October 9, 2024 • 27 mins
Embark on an epic journey with Keith and Abigail in this awe-inspiring episode of Global Treasures as we explore the vast wilderness of Kluane/Wrangell-St. Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek. This transboundary UNESCO World Heritage site, straddling Alaska (USA) and Canada's Yukon and British Columbia, has been captivating visitors since its inscription in 1979. Join us as we delve into the rich history, diverse ecosystems, and breathtaking landscapes of this natural wonder, home to the world's largest non-polar icefield. From towering glaciers to rugged mountain peaks, we'll guide you through this pristine wilderness. Whether you're an adventure enthusiast or armchair traveler, this episode promises to ignite your passion for Earth's most remarkable treasures.
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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Abigail (00:00):
Imagine a place that tells a story spanning centuries.
Keith (00:04):
Where culture and nature intertwine to create something truly extraordinary.
Abigail (00:09):
That's the beauty of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
I'm Abigail.
Keith (00:14):
And I'm Keith.
Abigail (00:16):
And this is Global Treasures, the podcast that covers the history, travel
tips, and legends surrounding one of the1, 223 World Heritage Sites each episode.
Keith (00:28):
These places have been identified as having a universal
cultural or natural significance
Abigail (00:33):
that is so exceptional that it transcends national boundaries
and is of importance topresent and future generations
Keith (00:41):
Welcome to Season 2, where we're going to explore the 45
sites that UNESCO added in 1979.
Abigail (00:48):
In this episode, Keith and I will be introducing you to Kluane Wrangell-St.
Elias, glacier Bay andTatshenshiney, Alaska.
Located in the country of Canada andAlaska, a state in the United States.
Canada has more coastline and lakesthan any other country on earth, and
(01:09):
Alaska is the largest state in the U.
S.
Covering 591, 000 square miles.
Keith (01:16):
Imagine a place where the Earth's raw power is on full display.
A vast wilderness that stretchesacross two countries, encompassing
some of the most spectacularlandscapes you will ever see.
This UNESCO site is a complex ofglaciers, high peaks, and other
geological wonders that spans theborder between Canada and the United
States, covering parts of Alaska,Yukon Territory, and British Columbia.
Abigail (01:42):
At the heart of this site lies the largest non polar ice field
in the world, surrounded by someof the longest and most spectacular
glaciers you can find anywhere on Earth.
Picture yourself standing at the footof Mount Logan, Canada's highest peak,
and North America's second highest,towering at an impressive 19, 551 feet.
(02:08):
The sheer scale of thisplace is mind boggling.
At roughly 38, 000 square miles,it's just slightly smaller than
the entire country of South Korea.
Keith (02:19):
But it's not just about the size.
The region is a sanctuary foriconic wildlife, including grizzly
bears, caribou, and Dall's sheep.
The landscape is a masterpiecesculpted by ice and time, featuring
deep fjords, pristine coastlines, andeven pockets of temperate rainforest.
It's a place where nature reigns supreme,and the processes that have shaped our
(02:41):
planet for millennia continue unabated.
Abigail (02:45):
Straddling the border between Canada and the United States, this
UNESCO site is a testament to thepower of international cooperation
in preserving our natural heritage.
It's composed of fourinterconnected protected areas.
Kluane National Park and Reserve inCanada's Yukon Territory, Wrangell-St.
(03:06):
Elias National Park and Preserve inAlaska in the United States, Glacier
Bay National Park and Preserve, also inAlaska, and Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial
Park in British Columbia, Canada.
Keith (03:19):
These parks form a continuous expanse of protected wilderness,
stretching from the northerninterior all the way to the coast.
The landscape is incredibly diverse,encompassing everything from high mountain
peaks and vast ice field to pivotalriver valleys like the Tatshenshini and
Alsek, which provide crucial ice freecorridors for plant and animal migration
(03:42):
between the coast and the interior.
Abigail (03:45):
The story of this land is as rich and varied as its landscapes.
Human activity in the region datesback over 9, 000 years, with the
Tlingit people being the dominantnative population when Europeans
first arrived in the 18th century.
The area has witnessed waves of humanendeavor, from the fur traders and gold
(04:07):
prospectors of the 19th century to thecopper miners of the early 20th century.
Keith (04:14):
One of the most fascinating historical sites within this
vast wilderness is the KennecottMines National Historic Landmark.
