The Boston Eight: Exonerate Massachusetts' Forgotten Witch Trial Victims

Episode Transcript
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Sarah Jack (00:00):
Massachusetts has an opportunity to make history, and

(00:03):
you can be a part of it. Josh Hutchinson: I'm Josh
Hutchinson. Welcome to The Thing About Witch
Hunts. Sarah Jack: And I'm Sarah Jack.
Together with other community members, we co-founded the
Connecticut Witch Trial Exoneration Project.
We launched this podcast in 2022, specifically to support
Connecticut's legislative efforts, and together with

(00:26):
advocates like you, we successfully passed
Connecticut's witch trial absolution bill in 2023.

Josh Hutchinson (00:34):
We are just people who saw an overlooked
injustice and decided to do something about it, and now
Massachusetts needs that same energy.

Sarah Jack (00:43):
On November 25th, 2025, bill H 1927 goes before
the Massachusetts General Court.If the Joint Committee on the
Judiciary moves it forward, it would go to the House of
Representatives for a vote. Otherwise, this bill dies Josh

Hutchinson (01:01):
This bill will exonerate the eight people
convicted of witchcraft in Boston and recognize everyone
else who suffered accusations across Massachusetts.
Between 1648 and 1693, more than200 people were formally charged
with witchcraft in Massachusetts.
Only 31 from Salem have been cleared.

(01:21):
The rest forgotten. Until now.

Sarah Jack (01:26):
Here's ultimately why this matters.
Witch hunts are still happening today.
People around the world are still being accused, attacked,
and killed over witchcraft accusations.
When we stand up for these historical victims, we're also
standing against witch hunts happening right now.

We need your voice to make it happen, and we
are going to tell you all the reasons this is important and
how you can help. Sarah Jack: Here's why this
matters to you. Witch hunts didn't end in the
1600s, and we educate about thatevery week on this podcast.
When we stand up for these historical victims,

(02:06):
we're standing against that samepattern today, and we need your
voice to make it happen. You do have the power to act.
H 1927, An Act Exonerating Certain Individuals Accused of
Witchcraft in Colonial Massachusetts, needs your
support. H 1927 again, will receive a

(02:27):
hearing by the Joint Committee on the Judiciary in the
Massachusetts General Court at the State House on Tuesday,
November 25th, 2025 at 10:00 AM,and you can submit written
testimony for that, or you can come up and show your support in
person. Sarah Jack: We have information
on how to submit that testimony in the show notes for you.

(02:50):
So what is H 1927?
This bill proposed by representative Steven Owens,
whose district includes parts ofWatertown and Cambridge, would
exonerate eight people convictedof witchcraft in Boston, not
Salem, in Boston, between 1648 and 1688, and would provide for

(03:12):
a general clearing of everyone who was ever accused of
witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts.
That's over 200 people like we've mentioned.
So you have the power to get this to happen, and we're really
looking forward to working with you.

Sarah Jack (03:31):
There's some steps this bill has to go through to
survive, to pass and exonerate these innocent people.
First, it needs to go through this Joint Committee on the
Judiciary, then to the House, then to the Senate.

(03:52):
Why do we need H 1927? Josh Hutchinson: Well, there's a
long history of exoneration in Massachusetts, going back to the
early 18th century. Through various bills passed by
the Massachusetts General Court over the last several centuries,
the Salem convicted have been cleared, as well as Giles Corey,

(04:16):
who was pressed to death with stones for not agreeing to stand
trial. So they've all been cleared, but
the Boston have not. Not one of them has had their
name cleared yet. Sarah Jack: I did have a
great-grandmother that stood trial in Boston.
That was Mary Hale. She wasn't convicted.

I had a great grandaunt, Elizabeth Morse, who
was one of the eight convicted that we're gonna talk about.
Like we're saying, you know, witch trials didn't just happen
in Salem in 1692 and 1693. It happened all around
Massachusetts from the western side of the state to the eastern
seaboard. There were witch trials from

(05:00):
1648 to 1691. Sarah Jack: Massachusetts,
Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maryland, Virginia,
everywhere has hunted witches. Josh Hutchinson: Like we said,
Connecticut did pass an absolution bill.
They also in that bill apologized for the witch trials.

