thatlook a lot like frog eye and you
(33:27):
really need to just look at thedetails and you can sort of
dork out and and we can you cangive me a shout if you really
wanted to learn about, like, howto distinguish some of these
things.
But just make sure you whatyou're looking at is frog eye.
So frog eye does not havelittle black dots in the middle
of the lesion.
Phyllosticta does, and some ofthe other lookalikes do.
(33:53):
So I wish that identifyingdiseases is more clear-cut and
easier to do, but it seems likeeach disease has a list of
either other diseases that looklike it or some abiotic stress
or something that that happensto look a lot like the the
problem.
So paraquat injury.
It looks just like frog eye asan example.
(34:15):
So a lot of times I'll get alot of frog eye leaf spot leaves
sent to me in early june ormid-june and it's it's
absolutely frog eye.
So just something to throw outthere like hey, once you see
frog eye you sort of know whatit is.
But you sort of have to playdoctor a little bit and ask the
questions to get the context asto why you're seeing that lesion
(34:38):
when you're seeing it, becauseit might not be frog eye.
Speaker 2 (34:41):
Great point, great point.
Well, with that being said,darren, thank you for your time
again today.
We really appreciate your,appreciate your expertise, and
we'll be bringing you on more inthe future too.
So thanks a lot and have anawesome day thanks again, darren
appreciate it bill learned alot about frog eye leaf spot.
It's not something, I'll behonest with you, I knew an
(35:02):
in-depth amount about becauseyou know we see we see it some
but you know when it's coming upfrom the South and we get a lot
of those patterns, they don'tcome in through the Western part
.
You know they'll come more ofthat Southern, southeastern, you
know area kind of going throughthere.
But really learned a lot.
But you know, with ourlisteners today, you know what
are a couple of the key pointsyou want them to understand and
(35:25):
a couple of thoughts that yougot from today's episode.
Speaker 3 (35:28):
Yeah, yeah, I think I'll start with just where
Darren was at with thelookalikes.
No question about that.
Make sure you diagnose itcorrectly and then I'll get on a
couple of things he talkedabout.
You know the FRAC codes, the 3,7, and 11, you know, really,
those three being the major onesthat we use three, seven and 11
, you know, really those threebeing the major ones that we use
, and making sure that you'reselecting, you know, fungicides
(35:49):
based upon that, not putting alot of pressure on that 11, the
strobe, which you know we have alot of resistance to basically
frog eye on that already, soputting a lot of pressure on the
other two fracks there in modesof action.
So, as you think about you knowjust, you know, as you're, as
you're sitting in the plannerand you're cruising along here
(36:09):
today and you're finishingthings up or wherever you're at,
uh, you know what am I going tospray to?
You know this this summer tocontrol the diseases or am I
going to spray, you know, ipmbig part of that.
I think that that's criticalbecause we want to make sure we
keep, you know, these tools inthe toolbox.
We're notorious for breakingthem because we overuse them, so
(36:31):
I think that's critical for usto think about it in the future.
I mean, I was interested tohear him talk about some
biologicals, so that willdefinitely be a future topic to
keep in mind.
As you know, where does thatspace start going and how does?
Is you know where does thatspace start going and and how
does how does that?
You know, another new tool inthe toolbox start going.
And then, and of course,fungicide.
You know, or think about thefungicides we have, and then
(36:53):
think about the, the frog eyeleaf spot resistance we have in
varieties.
I think that's the big piece ofthe puzzle that he echoed
pretty loudly there.
So how about you?
What else would you take awaytoday?
Speaker 2 (37:02):
Yeah, you know, I didn't realize it was the number
one foliar leaf disease in theUS.
I didn't realize it was thatextensive.
But you know, we kind of livein our bubble in the Midwest
right, we don't think about theSouth as much but we don't
realize that.
And when he was talkingmoisture, you know, and warmth,
you know that Southeast US, youknow, ideal for down in that
area, warmth you know that.
(37:23):
Southeast U S, you know, idealfor down in that area.
But I think the big take homepoint, what he said, know your
fungicides and you had broughtthat up it's just like know your
chemistries.
Just because it has a differentname doesn't mean it's
different modes of actions orwhatever.
So know what you're putting outthere when it's a fungicide,
when it's a chemistry, from thatstandpoint, because I might
(37:43):
have a different name but itmight be the same thing and it
does.
You know no good if it's thesame thing going out there.
So learned a lot about it andI'm going to be more interested
in looking for some of thosefrog eye leaf spot in some of
these areas, especially someareas where maybe I have a
little bit more irrigation,where you can have more of that
going on in some of those casesfrom that standpoint, if the
weather's good.
(38:04):
But with that being said, Bill,do you have anything else to
add before we sign off for theday?
Speaker 3 (38:09):
Nope, nope, good episode.
Speaker 2 (38:11):
Awesome, awesome.
Well, hey, thanks to you andthanks to everyone for joining
us today on this episode ofSpilling the Beans.
We invite you to download theGrow Smart Live app for more
resources and share this podcastwith other growers.
So for me and Bill, as wealways like to say at the end of
it, make it a great day.
Speaker 1 (38:29):
Thanks for joining us on Spilling the Beans, where
every episode gets you one stepcloser to maximizing your
soybean profitability.
If you found today's insightsvaluable, subscribe and leave us
a review on your favoriteplatform.
Download the Grow Smart Liveapp for more resources and share
the podcast with other growers.
See you next week with moreexpert tips to help you grow
(38:51):
smarter and achieve the bestyields yet.
Liberty Outlook, zidua, zidua,pro, poncho, motivo, precise,
endura, rivitec, fastax, cs,elevo, vault, ip+, relenia,
triaxor, liberty Ultra areregistered trademarks of BASF.
