June 12, 2025 • 29 mins
We explore the physics behind making the biggest splash in pool jumping and examine a promising new non-opioid painkiller that could revolutionize pain management without addiction risks.
Our investigation into canine health reveals which dog breeds are most prone to diarrhea—with some surprising findings for particular designer breeds.
• The science of Manu jumping reveals a precise 45-degree entry angle with V-shaped body posture creates the biggest pool splash
• Underwater backward roll and leg extension forms an air pocket that collapses to create maximum splash height
• New experimental drug SBI-810 targets pain pathways without causing addiction or euphoria
• This non-opioid painkiller outperformed newer opioids in animal testing and could reduce reliance on addictive pain medications
• Study of 2.25 million dogs shows breeds with names ending in "poo" have highest diarrhea rates
• Cavapoos (14.95%), Maltese (14.6%), and Miniature Poodles (14.26%) top the list for diarrhea incidence
• Most canine diarrhea cases (92%) involve only one event per year and resolve with a single vet visit
• Common treatments include probiotics, dietary management, and sometimes antibiotics for more severe cases
Here's a link of Manu jumping! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogkRgkf4YAo
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:09):
Hello science enthusiasts.
I'm Jason Zukoski.
And I'm Chris Zukoski, we'rethe pet parents of Bunsen,
beaker, bernoulli and Ginger.
Speaker 2 (00:18):
The science animals on social media.
Speaker 1 (00:21):
If you love science.
Speaker 2 (00:22):
And you love pets.
Speaker 1 (00:24):
You've come to the right spot, so put on your
safety glasses and hold on toyour tail.
This is the Science Podcast.
Hello and welcome back to theScience Podcast.
We hope you're happy andhealthy out there.
This is episode 18 of seasonseven.
Chris, how are you liking theweather outside today?
(00:44):
How does it feel to breathe?
Speaker 2 (00:46):
Unfortunately, the air quality has deteriorated
quite a bit since the.
I don't know what the airpatterns are doing, but it's
brought in the smoke that hashappened from our wildfires
around Canada and our airquality is poor.
Speaker 1 (01:02):
Yeah, it was really bad.
In the Calgary city south of usthey're telling people just
don't go outside.
It's so bad.
There's a haze that's hangingeverywhere and it's making weird
colors with the sun.
Yeah, it's just eerie.
Speaker 2 (01:17):
Yeah, but of course we're thinking about the people
who are impacted in thecommunities that are actually on
fire and we hope everybody isable to get out safely and just
stay positive and healthy.
All those ideas.
Speaker 1 (01:33):
All right, forest fires aside, let's get on with
the show.
What are we talking about thisweek?
Our two science articles.
One is about making the biggestsplash at a pool using science,
and that's my alley, because Ilike to make big splashes at a
pool.
Our other science article isabout a pain killing drug that
(01:55):
maybe has better side effectsthan most other drugs less of a
high and less addictions and,chris, you found a pet science
article we're going to talkabout.
Speaker 2 (02:04):
I sure did.
I found it and I shared it withyou and you laughed.
So it's going to be it's goingto be a good one.
Speaker 1 (02:12):
It's definitely a crappy article.
I'll tell you that.
All right, let's get on withthe show.
There's no time like sciencetime.
This week in science news,we're going to talk about Manu
jumping.
It's all about making thebiggest splash in the pool, and
it's a splash centered sportrooted in the Maury and Pasifika
(02:36):
communities of New Zealand.
Now, before we get too muchinto the science, I used to
teach swimming lessons.
You did too, chris, and I was acompetitive swimmer, so I know
my way around a swimming pool.
Speaker 2 (02:48):
Yeah, you sure do, and you like to jump in.
Speaker 1 (02:52):
And occasionally the kids think they could beat me in
a splashing contest, like theywould be like, ah, let's get the
teacher, kind of thing.
And because I understand thephysics of swimming the kids had
there's no way they could beatme in splashing.
And because I understand thephysics of swimming the kids had
there's no way they could beatme in splashing.
And then I would also do thislike cupping boom, where it's
(03:12):
hard to describe, but you putyour hand up high and you slap
it down in the water and if thekids are under the water it
sounds like a depth charge, it'slike under the water.
It sounds really cool and theylove doing it.
Speaker 2 (03:24):
When it was a way to trick them to do their rhythmic
breathing yeah, because theywanted to hear it, so they would
bob under and then bob up andthen bob under and you're like
haha, tricked you and splashedyou right now.
Speaker 1 (03:36):
Maybe one thing I didn't like doing was jumping
off of the highest diving boards.
I didn't mind jumping off thediving board, but the high
diving boards of the divingplatforms were a little spooky
and these in menu jumping youbomb.
Apparently, you bomb by leapingoff platforms, bridges or
cliffs and the idea is to createthe biggest water splash
(03:58):
possible.
People celebrate this, as it isincredibly chaotic and the
sound that it makes and thesplash that it makes is joyful
for all, which seems like itwould hurt yeah, and jason like
this is a such a celebration ofthe sport.
Speaker 2 (04:15):
They recently made a competition and it's called the
zed manu World Champs in 2024.
Speaker 1 (04:24):
So relatively new hey .
Relatively new to do thesesplash-centered Manu jumps by
jumping off those platforms,bridges or cliffs yeah, and
there's a really good video ofthis on YouTube, so we'll make
sure we YouTube link the ZedManu World Champs competition
(04:45):
because it's pretty wild.
So where does the science comein?
This comes from May 16th inInterface Focus.
It was conducted by researchersfrom the King Abdullah
University and this was inspiredby TikTok and YouTube videos on
how to Manu.
It was a tutorial by Brad Day,a mining engineer from Hamilton,
(05:07):
New Zealand.
So it was all inspired bysomebody who was teaching people
how to basically make thebiggest splash and they're like,
hey, let's do some science overthat.
Speaker 2 (05:18):
And what they found is that the technique is key.
The splash height that you canget is not alone by brute
strength, but you have to haveprecise technique and timing.
So the optimal menu form is anentry angle of 45 degrees and
you have to have a V shaped body, so your legs and torso angled
(05:41):
outward, and I know.
And then you have to have abutt.
First, entry into the water,and the key part is that
underwater, like the key magichappens.
Underwater you do a backwardroll and a leg extension and
that creates a pocket and thenyou get a big splash.
Speaker 1 (06:03):
So think about if you were to jump off a tall diving
platform if you don't know whatyou're doing.