From 1911 to 1938, these minesprocessed nearly 200 million
dollars worth of copper, makingthem a prime example of early 20th
century copper mining operations.
Abigail (04:33):
The path to becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site was a gradual one.
It began in 1972 with the establishmentof Kluane Game Sanctuary, followed
by the proclamation of KluaneNational Park Reserve in 1976.
The site gained international recognitionin 1979 when Kluane and Wrangel St.
(04:57):
Elias were jointly designatedas a World Heritage Site.
Over the years, Glacier Bay andTatshenshini-Alsek were added, completing
this remarkable protected area.
Keith (05:09):
Now, let's dig deep into what makes this place truly special from a geological
perspective, which is right up my alley.
Prepare to be amazed, because thegeology of this UNESCO site is
nothing short of extraordinary.
This site is a showcase of the Earth'sdynamic processes, offering us a
front row seat to witness the mostpowerful forces that shape our planet.
(05:32):
It's one of the most tectonically activeregions in North America, where the
collision of tectonic plates has thrustup massive mountain ranges and created
a landscape that's constantly changing.
The bedrock geology here is incrediblycomplex, telling a story that spans
hundreds of millions of years.
Imagine, if you will, volcanic arcsformed in the tropics 300 million
(05:55):
years ago, near the equator, slowlydrifting northward as Pangaea separated
to create what we now call the St.
Elias Fold Belt.
This region was born from the successiveaccretions of Pacific plates against and
subducted under the North American plate.
It pushes the land straightup as this happens.
(06:15):
It's a geological dance that's been goingon for eons and is still happening today.
But, the story doesn't end there.
This volcanic arc, formed over layersof Precambrian rocks, was later covered
by extensive mid Devonian era marinesediments as the oceans retreated.
As it moved northward, it broughtwith it vast lava fields, all of which
(06:38):
contributed to the formation of the St.
Elias Fold Belt in southern Alaskaand also in northwestern Canada.
The region continues to be shapedby incredible volcanic activity.
Mount Wrangell, standing at an impressive4, 371 meters, is a prime example of this.
It's a tremendously large shieldvolcano with fumaroles, which are
(07:00):
vents, still steaming from its summit.
A reminder that the earth beneathour feet is very much alive.
In fact, during the lastdecade, there have been nine
volcanic episodes in the region.
Abigail (07:12):
But perhaps the most dramatic geological features are the glaciers.
Over 200 glaciers in the centralplateau combine to form some of the
world's longest and largest ice flows.
Let me paint a picture for you.
Imagine standing before the NebesnaGlacier on the north slope of the park.
(07:33):
This river of ice stretches foran astounding 121 kilometers.
Or, picture yourself dwarfed by theBagley Ice Field in Chugach Mountains.
127 kilometers long,914 meters deep, and 9.
5 kilometers wide, it's a landscapethat seems almost alien in its vastness.
Keith (07:57):
We can't forget the Malaspina Glacier.
This is the largest Piedmont Glacieron the continent, covering an
area of 3, 855 square kilometers.
To put that into perspective, that'sactually larger than the entire state
of Rhode Island in the United States.
The Malaspina Foreland, wherethis massive glacier meets the
(08:18):
sea, is a spectacle in itself.
Here, long straight Piedmont glacialbeaches are cut through by numerous
wide, Glacial melt drainage ways,creating a landscape that's both
beautiful and scientifically fascinating.
And these glaciers are notjust static features of the
landscape, they're dynamic.
They're ever changing entities thatprovide us with a unique opportunity
(08:41):
to study glacial processes in action.
Scientists have observed glaciersretreating at a rate of about 1.8
meters per year, offering a soberingglimpse into the effects of climate
changes on our planet's coldest regions.
This site also boasts animpressive 16 tidewater glaciers.
These are glaciers that flow allthe way to the sea, where they
(09:04):
calve off icebergs in a spectaculardisplay of nature's power.
The Hubbard Glacier is one such example,and witnessing its massive face crumbling
into the ocean, if you get to see it,is an experience you will never forget.
Abigail (09:19):
But it's not just about the ice.
The geology of this site is a testamentto the power of water in all its forms.
The Copper River Valley, for instance,cuts a dramatic gap through the Chugach
Mountains, providing a vital linkbetween the coast and the interior.