Nemisphere, zorina and Voraxorare trademarks of BASF.
Enlist, enlist One, enlist Duoand Enlist E3 are registered
(39:12):
trademarks of Corteva AgritiansLLC.
The transgenic event in EnlistE3 Soybeans is jointly developed
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Chitavo is a registeredtrademark of MS Technologies and
exclusively distributed by BSF.
All other trademarks are theproperty of their respective
owners and use of any suchtrademark does not imply any
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Always read and follow labeldirections Before mixing
(39:33):
components.
Always conduct a compatibilityjar test.
Always consult respectiveproduct labels for specific
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The most restrictive labelapplies.
Natai Fastax CS is a restricteduse pesticide.
Mimasphere Zorina and Voraxorare not registered BASF
(40:08):
Corporation.
All rights reserved.
Welcome to Spilling the Beans, the podcast that
spills the secrets to unlockingyour soybean farm's full
potential.
Every Tuesday, your hosts, billBackus and Jeff Mueller, dive
into expert strategies andinnovative solutions that will
help you boost your yields andmaximize your returns.
Whether you're a seasonedgrower or new to soybean farming
, we're here to help you succeed.
Let's get started.
Speaker 2 (00:25):
Hello and welcome to another episode of Spilling the
Beans.
I'm Jeff Mueller and I'm BillBackus.
And thanks again for joining usas we dive into the world of
soybeans, covering varioustopics and providing insights to
the soybean industry Bill.
We are only a couple days awayfrom the 1st of May, which is my
parents' 60th weddinganniversary.
(00:45):
I just found out here a coupleweeks ago, so got to do a little
celebrating there.
So how's things in Iowatreating you?
How's things in your neck ofthe woods?
Speaker 3 (00:54):
Oh, yeah, doing well.
Yeah, big old May Day, it's allexciting there too.
So I got a couple of kiddosmoved back from Georgia, so
they're back here and so we'respending a lot of time with them
and having a lot of fun withthe grandkids a little bit more
than what we have been able to.
So I joined that time andreally, yeah, just you know,
done with Easter and moving onto May Day here and getting into
(01:17):
getting some corn in the groundin a big way.
So a lot of stuff going on anda lot of a lot of planters
rolling, so yep this is so far.
Speaker 2 (01:24):
Yep, it's, it's, it's the start of fury may, of june,
july and august and thenseptember, right, so we're just
on the forefront of this uh, ofthis season going and again
hoping, uh, everybody that'slistening and all the farmers
hope we have a fantastic yearand it's it treats everybody
wonderful this year.
You know, last week we talkedwith Storr again and we talked
(01:46):
about charcoal rot, right, sowe've done some diseases.
Two weeks ago we talked with DrMueller, darren Mueller, and we
discussed sudden death syndrome.
So we thought, hey, let's throw, let's make it a trifecta,
right.
So let's talk a little bit thisweek about another disease and
we're going to talk a little bitabout frog eye leaf spot, or
FLS, which doesn't really gettalked about a whole lot.
(02:06):
It's kind of a it's a diseasethat we don't hear a whole lot,
or when you do, it's like inpassing.
But we thought it'd be kind ofbe neat to talk about because
there's more out there than werealized and we and we wanted to
hit on it.
So we wanted to talk about frogeye leaf spot and we're going
to have our guest on todaythat's going to help us with
that also and its impact onsoybean crops and some of the
effective, you know, managementstrategies we can utilize if
(02:28):
it's a concern for us.
So FLS or frog eye leaf spot,but you see a lot of times
labeled as FLS, it's quicklybecoming more than just a minor
yield robbing pest that we'reseeing, or not.
Pest disease, excuse me, thatwe're seeing in soybeans.
We're seeing more and more ofit comes.
Since we have millions of acresof disease hosts, more
(02:49):
inoculants present in the cropresidue and recent
fungal-resistant development,we're at more risk at frog-eye
leaf spot coming in year overyear here over towards the west.
It has never been that talkedabout but it's still there in
the fields here and there thatwe see.
You know it's more of thatSouthern play that we have
(03:09):
coming up with that, but again,I think we misdiagnose it more
than anything.
We call it something else, orit's dirt on the leaves or
something like that.
So you know we'll get into thata little bit more.
But you know, with that said, Iknow you have experienced more
to the East than we have overhere to the West.
Um, uh, frog, I leave spot.
So again, we always kind oflike to have that little story
(03:31):
time or tie to lead it into our,to our for to our guests, um,
guests that we're having ontoday.
So you know, bill, I knowyou've had more experience with
it and seen it more in someareas, so I'm going to let you
take away with kind of Bill'sstory time here.
Yeah, yeah, yeah so thanks,jeff.
Speaker 3 (03:46):
Again, always a pleasure here.
So if you think about frog, atleast by, you know yield, rob,
you know up to 30%, kind of cutthe chase on the number.
I think can be significant whenwe get to that point.
But you know we do havefungicides that we can use.
We're going to talk a littlebit about.
You know, the resistancedevelopment, fungal resistance
today.
I'll let our guests be morespecific on that.
(04:07):
But what story I want to talkabout?
I got a couple of stories here.
So you know, as we start walkingbeans, you know, literally a
long time ago, when you and Iwere young, you know it's not
one of those diseases that wesaw a lot of, right, you know.
But we weren't looking for that, we were looking for weeds, we,
(04:29):
but we weren't looking for that, we were looking for weeds, we
were walking beans, right.