(05:21):
They're the only state that has done that to date for its
witchcraft accusations. Sarah Jack: We have resources
for you on all of this history that we're talking about, our
websites, our podcast episodes, and the petition at
change.org/witchtrials has lots of information for you, so go
check that out today. Josh Hutchinson: Yeah, let's

(05:43):
talk for a minute about what a witch was in the 17th century.
A witch was somebody who was in a diabolical covenant.
They had signed a pact with the devil to serve him, usually for
a period of some number of years, though he would trick
them into staying for life basically.

And Sarah Jack (06:03):
Allegedly, all of this is alleged.

Allegedly, nobody ever produced Satan's
little book that he recorded thenames in, or you know, showed
hoof prints in the snow or anything that Satan would've
left behind, but a witch was tied to this diabolical
covenant, and since we know thatpeople weren't covenanting with
the devil, we know that everybody accused of witchcraft

(06:29):
back then was actually innocent of what they were accused of.
It was just neighbors accusing neighbors of causing their
misfortunes and failures. Sarah Jack: One misunderstanding
is sometimes that it might have been their religious practices
that they were getting punished for.
In these cases, this was not a religious persecution in that

(06:51):
sense. Folk magic, English folk magic,
which was of course a lot of themagic that would've been
practiced, mostly secretly. They were not prosecuting for
folk magic practices. It was for the devil.
This is Christians prosecuting their
fellow Christians. It's not outsiders.
It's generally the Puritan Congregationalists accusing one

(07:16):
another, and not people outside of their group.

Sarah Jack (07:21):
So you said there is a history of legislation in
Massachusetts? Josh Hutchinson: Yeah.
This legislation to clear the Salem accused, it's taken over
300 years to get everyone cleared up.
Back in 1703, 3 women had their names cleared.
But then in 1711, 20 some more men and women and children,

(07:47):
Abigail Hobbs, who was a 15-year-old girl, they got
cleared. So that seemed at the time to
cover everybody who needed it. Fast forward from 1711, we're
now in the 20th century, clearlyin the middle of the 20th

(08:08):
century. In about 1945, a man, a
descendant of Ann Pudeator brought some legislation before
the Massachusetts General Court to clear her name and "certain
other persons," who were convicted of witchcraft in Salem
but were not named in the bill, which didn't pass until 1957.

(08:32):
So 12 years this descendant led this effort and kept, you know,
going back to the General Court,will you pass this, will you
pass this, will you pass this, and then they did.

And that Sarah Jack (08:45):
But it sounds like there is a pattern
of them not taking these bills up.

Not initially. It seems people have had to go
back to the well on it. But you should have seen how
much trouble it was in the 18th century to get the initial
reversals of attainder passed. That took a lot of people's
voices coming in to make it happen.
And then in the 20th century, it's similar obstacles and even

(09:17):
in the 21st, but turning to the 21st century, those certain
other persons got named. In 2001, five more women were
named and cleared, exonerated. This effort was led by a college
student at Salem State University.
Then in 2022, the last person convicted in Salem was finally

(09:41):
cleared. That's Elizabeth Johnson, Jr.
She was in the news a lot that year, so you may have heard
about this. This effort was led by a teacher
and her classes at North AndoverMiddle School.
So here these last two ones, you've got a college student and
then middle school students doing the effort.

Sarah Jack (10:01):
Yeah, and that exoneration for Elizabeth
Johnson, Jr. took a lot of work.It didn't make it out of the
committee. So this committee that H 1927 is
up to see, although it would, ofcourse, could have different
legislators representing the committee this year.
Elizabeth Johnson Jr. didn't make it past that committee.

No, so the Joint Committee on the
Judiciary, they need to file a favorable report on the bill, so
it will go to the house and go up for debate and a vote.
Otherwise, the bill gets sent tostudy, and when it's in study,
it's more or less invisible. It's not being actively worked

(10:45):
on. So we really want this to get
through committee. Sarah Jack: Yeah, and
fortunately for Elizabeth Johnson, Jr., her advocates got
her attached to a budget bill. Josh Hutchinson: Yes.
And so she was ultimately cleared.
She's been added into the 1957 resolution along with the women

(11:06):
cleared in 2001. They were added to that, which
cleared them along with Ann Pudeator and just gave them
their names that they need. And so this bill now also names
the eight individuals that are accused.
I do wanna mention that you can read the 1957 resolution and H

(11:28):
1927 at our website, massachusettswitchtrials.org,
again, point you to that for a lot of resources about the
Massachusetts Witch Trials. So, as I was saying, this bill
adds eight individuals to the 1957 resolution by name.

