December 14, 2020 • 34 mins
In February 2006, 8 men applied to take part in a three day clinical trial for a new experimental drug, called TGN1412. It was hoped that this drug would revolutionise the treatment of Leukaemia and some autoimmune diseases. The drug had passed the animal trials and so next was the first human trial. One volunteer later recalled how the doctor “activated the needle - injected me - then I began to feel cold” and this was just the start. Doctors would later describe what followed as “a mystery”. Medical staff had no way of predicting how severe the situation was going to get as these volunteers were left fighting for their lives. Episode 19 ‘The Deadly Drug Trial is out at 7pm on Monday 14th December.
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Music is Drumming in the Rain Instrumental by Chad Crouch
Resources:
https://youtu.be/a9_sX93RHOk - ‘Drug Trial Goes Terribly Wrong: Emergency At The Hospital’ - Real Stories
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9226-uk-drug-trial-disaster-the-official-report/
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2894972/elephant-man-drug-trial-victims-disfigured/
https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/the-drug-trial-bbc-examines-what-went-wrong-in-the-infamous-elephant-men-case_uk_58ac3bd1e4b07028b703c926?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAD_4FqcGgZhcCtMCzi86Ew1RpnAvHyuRi1_eCieRdIhpfLizPbhT-3nnp1NDCARMR4F9hbdJfWtR_PA8UNzi0ypyJM2cGb5-mfsLB1pwbqS-dAIpYQm3zIGJevTT2LZQWDdaOQ0eE83tEWCmtjd0B2REuwhRUQi83xfuAlfYKr2-
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35766627
https://www.newscientist.com/term/cytokine-storm/
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cytokine-storm
Website: https://thestudentsverdict.wixsite.com/mysite
Email: thestudentverdict@gmail.com
All Links: https://linktr.ee/thestudentverdict
Merchandise: https://www.bonfire.com/the-students-verdicts-first-collection/
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thestudentverdict
Music is Drumming in the Rain Instrumental by Chad Crouch
Resources:
https://youtu.be/a9_sX93RHOk - ‘Drug Trial Goes Terribly Wrong: Emergency At The Hospital’ - Real Stories
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9226-uk-drug-trial-disaster-the-official-report/
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2894972/elephant-man-drug-trial-victims-disfigured/
https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/the-drug-trial-bbc-examines-what-went-wrong-in-the-infamous-elephant-men-case_uk_58ac3bd1e4b07028b703c926?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAD_4FqcGgZhcCtMCzi86Ew1RpnAvHyuRi1_eCieRdIhpfLizPbhT-3nnp1NDCARMR4F9hbdJfWtR_PA8UNzi0ypyJM2cGb5-mfsLB1pwbqS-dAIpYQm3zIGJevTT2LZQWDdaOQ0eE83tEWCmtjd0B2REuwhRUQi83xfuAlfYKr2-
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35766627
https://www.newscientist.com/term/cytokine-storm/
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cytokine-storm
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:11):
In February two thousand and six,a new drug called TGN fourteen twelve had
successfully passed the animal trials, whichmeant it could now be tested on humans.
It was hoped that this drug wouldrevolutionize the treatment of leukemia and some
autoimmune diseases. Eight men applied totake part in a three day clinical drug
(00:34):
trial, and in return they wouldreceive two thousand pounds. Six men would
be given TGN fourteen twelve and twowould be given a placebo. One volunteer
would later recall how the doctor activatedthe needle injected me. Then I began
to feel cold, and this wasjust the start. The medical unit the
(00:59):
volunteers were on would be treated asa crime scene by police, with doctors
unable to predict how severe the situationwas going to get. The six volunteers
given TGN fourteen twelve would be leftfighting for their lives. Hello everybody,
(01:23):
and welcome to episode nineteen of theStudent's Verdict podcast. Thank you for joining
me on another true crime adventure.To all of you new listeners, welcome,
Pull up a chair. My nameis Emily and I'm your host.
If you haven't already, please goand listen to some of our earlier episodes,
including The Toolbox Killers and I Representeda Serial Killer. Please follow me
(01:47):
on all the socials, Instagram atthe Student Verdict Pod, Twitter at Student
Verdict, and on Facebook, whereI have a page and a group for
us to chat and share. Ifyou missed anything I just said, links
are in the show notes. Asalways, if you enjoy the show,
please consider leaving me a review.If you don't like me, then please
(02:09):
keep your opinions to yourself. Asalways, resources used in this episode will
be linked in the show notes,But my main source today is a YouTube
video by Real Stories called Drug TrialGoes Terribly Wrong Emergency at the Hospital.
Please give it a watch if youhaven't already link in the show notes.
(02:30):
In the show notes you will alsofind links to the Student's Verdict merchandise and
my Patreon page. Any support you'dlike to give is hugely appreciated. Now,
with all of that said, let'sjump into today's episode. This case
is a bit of an unusual onein that it's not your usual true crime
(02:50):
case. But after I watched aYouTube documentary on it, I knew I
wanted to tell you all about it. TGM fourteen twelve. The drug at
the center of this story was developedby a German pharmaceutical company called Tjenero.
It was hoped that this drug wouldrevolutionize treatment of leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis,
(03:15):
and some autoimmune diseases. This drugwas known as a monoclonal antibody. Its
purpose was to educate the immune systemsin humans into dealing with cancer. It
was hoped that this drug would bean alternative to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. TGN
fourteen twelve had shown promising results whenthe study was conducted on animals, but
(03:39):
as we know, all drugs mustbe tested on humans before they can be
widely distributed to the public. Peoplewho run clinical drug trials have legal obligations
under the Medicines for Human Use ClinicalTrials Regulations two thousand and four. In
these regulations, it stated that thefollowing need to be in place before a
(04:02):
new clinical trial can take place.The science the research is based on must
be reviewed by experts. The researchersmust secure the funding, an organization such
as a hospital or research institute,must agree to provide a home base for
the trial, and the Medicines andHealthcare Products Regulatory Agency or MH r A
(04:27):
needs to review and approve trials ofa medicine and must issue a clinical trial
authorization. It was a large multinationalresearch organization, per Excel International Limited who
would be conducting the first in manstudy for TGN fourteen twelve. Even though
(04:47):
they shared their premises with Northwick ParkHospital, the clinical trials would take place
independent from the hospital. So inFebruary two thousand and six, eight men
signed up to test this new drugin a three day clinical trial. Rob
(05:09):
Oldfield or patient zero zero seven,was thirty one years old. He had
been back from la for two months, having completed an acting course out there.