So now you know, you and I wereout walking beans and we're
evaluating varieties and we'respending a lot of time, you know
, walking through thesevarieties and looking at them
and seeing a lot of differentexperimentals as well.
So so as you go back hereseveral years, you know we did a
lot of a lot of differentvarieties that you and I've been
through here over the pastseveral years.
You know there are certain onesthat actually were very
susceptible to frog eye leafspot and it was very easy to
find it as you walk throughthose plots and those trials and
(04:50):
those fields and reallyseparate them out.
So as we sorted through thevarieties, it's very, very easy
to find One particular one.
I did here just a couple yearsago.
We were actually looking atsome other genetics that were
not part of our current lineupand I was walking through the
plot there and these wereactually genetics, global
(05:11):
genetics, and I think thisspecific one was actually from
South America that's where itwas from and I walked right up
to this thing and I was likeholy cow, I've never seen so
much frog-eye leaf spot on oneplant.
It was very distinct.
These four rows were justloaded with frog eye leaf spot
top and bottom.
I mean it was insane to look atthat thing and see you know how
(05:33):
much genetics play into thisand understanding, you know kind
of where we're at.
So that's really one big pieceof that story in that puzzle,
you know.
Then we do have some, you know,fungicides obviously BASF big
fungicide company.
So we'll talk about that here alittle bit today too, but we'll
spend more time with our guesthere today.
So again, main thing is thatit's all.
It's a lot of places, you know,as I travel from, from southern
(05:55):
Iowa all the way to southernMinnesota into southeast South
Dakota, you know I have found itall the way from south to north
, but definitely as you gofurther south you find more, I
think.
But we'll let our expert heretalk a little bit more about
that.
So again today we've got DarrenMueller joining us Again.
He's a professor, extensionplant pathologist at Iowa State
University.
(06:15):
He's also the coordinator ofthe Iowa State Integrated Pest
Management Program.
Darren's main researchinterests involve understanding
the biology and management offield crop diseases.
Darren is also the co-directorof the North Central IPM Center
and the Crop Protection Network.
Darren earned his BS from theUniversity of Wisconsin in
(06:37):
Madison in 96, his MS in plantpathology from the University of
Illinois in 99, and his and hisPhD in plant pathology from the
University of Illinois in 2001.
So again, welcome to the stagehere, darren Mueller.
So welcome, darren, glad tohave you here, you bet.
Speaker 2 (06:54):
Thanks for joining us , darren, thanks again you bet.
So over there in Ames, right,yeah, yeah.
So how'd spring football go forthe Cyclones?
Are you guys going to be anygood this year?
Speaker 4 (07:08):
That's always a good question.
I think that, in general, ourcurrent coaching staff has
gotten our hopes up a littlehigher than than previous
coaches, and so our expectationsare are creeping up and, you
know, they might actually bematching some of the
expectations of some of theNebraska teams of lore, you know
.
Speaker 2 (07:27):
Yeah, I understand that Every time this year we're
undefeated, defending nationalchampions, and then the first
game comes and then our hopesare usually dashed.
But it's not like the 90s forus, but it's getting better.
Well, Darren, thanks forjoining us today.
Talk a little bit about todaywe're talking, you know, Frog
Eye Leaf spot, so it's somethingwe probably it doesn't get as
(07:47):
much publicity, maybe is the wayto say it or get talked about
as much as other ones, likesudden death, like we talked a
couple weeks ago with you andwhite mold.
But really, what is frog-eyeleaf spot and why are we
concerned about it and how didit get its name?
Frog-eye leaf spot?
I mean, that's just notsomething you just pulled out of
(08:08):
the air somewhere, so can yougive us a little background on
it?
Speaker 4 (08:11):
This is evidence that plant pathologists have really
bad senses of humor and thensometimes it just it turns into
an actual disease name.
But I think one of the originalpublications actually has a
photo of a frog in thepublication and so somebody's
imagination said that this looksa little bit like a frog's eye
(08:33):
and whammo, there you go, youhave it.
So this is evidence thatscientists should not be
marketing people and you knowthey should keep these people
separate and you just sort ofyou know, stay in your lane.
But this is probably the numberone disease, foliar disease of
soybeans in the US, like if youget into regions you're going to
(08:58):
find Cercospora, leaf blight isreally a problem in, you know,
louisiana and some areas andthere's target spot and brown
spot which are sort of lowercanopy, probably more widespread
, but then you know, lessdestructive but depends on the
variety.
But frog eye is one thathistorically has been a southern
disease and, like you know, youlook at the literature back 20,
(09:20):
30 years ago and it's wellestablished in Georgia and that
whole line where soybeans aregrown and then just over time,
if you start looking at thedisease loss estimates from like
96 to 2000,.
It was hardly even mentioned inthe Midwest, like it was not
something that we even paidattention to.
And then you know you get ayear like 2018 where I think in
(09:44):
Iowa, every field I walked intohad enough frog eye that would
probably warrant a fungicideapplication.
So, as an IPM coordinator, whosomebody is preaching like hey,
spray less, be responsible.
Like there's seven millionacres of soybeans in Iowa could
have been sprayed with afungicide and it would have
benefited.
So you know, there's yearswhere this disease really can
(10:08):
take off and just depends on howsusceptible the varieties are
and how much inoculums out there.
But I think Bill's story ispretty spot on.
It's there, the inoculums there, and if the conditions are
right and you have the wrongvariety that's planted, it's
something that can come and biteyou in the butt.
Speaker 3 (10:27):
Yeah, no, that's very true.
I mean you think about thedisease triangle.
You put that all together.
You've got the host, you've gotthe pathogen, you've got the
environment.
So we've got the susceptiblehost there look out.