You want to come straight down,right, like a pencil, like
straight down.
That's like a.
You're not at a 45 degree angle.
A 45 degree angle is like anice dive.
Speaker 2 (06:17):
You do a nice dive and you can do an oh what's that
?
Into the water, yeah.
Speaker 1 (06:22):
Yeah, yeah, and you can do a nice dive from those
platforms if you practice at a45, but not with your butt first
and not doing like a crunch asa v, like I don't think that
would hurt quite a bit they haveanalyzed 50 online videos that
kind of prove you otherwise.
Speaker 2 (06:42):
They had 3d printed projectiles and they had robotic
divers or splash bots as partof the research, and high speed
cameras, and the key discoverywas that air cavity formation
and the collapse was the secretbehind the high splash, and that
happens underwater.
Speaker 1 (07:03):
Now, as they crunched , crunch the numbers, I think
whoever did this was just havinga lot of fun, because this is
what they this is literally inthe science report.
Okay, upon water entry, thejumper's butt leads, forming a
deep air cavity.
Whoever had to write thatsentence, the butt must leave
(07:25):
forming a cavity.
I think that's pretty, prettygood writing.
And then they have to rollbackwards and stretch their legs
so that makes the cavity evenbigger.
Think of you hit with your buttand it makes an air pocket, and
then you roll backwards quicklyand stretch your legs and it
makes the cavity even bigger andgravity collapses the cavity
(07:46):
and that gravity collapse of thewater smashing together sends
it skyward.
Speaker 2 (07:52):
And your timing is critical, that timing of the leg
extension.
If it happens too early you'llhave a week under developed
splash, and if it's too lateit's a mistimed collapse.
So the Goldilocks ideal momentis halfway through underwater.
So the Goldilocks ideal moment,where it's not too hot, not too
(08:18):
cold, it's just right, takesplace halfway through the
underwater descent and then youget that maximum splash height
and, of course, as science does,they're like how can we apply
this to the real world?
Speaker 1 (08:32):
and maybe they were stretching a little bit, because
obviously this is a very funand curious.
Obviously this is a very funand curiosity driven type of
research, but they highlightedthat in aerospace engineering,
spacecraft still touch down inthe water sometimes.
So perhaps they could apply theangle to how the aircrafts
(08:53):
touch down and also, of course,things that are in the water
like your boats.
Maybe they could change theboat hull to impact.
Maybe they could change theboat hull and that would impact
angle designs for smoother waterentries.
I'm not so sure about if youwant your spacecraft to come
down at a 45 and a V shape, butfirst and make a big splash, it
(09:15):
would look good on TV though.
Speaker 2 (09:17):
It would look good on TV.
So there was the.
If we're talking about thecompetition, they did have
criteria that they used to judgethe best Manu jumper, and that
was the height and the sound ofthe splash.
And they also had points forcreativity and originality.
Speaker 1 (09:38):
There you go.
It sounds like figure skating.
Right, you still have to hitall your jumps, but you got to
be creative while you do it.
All right, that's our firstscience news item for this week.
On to science news item numbertwo.
This is all about a painmedication to help mitigate
(09:58):
long-term pain.
Both you and I we've hadstretches in our life where
we've had some pretty intensepain.
You definitely had a really badone that was way worse than
mine, and I had some seriousback injuries on and off that
were super debilitating, as wasyours.
Speaker 2 (10:15):
Mine was a back injury as well.
I was moving my classroom andpaper and binders are very heavy
and I was like, nope, I canmove my classroom all by myself.
And I was just moving theTupperwares and I went and I
lifted and I tweaked and thatwas enough just to set me off.
(10:36):
I went for a run when I was athome and you said, boy, you sure
look like Picasso, You're anass.
And I said what?
Boy, you sure look like Picasso, You're an ass.
And I said what?
And it was a long haul tryingto regrow my nerve down my leg.
Um, I had drop foot and otherthings like that.
I used a physio and Cairo andmassage and now I work out at
(10:58):
the gym to make sure that I stayin tip top shape.
Speaker 1 (11:03):
Did you take any pain meds though?
No, Did you take?
I didn't think so.
Speaker 2 (11:07):
No.
Speaker 1 (11:07):
I took some like Robax to set when I hurt my back
.
I think I hurt my back.
Speaking of moving, it was whenI was helping my parents move.
Speaker 2 (11:16):
Yeah.
Speaker 1 (11:16):
I definitely hurt my back then, and then I would have
little flare-ups from martialarts.
I think from like jumpingaround and jamming it and I gave
up martial arts.
What?
Eight years ago?
Something like that, maybe sixyears ago?
Speaker 2 (11:34):
It's been a while, Jason.
Speaker 1 (11:35):
It's been a while.
Yeah, yeah, it's been a while,Jason.
Speaker 2 (11:37):
It's been a while, yeah, yeah, it's been a while,
for sure, and, to be honest, youdon't have the same kind of
pain that you used to have.
So I think that's although thatyou miss that sport and that,
those friendships that you madeand the challenge that is
martial arts.
I think your body thanks you.
Speaker 1 (11:55):
Yeah, it's a contact sport.
Anybody who plays contactsports you are eventually you're
going to be injured lots.
All right, but let's get to thestudy.
The drug is called SBI-810 andit's an experimental drug
developed by Duke UniversitySchool of Medicine.
What makes this special is it'sa non-opioid painkiller and it
(12:17):
targets pain pathways withoutcausing addiction or major side
effects.
This was published in Cell onMay 19th.
How does it work, chris?
Speaker 2 (12:26):
What this medicine does is it targets the
neurotensin receptor 1, which isfound in the brain and the
spinal cord and in sensoryneurons, and it uses a technique
actually called biased agonism.
And what makes it really coolis the precise targeting.
It avoids pathways that areresponsible for euphoria, and
(12:49):
the euphoria is linked to theaddiction and also side effects
like constipation and sedation.
Speaker 1 (12:55):
One of the problems with opioids is they go
everywhere on many differentcellular pathways
indiscriminately.
So, yeah, they help out withpain and we should never like
people who are on them for pain.
Right now I don't want to be insomebody's shoes who has
chronic pains and they need them.
If you need an opioid for yourpain, yeah, but they do target
your pain, but also a bunch ofother stuff.
(13:17):
So you start to get tolerancebuildup and there's a chance of
overdose.
Because this drug is focusedand selective, it provides you
pain relief without that highand without that tolerance
development.