He was in a bit of debtand signed up to the trial to
earn some extra money. Perexel wereoffering each volunteer two thousand pounds for taking
(05:30):
part. David Oakley, patient zerozero one, was thirty four years old.
He'd seen an advert and, likemister Oldfield, thought that two thousand
pounds for three days work sounded prettygood. Mister Oakley had done two drug
trials previously and had found both trialsabsolutely fine. The third volunteer, Raste
(05:55):
Khan, patient zero zero two,was twenty three years old. He had
just finished university and was in betweenjobs. He saw medical trials as a
quote get rich quick scheme and ano brainer. The fourth volunteer, Ryan
Wilson, was just twenty one yearsold when the trial started. I couldn't
(06:17):
find details for the remaining individuals,who I can only assume wanted to remain
anonymous. Prior to the drug trial, some preliminary tests were done on the
volunteers and then they were given paperwork. It was said to be an eleven
page consent form which detailed the risksof taking part. There was a doctor
(06:39):
present in the room who told thevolunteers all about the drug. Volunteer Rastei
Khan would later say that the significanceof this being the first in man study
was not explained to the volunteers fully. The volunteers then signed the consent forms.
So when you have a d trial, everything should be done in the
(07:01):
preclinical studies to limit any anticipated risk, but drug trials are never entirely without
risk. The volunteers were aware ofthis, but they were told that the
risks were hives or anaphylactic shock,so didn't hesitate to sign the form.
The plan was for the drug companyto look at the highest dose of the
(07:26):
drug that was without any adverse effectsin the monkeys, and then they scaled
the dose back five hundredfold. Thetrial was a double blind, randomized controlled
trial. Six of the men wouldbe given TGN fourteen twelve and two would
be given the placebo. The volunteerswouldn't know whether they've been given the drug
(07:50):
or the placebo. Monday, thirteenthof March two thousand and six drug trial
Day one. The group of eightmen had initially been split into two groups
of four who were in two differentbays, trial Bay one and two.
One person in each of the bayswould be given a passebo. The remaining
(08:13):
six were given TGN fourteen twelve ateight am. Patient zero zero one,
thirty four year old David Oakley,was the first to receive the drug.
All the volunteers had a canula fittedto their arms and an electronic syringe.
The doctor then came around, pluggedin a syringe and pressed start. The
(08:37):
doctor in charge of the clinical trialwas doctor Daniel Bradford. Doctor Bradford later
stated that as a student, hehimself had volunteered in medical trials to earn
some extra money. Then when hebecame a junior doctor. He joined a
private company where he ran the drugtrials. At eight ten am, patient
(09:00):
zero zero two, Raste Khan,received the drug, but it wasn't actually
the drug, unbeknownst to him.He was lucky and received the placebo.
It all started to go wrong ataround eight to twenty am when patient zero
zero one, the first to receivethe drug, started to get a headache.
(09:24):
The headache got worse and worse untilit became a searing migraine, which
David Oakley said he had rarely experiencedin his life. He told the nurse
about his headache, believing it hadto be linked to the drug. She
got him a cold compress to puton his head, but did not give
him any medication or pain killers asthey didn't want the volunteers taking anything that
(09:48):
might taint the effects of the trialdrug, despite the complaints from David Oakley.
At eight forty am, the drugwas administered to patient zero zero five.
This was twenty one year old RyanWilson. At eight fifty am,
David Oakley's migraine would come in waves. The intense pain would subside and then
(10:11):
flare up again without warning. Theadministration of the drug in Trial Bay two
continued despite the side effects experienced inTrial Bay one. After the seventh patient
had received the drug, the nurseinformed doctor Bradford that one of the patients
had a headache. While he administeredthe final dose to the eighth patient,
(10:33):
the nurse returned and told him thatthe same patient was feeling worse. David
Oakley suddenly started to experience severe shootingpains in his lower back. No matter
how he laid in the bed,the pain was present. Another patient,
patient zero zero three, started experiencingthe same headache and back pain that patient
(10:56):
zero zero one experienced. Raste OnPatient zero zero two watched the side effects
hit each of the men around himone by one by one. He watched
and waited for the same sickness tofinally hit him two. By nine twenty
am, all eight men had receivedeither TGN fourteen twelve or the placebo.
(11:22):
It was around this time that theside effects started to get worse. Patient
zero zero seven, Rob Oldfield,began to experience hypothermia shortly after being injected.
He described being cold and shaking uncontrollably, as if he was freezing,
and yet he wasn't cold. Itwas later said that the patients tumbled like
(11:48):
dominoes. The patients started throwing upover and over again. Some fainted,
and some couldn't control their bowels.Out of desperate ration, patient zero zero
three tried to get up out ofhis hospital bed and leave. He was
begging to go home, where hethought he would be safe. Of course,
(12:09):
the staff couldn't let him leave.Doctor Bradford described how the men deteriorated
as their bodies went into shock.Staff were now out of their depth,
with the scene being described as ahorror movie. Hours after the symptoms began,
Raste Khan, patient zero zero two, was still sitting in the trial
(12:31):
bay, surrounded by men in cripplingpain whose bodies were shutting down. At
this point, he still didn't knowthat he had been given a placebo,
and so sat in fear that soonhis own body would turn on itself.
Suddenly, the doctors and nurses swarmedthe trial bay, closing the curtains around
(12:52):
the patients who were experiencing the sideeffects, leaving mister Khan alone with only
the sounds of his fellow volunteers forcompany. As the volunteers health deteriorated further
and further and the situation got moreand more desperate. Doctor Bradford called the
Intensive care unit at Northwick Park Hospital. Up to this point, the NHS
(13:16):
were unaware that the trial was takingplace, despite them sharing the same premises.