I mean that's kind of the key.
So we think about that andthink about the disease triangle
.
So let's think about theconditions, let's think about
the environment.
So what conditions does frogeye leaf spot thrive in Darren?
Speaker 1 (10:47):
And what do we as we're?
Speaker 3 (10:49):
sitting here and we're putting stuff in the seat
and the ground.
Today, as we think through andwe're managing this crop, and
when we start watching forin-season stuff, what are we
going to?
Speaker 4 (11:02):
watch for in the season you can get really dorky
and sort of talk about thepercent of relative humidity and
sort of temperatures.
And I would say, if you keep itat a general level, if it's
warmer than normal especiallythe nighttime temperatures are a
little bit warmer that's goingto favor it.
If it gets too hot it will shutit down.
(11:23):
So you know, it's sort of likeI always equate a lot of these
fungi to us.
You know, if we'd like to gogolfing or do something, if it's
too hot we sort of melt and ifit's too cold we sort of wuss
out.
So if it's something in betweenand you're you're, you're sort
of contemplating going out andgoing golfing or fishing or
something outside and you'rewearing shorts and a t-shirt,
the fungi are probably prettyhappy.
(11:44):
On the moisture side, like youneed moisture and if it comes in
the form of humidity or leafwetness from dew or rain,
there's different fungi likedifferent forms of that.
But I always, like again, tryto keep it simple.
Like if you walk outside andyour shoes get wet, then it's
(12:04):
nine o'clock in the morning.
Fungi are happy.
If you haven't seen dew forthree weeks, there's probably
not a lot growing.
You know, like we're missingout on some rain.
We're missing out on somemoisture period.
You also have the leaves arecurling on the cornfields and
there's no dew in the morning,and it's been like that for
(12:25):
weeks.
You probably are not going toget frog eye, so that's like you
could over complicate it andreally dork out and try to
figure out.
You know the exact humiditiesand stuff like that.
But I'd say, if you'recomfortable, temperature wise,
fungus is probably growing.
If your shoes get wet in themorning, there's enough moisture
out there for it to grow yeah,so so follow on to that.
Speaker 3 (12:47):
one is the residue, so how does it overwinter?
Where's it at?
How does it stay here?
Speaker 2 (12:52):
you know, for those conditions and how did, how did,
how did it move in, how didhow's it get here?
Speaker 3 (12:57):
I mean, why is it here?
Where are we seeing it now?
More than more than we have?
And and you know, as we said,it was in the South.
Speaker 1 (13:02):
So let's talk about that as well.
Speaker 3 (13:04):
So we have the conditions on the environment,
but how's that pathogen stillhere?
Why is it still here?
Speaker 4 (13:09):
Yeah, I mean.
Well, you know most of thepathogens have figured out ways
to survive in the winter months.
In fact, you know, like Ialways tell people, I store all
my fungi in the lab in a minus80 freezer and so you're not
going to cold them out ofstorage or out of survival in a
winter.
What they don't like arefreezing and thawing.
(13:33):
So actually if it freezes andit stays frozen it's fine.
But if you get 60 degreetemperatures in January and then
followed up pretty rapid cycle,they start taking in water and
then it freezes again.
You can sort of get some messwith some survival that way.
But you know, once, once theyget established in in counties
(13:57):
and then it's on the residue, uh, that that's.
That's sort of that's the localinoculum, though that's going
to help get the that epidemicstarted early in the season.
A lot of times frog eye isgoing to be relying on that
inoculum building up furthersouth.
And then sort of think back toyour soybean rust days.
For those that are thelisteners that are not familiar
(14:17):
with it.
We used to keep track of wheresoybean rust was building up and
sort of follow the windpatterns, that all of the foliar
pathogens can sort of move inthose clouds and sort of in that
path where it builds up andthen it moves further north and
it establishes.
That moves up and um.
Then if it gets, you know ifit's in the wrong spot and you
pick up a gust of it in in ahurricane or in a windstorm or
(14:40):
something, it can deposit a lotof spores.
So it can come both ways.
It can be local inoculum, whichup in Iowa, nebraska, there's
less of that, like you know.
Just go out and look at yourcrop.
There's a lot of soybean leavesthat don't have any of the
spots you know in most years andso there's not a lot of
survival locally.
But then as you move furthersouth you're going to have more
(15:02):
local survival.
Speaker 2 (15:12):
And then that will you know.
So that's the secondaryinoculant was coming in late in
the season.
Yeah, no, that's fantastic.
Follow-up question, bill.
I was gonna.
I was gonna ask that too fromthat comment from there.
So, um, before I go into mynext question, just real quick,
something you had said a coupleweeks ago when we talked about
you with sds just still blows meaway.
But we had talked aboutrotation and how you know know,
rotate to corn.
That's always our number oneway to limit soybean diseases.
(15:34):
And you made a comment howactually corn actually probably
increases.
Rotating corn potentiallyincreases the sudden death that
we have going on there With frogeye leaf spot.
Does a corn soybean rotationhelp minimize potential of that
disease?
I know you said the early partwould be what it is.
Depends on what blows in fromthe south.
(15:55):
Will a rotation have?
Will it make it?
Will it help make a difference?
Speaker 4 (16:01):
Yeah, for sure.
And so this is one of thediseases where a rotation to
corn, or really most in anysorghum or you know really
anything else but especiallycorn, yeah, that's great.
It's not a, it's not a host.
Speaker 2 (16:14):
So okay, that's, that's good to know over here in
nebraska.
So continuous soybeans.
Speaker 3 (16:18):
So so we have people you know doing some of that, so
that's a bad thing, right?
Speaker 4 (16:26):
for that.
