在中世纪晚期，西欧的鞭笞者运动反映了信仰自主与集体苦行的复杂关系。参与者通过自我鞭笞寻求与上帝的直接联系，表达对教会权威的反叛。尽管他们在实践中展现出极大的宗教热忱，但也被教会指控为异端。运动中的领导者和严格的纪律使得这一群体逐渐形成独立的信仰体系，挑战了传统的教会结构。这种现象不仅揭示了个体信仰的分化，也为后来的宗教改革埋下了伏笔。
00:02:07:鞭笞者的信仰与社会的隔绝感：黑死病前后宗教狂热潮流的审视
00:04:08:热忱与权威：教会对待过分热忱的不同态度与应对措施
00:06:10:教皇的胜利与信仰的转变：中世纪晚期到宗教改革的历史视角
00:08:12:宗教改革的崛起：历史变迁中的重要一环
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