When he couldn't reach the medical registrar, doctor Bradford ran down the stairs
to the intensive care unit itself anddemanded the first two doctors he saw follow
him. As their first course ofaction. NHS doctors advised that fluids,
(13:37):
antihistamines, and a dose of hydrocortizonebe administered to the volunteers by the perexol
team. The two volunteers given theplacebo, one of whom was patient zero
zero two Raste Khan, were unpluggedand told to go and get some food
and someone would be with them shortly. Mister Kahn was still very unsure about
(13:58):
what was going on. At onep m. Five hours after the trial
began, the two patients who receivedthe placebo were sent home as they were
at no risk of any complications.What was terrifying for mister Khan was that
when he went to collect his things, the ward was empty. He didn't
know if they were dead, theywere just gone. It turns out that
(14:24):
the remaining six patients had been movedinto one bay, so Porexel was able
to monitor all of them as agroup. Rob Oldfield, patient zero zero
seven, recalled feeling worried, butsaid he still had faith in Porexel.
He didn't seem to have realized atthe time just how dangerous his situation was.
(14:46):
Even though all the volunteers were sufferinggreatly, a couple seemed to be
suffering more than the rest, oneof whom was twenty one year old Ryan
Wilson. Surgeons soon arrived on theward and once again drew the curtains around
Ryan. Shortly after, they wheeledRyan away. It was at this point
(15:11):
that it suddenly hit rob Oldfield thatsomething was seriously wrong. Doctor Ganesh Sainthara
Lingham, a consultant in intensive caremedicine at Northwick Park Hospital, was surprised
when his phone rang as he wasn'ton duty that night. As he picked
(15:31):
up the phone and listened to whathad happened with a Perexcel drug trial that
had gone wrong, he soon realizedthe severity of the situation and said he
would come to the ward immediately.By eight pm, when doctor Ganesh arrived
it had been twelve hours since thetrial began. When he arrived at the
ICU, he went straight to Ryan, saying quote, he was as unwell
(15:56):
as anyone I've ever seen. RyanWilson's blood pressure was low and his lungs
were very damaged. He had tobe kept on high doses of medication to
keep him stable. All the menwere eventually transferred to Northwick Park Hospital and
the NHS subsequently took over their care. Because there was no space in the
(16:19):
ICU, five beds had been movedinto the recovery area. However, there
weren't enough kidney machines. The rateof deterioration in the patients was very rapid
as all the men had multiple organfailure and so police vans were driving from
all over the city with the necessarymachines to keep the volunteers alive. Doctor
(16:42):
Bradford was under extreme pressure. Hehad been told that it looked like one
of the patients might die, inwhich case he would be charged with manslaughter.
This was quickly becoming a major incidentas there were a lot of unknowns.
(17:02):
The patients had unstable blood pressures,their breathing had been hugely affected.
They had organ failure and it lookedlike they might have septicemia blood poisoned stemming
from an infection. Because there wasevidence of an infection, there was the
possibility that the transfusions had been contaminated. All the volunteers had received injections from
(17:27):
a batch of vials made under sterileconditions, but there was always a risk.
In a desperate attempt to try andhelp the volunteers, doctor Bradford went
back and read the document which detailedeverything known about TGN fourteen twelve. In
this document, it stated that therewas an unlikely risk of a cytokine storm,
(17:52):
which is an extreme immune reaction accordingto According to Google, cytokine are
small proteins released by different cells inthe body, including those of the immune
system, where they coordinate the body'sresponse against infection and trigger inflammation. A
cytokine storm is a severe immune reactionin which the body releases too many cytokines
(18:18):
into the blood too quickly. Immunecells can then start attacking tissue, leading
to multiple organ failure. Doctor Bradfordpassed this information onto the NHS team,
explaining that it was quite possible thatthe volunteers were experiencing a cytokine storm as
a result of the drug. Treatmentfor a cytokine storm would involve giving the
(18:44):
patients a powerful immune suppressant drug anda high dose of steroids. But there
is a risk if they're wrong andit's not a cytokine storm but an extreme
infection. Giving the men immune suppressantdrugs could cause them to deteriorate even further
as their bodies wouldn't be able tofight off the infection. Before deciding on
(19:07):
a course of treatment, the doctorson the ward decided to get other medical
experts involved. This included doctor NikiPanascalcis, a consultant hemato oncologist at Northwick
Park Hospital. She told interviewers thatshe couldn't believe it when she got the
call. Having considered the signs andsymptoms that were being described to her,
(19:30):
doctor Niki thought that it was moreconsistent with a cytokine storm and should be
treated as so aggressively. In thiscase, there was no margin for error.
The volunteers were in such a badway that an error now could kill
them. The decision was made totreat the men as if they were suffering
(19:52):
with cytokine release syndrome. One thousandmilligram of steroids were administered immediately. This
is considered to be a significant dose. Doctors could then only wait and see.
At three thirty a m David Oakley'spartner, Katrina Oakley, was telephoned
(20:15):
by a nurse. She was toldthat there had been a problem with the
drug trial and that she needed tocome to the hospital as soon as possible.
When she arrived, the doctor advisedher that David's condition was very serious.
He also warned her that David wouldlook quite different. He was very
swollen because of the medication he hadbeen given. Despite the warning, the
(20:41):
sight of him was still shocking.Katrina recalled that David's face and stomach were
huge. Because of this, thepatients were described as the elephant men in
the media, who, by theway, had taken the story and run
with it. The media interest addedmore and more pressure on to the medical
(21:02):
staff who were trying to deal withsomething that was virtually unprecedented in British medical
history. Remember patient zero zero twoRaste Khan Well. He began to follow
the story on the news, watchingit unfold, he was scared to think
of the worst case scenario for hisfellow volunteers. He described it as Russian
(21:26):
roulette. He was painfully aware thathe easily could have been one of the
volunteers in the hospital, but wasfortunate enough to receive the placebo instead.
The other volunteers were given two dosesof steroids to try and stabilize their condition.
At two am on Tuesday, thefourteenth of March, medical staff called
(21:48):
rob Oldfield's mother and told her sheshould come to the hospital. She immediately
started the drive from Bristol to NorthwickPark Hospital. When she arrived, he
knew how bad he must have lookedjust by looking at his mother's face.
