April 22, 2022 • 35 mins
Frankish Crusaders had conquered most of the Peloponnese (Morea) by 1212. They had almost 50 years before the reformed Byzantine Empire regained a foothold in the Morea.
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Jen (00:02):
They came to Nikli where they found the Princess together
with all the gentle women of thePeloponnese, which is otherwise
called Morea.
Who had convened an assembly inorder to take counsel regarding
the news they had heard aboutthose three castles, which the
Prince was going to give at thattime to the Emperor.
(00:23):
So that he and his men, allthose of the Morea, the
bannerets and the knights whowere in Constantinople, might be
released from prison.
For this reason, those ladieswere assembled there together
with the Princess at the castleof Nikli holding a parliament
and receiving counsel.
(00:44):
And there were no other men withthem except for Sir Leonardo,
who is the Logothete and SirPierre de Vaux, that wisest of
men whose wisdom was unsurpassedin all the Principality.
Only those two men attended theparliament.
This is lines 4,391 through4,407 in the Greek version of
(01:11):
the Chronicle of Moreatranslated to English in the
2009 book by Shawcross titled"The Chronicle of Morea:
Historiography in CrusaderGreece.
And it's found on pages 316through 317.
I'm Jen Glaubius, and this isthe Helonaki Deep Dive.
A podcast about mapping andanalysis for historical and
(01:34):
archeological research.
In this episode.
I'm going to continue discussingthe history of Vostitsa picking
up where we left off in the lastepisode, which was just after
the establishment of theFrankish principality of Achaia.
Let's dive in.
(01:55):
Before we get started on thehistory.
I just want to tell you thatI've started a Flickr site for
the Helonaki.
And.
I'm adding albums of photos fromdifferent locations.
So there'll be an album forspecific locations that I
mention.
Because I've been to a lot ofthese places over the many
(02:16):
years, I've gone to Greece.
And my pictures are not alwaysthe best, but I want you to be
able to see what some of theseplaces look like now.
So you'll be able to see thelinks for locations that I
mention in the episode, in theshow notes, which you can find
either on the Helonaki websiteor on Patreon.
Where we left off last time.
(02:38):
Geoffrey Villehardouin had takencharge of the Principality of
Achaia.
He had helped take it over.
And then he pushed outChamplitte.
And he was in charge of it.
This Principality of Achaiaencompassed most of the
Peloponnese by the year 1212,that's when they had taken
(02:58):
Corinth and Argos from theforces of Leo Sgouros.
Remember, who is the Byzantinearchon, the big land owner who
tried to take power for himselfeven before the Franks arrived.
Those crusaders arrived.
What he didn't hold in thePeloponnese though was
(03:19):
Monemvasia, which is a coastalfortress that I mentioned last
time, that it's really difficultto take.
And Geoffrey Villehardouin nevertook it.
Also nearby, in the area ofmodern Laconia, which is very
mountainous.
It's the area around Sparta.
It's the Taygetos mountains,which are difficult to get
(03:40):
around and it had been settledby these Slavic groups.
Way back.
During the Byzantine period.
And so it was also kind of aholdout.
So Monemvasia, the area areaaround the Taygetos mountains,
Venetian areas in SouthwesternPeloponnese so Modon and Coron.
(04:02):
The relationship between theVenetians and the Franks was
okay.
At this point, the Venetianswere pretty satisfied with the
ports of Modon and Coron.
And they're also busy because atthis point they're trying to
also take the island of Crete.
Later on, they're going to tryto expand their territory, but
at this point they're happy withwhat they have in this area.
(04:27):
And as I said, Monemvasia wasvery difficult to conquer the
Franks are not going to take itfor another 36 years.
And the Slav peoples in theTaygetos mountains are just
going to continue to be aproblem.
They're also not going to beintegrated, for at least another
30 years.
So what had actually changed inthe Peloponnese with the coming
(04:49):
of the Franks?
It's around this time or perhapsearlier that the Peloponnese is
sometimes also known as theMorea and through this period
and later, Morea is the termusually used.
Like the Chronicle of Morearefers to the Peloponnese.
And so that happens at thispoint.
(05:10):
For the people in the Morea, thePeloponnese, I mean the lower
classes, the peasants, not thatmuch changed.
Through time during theByzantine period, many small
freeholders had lost their landand instead were working on
large estates.
And so is it you're working on alarger state or are you a serf?
(05:32):
How much of a difference isthat?
Not entirely much.
You're still working forsomeone.
What did change was what theGreek elite, those very large
landowners.
And they were no longer at thetop of the society.
Before the Frankish conquests,they had to pay taxes to the
(05:55):
Byzantine empire and sometimesunhappy with that.
And that's why some of them hadrevolted even before the Fourth
Crusade.
But now.
With the coming of the Franks,they were no longer at the top
of the society.
And instead you had feudalism ontop of what they owned.
So the elites, many of them kepttheir land and many privileges,
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but there were no longer at thetop.
Who was at the top was thePrince of Achaia, Geoffrey.
And beneath him were the baronsthat he established.
There would end up being 12total at the height of the
Principality of Achaia.
And these baronies went toFrankish knights who had helped
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Villehardouin actually conquerthe area.
And all the knights who hadhelped came from areas like from
Flanders to Provence.
But most of them are fromChampagne and Burgundy within
the area that becomes France.
But you also have lower rankedknights again, coming from those
areas and they're given fiefswithin the baronies.
(07:04):
And so these lower rankedknights would owe allegiance to
the barons.
They would have to ask theBaron, like, say I want to build
a castle or a tower to helpdefend myself.
They'd have to ask the Baron forpermission.
And then ultimately all thebarons and the knights owed
allegiance to the Prince ofAchaia.
(07:24):
Geoffrey Villehardouin actuallyestablished a parliament.
The barons had a say in what wasgoing on in the Principality of
Achaia.
So who is left out is the Greekelite, those big landowners at
the beginning.
Later on, some of them willlater be granted fiefs.
(07:45):
So they'll become moreintegrated into the feudal
system.
But despite not being in thefeudal system, it just meant
there was another layer on topof them that then they had to
pay taxes to this baron orwhatever knight had held their
land in a fief, but they stillmostly held their land.
(08:06):
What got seized by the Franksthough, were any estates that
had been owned by the Byzantinestate.
The land of any absenteelandowners.
And of course, anyone who hadfought against the Franks.