Sarah Jack (11:47):
Margaret Jones, Josh Hutchinson
Alice Lake, Josh Hutchinson

Jack (11:54):
Eunice Cole, Josh Hutchinson
Elizabeth Morse, Josh Hutchinson

Sarah Jack (12:01):
Those eight, their names are not cleared.
But we can do something about this.
Yeah. Josh Hutchinson: And this bill
also, because we recognize that out of these over 200 people
accused of witchcraft, there's still 180 some people probably,
other than these 31 who've had their names cleared at for

(12:23):
Salem, there's all these people accused of witchcraft who've not
been acknowledged in legislationyet.
So this provides for the clearing of those more than 200
people, we don't necessarily know the exact number because
the records aren't entirely intact from the 17th century,
but this would clear anybody whowas accused in Massachusetts at

(12:47):
any point in time. Sarah Jack: But these eight by
name. Josh Hutchinson: But eight by
name, and these by general stroke of the brush.
Yeah. So that general stroke would
include Tituba. She served months and months in
prison and received no acknowledgement for that

(13:10):
injustice. This would cover that.

Yeah, these, because these people, they've
served the time in prison. They suffered, they went through
the terrible conditions in there.
There's so much sickness and heat and cold, and you don't
have proper bedding or sanitation or food or anything
in the jails at the time. So it was a really rough deal to

(13:36):
get stuck in there. And another person who
unfortunately got stuck in jail for about seven months and
really had a hard time with it, because she was four years old,
was Dorothy Good? She's just a little baby girl
stuck in a dungeon in chains forseven months.

Sarah Jack (13:58):
Tiny little chains, they would've had chains on her.

They made you know, special shackles for her
wrists and ankles, so that they could chain her and hopefully
keep her specter from roaming and doing harm to people.

Sarah Jack (14:15):
I'd really like to see Dorothy receive this
acknowledgement. Josh Hutchinson: Dorothy really
needs it. Let's do this for her.
Does this bill provide restitution or
reparations? Josh Hutchinson: No.
It does not provide for any payments to any parties, any

(14:36):
descendants. Sorry, but this is about the
victims themselves. It's about acknowledging the
injustice that was done and saying, Hey, this shouldn't have
happened. This was wrong.
We know that. Sarah Jack: And does this finish
then the exonerations for Massachusetts?

This covers everyone.
So if new people are discovered that have been accused, they're
already in this legislation, theway that it's worded is that has
a general provision for anyone accused of witchcraft.

Sarah Jack (15:18):
One of the things that we learned early on in the
experience of working on the Connecticut, which trial victims
is people really struggle to understand why a posthumous
exoneration is significant, and there are so many reasons.
When I'm out giving presentations in the community

(15:41):
about historical witch trials and modern witch trials, I
inevitably always get this question, well, why do they need
exonerated? So I think we should talk about
some of those reasons. Josh Hutchinson: Yeah.
Let's talk first about generational and familial
trauma. This. injustice didn't it just
harm the people that were directly accused?

(16:03):
It harmed everybody in their orbit, because you're taking
somebody out of that circle at least for a period of time while
they're in jail, permanently if they're executed.
You're removing a piece of a family, so of course, it's gonna
be a big trauma and ordeal for anybody who cares about that

(16:24):
person and anybody who relies upon that person.
That's a really great example, Josh, and I was
thinking about we really see that in the modern witch hunts
today too, because entire families become outcasts or a
breadwinner or a protector is gone.
So when people are hunted as witches, it just really destroys

(16:49):
the family. Josh Hutchinson: Yeah, some
families were actually broken upin the witch trials, because the
parents were jailed or executed,and the children had to be sent
off to other homes to be raised.Sarah Jack: Did that happen to
Reverend Burroughs' children? Josh Hutchinson: It happened to,
Reverend Burroughs and to SamuelWardwell's children in the Salem

(17:12):
Witch Trials. Sarah Jack: Witch accusations
are real colonial heritage. Sometimes I think we get the
idea that because Salem was justso wild, and it's this huge
story, you know, fact is stranger than fiction story kind
of thing. I think we don't necessarily

(17:35):
recognize that people were actually accusing each other of
witchcraft all along. At the beginning of this
episode, you mentioned that across the 17th century, that
these witch accusations were happening, and this is an
injustice, and this is a behavior and a phenomenon that
was literally present as our colonial history was unfolding.