He knew he was puffy, thewhites of his eyes were orange because of
(22:11):
the toxins. He knew he wasn'twell at all. At nine a m
Scotland Yard contacted the Medicines and healthCare Products Regulatory Agency, the government body
that regulates clinical trials. Gerald Haddell, the Director of Inspections, Enforcement and
(22:32):
Standards at the mh r A,received the phone call from the Special Crime
Unit and was told what had happened. Suddenly, this case became a possible
criminal investigation, specifically a case oftampering. The original trial bays were therefore
treated as a crime scene. Thepolice collected the drug, the placebo,
(22:56):
all clinical samples, and the bloodsamples taken from the voluntary All of these
things were seized and held under therules of criminal evidence. Doctor Adrian Bristow,
head of biotherapeutics at the National Institutefor Biological Standards and Control, explained
that there was a chance that therewas a mistake, such as the drug
(23:18):
being mislabeled or the drug being administeredat the wrong strength. There was also
the possibility that someone had intentionally contaminatedthe drug. At the conclusion of the
tests into the drug's identity and purity, it was confirmed that it was indeed
the right drug, the right strength, and was not contaminated, which means
(23:41):
authorities still didn't have the answer tothe big question what went wrong in a
routine clinical trial which led to sixmen being hospitalized on the brink of death
for two weeks. The volunteer's bloodwas filtered twenty four hours a day.
Their immune systems had crashed and theirlivers, kidneys, and lungs were failing.
(24:07):
Fluid had seeped into their lungs,and they had to breathe air through
a mask while a direct line pumpedvital drugs into their hearts. And then,
at eight am on Wednesday, thefifteenth of March, a full forty
eight hours since the trial began,during a ward round, something truly remarkable
(24:29):
happened. Within an hour of eachother. Each of the four patients told
staff that they were suddenly feeling muchbetter. Patient zero zero one, David
Oakley, recalled feeling things were gettingbetter, and Patient zero zero seven,
Rob Oldfield recalled feeling hungry for thefirst time in forty eight hours. Two
(24:55):
patients who had been in worse conditionsthan the other four had been on ventilators,
but their fevers were coming down andit seemed as though the underlying inflammation
was burning out. There was,of course, a sense of relief,
but they still had a long wayto go. On Monday, the twentieth
(25:15):
of March, seven days since thetrial began, the two patients were still
in critical condition, but the remainingfour were moved out of intensive care on
to an NHS ward. Their organswere now stable, and they were unplugged
from all the machines that had atone point been keeping them alive. The
(25:37):
volunteers were understandably hugely grateful to theNHS. Had Perrexel not shared their premises
with Northwick Park Hospital, the situationcould have been even worse. Speaking of
Porexel, they apologized to the individualsand their families, but were unable to
comment on the long term prognosis forthe patients. There were concerns that the
(26:03):
volunteers might laiter down the line developcancer, autoimmune diseases, and infertility.
David Oakley stated that his body waslike that of an eighty year old.
His muscles had wasted away after thecytokine storm attacked the cells in the tissue.
With this, there was also theconcern that, because of the drug's
(26:27):
attack on the patient's immune systems,that they might not be able to fight
any kind of illness, even thecommon cold. Because their immune systems were
so weak, almost non existent.They were therefore told to avoid places like
public transport or any places where theywould be exposed to germs. Remember Ryan
(26:49):
Wilson well. When Rob Oldfield wentto say goodbye to his fellow volunteer,
Ryan was still in a critical condition. He was unable to talk and his
fingers had blackened. Twenty one yearold Ryan would be in hospital for a
staggering four months. During his timein hospital, he contracted pneumonia, septicemia
(27:15):
and dry gangrene. His finger tipsfell off, and he had part of
his foot and toes amputated. Whatspooky is that Ryan is still haunted by
his father's words. The night beforethe trial, his father warned him not
to take part in the clinical studybecause his body is a temple. With
(27:40):
all that had happened, Rob Oldfielddecided that he wanted to get legal advice,
so took on clinical trials lawyer JeanMathers. Having reviewed the case,
Jeane Mathers expressed concern regarding the amountof time between the doses. He noted
that the clients were being injected inquite quick succession, one after the other,
(28:04):
despite the fact that the earlier patientswere already complaining of side effects.
One scientist, Professor Terry Hamblin ofSouthampton University, described it as reckless,
with them eight men being injected attwo minute intervals, leaving little time to
assess the impact on one person beforemoving on to the next. Another legal
(28:30):
concern was that the patients received thewhole drug in between three and six minutes,
which was extremely fast. Mathers didn'tbelieve that the preclinical testing on animals
was done at that pace, meaningthat in the human trial the drug was
administered ten times quicker into the bloodstreamthan it had been to the monkeys.
(28:56):
Twenty three days after the trial began, the government body that had licensed the
trial, MHRA, published their initialreport. They found that the trial had
been conducted as intended and concluded thatthe adverse effects were the result of quote
an unpredictable biological action of the drugin humans. The patients did not accept
(29:21):
this report, believing that it hadbeen rushed. They also believed that the
MHRA were looking to protect themselves,as they were the ones who had given
the trial the green light in thefirst place. They felt that Perexel had
been ill prepared, as they hadno backup in the event that anything went
wrong, and that the positives hadn'tstarted until the NHS stepped in. The
(29:45):
men then awaited a more detailed independentreport. In two thousand and nine,
Perexel settled out of court, givingundisclosed amounts of money to each of the
six men. Rob Oldfield told reportersthat he received substantial cash payments over the
course of two years as compensation,some of which he used to hire a
(30:10):
personal trainer to help him get backinto a healthy shape. However, he
did not feel that the money hereceived was sufficient, explaining that Perexel's own
documents stated that the drug could causea cytokine storm, so they were aware
the volunteers were at risk. Still, scientists couldn't explain why t g N
(30:34):
fourteen twelve acted the way it did. It was believed that although the T
cell receptors in macacques and humans werevirtually identical, there was clearly something which
meant that monkeys did not respond tothe drug in the same way that the
human does. It was said thatthere was a problem with the study.
(30:56):
Three of the pre clinical studies gavean answer that suggested that there was no
risk where there actually was. Itwas reported that throughout the investigation into what
went wrong, Perexel was criticized fortheir part. Quote Perexel's catalog of errors
listed in the report issued by theMedicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency include failing
(31:22):
to complete proper patient medical records andnot providing twenty four hour medical cover end
quote. The final independent report intothe TGN fourteen twelve trial uncovered a lot
of errors, including failure to completethe full medical background of a trial subject
in writing and a failure to updatethe record of one volunteer. There was
(31:48):
no contract between Tijinero, the developersof the drug, and Perexel at the
start of the trial, and therewas only a draft contract between Perexel and
a private lab that was involved inthe trial. Two volunteers were allowed to
leave the trial before it was confirmedthat they had received the placebo. One
of the doctors involved in the trialdidn't have adequate training or experience, and
(32:14):
there was no twenty four hour medicalcover. It should be noted that per
Excel insists it followed all the correctprocedures during the trial. The report went
on to make twenty two recommendations toimprove the safety of first in man trials.