And the most problematic one isthat Villehardouin seized land
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and property and income,belonging to Orthodox
ecclesiastical institutions,basically Orthodox churches and
monasteries.
And so this might be a good timeto finally talk about the schism
between the Eastern and Westernparts of the Christian Church.
So the Eastern part, I'm justgoing to call Orthodox and the
(08:51):
Western church I'll callCatholic or Latin.
The schism occurred in 1054.
So almost 200 years before theFourth Crusade.
And it was over many reasons.
But part of it was over the roleof the Bishop of Rome, who we
know as the Pope.
And who had gained power as incharge of all the other bishops
(09:13):
But that role versus basicallywhat was a Bishop, but what in
the Greek language, they callthe patriarch.
And so the patriarch inConstantinople was an important
part of this Eastern church.
So there's problems over therole, like is the Pope in charge
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of the Eastern part?
Like anything that the patriarchin Constantinople had been in
charge of.
And this is part of like the bigproblems.
It also plays into the FourthCrusade itself, like, because
there's a schism.
The Catholic crusaders are okaywith going and conquering an
Orthodox population.
(09:55):
They're okay with conqueringconstantinople because it's not
part of their Christian Church.
So, this is a huge thing.
It's going to play a role goingforward in the Morea.
So the Franks themselves wouldestablish some of their own
churches in the Peloponnese, butthey were vastly outnumbered by
(10:17):
the Orthodox population who keptwanting to keep their own
priests and churches and so onand so forth.
So Villehardouin had seizedchurch property and their income
and eventually his family woulduse that to construct the castle
of Chlemoutsi in the westernMorea.
And so part of it was there wasa dispute because the Orthodox
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priests actually gave orders,like made peasants into priests
so they could escape serfdom.
So you ended up with like large,large numbers of Orthodox
priests relative to thepopulation.
So Villehardouin was like wait,wait, wait.
Not all those people should bepriests.
This, this is, this is a bitmuch, this is too much.
(11:04):
So they finally come toagreement that the number of
priests would be in proportionto the size of the community.
And Villehardouin then gave thechurches and monasteries at
least some of their land andincome back.
And that's happened in 1223.
So Geoffrey Villehardouin diedaround 1230 at the age of 60.
(11:29):
When he passed away, his eldestson also named Geoffrey.
So Geoffrey, the second becamePrince of Achaia.
And this is where we're going towiden our view because the
Byzantine empire was down, butnot out at this point.
So when the Crusaders sackedConstantinople in 1204.
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The elites fled and went to theother areas.
And what ended up happening werethree separate little empires
were formed.
So one of them, the one furthesteast was the Empire of Trebizond
along the south coast of theBlack Sea.
And that empire itself, wouldlast for a long time, but it
(12:12):
doesn't figure into the story.
So we're just going to ignorethe Empire of Trebizond.
Instead We're going to talkabout the other two.
The one to the most west was theDespotate in Epirus.
So it was a Despotate because itwas founded by a son of the
emperor.
Who would be called a Despot, sonot the, the modern meaning of
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despot just Despot, meaning theson of an emperor.
Now this Despotate in Epirusthey were trying to get back
Constantinople because whoevergot Constantinople would
basically have the Byzantineempire.
They're trying to make their wayeast to get Constantinople.
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The third of these littleempires was the Empire of Nicea
and it was in Asia Minor.
So just to the east ofConstantinople.
And this one ended up being themost important they were
attacking Frankish territorybecause they were trying to go
west to get Constantinople backfrom the Franks, from this Latin
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emperor of Constantinople.
So the second GeoffreyVillehardouin, he owes
allegiance to the Latin emperorof Constantinople.
And so he leaves the Morea.
He takes his knights with himand he goes to help fight off
Byzantine attacks.
So the attacks from the Empireof Nicea, not in Constantinople
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itself, but in their territory,he goes in 1236 and 1239 and
1243.
So you'd see the Byzantines arereally trying to take back that
territory.
And he's able to do this becausethings are pretty stable in the
Morea.
Like not much is happening.
The Venetians are staying intheir area.
(14:01):
Things are pretty okay.
Then Geoffrey the second dies in1246 and he has no heirs.
So the rule passes to hisyounger brother, William
Villehardouin, who now becomesthe Prince of Achaia.
Now, unlike Geoffrey the second,William had actually been born
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in the Morea.
He had been born in the castleof Kalamata.
And before his brother died,William was the Baron of
Kalamata.
This is in the southern part ofthe Morea.
So William as the princefinishes securing the Morea.
So he blockades, Monemvasia.
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He gets some help from theVenetians.
They have all those ships, navalpower.
Blockades Monemvasia, and itgets them to surrender in 1248.
The holdouts had been basically,three large landowning families.
And so he's like, all right.
I've blockaded you out, yousurrendered, I'm going to give
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you fiefs.
So this is when he begins tointegrate some of these large
elite landowners into the feudalsystem.
So the last hold out are theSlavs in the Taygetos Mountains.
And so William makes sure thatthere are castles built on
either end of those mountains.
So there's Mistra, which is nearthe ancient site of Sparta.
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And then Maina near CapeMatapan.
So in the southern part of theMani, which is very mountainous.
And it's going to come up againas an area that whoever's in
charge of the Peloponnese reallycan't control.
And so William has these castlesbuilt.
And it's a show of power and sothe Slavs of Taygetos come to
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terms with WilliamVillehardouin.
And so at this point, Williamholds everything.
Basically.
He doesn't have anyone rebellingagainst him.
The only parts that aren't inFrankish hands are the two ports
of Modon and Coron that belongto the Venetians.
(16:11):
And this is really the height ofthe Frankish Principality in
Achaia.
So it's about at this point thatWilliam gets involved in what's
going on between the remnants ofthe Byzantine empire.
So William marries the daughterof the Despot Michael the second
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of Epirus.
So that more western Byzantineoffshoot.
And so his father-in-law says,Hey, I'm trying to fight against
the Empire of Nicea.
This other Byzantine off shootthat was led by the Palaeologos
family.
And he's like, Hey, I need yourhelp fighting against them.
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Bring your knights north andhelped me fight them off.
And so it's 1259.
William's like, okay.
Knights, barons.
Here we go.
Let's go fight for myfather-in-law.
When it comes to battle though,Despot Michael fled the scene.
And he left William and hisallies, like all of his barons
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and knights and they gotsurrounded by the Palaeologos
troops from the Empire of Niceaand they're captured in October
of 1259.