The Alsek River, fed by its tributary,the Tatshenshini, is one of the very
(09:42):
few rivers to breach the coastal rangefrom the subarctic interior, creating
a unique corridor for both geologicalprocesses and biological migrations.
Keith (09:54):
And let us not forget about the Earth's internal forces.
This region is part of themost seismically active
region in North America.
Major fault lines run through the parksand earthquakes are a regular occurrence.
In 1899, a massive 8.
4 magnitude quake on the coastshattered glaciers, causing
extensive calving all at once.
(10:17):
More recently, in 2002, a 7.
9 magnitude earthquake in thenearby Alaska Range rocked the
northern part of Wrangell St.
Elias National Park.
Abigail (10:28):
The parks also demonstrate some of the best examples of ongoing
landscape modification by glacial action.
As these massive rivers of ice advance andretreat, they sculpt the land, creating
U shaped valleys, Depositing moraines, which is a mass of rocks and sediment,
and leaving behind glacial lakes.
(10:49):
In Glacier Bay, we can see thisprocess happening on a human timescale.
In 1750, the bay was only threemiles deep Since then, the glacier
has retreated over 62 miles.
Keith (11:03):
From the highest, speaks to the deepest fjords from ancient
Precambrian rocks to newly formedglacial deposits, the geology of
this UNESCO site tells a story of ourplanet's history and ongoing evolution.
It's a place where we can see geologicalprocesses that usually take millions of
years happening right before our eyes.
In this vast wilderness, every rock,every glacier, and every earthquake is a
(11:27):
chapter in Earth's ongoing story, waitingfor us to decipher and understand it.
Abigail (11:33):
The climatic diversity is one of the key factors that makes this site
so ecologically rich and important.
It creates a wide range of habitats,from coastal rainforests to alpine
tundra, each supporting its own uniqueassemblage of plant and animal life.
Speaking of life, the ecologyof this UNESCO site is nothing
(11:54):
short of extraordinary.
The sheer size of the protected area,combined with its varied climates
and landscapes, has resulted in anincredible diversity of ecosystems.
Keith (12:07):
You can find plant communities ranging from coastal and interior boreal
forests, through extensive alpine meadowsand tundra, all the way up to harsh
arctic conditions on the highest peak.
This diversity supports an equal,Varied array of wildlife, the
site is home to some of NorthAmerica's most iconic species.
It boasts the world's largest protectedpopulation of grizzly bears and a quarter
(12:31):
of the global population of Dall sheep.
You might spot wolverines, moose, or eventhe rare glacier bear, a bluish color
phase of the black bear found nowhereelse in Canada and rarely in Alaska.
Abigail (12:44):
The rivers and coastal waters teem with life as well.
All five species of Pacific salmoncan be found here, supporting not
just the terrestrial ecosystems, butalso marine mammals like the humpback
whale that frequent the coastal areas.
For bird watchers, this place is paradise.
Over 280 species of birds have beenrecorded across this site, including
(13:10):
numerous species of seabirds that migratealong the coast, or breed in the area.
Keith (13:15):
What makes this site truly special from an ecological
perspective is its sheer scaleand relatively undisturbed nature.
Here, natural processes play out largelyunaffected by human interference.
Predator prey relationships, Migrationpatterns, and life cycles continue,
much as they have for thousands ofyears, offering scientists a rare
(13:37):
opportunity to study these processesin a nearly pristine environment.
So as we wrap up our exploration of thisincredible UNESCO World Heritage Site,
it's worth reflecting on what makesit so special, the Kluane Wrangell-St.
Elias, Glacier Bay, Tatshenshini-Alseksite is more than just a
collection of stunning landscapes.
(13:57):
It's a living laboratorywhere we can witness the grand
processes that shape our planet.
From the slow grind of glaciers, tothe sudden upheaval of earthquakes.
From the delicate balance ofcomplex ecosystems, to the
powerful forces of climate.
As we now transition to our kindof visiting the site section of
the podcast, I can't help butfeel a sense of anticipation.
(14:19):
While we've explored the science and thestatistics of this incredible place, I'm
sure nothing can quite prepare you forthe experience of standing amidst these
towering peaks and ancient glaciers.
So let's hand it over to Abigail,who will guide us through what
it's like to actually set footin this awe inspiring wilderness.
What adventures await usin Kluane, Wrangell-St.