(17:56):
So we really need to recognize and acknowledge this isn't a
behavior that communities shouldhave.

This was unjust.
This was a miscarriage of justice.
It was the definition. Now, we actually, if you look in
a dictionary at injustice, theremight actually be a reference to
the Salem Witch Trials because it's become synonymous with

(18:25):
injustice and scapegoating, othering, oppressing people and
dehumanizing them. This is it.

Sarah Jack (18:33):
And the Boston convicted really experienced
this othering, this dehumanization, this
scapegoating. If you look at what we know
about the women who were hanged,Governor Winthrop wrote very
dehumanizing things about Margaret Jones.
We know Anne Hibbens, the widow who was hanged, they were

(18:57):
oppressing her. It was really hard to look at
that history, because those women were so vulnerable, and
that's why they were victimized by witch trials.

Yes, but those women themselves told us they
were innocent and that they wanted justice.

Sarah Jack (19:14):
So Margaret Jones did not confess, but our voices
today are still the ones saying Margaret Jones is innocent.
Let's clear her name. Josh Hutchinson: Witchcraft was
a supernatural crime. It's not a crime that's provable
in court. So how could you be sure that
somebody you were accusing of witchcraft actually did it?

(19:36):
There were no eyewitnesses to any acts of witchcraft.
There were eyewitnesses to specters and specters are just,
it could be anything, just SarahJack: were ghosts, ghost
stories. Josh Hutchinson: of spots on the
wall or a shadow in the corner. That could be anything.
And these are the, this was the evidence that was used in a lot

(19:59):
of these witch trials before andduring Salem.
In 2025, I would be shocked, and I am shocked all
the time, but I would be shockedif someone tried to blame it on
the devil today. But that was an excuse, and
saying excuse might be a little harsh, but as a descendant, I

(20:19):
look at that, I'm like, what an excuse.
But they were trying to reconcile what they had done,
and they were chasing the devil.Then they just believed, oh, we
were also deluded by the devil, and that became part of their
apology. And this apology, it doesn't
need that. It shouldn't have that.

(20:39):
I want their names cleared without blaming the devil.

Yeah, we don't need to blame the devil.
This was human action that caused these witch trials to
happen, humans that made every decision every step of the way
and decided that they wanted to scapegoat their neighbors and
eliminate them. There was no good evidence used

(21:04):
in the courts for these witch trials.
There was hearsay from neighbors.
There was a lot of conjecturing.There was the "hey, 18 years ago
I had an argument with this woman, and then three weeks
later, one of my cows got sick" kind of evidence.
And the spectral that we talked about already, just seeing

(21:26):
shapes and forms and saying thatthey were attacking you, is very
weak evidence. There was no physical proof
except for witches' marks and poppets, and witches' marks
could have been any kind of a blemish on anywhere on your
body, and a poppet is just a little doll that anybody could

(21:50):
have had for any purpose. Sarah Jack: In the Boston cases,
Margaret Jones was inspected andfound to have this mark of the
witch, witch mark. It's a really vague description
by the governor in his journals about her witch mark, and that

(22:10):
just makes me so mad. And then, you know, Goody
Glover, they found this doll in her home.
She had it in court. She was cleaning it off.
It meant something to her. Now she was Catholic and
sometimes I, when I'm thinking about her story, you know, it
could have represented somethingholy to her.

(22:30):
It was not a devil doll for Goody Glover.
Yeah, so let's set an example for others and
for future generations. Let's avoid othering each other
and scapegoating. Sarah Jack: The accounts and the

(22:52):
records that we do have often show these coercive
conversations that the magistrates were having with
these cornered and accused women, and those who did confess
were coerced. And do we still have to worry
about confessions being coerced from innocent people today?