One of the main recommendations was thatwhere a person is receiving the drug
(32:37):
for the first time, it shouldnot be administered to a number of volunteers
all in the same day. Otherrecommendations limited the size of the dose and
recommended that high risk trials take placewithin a hospital with access to intensive care.
These recommendations have now been adopted bythe European Medical Agency and it's said
(32:59):
that clinical trials are now safer thanthey've ever been. In the ten years
following the trial, none of thepatients have developed cancer. David Oakley went
on to have three children with hispartner. He reiterates the importance of drug
trials in advancing medical knowledge. RobOldfield now values his life so much more
(33:22):
and tries to make the most outof it. What's most surprising, I
think is that in twenty and thirteen, TGN fourteen twelve successfully passed Phase one
of the human trials in Russia underthe new name TAB zero eight. In
this trial, they used naught pointone percent of the antibody that was used
(33:45):
in the London trial, and itwas infused into the bloodstream at least forty
times more slowly. And that's theend of today's episode. Thank you so
much for joining me today. TheStudent's Verdict is a bi weekly podcast,
so follow us on social media tohear about our next episode. The Student's
(34:07):
Verdict can be found anywhere you listento podcasts, including Spreeker, YouTube and
iHeartRadio. See you on the nextone. And remember to keep living the dream.
In February two thousand and six,a new drug called TGN fourteen twelve had
successfully passed the animal trials, whichmeant it could now be tested on humans.
It was hoped that this drug wouldrevolutionize the treatment of leukemia and some
autoimmune diseases. Eight men applied totake part in a three day clinical drug
(00:34):
trial, and in return they wouldreceive two thousand pounds. Six men would
be given TGN fourteen twelve and twowould be given a placebo. One volunteer
would later recall how the doctor activatedthe needle injected me. Then I began
to feel cold, and this wasjust the start. The medical unit the
(00:59):
volunteers were on would be treated asa crime scene by police, with doctors
unable to predict how severe the situationwas going to get. The six volunteers
given TGN fourteen twelve would be leftfighting for their lives. Hello everybody,
(01:23):
and welcome to episode nineteen of theStudent's Verdict podcast. Thank you for joining
me on another true crime adventure.To all of you new listeners, welcome,
Pull up a chair. My nameis Emily and I'm your host.
If you haven't already, please goand listen to some of our earlier episodes,
including The Toolbox Killers and I Representeda Serial Killer. Please follow me
(01:47):
on all the socials, Instagram atthe Student Verdict Pod, Twitter at Student
Verdict, and on Facebook, whereI have a page and a group for
us to chat and share. Ifyou missed anything I just said, links
are in the show notes. Asalways, if you enjoy the show,
please consider leaving me a review.If you don't like me, then please
(02:09):
keep your opinions to yourself. Asalways, resources used in this episode will
be linked in the show notes,But my main source today is a YouTube
video by Real Stories called Drug TrialGoes Terribly Wrong Emergency at the Hospital.
Please give it a watch if youhaven't already link in the show notes.
(02:30):
In the show notes you will alsofind links to the Student's Verdict merchandise and
my Patreon page. Any support you'dlike to give is hugely appreciated. Now,
with all of that said, let'sjump into today's episode. This case
is a bit of an unusual onein that it's not your usual true crime
(02:50):
case. But after I watched aYouTube documentary on it, I knew I
wanted to tell you all about it. TGM fourteen twelve. The drug at
the center of this story was developedby a German pharmaceutical company called Tjenero.
It was hoped that this drug wouldrevolutionize treatment of leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis,
(03:15):
and some autoimmune diseases. This drugwas known as a monoclonal antibody. Its
purpose was to educate the immune systemsin humans into dealing with cancer. It
was hoped that this drug would bean alternative to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. TGN
fourteen twelve had shown promising results whenthe study was conducted on animals, but
(03:39):
as we know, all drugs mustbe tested on humans before they can be
widely distributed to the public. Peoplewho run clinical drug trials have legal obligations
under the Medicines for Human Use ClinicalTrials Regulations two thousand and four. In
these regulations, it stated that thefollowing need to be in place before a
(04:02):
new clinical trial can take place.The science the research is based on must
be reviewed by experts. The researchersmust secure the funding, an organization such
as a hospital or research institute,must agree to provide a home base for
the trial, and the Medicines andHealthcare Products Regulatory Agency or MH r A
(04:27):
needs to review and approve trials ofa medicine and must issue a clinical trial
authorization. It was a large multinationalresearch organization, per Excel International Limited who
would be conducting the first in manstudy for TGN fourteen twelve. Even though
(04:47):
they shared their premises with Northwick ParkHospital, the clinical trials would take place
independent from the hospital. So inFebruary two thousand and six, eight men
signed up to test this new drugin a three day clinical trial. Rob
(05:09):
Oldfield or patient zero zero seven,was thirty one years old. He had
been back from la for two months, having completed an acting course out there.
He was in a bit of debtand signed up to the trial to
earn some extra money. Perexel wereoffering each volunteer two thousand pounds for taking
(05:30):
part. David Oakley, patient zerozero one, was thirty four years old.
He'd seen an advert and, likemister Oldfield, thought that two thousand
pounds for three days work sounded prettygood. Mister Oakley had done two drug
trials previously and had found both trialsabsolutely fine. The third volunteer, Raste
(05:55):
Khan, patient zero zero two,was twenty three years old. He had
just finished university and was in betweenjobs. He saw medical trials as a
quote get rich quick scheme and ano brainer. The fourth volunteer, Ryan
Wilson, was just twenty one yearsold when the trial started. I couldn't
(06:17):
find details for the remaining individuals,who I can only assume wanted to remain
anonymous. Prior to the drug trial, some preliminary tests were done on the
volunteers and then they were given paperwork. It was said to be an eleven
page consent form which detailed the risksof taking part. There was a doctor
(06:39):
present in the room who told thevolunteers all about the drug. Volunteer Rastei
Khan would later say that the significanceof this being the first in man study
was not explained to the volunteers fully. The volunteers then signed the consent forms.