And they will remain in prison.
And they're still prisoners twoyears later when the Nicea
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Empire captures Constantinople.
So they take it from the Latinsfrom the last remaining crusader
troops there in 1261.
So then the Nicea Empire becomesthe Byzantine Empire.
So now the Byzantines are like,all right.
You're still in prison.
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Would you like to get out?
If you'd like to get out all youhave to do is surrender.
Oh, let's say all thePrincipality of Achaia.
Just give us all of the Moreaand you can get out.
And William's like, Nope.
Nope.
You can't have it all.
And, he negotiates them down togiving them three castles.
Monemvasia.
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Remember that fortificationthat's really difficult to take.
And also those two castles, hehad built around Taygetos,
Mistra and Maina.
And he agrees to do it.
And then the accord goes to theparliament in Achaia, which is
full of these Frankish ladies.
Because their husbands, thebarons and knights were
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prisoners in Constantinople.
And that's the bit I read in theintro of this episode.
And so they agree William andhis barons get out, but they've
been humiliated because theywere captured.
And more importantly, theByzantines now have a foothold
back in the Morea.
(19:06):
So here's the situation in the1260s.
There had been 50 years ofFrankish rule with only those
two little Venetian territories.
Things were mostly peaceful.
The Frankish knights sometimeshad gone to Constantinople to
help defend it.
And then they ended up gettingcaptured, but there hadn't been
any fighting in the Morea in thePeloponnese itself, but now
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there are three entities with astake in getting control of the
Morea.
There's the Venetians, they'llexpand their territory a little
bit if they can, but they're notactively trying to expand at
this point.
Then there are the Franks whoare playing defense, trying to
keep the land that they have.
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So they've lost like threecastles to the Byzantines and
they're trying to keep what theyhave, but they're playing
defense.
And then you have the Byzantineswho are in it to win it.
They have gotten a foothold,those three castles, including
Monemvasia, which is really,really difficult to take.
And they were just given it andthey are going to try to take
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all of the Morea at this pointthat they can.
And that's what they do once theByzantines have that foothold,
they're going to fight.
So starting even that year,after they get those three
castles, the Byzantines werefighting to expand their
territory.
They thought the Franks werevery weak.
William had been in prison for acouple of years.
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And so they're like, yes, wewill do our best.
And so they end up going up andattacking Andravida, which is
not too far from Chlemoutsi.
So it's toward the Northwesternpart of the Peloponnese.
They attacked it.
Didn't take it, but they didstart working on capturing the
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area of Kalavryta, which is justto the south of Vostitsa, but
separated from Vostitsa by againsome mountains.
So the Byzantines would end uptaking Kalavryta in the next few
years.
The next year they, again,attack Andravida and they try
using Turkish mercenaries, butdidn't pay them on time.
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And so William Villehardouin, hehires those Turkish mercenaries
pays them and uses them todefeat the Byzantine forces at
Nikli.
So it pushes them back and has abattle at, at Nikli, which is
where that parliament of theFrankish ladies had gathered to
get William out of prison.
After that, after this few bigpushes the Byzantines have taken
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territory, but then attacksbecome more sporadic depending
on what's going on elsewhere inthe Byzantine empire.
Did they have the resources toput into trying to push the
Franks out of the Morea or not?
And so there'll be nothing for awhile and then they'll fight and
try to take more territory.
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And I just want to note herethat it's interesting.
The terrain of the Peloponneseof the Morea really.
It partly determines where theseattacks are going.
Now Andravida was kind ofimportant because it was near
Chlemoutsid, kind of the nearthe seat of the principality of
Achaia.
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But Kalamata where Villehardouinhad been born and had been baron
was much, much closer.
Look at the map.
Like Kalamata is much closer toMistra, which is where the
Byzantines will set up as theircapital.
And Kalamata is pretty close butthrough the mountains it would
have been really difficult to gothere.
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Whereas going towards Andravida,you can go through some of the
valleys and much easierterritory and hit a bit closer
towards the seat whereVillehardouin actually was
ruling from.
I also want to note Kalavrytafalls to the Byzantines fairly
soon.
And it's not that far fromVostitsa, but Vostitsa itself is
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going to stay out of Byzantinehands.
So the big change in this periodis that now there's almost a
constant state of war.
And so trade is going to bereduced and agriculture as well.
So any money that I've beengoing towards, other things now,
the Franks are putting intobeefing up their existing
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castles and building morecastles or towers.
They're also putting money intohiring mercenaries.
And so these mercenaries wouldgo around and plunder the land
and indiscriminately killpeople.
And so you'd end up with lesspopulation and the land just
devastated.
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Overall, like the Franks, theyhad fewer knights, they'd had
problems after being captured.
But whenever they take the fieldin like a large battle, they
would still win, they had thetechnology to win.
So instead of large battles, theByzantines would instead
infiltrate into towns and try tostage a coup or take towns that
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were not very well defended.
And so that you have this kindof slow process by the
Byzantines because they were notwinning large battles.
The Byzantines also had anadvantage that most of the local
Greeks and Slavs that were inthe area tended to support the
Byzantines.
So they got help from within.
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And as I said, WilliamVillehardouin never really
recovered from being takenprisoner.
He had the height of thePrincipality of Achaia, but then
he's weakened, he's in a weakposition.
And so he signs a treaty withthe king of Sicily, a man named
Charles of Anjou.
And basically he signs overcontrol of the Morea.
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So Villehardouin would keepruling in practice, but control
of the Principality of Achaia isnow in the hands of Charles of
Anjou.
William dies without a maleheir.
And so Charles of Anjou sends aregent at first to rule the
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Morea.
And then William's daughter,Isabel marries a man named
Florent of Hainault.
And Florent becomes the de factoPrince of Achaia.
He does a pretty good job.
He comes to terms with theByzantines.
So there's some peace.
Finally in the, about the 1290s.
So after 30 years of almostnon-stop low scale warfare,
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there's some peace, but it onlylasts until Florent's death in
the later 1290s.
So Isabelle Villehardouin endsup marrying again and she
doesn't choose as wisely thistime.
She marries a man named Phillipof Savoy.
And so she marries him.
He basically becomes Prince ofAchaia and he's corrupt.
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He sells off offices and fiefsto get money, is fighting anyone
who's opposed to him.
And more importantly, for thepeople in the Morea, he's
raising taxes on them and takingback any privileges they had
been given.