This would be one of thediseases that would build up in
continuous soybeans.
Speaker 2 (16:29):
Yeah right, yeah, well, that's good because
there's there's quite a bit ofthat going on.
I wouldn't say quite a bit, butwe have some of that going on
in some areas.
That's right.
That's a good point there, bill.
So, with that being said, farm,I'm farmer a here and I've got
frog eye leaf spot in my beans,or I had it in my beans last
year or whatever two years agoor whatever things are going to
be.
And what are some of mymanagement?
(16:50):
Or what, if you are farming thesoybeans, dr Mueller, what
would be some of the managementbest practices you would do to
help control frog eye leaf spotif you had it in your soybean
fields?
Speaker 4 (17:02):
Well, from a plant pathologist point of view, this
is one of the more annoyingdiseases because you know, the
soybean breeders really havegood sources of resistance and
so it's striking.
It's one of those diseasesthat's easy to eliminate in a
yield trial if somebody actuallygoes out and takes notes and
(17:22):
wanders through that field, andso I'm glad to hear you guys are
doing that and your guys'sgenetics, because when you
wander into a variety, there'sreally no reason at this point
for a super susceptible to bereleased, unless it's at a mommy
or like as a very specifictrait that you are needing to
have in there.
So, um, so, but but there are.
(17:44):
So, yeah, there are goodsources of resistance and that
it doesn't always completelyhold up.
You know, like again, if youget enough inoculum, you're
going to overwhelm that, thatsystem.
But uh, start with theresistant varieties and and
those are usually labeled.
It's on the bag you can, andyou guys have it in your, in
your seed catalog so you knowwhen they're resistant, and so
(18:05):
start with that.
Speaker 3 (18:11):
Perfect.
So what else?
What else is there from amanagement standpoint, if I?
Speaker 4 (18:14):
hit.
What if I get it?
So if I pick the best variety,then what?
And then if you get that 2018year where there's enough
inoculum, that's sort of pouringinto your state and it's sort
of you know it's showing up atsome level, I mean you want to
get out and scout, encouragepeople to go out and look.
You don't need a lot of fog eyeto get yield loss.
(18:35):
And so you know you mentionedin your story up to 30%.
You know I have some fieldtrials here in Iowa that I
estimate maybe 3% on the uppercanopy and I'm I'm still getting
a four to six bushel yieldresponse with a fungicide with
that low of of of severity.
(18:55):
So you don't need a lot of ofthese spots to really come in
and Nick yield and so so thereally it comes down to
fungicides and and right now thegood thing is is that a lot of
the fungicides are effective.
I think you mentioned resistanceissues in your in your story.
There are some that arecompletely ineffective as well,
(19:18):
and so it makes for fungicidessome conversations.
It's a more complicated thing.
I think, bill, when you and Ifirst started working, we would
say just get a fungicide outthere and get it out at the
right timing, don't screw up thecoverage, it'll work.
You know, like it was really asimpler story back then, right,
(19:38):
like you could just like hey,just get something out there,
you know you'll be fine.
Now, man, now I'd say you knowyou have to do your homework.
It's a lot like herbicides.
It should have been back thenwe were sort of overlooking some
of these things, but treat itlike a herbicide.
You should know every one ofyour frat codes.
You should know what is in yourfungicide.
(19:58):
It's a premix of X, y and Z.
What are those?
What's the?
What's the percent of theactive ingredient in those?
Um, how effective are theyagainst these different
pathogens that that might be outin your field?
Are there resistance issues inthem, like what, what?
So yeah it it becomes.
It should be something that youspend a little bit of time on.
(20:21):
Uh, before for you beforepulling that trigger.
Speaker 3 (20:23):
So yeah, so a couple of quick questions there.
So FRAC, just for the guys whodon't understand what is that,
what is that?
Speaker 4 (20:30):
Sorry, yeah, fungicide Resistance Action
Committee.
So that's just a committee thatsort of categorizes fungicides
based on their mode of action.
And so if a fungicide is in aspecific FRAC code, if
resistance develops in that, itwill develop resistance to all
of them in that, in that code.
And so it's just a way for usto look at fungicides and and
(20:54):
figure out, you know, categorizethem in ways that they they're
managing the fungi.
Speaker 3 (20:59):
So so if we go to frog eye leaf spot and we, in a
sense that's our topic todayfrack which, which one or which
which classes?
Speaker 4 (21:09):
uh, frog at least, but showing resistance
development so the, the mostcommon ones that are used in
fungicides and in the reallythroughout the us, would be
three, seven and eleven.
So three is the triazoles orthe azoles um, seven would be
sdhis and then 11 is the qois orthe strobilurin fungicides, and
(21:32):
the right now the we'remonitoring and all of the
classes.
And there's other classes too.
So there's uh, bretcode.
One has a couple that would betop center, thiophane, methyl
and umyl, and there's a fewother ones out there.
For the most part simplifiedthings.
Let's say 3, 7, 11.
We're monitoring that right nowthe 11, the strobilur, and the
(21:56):
QI is high levels of resistancethroughout all the population
for this pathogen.
Speaker 3 (22:03):
Yeah, so that's one thing we got to be concerned
about, right, cause that's beena widely used and still a widely
used fungicide that's out thereand so so let's.
So.
So R3 was, was you know?
Finally getting to my question.
So just to rehash so can wecontrol frog at least, but at R3
, and that's the timing I'msaying, with a fungicide or is
there a different timing, orwith IPM?
(22:25):
What would you recommend?
Speaker 4 (22:26):
Yeah, I mean, I think that the easy way would be R3.
And I think all of theliterature out there is.