Speaker 2 (13:31):
So the results came from animal testing and in mouse
models, the SBI 810 reducedpain from surgical incisions, as
well as mice with bonefractures and nerve injuries,
and it also lowered behavioralsigns of pain like facial
grimacing.
I know I do that when I'm inpain or guarding, and, believe
(13:55):
it or not, sbi 810 outperformedsome of the newer opioids and
gabapentin as well, which is acommon nerve pain drug.
Speaker 1 (14:07):
Bunsen was on that.
Speaker 2 (14:09):
Yes, Bunsen was on that for his pain.
Speaker 1 (14:12):
Yeah, for his neck pain and the surgery.
Speaker 2 (14:14):
And also SBI 810 has some combination potential
because it works both thecentral and nervous peripheral
systems.
It provides a balanced approachto pain relief and what they
found is when it's used inconjunction with opioids, it
(14:34):
actually enhanced theireffectiveness and in turn that
allows for prescribing a loweropioid dose.
So that's wonderful for thepotential for a safer pain
management system.
Speaker 1 (14:51):
One thing we have to mention is this is still in
early trials.
They only have the mouse models.
Human trials are being plannedin the future.
Now this is supported by theAmerican NIH and the US
Department of Defense.
They have patents filed for it,so looks like the human trials
are going to go forward.
So I don't want people to think,oh, I can just rush out and get
this thing.
It's not there yet and it maybe years before it is.
(15:14):
That's the maybe you know thebad part.
The good part is that this drugis designed for pain that is so
bad for right now, like acute,like after you have surgery.
I remember after my dad got hiship surgery, he was on some
very strong opioids right afterhis surgery and then chronic
pain, like, for example, if youhave diabetic neuropathy, where
(15:37):
you have nerve pain from yourdiabetes.
I think the most important part, beyond what it could do, is it
would probably help reduce thealliance on extremely strong
opioids which, both in theUnited States and Canada and
across the world, are causing somany deaths a year from
overdoses.
Fentanyl is in the news quite abit.
(15:57):
That is a synthetic opioid drug, extremely powerful 100 times
more powerful than morphine anddefinitely has its uses in the
clinical setting.
But because of the addictivequality of it and the euphoria
people feel from using it, theyget addicted very easily.
That's what makes fentanyl sodangerous.
It's very easy to overdose on.
So any way science can helpstop the reliance on that, the
(16:21):
better.
All right, that's science newsfor this week.
This week in pet science, asmentioned, we have a pretty
crappy topic.
I'll let you introduce it,chris, because you were the one
that found it and I burst outlaughing when you sent it to me.
Speaker 2 (16:38):
Because the clickbaity title was six dog
breeds that are more likely tosuffer from diarrhea.
Speaker 1 (16:48):
Oh, if you own pets, poop and pee is part of your
life, Just like when you werekids.
A little right.
It is it is it's.
You live by the poop and thepee.
Has the baby pooped?
Has the baby peed?
Does the baby need to bechanged?
Poop and pee, poop and pee.
You're just surrounded.
You live in a haze of poop andpee and then when you have dogs,
(17:12):
especially puppies.
You live in a haze of poop andpee.
Speaker 2 (17:15):
Well, especially Bunsen has a kind of sensitive
stomach.
Every time he poops I look athis poop to make sure that it's
okay and if it's super runny Imay or may not take pictures of
it.
And then actually, when he wasgoing through the tapeworm cyst,
(17:35):
prior to that diagnosis andprior to his surgery, I was
noticing that his stool wasrunny and it actually was bloody
.
He was so sick.
So all of these things, youreally do have to watch all
things with your dog, from theirhead to their, from their noses
to their paws and everything inbetween, because you know what?
(17:56):
There are fur babies, but acutediarrhea is actually a common
reason for vet visits and ourstudy comes from Dogs in the
United Kingdom and the studyaimed to estimate the incidence
of diarrhea under the vet careof your primary pet giver and
(18:16):
they were trying to identifypotentially demographic risk
factors, to point down, okay,what dogs are having diarrhea.
And then they were looking todescribe clinical management
patterns like how are wetreating diarrhea within dogs?
Speaker 1 (18:35):
It's a silly thing but it's super serious.
That is if.
If your dog has diarrhea onetime, okay, but I get it.
If your dog has constantdiarrhea, that is super
worrisome.
And, yeah, I can see peopletaking their dog to the vet and
the data set that we're talkingabout use something called vet
compass, which is a national UKveterinary clinical data system,
(18:57):
and the sample size wasenormous 2.25 million dogs
that's how many dogs are in thesystem and then they randomly
selected 8,000 cases and ofthose confirmed acute diarrhea
and just shy of 2,000, 1,835cases.
So this is an enormous samplesize, which is awesome.
(19:19):
A lot of pet studies we've donein the past have got like 30
dogs, but now we've got millions.
Speaker 2 (19:26):
They defined what is a case of diarrhea and it had to
be at least one event ofuncomplicated acute diarrhea, so
without other complicationswith it, and the study comes
from 2019.
And the dogs also had the honor, Chris, of talking about this
really poopy subject.
Okay, and I'm going to be real,there's a little bit of a
(20:06):
common thread or a common themein the names of these dogs.
The breed with the highestincident is the Cavapoo, at
14.95%.
So 15% is the Cavapoo, and thenthe Maltese comes just under at
14.6%, the miniature Poodleagain at 14.26%, and the German
(20:33):
Shepherd at 12.15%.
And there was two more thatwere up there as well.
That was the Yorkshire Terrierand then also the Cockapoo.
So again it's just like thatname, it's in their name.
Speaker 1 (20:51):
Oh man, I'm good.
Is there a dog with theCockapuke?
Because then would that dogjust puke all the time, maybe.
Speaker 2 (20:58):
That's Bunsen.
Bunsen is a puker.
Speaker 1 (21:00):
Bunsen is a puker, though Bernoulli threw up the
other day that was nasty, thatwas not good.
But he eats boots, so that's onhim, Okay.
Across clinical findings, 92%of the dogs had only one
diarrhea event in 2019.
And most dogs 80% required justone visit.
The duration of their diarrheabefore the vet was less than 24
(21:24):
hours, about 30%.
Up to two to three days ofdiarrhea was about 27%, and then
the middle was between one andtwo days.
So, yeah, that two to three daystretch of diarrhea you
probably should get your doginto a vet.