And of course, as you mightexpect this angers the local
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Greeks and also the Slavs ofSkorta.
So not the Taygetos, but an areain the modern region of Arcadia,
where again, to keep them incheck, there had been two
baronies established on eitherside with castles.
And so in 1302, the Slavs ofSkorta revolt and the local
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Greeks as well.
And this revolt is violently putdown and Philip confiscates the
rebels land.
It just stirs everything upagain.
And so there's constant warfareagain.
So after Isabel and Phillip passaway, Isabel's daughter Maude,
Villehardouin would rule thePrincipality of Achaia next.
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She did a pretty good job, butafter her death in 1324, the
Byzantines had been takingterritory and basically all the
barons of the principality areon their own against the
Byzantines.
They're still under the rule ofthe family of Charles of Savoy,
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who was the King of Sicily, butthey're kind of scattered all
over the Byzantines have madebig inroads.
And so.
They're kind of on their own,they're on the defensive and not
doing so well and weak.
And so they're going to inviteother people in to try to help
them.
So there ended up being many,many different things going on
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since you don't really have oneprincipality, but scattered
baronies and things going on.
And so I'm not going to followall of that, but instead, let's
look at what happened withVostitsa itself.
At the beginning, like the1210s, the Vostitsa Barony was
established with Hugh ofCharpigny and it stays in the
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hands of that Charpigny familyuntil they have a daughter.
No, son.
And this daughter ends up beingmarried off to Dreux of Charny.
This is what's going on in 1324.
So the death of MaudVillehardouin, Vostitsa is one
of those few Frankish baroniesthat's not in Byzantine hands.
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So it's still in the hands ofthe Franks.
Until 1359 when the Charnyfamily must've needed money and
they sell the Barony of Vostitsato Marie of Bourbon.
She only keeps it for about fouryears before she sells it off to
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a man from Florence.
Part of a Florentine bankingfamily named Nerio Acciajuoli
and I, sorry, I'm butchering hisname.
And so Nerio buys Vostitsa theentire Barony in 1363.
And Nerio actually buys Vostitsaand he ends up acquiring all of
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the Northern coastline of thePeloponnese.
So everything between Corinth inthe east to Patra in the west,
everything along the coast.
And he holds it for almost 20years, but then Vostitsa is
seized from him by the NavarreseCompany.
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Now the Navarrese Company was agroup of mercenaries originally
from the area, on the borderbetween France and Spain.
And so they'd been hired intothe area of Epirus, so like
modern Albania, and then theyended up getting invited into
the Morea to kind of help in thefighting between the Byzantines
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and whoever else.
And the Navarrese Company seethat everybody, especially the
Franks were like pretty weakthat they had to invite in
mercenaries and they ended uptaking power.
So they seize a lot of what wasleft to Frankish Achaia and take
power.
So they seize Vostitsa away fromNerio.
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And the leader of the NavarreseCompany, a man named Peter de
San Superan is given Vostitsaoutright in 1386.
Now Nerio says I own it andhe'll try to get it back, but he
never gets control, theNavarrese Company will control
Vostitsa into about 1400, whichis where we're going to end this
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part of the history.
So we talked about the Morea ingeneral during the early part of
the Frankish period.
And then when things splitapart, focused more on Vostitsa.
What had been left of theFrankish Morea will end up
changing hands to people whohave money or the strength to
actually take it.
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The Venetians during this timehad mostly kept to Modon and
Coron in the southwesternPeloponnese, but around 1390,
they tried to expand and theyend up taking the port city of
Nauplio in the eastern Morea,another port city.
The Byzantines had taken asubstantial amount of the Morea,
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but did not control all of it.
And because there had beenconstant fighting, the
population was low.
They didn't have enough peopleto actually do all the
cultivation.
And so the Byzantines in the 13hundreds ended up bringing in
Albanians to settle in theMorea, Epirus, Thessaly, and
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Attica.
So you have another group, youhave Greeks, you have a distinct
Slavic group, and now you haveethnic Albanians in the Morea as
well.
And you have this situation.
The Byzantines have asubstantial amount of control.
They do have support from manylocal Greeks, but you know,
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who's not necessarily happy?
The elite land holders.
They actually staged a rebellionin 1387 against Theodore the
Despot of Morea.
To put down this rebellion in1387.
Theodore would call for helpfrom the Ottoman Empire.
He's like, please send troops tohelp put this down.
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And so Ottoman troops led byEvrenos Beg will raid the Morea,
called in by Theodore in 1387.
And they go all the way fromCorinth, from the isthmus, all
the way to the Venetian ports ofModon and Coron.
But once they go in 1387, theyknow the area a bit And they
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ended up raiding in the 1390sand many times after that.
And so in the next episode, I'lltalk about the founding of the
Ottoman empire and therelationship with the Byzantine
empire as a whole, andespecially in the Morea.
Not much for endnotes this time.
(33:23):
I want to talk a little bit,there are many sources, that
I've looked at for this, and youcan find the list in the show
notes.
I do want to say, the Chronicleof Morea that I read in the last
episode and at the beginning ofthis episode as well, there are
many different sources for it.
There's a Greek version andthat's a translation of the
(33:44):
Greek version that I read forthis.
There are French versions whichgive much of the same
information, but there areslight changes.
The Chronicle of Morea itselfwas written over a hundred years
after the Frankish conquests in1204.
And so it's written much laterThanks for listening.
(34:05):
Email questions or comments todeepdive@helonaki.com or ask
them on the Helonaki Deep DiveFacebook page.
Show notes with links toresources mentioned in this
episode will be available athelonaki.com.
That's H E L O N A K I.com.
You can also find ways tosupport the show now, including
(34:27):
merch such as t-shirts mugs andstickers with the Helonaki Deep
Dive logo athelonaki.com/support.
My thanks to Patreon supportersat the geospatial analyst level,
Leah Varrell and Janice andJerry Farrell.
Your support keeps the HelonakiDeep Dive going.
The Helonaki Deep Dive iswritten and produced by me, Jen
(34:49):
Glaubius of the Helonaki.
The theme music is Deep OceanInstrumental by Dan-o of
danosongs.com additional soundsfrom zapsplat.com.
Thanks for listening.
They came to Nikli where they found the Princess together
with all the gentle women of thePeloponnese, which is otherwise
called Morea.
Who had convened an assembly inorder to take counsel regarding
the news they had heard aboutthose three castles, which the
Prince was going to give at thattime to the Emperor.
