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当一个国家开始民主转型的时候,一个必须面对的、复杂和棘手的问题,就是如何处理专制政权过去严重的反人权犯罪,包括屠杀、酷刑、强迫失踪等。中国未来在结束专制走向民主的时候,当然也会面对这一问题。

从其他国家转型的经验看,就是否审判独裁者和某些犯有严重反人权犯罪的警察、军人而言,一个极其重要的因素是转型模式。如果转型是掌权者相对主动开启、领导的,审判通常没有可能;而如果转型是在独裁政权被推翻的情况下发生的,则审判可能无法避免。

赛缪尔 • 亨廷顿在其《第三波》做出了这一结论。1 研究民主转型的中国异议学者王天成在其《大转型》中也得出了相同看法。2 当然,在不起诉、审判的情况下,并不排除使用真相调查、禁止竞选或担任特定公职、赔偿受难者等其他转型正义形式。

在转型由掌权者启动、主导的情况,放弃起诉和审判反人权犯罪是否有合理性、是否有悖正义的原则?从迄今的情况看,中国未来最可能的民主转型模式是什么?基于不同的模式,应选择什么转型正义政策?为什么责任的追究需要限于少数犯有严重反人权罪行的人,而不宜扩大到在专制政权中工作的所有人员?

就这些问题,《 中国民主季刊》 邀请了黄默、 蒂莫西 · 朗曼 (Timothy Longman)、陈奎德、周锋锁、王超华、冯崇义等6位专家和活动人士进行了笔谈。

点击下载全文或《中国民主季刊》2025年第三季完整版https://chinademocrats.org/?p=5393

 

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