So when you have a d trial, everything should be done in the
(07:01):
preclinical studies to limit any anticipated risk, but drug trials are never entirely without
risk. The volunteers were aware ofthis, but they were told that the
risks were hives or anaphylactic shock,so didn't hesitate to sign the form.
The plan was for the drug companyto look at the highest dose of the
(07:26):
drug that was without any adverse effectsin the monkeys, and then they scaled
the dose back five hundredfold. Thetrial was a double blind, randomized controlled
trial. Six of the men wouldbe given TGN fourteen twelve and two would
be given the placebo. The volunteerswouldn't know whether they've been given the drug
(07:50):
or the placebo. Monday, thirteenthof March two thousand and six drug trial
Day one. The group of eightmen had initially been split into two groups
of four who were in two differentbays, trial Bay one and two.
One person in each of the bayswould be given a passebo. The remaining
(08:13):
six were given TGN fourteen twelve ateight am. Patient zero zero one,
thirty four year old David Oakley,was the first to receive the drug.
All the volunteers had a canula fittedto their arms and an electronic syringe.
The doctor then came around, pluggedin a syringe and pressed start. The
(08:37):
doctor in charge of the clinical trialwas doctor Daniel Bradford. Doctor Bradford later
stated that as a student, hehimself had volunteered in medical trials to earn
some extra money. Then when hebecame a junior doctor. He joined a
private company where he ran the drugtrials. At eight ten am, patient
(09:00):
zero zero two, Raste Khan,received the drug, but it wasn't actually
the drug, unbeknownst to him.He was lucky and received the placebo.
It all started to go wrong ataround eight to twenty am when patient zero
zero one, the first to receivethe drug, started to get a headache.
(09:24):
The headache got worse and worse untilit became a searing migraine, which
David Oakley said he had rarely experiencedin his life. He told the nurse
about his headache, believing it hadto be linked to the drug. She
got him a cold compress to puton his head, but did not give
him any medication or pain killers asthey didn't want the volunteers taking anything that
(09:48):
might taint the effects of the trialdrug, despite the complaints from David Oakley.
At eight forty am, the drugwas administered to patient zero zero five.
This was twenty one year old RyanWilson. At eight fifty am,
David Oakley's migraine would come in waves. The intense pain would subside and then
(10:11):
flare up again without warning. Theadministration of the drug in Trial Bay two
continued despite the side effects experienced inTrial Bay one. After the seventh patient
had received the drug, the nurseinformed doctor Bradford that one of the patients
had a headache. While he administeredthe final dose to the eighth patient,
(10:33):
the nurse returned and told him thatthe same patient was feeling worse. David
Oakley suddenly started to experience severe shootingpains in his lower back. No matter
how he laid in the bed,the pain was present. Another patient,
patient zero zero three, started experiencingthe same headache and back pain that patient
(10:56):
zero zero one experienced. Raste OnPatient zero zero two watched the side effects
hit each of the men around himone by one by one. He watched
and waited for the same sickness tofinally hit him two. By nine twenty
am, all eight men had receivedeither TGN fourteen twelve or the placebo.
(11:22):
It was around this time that theside effects started to get worse. Patient
zero zero seven, Rob Oldfield,began to experience hypothermia shortly after being injected.
He described being cold and shaking uncontrollably, as if he was freezing,
and yet he wasn't cold. Itwas later said that the patients tumbled like
(11:48):
dominoes. The patients started throwing upover and over again. Some fainted,
and some couldn't control their bowels.Out of desperate ration, patient zero zero
three tried to get up out ofhis hospital bed and leave. He was
begging to go home, where hethought he would be safe. Of course,
(12:09):
the staff couldn't let him leave.Doctor Bradford described how the men deteriorated
as their bodies went into shock.Staff were now out of their depth,
with the scene being described as ahorror movie. Hours after the symptoms began,
Raste Khan, patient zero zero two, was still sitting in the trial
(12:31):
bay, surrounded by men in cripplingpain whose bodies were shutting down. At
this point, he still didn't knowthat he had been given a placebo,
and so sat in fear that soonhis own body would turn on itself.
Suddenly, the doctors and nurses swarmedthe trial bay, closing the curtains around
(12:52):
the patients who were experiencing the sideeffects, leaving mister Khan alone with only
the sounds of his fellow volunteers forcompany. As the volunteers health deteriorated further
and further and the situation got moreand more desperate. Doctor Bradford called the
Intensive care unit at Northwick Park Hospital. Up to this point, the NHS
(13:16):
were unaware that the trial was takingplace, despite them sharing the same premises.
When he couldn't reach the medical registrar, doctor Bradford ran down the stairs
to the intensive care unit itself anddemanded the first two doctors he saw follow
him. As their first course ofaction. NHS doctors advised that fluids,
(13:37):
antihistamines, and a dose of hydrocortizonebe administered to the volunteers by the perexol
team. The two volunteers given theplacebo, one of whom was patient zero
zero two Raste Khan, were unpluggedand told to go and get some food
and someone would be with them shortly. Mister Kahn was still very unsure about
(13:58):
what was going on. At onep m. Five hours after the trial
began, the two patients who receivedthe placebo were sent home as they were
at no risk of any complications.What was terrifying for mister Khan was that
when he went to collect his things, the ward was empty. He didn't
know if they were dead, theywere just gone. It turns out that
(14:24):
the remaining six patients had been movedinto one bay, so Porexel was able
to monitor all of them as agroup. Rob Oldfield, patient zero zero
seven, recalled feeling worried, butsaid he still had faith in Porexel.
He didn't seem to have realized atthe time just how dangerous his situation was.
(14:46):
Even though all the volunteers were sufferinggreatly, a couple seemed to be
suffering more than the rest, oneof whom was twenty one year old Ryan
Wilson. Surgeons soon arrived on theward and once again drew the curtains around
Ryan. Shortly after, they wheeledRyan away. It was at this point
(15:11):
that it suddenly hit rob Oldfield thatsomething was seriously wrong. Doctor Ganesh Sainthara
Lingham, a consultant in intensive caremedicine at Northwick Park Hospital, was surprised
when his phone rang as he wasn'ton duty that night. As he picked
(15:31):
up the phone and listened to whathad happened with a Perexcel drug trial that
had gone wrong, he soon realizedthe severity of the situation and said he
would come to the ward immediately.By eight pm, when doctor Ganesh arrived
it had been twelve hours since thetrial began. When he arrived at the
ICU, he went straight to Ryan, saying quote, he was as unwell
(15:56):
as anyone I've ever seen. RyanWilson's blood pressure was low and his lungs
were very damaged. He had tobe kept on high doses of medication to
keep him stable. All the menwere eventually transferred to Northwick Park Hospital and
the NHS subsequently took over their care. Because there was no space in the
(16:19):
ICU, five beds had been movedinto the recovery area. However, there
weren't enough kidney machines. The rateof deterioration in the patients was very rapid
as all the men had multiple organfailure and so police vans were driving from
all over the city with the necessarymachines to keep the volunteers alive. Doctor
(16:42):
Bradford was under extreme pressure. Hehad been told that it looked like one
of the patients might die, inwhich case he would be charged with manslaughter.