Obviously, what I'm thinkinghappens sometimes is your dog
gets sick on the weekend andyou're like we can wait till
(21:45):
Monday.
We've been through that.
And then we're like, if it'snot super serious, like maybe
diarrhea, like we'll just that'sa Monday problem.
But other times we're like no,we're going into a merge because
that's what's open on theweekend.
Speaker 2 (21:58):
Yeah, and because I track Bunsen's poop and actually
track all the dog's poop, Iknow what a normal poop looks
like for them.
And if they're a little sick ifit's a little bit runny.
And then after Bernoulli atethe boot, I made sure to watch
for a cycle to make sure that hewas pooping, because he could
get into things and that couldgum up his system quite quickly.
(22:19):
So again, it's really important.
So other symptoms actually doaccompany diarrhea, so vomiting,
vomiting and diarrhea go handin hand about 44% of the time.
Reduced appetite the dogs don'tfeel as hungry at 27% and then
they're lethargic, which 25% isan accompanying case with the
(22:42):
diarrhea.
Speaker 1 (22:44):
And in all of the cases, some of the dogs had
hemorrhagic diarrhea, so that'sbloody stool and that's about
29%.
That's pretty crazy.
So let's talk a little bitabout what happened when the
dogs were at the vet, becausethat was the second part of this
.
One of it was like how manydogs have diarrhea and what
breed were they?
But when the dogs were broughtin, 82% of them were not given
(23:06):
any lab tests on their first vetvisit.
And that seems like about whatit is.
When we've taken our dogs in,they're like let's wait and see.
That was how many times have weheard that.
Let's just wait and see.
Speaker 2 (23:16):
They do an exam like visual exam.
And they palate, palate thestomach and feel around and then
I don't know.
They're highly trained in whatthey do and so they know how the
dogs respond to all their tests.
Like we just think, oh, our doghas diarrhea, and they see it
all the time, so they are ableto, I guess, be give a more
(23:41):
realistic view of what might bemore serious versus oh, this is
just diarrhea.
Speaker 1 (23:48):
Yeah.
So about of the roughly 18% ofdogs that had lab tests, 11%
were blood work.
They were, there was about 4%fecal analysis and then about 4%
had the dog's abdomen image.
So I wonder, though, if thoseare cases where people are like,
hey, maybe our dog did eat aboot and he has diarrhea, so
(24:08):
maybe we should scan his stomachlooking for boots.
What were some of thetreatments and management stats
that came in after the dogs wentin?
Speaker 2 (24:17):
Probiotics, and that's happened for Bunsen.
They've suggested puttingprobiotics onto his food or
putting Greek yogurt into a Kong, and that was a common
treatment.
Yeah, that was a commontreatment about 60% of the time.
Another thing is what is yourdog eating?
Dietary management?
Speaker 1 (24:34):
Are they eating boots ?
Speaker 2 (24:36):
No, they'll say how many times were we told yeah?
How many times were we told, oh, chicken and rice for at least
three days, or maybe change yourdog's food.
Antibiotics was prescribed 38.2percent of the time, and that's
a bit of a concern that's kindof high yeah, and we'll talk
(24:57):
about the prevalence ofantibiotics later, but then also
anti-nausea medication wasprescribed, and the most
prescribed antibiotic wassomething called metronidazole,
and if the dogs had blood intheir stool, that increased the
likelihood of being prescribedan antibiotic.
Speaker 1 (25:18):
That makes sense.
There could be something muchmore serious causing blood in
their diarrhea.
I get that.
Speaker 2 (25:25):
So we talked about the six dogs that had an
increased odds of acute diarrhea, but there were two breeds that
actually had decreased oddsthey're like the anti-diarrhea
dogs they're the anti-diarrheadogs, and those are the jack
russell terrier and thechihuahua, the chihuahua, wow, I
knowihuahua.
Speaker 1 (25:42):
Wow, it was the lowest by far, like not even
close.
It's probably because theydon't eat enough food to poop.
They just exist off spite.
Speaker 2 (25:57):
Maybe, but there's actually other risk factors that
the study analyzed in terms ofis my dog going to get diarrhea?
So it's higher.
The age is important.
So dogs that are less thanthree have a higher incidence of
diarrhea.
But then also over nine yearsold, so less than three over
nine, you hit your sweet spotbetween four and five years
(26:17):
where you don't necessarily havediarrhea.
You got your biome in control.
Interesting that neuter dogshad a higher odd, had higher
odds of diarrhea, and thedesigner crossbreeds actually
had a 1.34 times higher oddsthan general crossbreeds.
So those are those cockapoo,those designer breeds that I was
(26:42):
talking about.
Speaker 1 (26:44):
And if you were a Dollychill cephalic, those are
the skulls that are was talkingabout.
And if you were a Dolly chillcephalic, those are the skulls
that are long elongated.
So if you have a narrow headand long face, that increased
your odds.
And, shockingly, here's wherethe brachycephalic dogs come in.
Good, they had less diarrhea.
So those are your flat faceddogs that can't breathe well.
At least they're not poopingeverywhere with gross diarrhea.
Speaker 2 (27:07):
Yeah.
Speaker 1 (27:08):
They're just like.
They're just having troublebreathing in the corner when it
gets hot.
Speaker 2 (27:12):
Yeah, exactly.
Speaker 1 (27:13):
They've got other problems.
Okay, we don't need to givethem diarrhea too.
Speaker 2 (27:17):
No, so you know what Diarrhea is common, but it's
often mild and it happens inabout one to 12 dogs annually
and the majority of the dogs dorecover with one vet visit.
And the guidelines againstoveruse of antibiotics are out
there, but there still isprescriptions for the
(27:39):
antibiotics.
Speaker 1 (27:41):
All right, Chris.
Thanks for this fun study.
It's never fun when your pethas diarrhea.
It's never fun when you haveyourself have diarrhea.
Diarrhea is just not fun at all.
But this study does a great jobof explaining.
If you have one of those dogbreeds, you're probably more
likely to have diarrhea in yourfuture.
Like a magic eight ball thatyou shake and it says your
(28:03):
future contains diarrhea.
Speaker 2 (28:05):
Okay.
Speaker 1 (28:08):
Especially if your dog ends in poo.
There you go, there's, that'syour sign.
Speaker 2 (28:12):
If your dog ends in poo, their name ends in poo,
then that's in your future.
Speaker 1 (28:17):
That's pet science for this week.