(00:23):
So that he and his men, allthose of the Morea, the
bannerets and the knights whowere in Constantinople, might be
released from prison.
For this reason, those ladieswere assembled there together
with the Princess at the castleof Nikli holding a parliament
and receiving counsel.
(00:44):
And there were no other men withthem except for Sir Leonardo,
who is the Logothete and SirPierre de Vaux, that wisest of
men whose wisdom was unsurpassedin all the Principality.
Only those two men attended theparliament.
This is lines 4,391 through4,407 in the Greek version of
(01:11):
the Chronicle of Moreatranslated to English in the
2009 book by Shawcross titled"The Chronicle of Morea:
Historiography in CrusaderGreece.
And it's found on pages 316through 317.
I'm Jen Glaubius, and this isthe Helonaki Deep Dive.
A podcast about mapping andanalysis for historical and
(01:34):
archeological research.
In this episode.
I'm going to continue discussingthe history of Vostitsa picking
up where we left off in the lastepisode, which was just after
the establishment of theFrankish principality of Achaia.
Let's dive in.
(01:55):
Before we get started on thehistory.
I just want to tell you thatI've started a Flickr site for
the Helonaki.
And.
I'm adding albums of photos fromdifferent locations.
So there'll be an album forspecific locations that I
mention.
Because I've been to a lot ofthese places over the many
(02:16):
years, I've gone to Greece.
And my pictures are not alwaysthe best, but I want you to be
able to see what some of theseplaces look like now.
So you'll be able to see thelinks for locations that I
mention in the episode, in theshow notes, which you can find
either on the Helonaki websiteor on Patreon.
Where we left off last time.
(02:38):
Geoffrey Villehardouin had takencharge of the Principality of
Achaia.
He had helped take it over.
And then he pushed outChamplitte.
And he was in charge of it.
This Principality of Achaiaencompassed most of the
Peloponnese by the year 1212,that's when they had taken
(02:58):
Corinth and Argos from theforces of Leo Sgouros.
Remember, who is the Byzantinearchon, the big land owner who
tried to take power for himselfeven before the Franks arrived.
Those crusaders arrived.
What he didn't hold in thePeloponnese though was
(03:19):
Monemvasia, which is a coastalfortress that I mentioned last
time, that it's really difficultto take.
And Geoffrey Villehardouin nevertook it.
Also nearby, in the area ofmodern Laconia, which is very
mountainous.
It's the area around Sparta.
It's the Taygetos mountains,which are difficult to get
(03:40):
around and it had been settledby these Slavic groups.
Way back.
During the Byzantine period.
And so it was also kind of aholdout.
So Monemvasia, the area areaaround the Taygetos mountains,
Venetian areas in SouthwesternPeloponnese so Modon and Coron.
(04:02):
The relationship between theVenetians and the Franks was
okay.
At this point, the Venetianswere pretty satisfied with the
ports of Modon and Coron.
And they're also busy because atthis point they're trying to
also take the island of Crete.
Later on, they're going to tryto expand their territory, but
at this point they're happy withwhat they have in this area.
(04:27):
And as I said, Monemvasia wasvery difficult to conquer the
Franks are not going to take itfor another 36 years.
And the Slav peoples in theTaygetos mountains are just
going to continue to be aproblem.
They're also not going to beintegrated, for at least another
30 years.
So what had actually changed inthe Peloponnese with the coming
(04:49):
of the Franks?
It's around this time or perhapsearlier that the Peloponnese is
sometimes also known as theMorea and through this period
and later, Morea is the termusually used.
Like the Chronicle of Morearefers to the Peloponnese.
And so that happens at thispoint.
(05:10):
For the people in the Morea, thePeloponnese, I mean the lower
classes, the peasants, not thatmuch changed.
Through time during theByzantine period, many small
freeholders had lost their landand instead were working on
large estates.
And so is it you're working on alarger state or are you a serf?
(05:32):
How much of a difference isthat?
Not entirely much.
You're still working forsomeone.
What did change was what theGreek elite, those very large
landowners.
And they were no longer at thetop of the society.
Before the Frankish conquests,they had to pay taxes to the
(05:55):
Byzantine empire and sometimesunhappy with that.
And that's why some of them hadrevolted even before the Fourth
Crusade.
But now.
With the coming of the Franks,they were no longer at the top
of the society.
And instead you had feudalism ontop of what they owned.
So the elites, many of them kepttheir land and many privileges,
(06:18):
but there were no longer at thetop.
Who was at the top was thePrince of Achaia, Geoffrey.
And beneath him were the baronsthat he established.
There would end up being 12total at the height of the
Principality of Achaia.
And these baronies went toFrankish knights who had helped
(06:41):
Villehardouin actually conquerthe area.
And all the knights who hadhelped came from areas like from
Flanders to Provence.
But most of them are fromChampagne and Burgundy within
the area that becomes France.
But you also have lower rankedknights again, coming from those
areas and they're given fiefswithin the baronies.
(07:04):
And so these lower rankedknights would owe allegiance to
the barons.
They would have to ask theBaron, like, say I want to build
a castle or a tower to helpdefend myself.
They'd have to ask the Baron forpermission.
And then ultimately all thebarons and the knights owed
allegiance to the Prince ofAchaia.
(07:24):
Geoffrey Villehardouin actuallyestablished a parliament.
The barons had a say in what wasgoing on in the Principality of
Achaia.
So who is left out is the Greekelite, those big landowners at
the beginning.
Later on, some of them willlater be granted fiefs.
(07:45):
So they'll become moreintegrated into the feudal
system.
But despite not being in thefeudal system, it just meant
there was another layer on topof them that then they had to
pay taxes to this baron orwhatever knight had held their
land in a fief, but they stillmostly held their land.
(08:06):
What got seized by the Franksthough, were any estates that
had been owned by the Byzantinestate.
The land of any absenteelandowners.
And of course, anyone who hadfought against the Franks.
And the most problematic one isthat Villehardouin seized land
(08:27):
and property and income,belonging to Orthodox
ecclesiastical institutions,basically Orthodox churches and
monasteries.
And so this might be a good timeto finally talk about the schism
between the Eastern and Westernparts of the Christian Church.
So the Eastern part, I'm justgoing to call Orthodox and the
(08:51):
Western church I'll callCatholic or Latin.
The schism occurred in 1054.
So almost 200 years before theFourth Crusade.
And it was over many reasons.