Beginning pod is when you wantto have a fungicide out there,
protecting you know, as that podis filling and so.
But I would say, you know, toput on my IPM hat there's
(22:47):
probably ways you can eitherlimit it.
There are some models that areout there, like my.
I have a PhD student right nowthat is working on one, but I
know some companies also havethem and that would help time
that application a little bitbetter.
Or maybe you know, help youmake the decision not to spray
if it's not needed, and thatwould be a way to help sort of
(23:10):
steward some of the productsthat we have out there.
So but r3 is the safe one.
If you're going to pull thetrigger like that, that's
probably your best bang for yourbuck at this point.
If you want to take it a nextstep, I would, you know, dive
into, dive into one of thosemodels and see how well it works
.
At least test it on your farmand see if it works.
Speaker 3 (23:31):
Yeah, and I think a couple more follow-up questions
here.
So as we think through the 3, 7, or 11, you know multiple modes
of action.
We're trying to make sure we dothat right to keep frog eye at
bay, if you will, and so I thinkthat's one piece, so speak to
that for a second and then tieinto the future.
So again, I always like thequestion.
So as I'm thinking about mynext crop and corn and soybeans
(23:54):
down the road as I rotatethrough, so what can I do to
manage, you know, resistancedevelopment on my farm, manage
frog eye leaf spot on my farm,and what can I be doing as a
listener here as yourrecommendations to them?
Speaker 4 (24:11):
That's a, that's the million dollar question in the
plant pathology world right now.
And like we don't have a lot offungicide, we don't have a lot
of classes available to us.
I think that you know, justlike the herbicide world, it
becomes fairly limited as towhat actually is effective, and
so, you know, making sure thatthose are around in the future
(24:32):
becomes important.
One of the recommendations isto do a pre-mix, and so, but I,
I would say I'm going to sort ofdork out a little bit here and
get on a soapbox, but when I saya pre-mix, that the definition
of a pre-mix means that each ofthe active ingredients works,
and so if part of that pre-mixis the 11 is the strobe, we
(24:54):
learn then and you're, and let's, let's say it's, you know, a 3
and a 11, and the 11 is theresistance to it, and that
resistance is complete.
Then you know you're onlyspraying the three and you're
putting all that pressure onthat triazole at that point, and
so, uh, you, you.
That's why I think it really,you really need to be doing our
(25:15):
homework on, like, what exactlyis being put in that field and
then, and then consider thatresistance issue, uh, on on top
of it.
And so, that being said, I dothink that, like if I were to
implement an IPM plan, I thinkthe best way to really preserve
these is a pre-mix.
(25:35):
I think long, long term, bill, Ithink that ultimately we're
going to get into biologicals,we're going to get into things
that can be combined withfungicides to sort of help
preserve or elongate the shelflife of these things.
I don't think we're there yet,but I'm putting my eggs, and at
least some of my eggs, in thatbasket long, long, long term.
(25:56):
But in the short term I wouldsay, try to limit your
applications.
Like right now we have tar spotand we have southern rust
coming in, we have a lot ofstuff on corn and I would like
for these products to continueto be effective in the corn
world, you know, and we havegood resistance in the varieties
(26:18):
for frog eye leaf spot and, yes, there's brown spot, and then,
if you get a little bit furthersouth, there's target spot or
area of light.
There's things out there atwhich those all happen to have
resistance issues too.
If, for the listeners that arecurious, if you, if you list a
foliar disease in soybean, it isprobably resistant at some
(26:39):
level to that, to that 11, tothe to the strobe we learned.
So limit your applicationswould be, would be my
recommendation.
So if it's a shoe test, walkoutside and there's no dew on
the ground and you can gogolfing and not get your feet
wet, and then don't pull thetrigger If you have models to
follow or if you just watch,drop monitor or like you know
(27:03):
there's.
There's different tools,everyone can pick one, but
that'd be my recommendation.
Long answer, sorry.
Yeah, no, that's good, and justone follow up on.
Speaker 3 (27:12):
that is, as we think about, you know, commodity
prices.
We think about making some cutsin our operation, you know.
You think about, you know, I'mgoing to pick this cheaper
fungicide that only has, youknow, two modes of action, and
one of them happens to be thestrobe.
Yeah, you only got one that'sworking.
So make sure you do yourhomework.
I just want to reiterate that Ithink that's very, very, very
(27:33):
important and that's a hugepoint in this whole frog eye
leaf spot discussion.
That's kind of the timing ofthis as well.
As you start to think aboutyour plan for the next couple
months here, listeners, as wellas you start to think about your
plan for the next couple monthshere, listeners, you know, make
sure you do your homework andthink that through.
Speaker 2 (27:48):
So I'll get off my soapbox and turn it back to Jeff
.
No, that's okay, I took a napand everything real quick.
We're getting toward the end ofthe podcast.
I just have a couple follow-upquestions.
So you had made the commentthat you saw 2% to 3% frog eye
leaf spot on soybean leaves, butyou were seeing a 4% to 6%
bushel difference or damage.
(28:08):
How does it damage that plant?
I mean, that's pretty powerful,2% to 3% taking 5 bushels.
So how does it do that damageon the plants there?
Speaker 4 (28:21):
I'm going to probably get out of my lane a little bit
here in my answer, so you knowthere could be a plant
pathologist out there that cancall in.
Speaker 2 (28:29):
Well, whatever, yeah, you feel comfortable with.
Speaker 4 (28:31):
But I'll just say, like the easy answer is is that
it's reduced in photosynthesis.
But if you start looking at theoverall surface area of the
leaf and then and the amount ofyield loss that you're seeing,
there has to be more to it.