That's it for this week show.
Thanks for coming back weekafter week to support us.
We love that we have such agreat core audience that listens
to our show.
One of the groups we would loveto, one of the groups we always
like to shout out, is the TopDogs.
That's the top tier of ourPatreon community, the Paw Pack.
We would love your supportthere as well.
(28:38):
So check out the show notes,chris.
Let's hear those names.
Speaker 2 (28:41):
Amelia Fettig Rhi Oda Carol Hainel let's hear those
(29:22):
names.
Speaker 1 (29:23):
For science, empathy and cuteness Woof, woof, woof.
Hello science enthusiasts.
I'm Jason Zukoski.
And I'm Chris Zukoski, we'rethe pet parents of Bunsen,
beaker, bernoulli and Ginger.
Speaker 2 (00:18):
The science animals on social media.
Speaker 1 (00:21):
If you love science.
Speaker 2 (00:22):
And you love pets.
Speaker 1 (00:24):
You've come to the right spot, so put on your
safety glasses and hold on toyour tail.
This is the Science Podcast.
Hello and welcome back to theScience Podcast.
We hope you're happy andhealthy out there.
This is episode 18 of seasonseven.
Chris, how are you liking theweather outside today?
(00:44):
How does it feel to breathe?
Speaker 2 (00:46):
Unfortunately, the air quality has deteriorated
quite a bit since the.
I don't know what the airpatterns are doing, but it's
brought in the smoke that hashappened from our wildfires
around Canada and our airquality is poor.
Speaker 1 (01:02):
Yeah, it was really bad.
In the Calgary city south of usthey're telling people just
don't go outside.
It's so bad.
There's a haze that's hangingeverywhere and it's making weird
colors with the sun.
Yeah, it's just eerie.
Speaker 2 (01:17):
Yeah, but of course we're thinking about the people
who are impacted in thecommunities that are actually on
fire and we hope everybody isable to get out safely and just
stay positive and healthy.
All those ideas.
Speaker 1 (01:33):
All right, forest fires aside, let's get on with
the show.
What are we talking about thisweek?
Our two science articles.
One is about making the biggestsplash at a pool using science,
and that's my alley, because Ilike to make big splashes at a
pool.
Our other science article isabout a pain killing drug that
(01:55):
maybe has better side effectsthan most other drugs less of a
high and less addictions and,chris, you found a pet science
article we're going to talkabout.
Speaker 2 (02:04):
I sure did.
I found it and I shared it withyou and you laughed.
So it's going to be it's goingto be a good one.
Speaker 1 (02:12):
It's definitely a crappy article.
I'll tell you that.
All right, let's get on withthe show.
There's no time like sciencetime.
This week in science news,we're going to talk about Manu
jumping.
It's all about making thebiggest splash in the pool, and
it's a splash centered sportrooted in the Maury and Pasifika
(02:36):
communities of New Zealand.
Now, before we get too muchinto the science, I used to
teach swimming lessons.
You did too, chris, and I was acompetitive swimmer, so I know
my way around a swimming pool.
Speaker 2 (02:48):
Yeah, you sure do, and you like to jump in.
Speaker 1 (02:52):
And occasionally the kids think they could beat me in
a splashing contest, like theywould be like, ah, let's get the
teacher, kind of thing.
And because I understand thephysics of swimming the kids had
there's no way they could beatme in splashing.
And because I understand thephysics of swimming the kids had
there's no way they could beatme in splashing.
And then I would also do thislike cupping boom, where it's
(03:12):
hard to describe, but you putyour hand up high and you slap
it down in the water and if thekids are under the water it
sounds like a depth charge, it'slike under the water.
It sounds really cool and theylove doing it.
Speaker 2 (03:24):
When it was a way to trick them to do their rhythmic
breathing yeah, because theywanted to hear it, so they would
bob under and then bob up andthen bob under and you're like
haha, tricked you and splashedyou right now.
Speaker 1 (03:36):
Maybe one thing I didn't like doing was jumping
off of the highest diving boards.
I didn't mind jumping off thediving board, but the high
diving boards of the divingplatforms were a little spooky
and these in menu jumping youbomb.
Apparently, you bomb by leapingoff platforms, bridges or
cliffs and the idea is to createthe biggest water splash
(03:58):
possible.
People celebrate this, as it isincredibly chaotic and the
sound that it makes and thesplash that it makes is joyful
for all, which seems like itwould hurt yeah, and jason like
this is a such a celebration ofthe sport.
Speaker 2 (04:15):
They recently made a competition and it's called the
zed manu World Champs in 2024.
Speaker 1 (04:24):
So relatively new hey .
Relatively new to do thesesplash-centered Manu jumps by
jumping off those platforms,bridges or cliffs yeah, and
there's a really good video ofthis on YouTube, so we'll make
sure we YouTube link the ZedManu World Champs competition
(04:45):
because it's pretty wild.
So where does the science comein?
This comes from May 16th inInterface Focus.
It was conducted by researchersfrom the King Abdullah
University and this was inspiredby TikTok and YouTube videos on
how to Manu.
It was a tutorial by Brad Day,a mining engineer from Hamilton,
(05:07):
New Zealand.
So it was all inspired bysomebody who was teaching people
how to basically make thebiggest splash and they're like,
hey, let's do some science overthat.
Speaker 2 (05:18):
And what they found is that the technique is key.
The splash height that you canget is not alone by brute
strength, but you have to haveprecise technique and timing.
So the optimal menu form is anentry angle of 45 degrees and
you have to have a V shaped body, so your legs and torso angled
(05:41):
outward, and I know.
And then you have to have abutt.
First, entry into the water,and the key part is that
underwater, like the key magichappens.
Underwater you do a backwardroll and a leg extension and
that creates a pocket and thenyou get a big splash.
Speaker 1 (06:03):
So think about if you were to jump off a tall diving
platform if you don't know whatyou're doing.
You want to come straight down,right, like a pencil, like
straight down.
That's like a.
You're not at a 45 degree angle.
A 45 degree angle is like anice dive.
Speaker 2 (06:17):
You do a nice dive and you can do an oh what's that
?
Into the water, yeah.
Speaker 1 (06:22):
Yeah, yeah, and you can do a nice dive from those
platforms if you practice at a45, but not with your butt first
and not doing like a crunch asa v, like I don't think that
would hurt quite a bit they haveanalyzed 50 online videos that
kind of prove you otherwise.