(23:13):
We do. This is a way to stand against
that. Josh Hutchinson: Yeah.
And this is a way to stand against accusing vulnerable
people of crimes that they didn't commit, or in the case of
witchcraft, crimes that they couldn't have committed.

Sarah Jack (23:30):
Fear drives witch hunts.
Fear drove these witch hunts. We need to remind people to not
act dangerously in fear towards the vulnerable and to seek out
true reasons for misfortune and success.

So who supports H 1927 to clear the names of the
Massachusetts accused? Sarah Jack: Advocates, state
legislators, often it's descendants, but it's a whole
community. Josh Hutchinson: This bill, it's
sponsored by Steven Owens of Cambridge and Watertown, and

(24:07):
it's co-signed by Sally P. Kerans, William C.
Galvin and Natalie M. Higgins, also representatives in
the General Court. Sarah Jack: Descendants, there
are, what do we wanna say? Millions of descendants of witch
trial victims in this country and around the world.

(24:29):
We don't necessarily know all the descendants, especially of
those who are convicted in Boston.
We know of some, but we know that there are ones that we
can't find, because of incomplete records, or there
aren't records in indicating clearly if there was a
descendant. So it also takes the rest of us,

(24:51):
the rest of us in the community to say, this really was a
blemish and we need to say, sorry.
You may notice the pins that Josh and I are wearing here.
This is our project pin. You can buy those for a couple
dollars. It's under $5 on zazzle.com.
And this is the Massachusetts Witch-Hunt Justice Project

(25:13):
support pin. The link to that's in the show
notes and on our website. Josh Hutchinson: So, why should
you support H 1927? Sarah Jack: You can honor the
innocent victims. They were real people.
They have real stories. You can get to know them through
their real stories. Josh Hutchinson: We can

(25:34):
recognize the injustice of the witch trials and move forward
from there through education anddiscussion of what lessons can
we learn from these witch trialsand how do we avoid having them
again? Sarah Jack: Mary Esty, one of
the women hanged during the Salem Witch Trials, wrote a
petition that is well known, I would dare to say famous.

(25:57):
She wrote it to the magistrates.She recognized that she was
condemned and going to die. She was a little too polite.
I can say this because I'm her descendant.
She was a little too polite, butI don't blame her because she
had no agency. But she told them, even though
you think you're right, if you continue in this way, more

(26:18):
innocent people are going to die.
And that is what is still happening today.
There are refugees in camps in the country of Ghana, and if you
go to Amnesty International Ghana, you can catch some
YouTube videos of the survivors of witchcraft accusations, and
one of them really caught my earwhen I was listening to her.

(26:40):
She was talking about how it's too late for her, but change
needs to happen because of thosewho come before her.
Over 300 years between Mary Estyand that survivor in Ghana, and
they were essentially saying thesame thing Josh Hutchinson: Same
thing. And as Sarah is mentioning here,
this is so relevant in today's world because there are modern

(27:02):
victims of witch trials. There are modern victims of all
kinds of injustice all around the world.
We see this, every day in somewhere around the world.
Somebody is on the receiving endof injustice.
They're being scapegoated, they're being othered, they're

(27:23):
being prosecuted with little evidence.
All these things we need to stopdoing.

Sarah Jack (27:30):
Yeah, this effort is to take a stand against that
injustice too. Josh Hutchinson: There's also an
opportunity here to take a standagainst misogyny.
It was clearly a problem in the witch trials of the past.
All five of the five people executed for witchcraft in
Boston were women, and 75, of the people accused in the Salem

(27:56):
Witch Trials were women. Overall, something like 80 plus
percent of Massachusetts victimswere women.
So women, women, women, and girls.
It's also important to follow suit.
Connecticut has absolved their known accused witches.

(28:20):
They named 32 in their resolution.
They did a complete sweep for who was known to have gone
through this in the colony of Connecticut with that one bill.
So Margaret Jones, Goody Glover,Anne Hibbs, Alice Lake,
Elizabeth Morse, Hugh Parsons, Eunice Cole.
They're the last ones. That group of convictions has

(28:43):
not been addressed, and they're waiting for their turn.