This was quickly becoming a major incidentas there were a lot of unknowns.
(17:02):
The patients had unstable blood pressures,their breathing had been hugely affected.
They had organ failure and it lookedlike they might have septicemia blood poisoned stemming
from an infection. Because there wasevidence of an infection, there was the
possibility that the transfusions had been contaminated. All the volunteers had received injections from
(17:27):
a batch of vials made under sterileconditions, but there was always a risk.
In a desperate attempt to try andhelp the volunteers, doctor Bradford went
back and read the document which detailedeverything known about TGN fourteen twelve. In
this document, it stated that therewas an unlikely risk of a cytokine storm,
(17:52):
which is an extreme immune reaction accordingto According to Google, cytokine are
small proteins released by different cells inthe body, including those of the immune
system, where they coordinate the body'sresponse against infection and trigger inflammation. A
cytokine storm is a severe immune reactionin which the body releases too many cytokines
(18:18):
into the blood too quickly. Immunecells can then start attacking tissue, leading
to multiple organ failure. Doctor Bradfordpassed this information onto the NHS team,
explaining that it was quite possible thatthe volunteers were experiencing a cytokine storm as
a result of the drug. Treatmentfor a cytokine storm would involve giving the
(18:44):
patients a powerful immune suppressant drug anda high dose of steroids. But there
is a risk if they're wrong andit's not a cytokine storm but an extreme
infection. Giving the men immune suppressantdrugs could cause them to deteriorate even further
as their bodies wouldn't be able tofight off the infection. Before deciding on
(19:07):
a course of treatment, the doctorson the ward decided to get other medical
experts involved. This included doctor NikiPanascalcis, a consultant hemato oncologist at Northwick
Park Hospital. She told interviewers thatshe couldn't believe it when she got the
call. Having considered the signs andsymptoms that were being described to her,
(19:30):
doctor Niki thought that it was moreconsistent with a cytokine storm and should be
treated as so aggressively. In thiscase, there was no margin for error.
The volunteers were in such a badway that an error now could kill
them. The decision was made totreat the men as if they were suffering
(19:52):
with cytokine release syndrome. One thousandmilligram of steroids were administered immediately. This
is considered to be a significant dose. Doctors could then only wait and see.
At three thirty a m David Oakley'spartner, Katrina Oakley, was telephoned
(20:15):
by a nurse. She was toldthat there had been a problem with the
drug trial and that she needed tocome to the hospital as soon as possible.
When she arrived, the doctor advisedher that David's condition was very serious.
He also warned her that David wouldlook quite different. He was very
swollen because of the medication he hadbeen given. Despite the warning, the
(20:41):
sight of him was still shocking.Katrina recalled that David's face and stomach were
huge. Because of this, thepatients were described as the elephant men in
the media, who, by theway, had taken the story and run
with it. The media interest addedmore and more pressure on to the medical
(21:02):
staff who were trying to deal withsomething that was virtually unprecedented in British medical
history. Remember patient zero zero twoRaste Khan Well. He began to follow
the story on the news, watchingit unfold, he was scared to think
of the worst case scenario for hisfellow volunteers. He described it as Russian
(21:26):
roulette. He was painfully aware thathe easily could have been one of the
volunteers in the hospital, but wasfortunate enough to receive the placebo instead.
The other volunteers were given two dosesof steroids to try and stabilize their condition.
At two am on Tuesday, thefourteenth of March, medical staff called
(21:48):
rob Oldfield's mother and told her sheshould come to the hospital. She immediately
started the drive from Bristol to NorthwickPark Hospital. When she arrived, he
knew how bad he must have lookedjust by looking at his mother's face.
He knew he was puffy, thewhites of his eyes were orange because of
(22:11):
the toxins. He knew he wasn'twell at all. At nine a m
Scotland Yard contacted the Medicines and healthCare Products Regulatory Agency, the government body
that regulates clinical trials. Gerald Haddell, the Director of Inspections, Enforcement and
(22:32):
Standards at the mh r A,received the phone call from the Special Crime
Unit and was told what had happened. Suddenly, this case became a possible
criminal investigation, specifically a case oftampering. The original trial bays were therefore
treated as a crime scene. Thepolice collected the drug, the placebo,
(22:56):
all clinical samples, and the bloodsamples taken from the voluntary All of these
things were seized and held under therules of criminal evidence. Doctor Adrian Bristow,
head of biotherapeutics at the National Institutefor Biological Standards and Control, explained
that there was a chance that therewas a mistake, such as the drug
(23:18):
being mislabeled or the drug being administeredat the wrong strength. There was also
the possibility that someone had intentionally contaminatedthe drug. At the conclusion of the
tests into the drug's identity and purity, it was confirmed that it was indeed
the right drug, the right strength, and was not contaminated, which means
(23:41):
authorities still didn't have the answer tothe big question what went wrong in a
routine clinical trial which led to sixmen being hospitalized on the brink of death
for two weeks. The volunteer's bloodwas filtered twenty four hours a day.
Their immune systems had crashed and theirlivers, kidneys, and lungs were failing.