Speaker 2 (06:42):
They had 3d printed projectiles and they had robotic
divers or splash bots as partof the research, and high speed
cameras, and the key discoverywas that air cavity formation
and the collapse was the secretbehind the high splash, and that
happens underwater.
Speaker 1 (07:03):
Now, as they crunched , crunch the numbers, I think
whoever did this was just havinga lot of fun, because this is
what they this is literally inthe science report.
Okay, upon water entry, thejumper's butt leads, forming a
deep air cavity.
Whoever had to write thatsentence, the butt must leave
(07:25):
forming a cavity.
I think that's pretty, prettygood writing.
And then they have to rollbackwards and stretch their legs
so that makes the cavity evenbigger.
Think of you hit with your buttand it makes an air pocket, and
then you roll backwards quicklyand stretch your legs and it
makes the cavity even bigger andgravity collapses the cavity
(07:46):
and that gravity collapse of thewater smashing together sends
it skyward.
Speaker 2 (07:52):
And your timing is critical, that timing of the leg
extension.
If it happens too early you'llhave a week under developed
splash, and if it's too lateit's a mistimed collapse.
So the Goldilocks ideal momentis halfway through underwater.
So the Goldilocks ideal moment,where it's not too hot, not too
(08:18):
cold, it's just right, takesplace halfway through the
underwater descent and then youget that maximum splash height
and, of course, as science does,they're like how can we apply
this to the real world?
Speaker 1 (08:32):
and maybe they were stretching a little bit, because
obviously this is a very funand curious.
Obviously this is a very funand curiosity driven type of
research, but they highlightedthat in aerospace engineering,
spacecraft still touch down inthe water sometimes.
So perhaps they could apply theangle to how the aircrafts
(08:53):
touch down and also, of course,things that are in the water
like your boats.
Maybe they could change theboat hull to impact.
Maybe they could change theboat hull and that would impact
angle designs for smoother waterentries.
I'm not so sure about if youwant your spacecraft to come
down at a 45 and a V shape, butfirst and make a big splash, it
(09:15):
would look good on TV though.
Speaker 2 (09:17):
It would look good on TV.
So there was the.
If we're talking about thecompetition, they did have
criteria that they used to judgethe best Manu jumper, and that
was the height and the sound ofthe splash.
And they also had points forcreativity and originality.
Speaker 1 (09:38):
There you go.
It sounds like figure skating.
Right, you still have to hitall your jumps, but you got to
be creative while you do it.
All right, that's our firstscience news item for this week.
On to science news item numbertwo.
This is all about a painmedication to help mitigate
(09:58):
long-term pain.
Both you and I we've hadstretches in our life where
we've had some pretty intensepain.
You definitely had a really badone that was way worse than
mine, and I had some seriousback injuries on and off that
were super debilitating, as wasyours.
Speaker 2 (10:15):
Mine was a back injury as well.
I was moving my classroom andpaper and binders are very heavy
and I was like, nope, I canmove my classroom all by myself.
And I was just moving theTupperwares and I went and I
lifted and I tweaked and thatwas enough just to set me off.
(10:36):
I went for a run when I was athome and you said, boy, you sure
look like Picasso, You're anass.
And I said what?
Boy, you sure look like Picasso, You're an ass.
And I said what?
And it was a long haul tryingto regrow my nerve down my leg.
Um, I had drop foot and otherthings like that.
I used a physio and Cairo andmassage and now I work out at
(10:58):
the gym to make sure that I stayin tip top shape.
Speaker 1 (11:03):
Did you take any pain meds though?
No, Did you take?
I didn't think so.
Speaker 2 (11:07):
No.
Speaker 1 (11:07):
I took some like Robax to set when I hurt my back
.
I think I hurt my back.
Speaking of moving, it was whenI was helping my parents move.
Speaker 2 (11:16):
Yeah.
Speaker 1 (11:16):
I definitely hurt my back then, and then I would have
little flare-ups from martialarts.
I think from like jumpingaround and jamming it and I gave
up martial arts.
What?
Eight years ago?
Something like that, maybe sixyears ago?
Speaker 2 (11:34):
It's been a while, Jason.
Speaker 1 (11:35):
It's been a while.
Yeah, yeah, it's been a while,Jason.
Speaker 2 (11:37):
It's been a while, yeah, yeah, it's been a while,
for sure, and, to be honest, youdon't have the same kind of
pain that you used to have.
So I think that's although thatyou miss that sport and that,
those friendships that you madeand the challenge that is
martial arts.
I think your body thanks you.
Speaker 1 (11:55):
Yeah, it's a contact sport.
Anybody who plays contactsports you are eventually you're
going to be injured lots.
All right, but let's get to thestudy.
The drug is called SBI-810 andit's an experimental drug
developed by Duke UniversitySchool of Medicine.
What makes this special is it'sa non-opioid painkiller and it
(12:17):
targets pain pathways withoutcausing addiction or major side
effects.
This was published in Cell onMay 19th.
How does it work, chris?
Speaker 2 (12:26):
What this medicine does is it targets the
neurotensin receptor 1, which isfound in the brain and the
spinal cord and in sensoryneurons, and it uses a technique
actually called biased agonism.
And what makes it really coolis the precise targeting.
It avoids pathways that areresponsible for euphoria, and
(12:49):
the euphoria is linked to theaddiction and also side effects
like constipation and sedation.
Speaker 1 (12:55):
One of the problems with opioids is they go
everywhere on many differentcellular pathways
indiscriminately.
So, yeah, they help out withpain and we should never like
people who are on them for pain.
Right now I don't want to be insomebody's shoes who has
chronic pains and they need them.
If you need an opioid for yourpain, yeah, but they do target
your pain, but also a bunch ofother stuff.
(13:17):
So you start to get tolerancebuildup and there's a chance of
overdose.
Because this drug is focusedand selective, it provides you
pain relief without that highand without that tolerance
development.
Speaker 2 (13:31):
So the results came from animal testing and in mouse
models, the SBI 810 reducedpain from surgical incisions, as
well as mice with bonefractures and nerve injuries,
and it also lowered behavioralsigns of pain like facial
grimacing.
I know I do that when I'm inpain or guarding, and, believe
(13:55):
it or not, sbi 810 outperformedsome of the newer opioids and
gabapentin as well, which is acommon nerve pain drug.
Speaker 1 (14:07):
Bunsen was on that.
Speaker 2 (14:09):
Yes, Bunsen was on that for his pain.