But part of it was over the roleof the Bishop of Rome, who we
know as the Pope.
And who had gained power as incharge of all the other bishops
(09:13):
But that role versus basicallywhat was a Bishop, but what in
the Greek language, they callthe patriarch.
And so the patriarch inConstantinople was an important
part of this Eastern church.
So there's problems over therole, like is the Pope in charge
(09:34):
of the Eastern part?
Like anything that the patriarchin Constantinople had been in
charge of.
And this is part of like the bigproblems.
It also plays into the FourthCrusade itself, like, because
there's a schism.
The Catholic crusaders are okaywith going and conquering an
Orthodox population.
(09:55):
They're okay with conqueringconstantinople because it's not
part of their Christian Church.
So, this is a huge thing.
It's going to play a role goingforward in the Morea.
So the Franks themselves wouldestablish some of their own
churches in the Peloponnese, butthey were vastly outnumbered by
(10:17):
the Orthodox population who keptwanting to keep their own
priests and churches and so onand so forth.
So Villehardouin had seizedchurch property and their income
and eventually his family woulduse that to construct the castle
of Chlemoutsi in the westernMorea.
And so part of it was there wasa dispute because the Orthodox
(10:41):
priests actually gave orders,like made peasants into priests
so they could escape serfdom.
So you ended up with like large,large numbers of Orthodox
priests relative to thepopulation.
So Villehardouin was like wait,wait, wait.
Not all those people should bepriests.
This, this is, this is a bitmuch, this is too much.
(11:04):
So they finally come toagreement that the number of
priests would be in proportionto the size of the community.
And Villehardouin then gave thechurches and monasteries at
least some of their land andincome back.
And that's happened in 1223.
So Geoffrey Villehardouin diedaround 1230 at the age of 60.
(11:29):
When he passed away, his eldestson also named Geoffrey.
So Geoffrey, the second becamePrince of Achaia.
And this is where we're going towiden our view because the
Byzantine empire was down, butnot out at this point.
So when the Crusaders sackedConstantinople in 1204.
(11:52):
The elites fled and went to theother areas.
And what ended up happening werethree separate little empires
were formed.
So one of them, the one furthesteast was the Empire of Trebizond
along the south coast of theBlack Sea.
And that empire itself, wouldlast for a long time, but it
(12:12):
doesn't figure into the story.
So we're just going to ignorethe Empire of Trebizond.
Instead We're going to talkabout the other two.
The one to the most west was theDespotate in Epirus.
So it was a Despotate because itwas founded by a son of the
emperor.
Who would be called a Despot, sonot the, the modern meaning of
(12:33):
despot just Despot, meaning theson of an emperor.
Now this Despotate in Epirusthey were trying to get back
Constantinople because whoevergot Constantinople would
basically have the Byzantineempire.
They're trying to make their wayeast to get Constantinople.
(12:55):
The third of these littleempires was the Empire of Nicea
and it was in Asia Minor.
So just to the east ofConstantinople.
And this one ended up being themost important they were
attacking Frankish territorybecause they were trying to go
west to get Constantinople backfrom the Franks, from this Latin
(13:16):
emperor of Constantinople.
So the second GeoffreyVillehardouin, he owes
allegiance to the Latin emperorof Constantinople.
And so he leaves the Morea.
He takes his knights with himand he goes to help fight off
Byzantine attacks.
So the attacks from the Empireof Nicea, not in Constantinople
(13:39):
itself, but in their territory,he goes in 1236 and 1239 and
1243.
So you'd see the Byzantines arereally trying to take back that
territory.
And he's able to do this becausethings are pretty stable in the
Morea.
Like not much is happening.
The Venetians are staying intheir area.
(14:01):
Things are pretty okay.
Then Geoffrey the second dies in1246 and he has no heirs.
So the rule passes to hisyounger brother, William
Villehardouin, who now becomesthe Prince of Achaia.
Now, unlike Geoffrey the second,William had actually been born
(14:21):
in the Morea.
He had been born in the castleof Kalamata.
And before his brother died,William was the Baron of
Kalamata.
This is in the southern part ofthe Morea.
So William as the princefinishes securing the Morea.
So he blockades, Monemvasia.
(14:42):
He gets some help from theVenetians.
They have all those ships, navalpower.
Blockades Monemvasia, and itgets them to surrender in 1248.
The holdouts had been basically,three large landowning families.
And so he's like, all right.
I've blockaded you out, yousurrendered, I'm going to give
(15:03):
you fiefs.
So this is when he begins tointegrate some of these large
elite landowners into the feudalsystem.
So the last hold out are theSlavs in the Taygetos Mountains.
And so William makes sure thatthere are castles built on
either end of those mountains.
So there's Mistra, which is nearthe ancient site of Sparta.
(15:28):
And then Maina near CapeMatapan.
So in the southern part of theMani, which is very mountainous.
And it's going to come up againas an area that whoever's in
charge of the Peloponnese reallycan't control.
And so William has these castlesbuilt.
And it's a show of power and sothe Slavs of Taygetos come to
(15:51):
terms with WilliamVillehardouin.
And so at this point, Williamholds everything.
Basically.
He doesn't have anyone rebellingagainst him.
The only parts that aren't inFrankish hands are the two ports
of Modon and Coron that belongto the Venetians.
(16:11):
And this is really the height ofthe Frankish Principality in
Achaia.
So it's about at this point thatWilliam gets involved in what's
going on between the remnants ofthe Byzantine empire.
So William marries the daughterof the Despot Michael the second
(16:33):
of Epirus.
So that more western Byzantineoffshoot.
And so his father-in-law says,Hey, I'm trying to fight against
the Empire of Nicea.
This other Byzantine off shootthat was led by the Palaeologos
family.
And he's like, Hey, I need yourhelp fighting against them.
(16:53):
Bring your knights north andhelped me fight them off.
And so it's 1259.
William's like, okay.
Knights, barons.
Here we go.
Let's go fight for myfather-in-law.
When it comes to battle though,Despot Michael fled the scene.
And he left William and hisallies, like all of his barons
(17:16):
and knights and they gotsurrounded by the Palaeologos
troops from the Empire of Niceaand they're captured in October
of 1259.
And they will remain in prison.
And they're still prisoners twoyears later when the Nicea
(17:37):
Empire captures Constantinople.
So they take it from the Latinsfrom the last remaining crusader
troops there in 1261.
So then the Nicea Empire becomesthe Byzantine Empire.