And then, and the amount ofyield loss that you're seeing,
there has to be more to it.
And so sort of think of anyfungus that's growing on a guess
is the surface, is that lesion,but there's a whole bunch of
(28:52):
growth that's inside that leaf,and so that each lesion actually
becomes a sink.
And so if you start, I wouldguess that if you started
looking at the percent ofphotosynthase synthase being
produced in that square incharound each lesion, I would
guess that they're that's goingdown too, that's feeding the,
that's feeding the fungal growth, sort of think.
(29:14):
Uh, the you know to bring it tolike stranger things.
Or, like you know the the tvshow, like you know where you
have this, jeff's looking at melike you never watched this
never watched it before.
Speaker 2 (29:25):
I gotta be honest with you.
Speaker 4 (29:26):
You have an assignment before the next
podcast because, like thatanalogy, like you sort of have
this undergrowth underneaththat's just sort of sucking the
life out of, out of the land,and there's actually a pumpkin
field in one of the seasons thatis sort of withering and dying
because it has this growth, butlike that, that's sort of how I
envision the frog eye leafspotter.
A lot of the fungi on the leafis that, yes, you have the
(29:50):
reduction in photosynthesis, youalso have the photosynthase
feeding that growth instead ofgoing to the pot or going to the
seed, and so that's the bestway for me to explain it.
Speaker 2 (30:02):
No, perfect, perfect.
And with that I don't have anymore shooting questions at it,
but I do have one here before welet you go, excuse me.
You know, every year we talkabout things coming up from the
south, right, southern Rust, wetalk about whatever like that Is
there a site or a location oris there a place we can go to
(30:23):
get like updates?
You know, like hey, we're,we're starting to see it coming
in kansas or it's coming inmissouri or, you know, could be
movement in your area, becausethis is one of those, as it
moves, as it moves from thesouth up, in a lot of those
cases we kind of can get alittle bit of heads up that hey,
it's, it's coming or it'smoving.
Do you have any uh places?
Uh, our audience could go tolook to see where they can
(30:45):
possibly.
Speaker 4 (30:47):
Yeah, for frog eye no , but I would say that there's
some indicator diseases that areout there.
There's the canary in the minethat you can use, and so Crop
Protection Network has a tabresources and then you go there
and there's maps that are onthat page and we do track tar
spot and southern rust and, likesouthern rust would be one in
(31:07):
corn that is moving souththrough the north and you know
it, it requires the same thingsand so you know it requires a
moisture and and the inoculumthere and so, uh, you really,
where those diseases are poppingup is probably where you have
moisture, which is probably, youknow, which is going to be
conditions that would befavorable for frog eye too.
(31:28):
So you don't not, we don't haveone specifically for frog eye
and I can, we can throw that outthere to my colleagues to see
if that's something we couldstart.
But right now I'd say you canlook at just look at the
indicator any disease, and theother thing I do is I follow a I
I follow a bunch of people thatare that actually get out in
the field on Twitter and so andand so when I start to see, you
(31:52):
know certain people sayingthey're they're seeing it, then
that triggers it for me, and soidentify some people that are
active scouts, that are inMissouri or you know wherever
South of where you're at.
Speaker 2 (32:04):
So Social media has a lot of good.
Speaker 4 (32:05):
at times, too, it doesn't have a lot of good but
that's one of them that I wouldsay that does have some good.
Speaker 2 (32:10):
Absolutely Well, Bill , I don't have any more
questions.
What about you?
Speaker 3 (32:15):
Yeah, darren, any closing comments.
Anything else you have?
Well?
Speaker 4 (32:18):
we closed with lookalikes with SDS, so I'm
going to close with somelookalikes on frog eye and I do,
I'm going to pull a bill and Ihave a quick, real quick story.
I was on, I was on Twitter andsomebody had tweeted like oh, I
found frog eye leaf spot inManitoba, canada, and and and
looking at the disease and sowell, another quick the.
(32:40):
The first, the first report offrog eye leaf spot in North
Dakota was the resistance strainof the pathogen, just to show
you how prevalent the resistantpathogen is.
It's really hard to find asensitive path, the sensitive
strain of the pathogen, to theQI fungicides anymore.
So that's one thing.
The second one is that thispitcher in Manitoba it was not
(33:02):
frog eye, and so one of thethings that we're doing in our
lab is we're collecting a lot ofleaves and we're looking for
resistance and sometimes even mylab.
So this is not the blame forthe person on Twitter in
Manitoba because it looked alittle bit like frog eye.
So there's some lookalikes outthere.
So there's actually somediseases like phyllosticta would
be is a classic example thatlook a lot like frog eye and you
(33:27):
really need to just look at thedetails and you can sort of
dork out and and we can you cangive me a shout if you really
wanted to learn about, like, howto distinguish some of these
things.
But just make sure you whatyou're looking at is frog eye.
So frog eye does not havelittle black dots in the middle
of the lesion.
Phyllosticta does, and some ofthe other lookalikes do.
(33:53):
So I wish that identifyingdiseases is more clear-cut and
easier to do, but it seems likeeach disease has a list of
either other diseases that looklike it or some abiotic stress
or something that that happensto look a lot like the the
problem.
So paraquat injury.
It looks just like frog eye asan example.
(34:15):
So a lot of times I'll get alot of frog eye leaf spot leaves
sent to me in early june ormid-june and it's it's
absolutely frog eye.
So just something to throw outthere like hey, once you see
frog eye you sort of know whatit is.
But you sort of have to playdoctor a little bit and ask the
questions to get the context asto why you're seeing that lesion
(34:38):
when you're seeing it, becauseit might not be frog eye.