(24:07):
Fluid had seeped into their lungs,and they had to breathe air through
a mask while a direct line pumpedvital drugs into their hearts. And then,
at eight am on Wednesday, thefifteenth of March, a full forty
eight hours since the trial began,during a ward round, something truly remarkable
(24:29):
happened. Within an hour of eachother. Each of the four patients told
staff that they were suddenly feeling muchbetter. Patient zero zero one, David
Oakley, recalled feeling things were gettingbetter, and Patient zero zero seven,
Rob Oldfield recalled feeling hungry for thefirst time in forty eight hours. Two
(24:55):
patients who had been in worse conditionsthan the other four had been on ventilators,
but their fevers were coming down andit seemed as though the underlying inflammation
was burning out. There was,of course, a sense of relief,
but they still had a long wayto go. On Monday, the twentieth
(25:15):
of March, seven days since thetrial began, the two patients were still
in critical condition, but the remainingfour were moved out of intensive care on
to an NHS ward. Their organswere now stable, and they were unplugged
from all the machines that had atone point been keeping them alive. The
(25:37):
volunteers were understandably hugely grateful to theNHS. Had Perrexel not shared their premises
with Northwick Park Hospital, the situationcould have been even worse. Speaking of
Porexel, they apologized to the individualsand their families, but were unable to
comment on the long term prognosis forthe patients. There were concerns that the
(26:03):
volunteers might laiter down the line developcancer, autoimmune diseases, and infertility.
David Oakley stated that his body waslike that of an eighty year old.
His muscles had wasted away after thecytokine storm attacked the cells in the tissue.
With this, there was also theconcern that, because of the drug's
(26:27):
attack on the patient's immune systems,that they might not be able to fight
any kind of illness, even thecommon cold. Because their immune systems were
so weak, almost non existent.They were therefore told to avoid places like
public transport or any places where theywould be exposed to germs. Remember Ryan
(26:49):
Wilson well. When Rob Oldfield wentto say goodbye to his fellow volunteer,
Ryan was still in a critical condition. He was unable to talk and his
fingers had blackened. Twenty one yearold Ryan would be in hospital for a
staggering four months. During his timein hospital, he contracted pneumonia, septicemia
(27:15):
and dry gangrene. His finger tipsfell off, and he had part of
his foot and toes amputated. Whatspooky is that Ryan is still haunted by
his father's words. The night beforethe trial, his father warned him not
to take part in the clinical studybecause his body is a temple. With
(27:40):
all that had happened, Rob Oldfielddecided that he wanted to get legal advice,
so took on clinical trials lawyer JeanMathers. Having reviewed the case,
Jeane Mathers expressed concern regarding the amountof time between the doses. He noted
that the clients were being injected inquite quick succession, one after the other,
(28:04):
despite the fact that the earlier patientswere already complaining of side effects.
One scientist, Professor Terry Hamblin ofSouthampton University, described it as reckless,
with them eight men being injected attwo minute intervals, leaving little time to
assess the impact on one person beforemoving on to the next. Another legal
(28:30):
concern was that the patients received thewhole drug in between three and six minutes,
which was extremely fast. Mathers didn'tbelieve that the preclinical testing on animals
was done at that pace, meaningthat in the human trial the drug was
administered ten times quicker into the bloodstreamthan it had been to the monkeys.
(28:56):
Twenty three days after the trial began, the government body that had licensed the
trial, MHRA, published their initialreport. They found that the trial had
been conducted as intended and concluded thatthe adverse effects were the result of quote
an unpredictable biological action of the drugin humans. The patients did not accept
(29:21):
this report, believing that it hadbeen rushed. They also believed that the
MHRA were looking to protect themselves,as they were the ones who had given
the trial the green light in thefirst place. They felt that Perexel had
been ill prepared, as they hadno backup in the event that anything went
wrong, and that the positives hadn'tstarted until the NHS stepped in. The
(29:45):
men then awaited a more detailed independentreport. In two thousand and nine,
Perexel settled out of court, givingundisclosed amounts of money to each of the
six men. Rob Oldfield told reportersthat he received substantial cash payments over the
course of two years as compensation,some of which he used to hire a
(30:10):
personal trainer to help him get backinto a healthy shape. However, he
did not feel that the money hereceived was sufficient, explaining that Perexel's own
documents stated that the drug could causea cytokine storm, so they were aware
the volunteers were at risk. Still, scientists couldn't explain why t g N
(30:34):
fourteen twelve acted the way it did. It was believed that although the T
cell receptors in macacques and humans werevirtually identical, there was clearly something which
meant that monkeys did not respond tothe drug in the same way that the
human does. It was said thatthere was a problem with the study.
(30:56):
Three of the pre clinical studies gavean answer that suggested that there was no
risk where there actually was. Itwas reported that throughout the investigation into what
went wrong, Perexel was criticized fortheir part. Quote Perexel's catalog of errors
listed in the report issued by theMedicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency include failing
(31:22):
to complete proper patient medical records andnot providing twenty four hour medical cover end
quote. The final independent report intothe TGN fourteen twelve trial uncovered a lot
of errors, including failure to completethe full medical background of a trial subject
in writing and a failure to updatethe record of one volunteer. There was
(31:48):
no contract between Tijinero, the developersof the drug, and Perexel at the
start of the trial, and therewas only a draft contract between Perexel and
a private lab that was involved inthe trial. Two volunteers were allowed to
leave the trial before it was confirmedthat they had received the placebo. One
of the doctors involved in the trialdidn't have adequate training or experience, and
(32:14):
there was no twenty four hour medicalcover. It should be noted that per
Excel insists it followed all the correctprocedures during the trial. The report went
on to make twenty two recommendations toimprove the safety of first in man trials.
One of the main recommendations was thatwhere a person is receiving the drug
(32:37):
for the first time, it shouldnot be administered to a number of volunteers
all in the same day. Otherrecommendations limited the size of the dose and
recommended that high risk trials take placewithin a hospital with access to intensive care.
These recommendations have now been adopted bythe European Medical Agency and it's said
(32:59):
that clinical trials are now safer thanthey've ever been. In the ten years
following the trial, none of thepatients have developed cancer. David Oakley went
on to have three children with hispartner. He reiterates the importance of drug
trials in advancing medical knowledge. RobOldfield now values his life so much more
(33:22):
and tries to make the most outof it. What's most surprising, I
think is that in twenty and thirteen, TGN fourteen twelve successfully passed Phase one
of the human trials in Russia underthe new name TAB zero eight. In
this trial, they used naught pointone percent of the antibody that was used
(33:45):
in the London trial, and itwas infused into the bloodstream at least forty
times more slowly. And that's theend of today's episode. Thank you so
much for joining me today. TheStudent's Verdict is a bi weekly podcast,
so follow us on social media tohear about our next episode. The Student's
(34:07):
Verdict can be found anywhere you listento podcasts, including Spreeker, YouTube and
iHeartRadio. See you on the nextone. And remember to keep living the dream.
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