Speaker 1 (14:12):
Yeah, for his neck pain and the surgery.
Speaker 2 (14:14):
And also SBI 810 has some combination potential
because it works both thecentral and nervous peripheral
systems.
It provides a balanced approachto pain relief and what they
found is when it's used inconjunction with opioids, it
(14:34):
actually enhanced theireffectiveness and in turn that
allows for prescribing a loweropioid dose.
So that's wonderful for thepotential for a safer pain
management system.
Speaker 1 (14:51):
One thing we have to mention is this is still in
early trials.
They only have the mouse models.
Human trials are being plannedin the future.
Now this is supported by theAmerican NIH and the US
Department of Defense.
They have patents filed for it,so looks like the human trials
are going to go forward.
So I don't want people to think,oh, I can just rush out and get
this thing.
It's not there yet and it maybe years before it is.
(15:14):
That's the maybe you know thebad part.
The good part is that this drugis designed for pain that is so
bad for right now, like acute,like after you have surgery.
I remember after my dad got hiship surgery, he was on some
very strong opioids right afterhis surgery and then chronic
pain, like, for example, if youhave diabetic neuropathy, where
(15:37):
you have nerve pain from yourdiabetes.
I think the most important part, beyond what it could do, is it
would probably help reduce thealliance on extremely strong
opioids which, both in theUnited States and Canada and
across the world, are causing somany deaths a year from
overdoses.
Fentanyl is in the news quite abit.
(15:57):
That is a synthetic opioid drug, extremely powerful 100 times
more powerful than morphine anddefinitely has its uses in the
clinical setting.
But because of the addictivequality of it and the euphoria
people feel from using it, theyget addicted very easily.
That's what makes fentanyl sodangerous.
It's very easy to overdose on.
So any way science can helpstop the reliance on that, the
(16:21):
better.
All right, that's science newsfor this week.
This week in pet science, asmentioned, we have a pretty
crappy topic.
I'll let you introduce it,chris, because you were the one
that found it and I burst outlaughing when you sent it to me.
Speaker 2 (16:38):
Because the clickbaity title was six dog
breeds that are more likely tosuffer from diarrhea.
Speaker 1 (16:48):
Oh, if you own pets, poop and pee is part of your
life, Just like when you werekids.
A little right.
It is it is it's.
You live by the poop and thepee.
Has the baby pooped?
Has the baby peed?
Does the baby need to bechanged?
Poop and pee, poop and pee.
You're just surrounded.
You live in a haze of poop andpee and then when you have dogs,
(17:12):
especially puppies.
You live in a haze of poop andpee.
Speaker 2 (17:15):
Well, especially Bunsen has a kind of sensitive
stomach.
Every time he poops I look athis poop to make sure that it's
okay and if it's super runny Imay or may not take pictures of
it.
And then actually, when he wasgoing through the tapeworm cyst,
(17:35):
prior to that diagnosis andprior to his surgery, I was
noticing that his stool wasrunny and it actually was bloody
.
He was so sick.
So all of these things, youreally do have to watch all
things with your dog, from theirhead to their, from their noses
to their paws and everything inbetween, because you know what?
(17:56):
There are fur babies, but acutediarrhea is actually a common
reason for vet visits and ourstudy comes from Dogs in the
United Kingdom and the studyaimed to estimate the incidence
of diarrhea under the vet careof your primary pet giver and
(18:16):
they were trying to identifypotentially demographic risk
factors, to point down, okay,what dogs are having diarrhea.
And then they were looking todescribe clinical management
patterns like how are wetreating diarrhea within dogs?
Speaker 1 (18:35):
It's a silly thing but it's super serious.
That is if.
If your dog has diarrhea onetime, okay, but I get it.
If your dog has constantdiarrhea, that is super
worrisome.
And, yeah, I can see peopletaking their dog to the vet and
the data set that we're talkingabout use something called vet
compass, which is a national UKveterinary clinical data system,
(18:57):
and the sample size wasenormous 2.25 million dogs
that's how many dogs are in thesystem and then they randomly
selected 8,000 cases and ofthose confirmed acute diarrhea
and just shy of 2,000, 1,835cases.
So this is an enormous samplesize, which is awesome.
(19:19):
A lot of pet studies we've donein the past have got like 30
dogs, but now we've got millions.
Speaker 2 (19:26):
They defined what is a case of diarrhea and it had to
be at least one event ofuncomplicated acute diarrhea, so
without other complicationswith it, and the study comes
from 2019.
And the dogs also had the honor, Chris, of talking about this
really poopy subject.
Okay, and I'm going to be real,there's a little bit of a
(20:06):
common thread or a common themein the names of these dogs.
The breed with the highestincident is the Cavapoo, at
14.95%.
So 15% is the Cavapoo, and thenthe Maltese comes just under at
14.6%, the miniature Poodleagain at 14.26%, and the German
(20:33):
Shepherd at 12.15%.
And there was two more thatwere up there as well.
That was the Yorkshire Terrierand then also the Cockapoo.
So again it's just like thatname, it's in their name.
Speaker 1 (20:51):
Oh man, I'm good.
Is there a dog with theCockapuke?
Because then would that dogjust puke all the time, maybe.
Speaker 2 (20:58):
That's Bunsen.
Bunsen is a puker.
Speaker 1 (21:00):
Bunsen is a puker, though Bernoulli threw up the
other day that was nasty, thatwas not good.
But he eats boots, so that's onhim, Okay.
Across clinical findings, 92%of the dogs had only one
diarrhea event in 2019.
And most dogs 80% required justone visit.
The duration of their diarrheabefore the vet was less than 24
(21:24):
hours, about 30%.
Up to two to three days ofdiarrhea was about 27%, and then
the middle was between one andtwo days.
So, yeah, that two to three daystretch of diarrhea you
probably should get your doginto a vet.
Obviously, what I'm thinkinghappens sometimes is your dog
gets sick on the weekend andyou're like we can wait till
(21:45):
Monday.
We've been through that.
And then we're like, if it'snot super serious, like maybe
diarrhea, like we'll just that'sa Monday problem.
But other times we're like no,we're going into a merge because
that's what's open on theweekend.
Speaker 2 (21:58):
Yeah, and because I track Bunsen's poop and actually
track all the dog's poop, Iknow what a normal poop looks
like for them.
And if they're a little sick ifit's a little bit runny.