They are. We've seen this movement
internationally, as well, to clear names and pardon and
receive apologies for the witch trials, because it was such a
great, huge piece of our past, and it hasn't been really

(29:08):
addressed. We've kind of just run from it
more than we have confronted. And so we have seen recently,
though, apologies in Scotland byboth the First Minister, Nicola
Sturgeon and the Kirk of Scotland, the church, they both
gave apologies. And then down in Spain, in

(29:30):
Catalonia, they pardoned hundreds and hundreds of people
who were accused and prosecuted for witchcraft in the early
modern period. Sarah Jack: Descendants who have
ancestors who were in the witch trials, they want it.
They want to see the names cleared of their ancestors.

(29:52):
We mentioned earlier, I'll mention again,
this is an opportunity to educate people about the witch
trials, not just for the sake oflearning the historical facts,
but to learn how we can better our society today by not going
through these cycles of moral panic and scapegoating.

Sarah Jack (30:15):
There's some great ways for you to participate.
First, sign the petition. We're at almost 3,000 names
right now, and I would love to see it hit 3,000 and just keep
ticking past that. 'cause I believe there's more
than 3,000 people in this world who want to see Margaret Jones,
the first woman in Massachusettshanged for witchcraft, get an

(30:41):
apology. You can do thathat at
change.org/witchtrials. Josh Hutchinson: So, from
anywhere in the world, you can sign that petition, and from
anywhere in the world you can submit written testimony.
We've already, we know of peoplein other countries who have
submitted testimony to the General Court for this bill, and

(31:03):
you can put that in. It could be very simple.
Keep it pretty short, maybe two or three paragraphs, talk about
what this bill means to you and why it's important to you,
specifically. You don't have to use any of our
reasons. You can use any reason that
occurs to you that makes it important.

(31:24):
And if you can say that in two sentences or six
sentences, that's enough. Your support of the bill and
your signature is gonna make a difference.
And we are gonna have the information for how you submit
written testimony in our show notes.
It's also at the petition website, and it's at the
Massachusetts Witch Trials website.

So three places for you to go to find that
information. Another thing that you can do
right now is write or call your own legislator, if you're in
Massachusetts, to ask them to support the bill and ask them to
co-sponsor it. Sarah Jack: Yeah, there's room
for more co-sponsors. When we worked on the
exoneration in Connecticut, it was like over 25 co-sponsors on

(32:09):
that bill by the time the bill was through, and it was
bipartisan. People came across all political
stances to support the Connecticut bill.
I'd like to see that in Massachusetts, too.
So Massachusetts residents, email your representative.
Email your senator. I know it's easy.

(32:32):
Jump on their website, send thema comment, ask them to sponsor
this bill. Josh Hutchinson: You can visit
our website for more informationand for some history on the
witch trials. At massachusettswitchtrials.org,
you can find the information about the legislation.
You can find a resources list ofbooks, videos, and podcasts that

(32:55):
talk about the Massachusetts Witch Trials, whether they were
in Boston or Salem, or anywhere else.

Sarah Jack (33:01):
And go to our Zazzle shop and order a button.
Order five and pass 'em out. So, here's what we're asking.
Show up for these victims the way advocates showed up for
Connecticut's victims. Sign the petition at
change.org/witchtrials. Josh Hutchinson: If you are in
Massachusetts, contact your representative and senator.

(33:22):
Tell them you support H 1927 andthat they should co-sponsor the
bill. Sarah Jack: We proved in
Connecticut that regular people,descendants, history buffs,
advocates, who just care about justice, can make change for
good. We launched this podcast in 2022
to support that effort, and it worked.

You don't need a PhD or a political title.
You just need to care and be willing to speak up.

Sarah Jack (33:50):
These eight people convicted in Boston are counting
on us. They've waited centuries for
Massachusetts to say, "this was wrong."
Let's be the ones who finally say it together.

Together, we can bring justice to
Massachusetts Witch Trial victims.

Sarah Jack (34:07):
Visit massachsuettswitchtrials.org to
learn more and get involved. Josh Hutchinson: Because history
isn't just something we study, it's something we can respond
to. Have a great today and a
beautiful tomorrow, and thank you for all of your support for
H 1927. Sarah Jack: We love working with
you. Thank you.

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The Boston Eight: Exonerate Massachusetts' Forgotten Witch Trial Victims

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