Speaker 2 (34:41):
Great point, great point.
Well, with that being said,darren, thank you for your time
again today.
We really appreciate your,appreciate your expertise, and
we'll be bringing you on more inthe future too.
So thanks a lot and have anawesome day thanks again, darren
appreciate it bill learned alot about frog eye leaf spot.
It's not something, I'll behonest with you, I knew an
(35:02):
in-depth amount about becauseyou know we see we see it some
but you know when it's coming upfrom the South and we get a lot
of those patterns, they don'tcome in through the Western part
.
You know they'll come more ofthat Southern, southeastern, you
know area kind of going throughthere.
But really learned a lot.
But you know, with ourlisteners today, you know what
are a couple of the key pointsyou want them to understand and
(35:25):
a couple of thoughts that yougot from today's episode.
Speaker 3 (35:28):
Yeah, yeah, I think I'll start with just where
Darren was at with thelookalikes.
No question about that.
Make sure you diagnose itcorrectly and then I'll get on a
couple of things he talkedabout.
You know the FRAC codes, the 3,7, and 11, you know, really,
those three being the major onesthat we use three, seven and 11
, you know, really those threebeing the major ones that we use
, and making sure that you'reselecting, you know, fungicides
(35:49):
based upon that, not putting alot of pressure on that 11, the
strobe, which you know we have alot of resistance to basically
frog eye on that already, soputting a lot of pressure on the
other two fracks there in modesof action.
So, as you think about you knowjust, you know, as you're, as
you're sitting in the plannerand you're cruising along here
(36:09):
today and you're finishingthings up or wherever you're at,
uh, you know what am I going tospray to?
You know this this summer tocontrol the diseases or am I
going to spray, you know, ipmbig part of that.
I think that that's criticalbecause we want to make sure we
keep, you know, these tools inthe toolbox.
We're notorious for breakingthem because we overuse them, so
(36:31):
I think that's critical for usto think about it in the future.
I mean, I was interested tohear him talk about some
biologicals, so that willdefinitely be a future topic to
keep in mind.
As you know, where does thatspace start going and how does?
Is you know where does thatspace start going and and how
does how does that?
You know, another new tool inthe toolbox start going.
And then, and of course,fungicide.
You know, or think about thefungicides we have, and then
(36:53):
think about the, the frog eyeleaf spot resistance we have in
varieties.
I think that's the big piece ofthe puzzle that he echoed
pretty loudly there.
So how about you?
What else would you take awaytoday?
Speaker 2 (37:02):
Yeah, you know, I didn't realize it was the number
one foliar leaf disease in theUS.
I didn't realize it was thatextensive.
But you know, we kind of livein our bubble in the Midwest
right, we don't think about theSouth as much but we don't
realize that.
And when he was talkingmoisture, you know, and warmth,
you know that Southeast US, youknow, ideal for down in that
area, warmth you know that.
(37:23):
Southeast U S, you know, idealfor down in that area.
But I think the big take homepoint, what he said, know your
fungicides and you had broughtthat up it's just like know your
chemistries.
Just because it has a differentname doesn't mean it's
different modes of actions orwhatever.
So know what you're putting outthere when it's a fungicide,
when it's a chemistry, from thatstandpoint, because I might
(37:43):
have a different name but itmight be the same thing and it
does.
You know no good if it's thesame thing going out there.
So learned a lot about it andI'm going to be more interested
in looking for some of thosefrog eye leaf spot in some of
these areas, especially someareas where maybe I have a
little bit more irrigation,where you can have more of that
going on in some of those casesfrom that standpoint, if the
weather's good.
(38:04):
But with that being said, Bill,do you have anything else to
add before we sign off for theday?
Speaker 3 (38:09):
Nope, nope, good episode.
Speaker 2 (38:11):
Awesome, awesome.
Well, hey, thanks to you andthanks to everyone for joining
us today on this episode ofSpilling the Beans.
We invite you to download theGrow Smart Live app for more
resources and share this podcastwith other growers.
So for me and Bill, as wealways like to say at the end of
it, make it a great day.
Speaker 1 (38:29):
Thanks for joining us on Spilling the Beans, where
every episode gets you one stepcloser to maximizing your
soybean profitability.
If you found today's insightsvaluable, subscribe and leave us
a review on your favoriteplatform.
Download the Grow Smart Liveapp for more resources and share
the podcast with other growers.
See you next week with moreexpert tips to help you grow
(38:51):
smarter and achieve the bestyields yet.
Liberty Outlook, zidua, zidua,pro, poncho, motivo, precise,
endura, rivitec, fastax, cs,elevo, vault, ip+, relenia,
triaxor, liberty Ultra areregistered trademarks of BASF.
Nemisphere, zorina and Voraxorare trademarks of BASF.
Enlist, enlist One, enlist Duoand Enlist E3 are registered
(39:12):
trademarks of Corteva AgritiansLLC.
The transgenic event in EnlistE3 Soybeans is jointly developed
and owned by Corteva AgritiansLLC and MS Technologies LLC.
Chitavo is a registeredtrademark of MS Technologies and
exclusively distributed by BSF.
All other trademarks are theproperty of their respective
owners and use of any suchtrademark does not imply any
affiliation with or endorsementby its owner.
Always read and follow labeldirections Before mixing
(39:33):
components.
Always conduct a compatibilityjar test.
Always consult respectiveproduct labels for specific
mixing instructions.
The most restrictive labelapplies.
Natai Fastax CS is a restricteduse pesticide.
Mimasphere Zorina and Voraxorare not registered BASF
(40:08):
Corporation.
All rights reserved.
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