And then after Bernoulli atethe boot, I made sure to watch
for a cycle to make sure that hewas pooping, because he could
get into things and that couldgum up his system quite quickly.
(22:19):
So again, it's really important.
So other symptoms actually doaccompany diarrhea, so vomiting,
vomiting and diarrhea go handin hand about 44% of the time.
Reduced appetite the dogs don'tfeel as hungry at 27% and then
they're lethargic, which 25% isan accompanying case with the
(22:42):
diarrhea.
Speaker 1 (22:44):
And in all of the cases, some of the dogs had
hemorrhagic diarrhea, so that'sbloody stool and that's about
29%.
That's pretty crazy.
So let's talk a little bitabout what happened when the
dogs were at the vet, becausethat was the second part of this
.
One of it was like how manydogs have diarrhea and what
breed were they?
But when the dogs were broughtin, 82% of them were not given
(23:06):
any lab tests on their first vetvisit.
And that seems like about whatit is.
When we've taken our dogs in,they're like let's wait and see.
That was how many times have weheard that.
Let's just wait and see.
Speaker 2 (23:16):
They do an exam like visual exam.
And they palate, palate thestomach and feel around and then
I don't know.
They're highly trained in whatthey do and so they know how the
dogs respond to all their tests.
Like we just think, oh, our doghas diarrhea, and they see it
all the time, so they are ableto, I guess, be give a more
(23:41):
realistic view of what might bemore serious versus oh, this is
just diarrhea.
Speaker 1 (23:48):
Yeah.
So about of the roughly 18% ofdogs that had lab tests, 11%
were blood work.
They were, there was about 4%fecal analysis and then about 4%
had the dog's abdomen image.
So I wonder, though, if thoseare cases where people are like,
hey, maybe our dog did eat aboot and he has diarrhea, so
(24:08):
maybe we should scan his stomachlooking for boots.
What were some of thetreatments and management stats
that came in after the dogs wentin?
Speaker 2 (24:17):
Probiotics, and that's happened for Bunsen.
They've suggested puttingprobiotics onto his food or
putting Greek yogurt into a Kong, and that was a common
treatment.
Yeah, that was a commontreatment about 60% of the time.
Another thing is what is yourdog eating?
Dietary management?
Speaker 1 (24:34):
Are they eating boots ?
Speaker 2 (24:36):
No, they'll say how many times were we told yeah?
How many times were we told, oh, chicken and rice for at least
three days, or maybe change yourdog's food.
Antibiotics was prescribed 38.2percent of the time, and that's
a bit of a concern that's kindof high yeah, and we'll talk
(24:57):
about the prevalence ofantibiotics later, but then also
anti-nausea medication wasprescribed, and the most
prescribed antibiotic wassomething called metronidazole,
and if the dogs had blood intheir stool, that increased the
likelihood of being prescribedan antibiotic.
Speaker 1 (25:18):
That makes sense.
There could be something muchmore serious causing blood in
their diarrhea.
I get that.
Speaker 2 (25:25):
So we talked about the six dogs that had an
increased odds of acute diarrhea, but there were two breeds that
actually had decreased oddsthey're like the anti-diarrhea
dogs they're the anti-diarrheadogs, and those are the jack
russell terrier and thechihuahua, the chihuahua, wow, I
knowihuahua.
Speaker 1 (25:42):
Wow, it was the lowest by far, like not even
close.
It's probably because theydon't eat enough food to poop.
They just exist off spite.
Speaker 2 (25:57):
Maybe, but there's actually other risk factors that
the study analyzed in terms ofis my dog going to get diarrhea?
So it's higher.
The age is important.
So dogs that are less thanthree have a higher incidence of
diarrhea.
But then also over nine yearsold, so less than three over
nine, you hit your sweet spotbetween four and five years
(26:17):
where you don't necessarily havediarrhea.
You got your biome in control.
Interesting that neuter dogshad a higher odd, had higher
odds of diarrhea, and thedesigner crossbreeds actually
had a 1.34 times higher oddsthan general crossbreeds.
So those are those cockapoo,those designer breeds that I was
(26:42):
talking about.
Speaker 1 (26:44):
And if you were a Dollychill cephalic, those are
the skulls that are was talkingabout.
And if you were a Dolly chillcephalic, those are the skulls
that are long elongated.
So if you have a narrow headand long face, that increased
your odds.
And, shockingly, here's wherethe brachycephalic dogs come in.
Good, they had less diarrhea.
So those are your flat faceddogs that can't breathe well.
At least they're not poopingeverywhere with gross diarrhea.
Speaker 2 (27:07):
Yeah.
Speaker 1 (27:08):
They're just like.
They're just having troublebreathing in the corner when it
gets hot.
Speaker 2 (27:12):
Yeah, exactly.
Speaker 1 (27:13):
They've got other problems.
Okay, we don't need to givethem diarrhea too.
Speaker 2 (27:17):
No, so you know what Diarrhea is common, but it's
often mild and it happens inabout one to 12 dogs annually
and the majority of the dogs dorecover with one vet visit.
And the guidelines againstoveruse of antibiotics are out
there, but there still isprescriptions for the
(27:39):
antibiotics.
Speaker 1 (27:41):
All right, Chris.
Thanks for this fun study.
It's never fun when your pethas diarrhea.
It's never fun when you haveyourself have diarrhea.
Diarrhea is just not fun at all.
But this study does a great jobof explaining.
If you have one of those dogbreeds, you're probably more
likely to have diarrhea in yourfuture.
Like a magic eight ball thatyou shake and it says your
(28:03):
future contains diarrhea.
Speaker 2 (28:05):
Okay.
Speaker 1 (28:08):
Especially if your dog ends in poo.
There you go, there's, that'syour sign.
Speaker 2 (28:12):
If your dog ends in poo, their name ends in poo,
then that's in your future.
Speaker 1 (28:17):
That's pet science for this week.
That's it for this week show.
Thanks for coming back weekafter week to support us.
We love that we have such agreat core audience that listens
to our show.
One of the groups we would loveto, one of the groups we always
like to shout out, is the TopDogs.
That's the top tier of ourPatreon community, the Paw Pack.
We would love your supportthere as well.
(28:38):
So check out the show notes,chris.
Let's hear those names.
Speaker 2 (28:41):
Amelia Fettig Rhi Oda Carol Hainel let's hear those
(29:22):
names.
Speaker 1 (29:23):
For science, empathy and cuteness Woof, woof, woof.
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