So now the Byzantines are like,all right.
You're still in prison.
(17:58):
Would you like to get out?
If you'd like to get out all youhave to do is surrender.
Oh, let's say all thePrincipality of Achaia.
Just give us all of the Moreaand you can get out.
And William's like, Nope.
Nope.
You can't have it all.
And, he negotiates them down togiving them three castles.
Monemvasia.
(18:19):
Remember that fortificationthat's really difficult to take.
And also those two castles, hehad built around Taygetos,
Mistra and Maina.
And he agrees to do it.
And then the accord goes to theparliament in Achaia, which is
full of these Frankish ladies.
Because their husbands, thebarons and knights were
(18:41):
prisoners in Constantinople.
And that's the bit I read in theintro of this episode.
And so they agree William andhis barons get out, but they've
been humiliated because theywere captured.
And more importantly, theByzantines now have a foothold
back in the Morea.
(19:06):
So here's the situation in the1260s.
There had been 50 years ofFrankish rule with only those
two little Venetian territories.
Things were mostly peaceful.
The Frankish knights sometimeshad gone to Constantinople to
help defend it.
And then they ended up gettingcaptured, but there hadn't been
any fighting in the Morea in thePeloponnese itself, but now
(19:29):
there are three entities with astake in getting control of the
Morea.
There's the Venetians, they'llexpand their territory a little
bit if they can, but they're notactively trying to expand at
this point.
Then there are the Franks whoare playing defense, trying to
keep the land that they have.
(19:51):
So they've lost like threecastles to the Byzantines and
they're trying to keep what theyhave, but they're playing
defense.
And then you have the Byzantineswho are in it to win it.
They have gotten a foothold,those three castles, including
Monemvasia, which is really,really difficult to take.
And they were just given it andthey are going to try to take
(20:14):
all of the Morea at this pointthat they can.
And that's what they do once theByzantines have that foothold,
they're going to fight.
So starting even that year,after they get those three
castles, the Byzantines werefighting to expand their
territory.
They thought the Franks werevery weak.
William had been in prison for acouple of years.
(20:36):
And so they're like, yes, wewill do our best.
And so they end up going up andattacking Andravida, which is
not too far from Chlemoutsi.
So it's toward the Northwesternpart of the Peloponnese.
They attacked it.
Didn't take it, but they didstart working on capturing the
(20:56):
area of Kalavryta, which is justto the south of Vostitsa, but
separated from Vostitsa by againsome mountains.
So the Byzantines would end uptaking Kalavryta in the next few
years.
The next year they, again,attack Andravida and they try
using Turkish mercenaries, butdidn't pay them on time.
(21:21):
And so William Villehardouin, hehires those Turkish mercenaries
pays them and uses them todefeat the Byzantine forces at
Nikli.
So it pushes them back and has abattle at, at Nikli, which is
where that parliament of theFrankish ladies had gathered to
get William out of prison.
After that, after this few bigpushes the Byzantines have taken
(21:45):
territory, but then attacksbecome more sporadic depending
on what's going on elsewhere inthe Byzantine empire.
Did they have the resources toput into trying to push the
Franks out of the Morea or not?
And so there'll be nothing for awhile and then they'll fight and
try to take more territory.
(22:05):
And I just want to note herethat it's interesting.
The terrain of the Peloponneseof the Morea really.
It partly determines where theseattacks are going.
Now Andravida was kind ofimportant because it was near
Chlemoutsid, kind of the nearthe seat of the principality of
Achaia.
(22:26):
But Kalamata where Villehardouinhad been born and had been baron
was much, much closer.
Look at the map.
Like Kalamata is much closer toMistra, which is where the
Byzantines will set up as theircapital.
And Kalamata is pretty close butthrough the mountains it would
have been really difficult to gothere.
(22:47):
Whereas going towards Andravida,you can go through some of the
valleys and much easierterritory and hit a bit closer
towards the seat whereVillehardouin actually was
ruling from.
I also want to note Kalavrytafalls to the Byzantines fairly
soon.
And it's not that far fromVostitsa, but Vostitsa itself is
(23:10):
going to stay out of Byzantinehands.
So the big change in this periodis that now there's almost a
constant state of war.
And so trade is going to bereduced and agriculture as well.
So any money that I've beengoing towards, other things now,
the Franks are putting intobeefing up their existing
(23:30):
castles and building morecastles or towers.
They're also putting money intohiring mercenaries.
And so these mercenaries wouldgo around and plunder the land
and indiscriminately killpeople.
And so you'd end up with lesspopulation and the land just
devastated.
(23:51):
Overall, like the Franks, theyhad fewer knights, they'd had
problems after being captured.
But whenever they take the fieldin like a large battle, they
would still win, they had thetechnology to win.
So instead of large battles, theByzantines would instead
infiltrate into towns and try tostage a coup or take towns that
(24:13):
were not very well defended.
And so that you have this kindof slow process by the
Byzantines because they were notwinning large battles.
The Byzantines also had anadvantage that most of the local
Greeks and Slavs that were inthe area tended to support the
Byzantines.
So they got help from within.
(24:35):
And as I said, WilliamVillehardouin never really
recovered from being takenprisoner.
He had the height of thePrincipality of Achaia, but then
he's weakened, he's in a weakposition.
And so he signs a treaty withthe king of Sicily, a man named
Charles of Anjou.
And basically he signs overcontrol of the Morea.
(24:55):
So Villehardouin would keepruling in practice, but control
of the Principality of Achaia isnow in the hands of Charles of
Anjou.
William dies without a maleheir.
And so Charles of Anjou sends aregent at first to rule the
(25:16):
Morea.
And then William's daughter,Isabel marries a man named
Florent of Hainault.
And Florent becomes the de factoPrince of Achaia.
He does a pretty good job.
He comes to terms with theByzantines.
So there's some peace.
Finally in the, about the 1290s.
So after 30 years of almostnon-stop low scale warfare,
(25:40):
there's some peace, but it onlylasts until Florent's death in
the later 1290s.
So Isabelle Villehardouin endsup marrying again and she
doesn't choose as wisely thistime.
She marries a man named Phillipof Savoy.
And so she marries him.
He basically becomes Prince ofAchaia and he's corrupt.
(26:03):
He sells off offices and fiefsto get money, is fighting anyone
who's opposed to him.
And more importantly, for thepeople in the Morea, he's
raising taxes on them and takingback any privileges they had
been given.
And of course, as you mightexpect this angers the local
(26:23):
Greeks and also the Slavs ofSkorta.
So not the Taygetos, but an areain the modern region of Arcadia,
where again, to keep them incheck, there had been two
baronies established on eitherside with castles.
And so in 1302, the Slavs ofSkorta revolt and the local
(26:46):
Greeks as well.
And this revolt is violently putdown and Philip confiscates the
rebels land.
It just stirs everything upagain.
And so there's constant warfareagain.
So after Isabel and Phillip passaway, Isabel's daughter Maude,
Villehardouin would rule thePrincipality of Achaia next.
(27:10):
She did a pretty good job, butafter her death in 1324, the
Byzantines had been takingterritory and basically all the
barons of the principality areon their own against the
Byzantines.
They're still under the rule ofthe family of Charles of Savoy,
(27:31):
who was the King of Sicily, butthey're kind of scattered all
over the Byzantines have madebig inroads.
And so.
They're kind of on their own,they're on the defensive and not
doing so well and weak.
And so they're going to inviteother people in to try to help
them.
So there ended up being many,many different things going on
(27:52):
since you don't really have oneprincipality, but scattered
baronies and things going on.
And so I'm not going to followall of that, but instead, let's
look at what happened withVostitsa itself.
At the beginning, like the1210s, the Vostitsa Barony was
established with Hugh ofCharpigny and it stays in the
(28:14):
hands of that Charpigny familyuntil they have a daughter.
No, son.
And this daughter ends up beingmarried off to Dreux of Charny.
This is what's going on in 1324.
So the death of MaudVillehardouin, Vostitsa is one
of those few Frankish baroniesthat's not in Byzantine hands.
(28:34):
So it's still in the hands ofthe Franks.
Until 1359 when the Charnyfamily must've needed money and
they sell the Barony of Vostitsato Marie of Bourbon.
She only keeps it for about fouryears before she sells it off to
(28:55):
a man from Florence.
Part of a Florentine bankingfamily named Nerio Acciajuoli
and I, sorry, I'm butchering hisname.
And so Nerio buys Vostitsa theentire Barony in 1363.
And Nerio actually buys Vostitsaand he ends up acquiring all of
(29:17):
the Northern coastline of thePeloponnese.
So everything between Corinth inthe east to Patra in the west,
everything along the coast.
And he holds it for almost 20years, but then Vostitsa is
seized from him by the NavarreseCompany.
(29:39):
Now the Navarrese Company was agroup of mercenaries originally
from the area, on the borderbetween France and Spain.
And so they'd been hired intothe area of Epirus, so like
modern Albania, and then theyended up getting invited into
the Morea to kind of help in thefighting between the Byzantines
(30:02):
and whoever else.
And the Navarrese Company seethat everybody, especially the
Franks were like pretty weakthat they had to invite in
mercenaries and they ended uptaking power.
So they seize a lot of what wasleft to Frankish Achaia and take
power.
So they seize Vostitsa away fromNerio.
(30:25):
And the leader of the NavarreseCompany, a man named Peter de
San Superan is given Vostitsaoutright in 1386.
Now Nerio says I own it andhe'll try to get it back, but he
never gets control, theNavarrese Company will control
Vostitsa into about 1400, whichis where we're going to end this
(30:51):
part of the history.
So we talked about the Morea ingeneral during the early part of
the Frankish period.
And then when things splitapart, focused more on Vostitsa.
What had been left of theFrankish Morea will end up
changing hands to people whohave money or the strength to
actually take it.
(31:13):
The Venetians during this timehad mostly kept to Modon and
Coron in the southwesternPeloponnese, but around 1390,
they tried to expand and theyend up taking the port city of
Nauplio in the eastern Morea,another port city.
The Byzantines had taken asubstantial amount of the Morea,
(31:34):
but did not control all of it.
And because there had beenconstant fighting, the
population was low.
They didn't have enough peopleto actually do all the
cultivation.
And so the Byzantines in the 13hundreds ended up bringing in
Albanians to settle in theMorea, Epirus, Thessaly, and
(31:57):
Attica.
So you have another group, youhave Greeks, you have a distinct
Slavic group, and now you haveethnic Albanians in the Morea as
well.
And you have this situation.
The Byzantines have asubstantial amount of control.
They do have support from manylocal Greeks, but you know,
(32:17):
who's not necessarily happy?
The elite land holders.
They actually staged a rebellionin 1387 against Theodore the
Despot of Morea.
To put down this rebellion in1387.
Theodore would call for helpfrom the Ottoman Empire.
He's like, please send troops tohelp put this down.
(32:41):
And so Ottoman troops led byEvrenos Beg will raid the Morea,
called in by Theodore in 1387.
And they go all the way fromCorinth, from the isthmus, all
the way to the Venetian ports ofModon and Coron.
But once they go in 1387, theyknow the area a bit And they
(33:02):
ended up raiding in the 1390sand many times after that.
And so in the next episode, I'lltalk about the founding of the
Ottoman empire and therelationship with the Byzantine
empire as a whole, andespecially in the Morea.
Not much for endnotes this time.
(33:23):
I want to talk a little bit,there are many sources, that
I've looked at for this, and youcan find the list in the show
notes.
I do want to say, the Chronicleof Morea that I read in the last
episode and at the beginning ofthis episode as well, there are
many different sources for it.
There's a Greek version andthat's a translation of the
(33:44):
Greek version that I read forthis.
There are French versions whichgive much of the same
information, but there areslight changes.
The Chronicle of Morea itselfwas written over a hundred years
after the Frankish conquests in1204.
And so it's written much laterThanks for listening.
(34:05):
Email questions or comments todeepdive@helonaki.com or ask
them on the Helonaki Deep DiveFacebook page.
Show notes with links toresources mentioned in this
episode will be available athelonaki.com.
That's H E L O N A K I.com.
You can also find ways tosupport the show now, including
(34:27):
merch such as t-shirts mugs andstickers with the Helonaki Deep
Dive logo athelonaki.com/support.
My thanks to Patreon supportersat the geospatial analyst level,
Leah Varrell and Janice andJerry Farrell.
Your support keeps the HelonakiDeep Dive going.
The Helonaki Deep Dive iswritten and produced by me, Jen
(34:49):
Glaubius of the Helonaki.
The theme music is Deep OceanInstrumental by Dan-o of
danosongs.com additional soundsfrom zapsplat.com.
Thanks for listening.
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