Elias, Glacier Bay,and Tatshenshini-Alsek?
(14:41):
Let's find out.
Abigail (14:42):
So, this site is interesting, as it's spread out amongst
countries and different parks.
For Wrangell St.
Elias and Glacier Bay National Park,The closest airport to fly into
is Anchorage Airport in Alaska.
The closest airport to Kluane andTatshinshine Alek is Eric Nielsen
Whitehorse International Airport.
(15:04):
Now, this is a small airport, so you'lllikely have to get a flight here from a
larger hub such as Vancouver or Calgary.
No matter what you choose to do orwhich area you visit, you're going to
want to rent a car because there isno public transportation and lodging
and restaurants are spread out.
I wouldn't guarantee you'll easilyget rideshare options and taxis
(15:27):
seemed far and few in between.
Keith (15:30):
Alright, so we've gotten there.
So what's the best things toconsider doing or seeing in each
park besides probably the glaciers?
Abigail (15:37):
Before I jump into that, let me just explain a few things.
So, across the board, it looks likevisitor centers are open in the
summer, but closed during the winter.
It also appears that, as of thisrecording, the parks either don't
charge entrance fees or they're minimal.
So, make sure you toggle betweenthe United States Park Service
(15:59):
and Canada's park sites todetermine this before visiting.
Some of the parks do require youobtain a federal land pass or
permits if you're going to gofishing, hunting, or off roading.
Permits and registration may be requiredfor day or overnight visitation, so again,
check each park's website as they may havedifferent rules and regulations as well.
(16:22):
Wrangell gets about 78, 000 visitorsannually, but I couldn't find statistics
for the number of visitors otherwise.
That being said, I don't think theseare parks like Yellowstone National
Park where you'll be fighting offlarge hordes of fellow visitors.
So I would suggest you consider a visitto Kennecott Mines, which is on the
(16:43):
National Register of Historic Places.
As Keith mentioned, it's a copper mine.
Just a safety tip when visitinghere too, there's limited cell phone
coverage as with many national parks,so make sure you have printouts of
maps or any information that's vital.
But at Kennecott Mines, you can seeexhibits at the General Store and Post
(17:05):
Office, Blackburn School, the RailDepot, and more, which gives some context
and allows visitors to experience howlocals lived and how the mill town has
changed substantially over the years.
Generally speaking for all of the parks,it appears you can do guided tours led by
park rangers or ranger led nature walks.
(17:28):
Where they'll tell you about the historyand wildlife you can expect to see.
You can also go hiking, and youcan go on the Parks Canada or U.
S.
National Park sites to find maps of hikingtrails to prevent you from getting lost.
Hiking really is what the majorityof people come to these parks to do.
Just take in that superb beauty.
(17:49):
You can go mountaineering andwildlife viewing solo as well.
You may be treated to the sight of grizzlybears munching on fish in a stream.
Just be careful and don't try totake a selfie with one of the bears.
In terms of food, it looks likeRangel has restaurants in Kennecott
and McCarthy, which are nearby towns,but the other sites seem more sparse,
(18:12):
so you may want to bring snacks.
Bottom line, I highly suggest schedulingtours that arrange transportation.
For example, lots of the riverrafting tours I came across do just
that, as well as providing a boat,paddles, your lunch, and so much more.
Keith (18:30):
Okay, that's great insider information.
So I know it might seem obvious sincewe covered the climate, but what is the
weather like during the visiting season?
And do you have any suggestionson what to wear other than,
like, extreme hiking gear?
Abigail (18:44):
Great question.
Yeah, I definitely was going tomention that because most of the
activities are outdoors, and it'sfreezing in this part of Canada and
Alaska, especially during the winter.
In Canada, we're talking in the negativeswith quite a bit of wind, like negative
2 Fahrenheit, which is frostbite weather.
(19:05):
The high temps are in the60s Fahrenheit in the summer.
It rains the most between June and August.
Temperatures change frequently, andit may be wet, like I said, so make
sure you wear layers and wear shoesor boots that are rubber or quick dry.
Also, if you're visiting multiple sites,be sure you bring your passport if going
(19:27):
between Canada and the United States.
Keith (19:29):
Oh, good thoughts.
Okay, since this is more a remotesite, where should people stay?
I'm actually guessing this isa camping paradise, but maybe
there's other places as well.
Abigail (19:39):
Camping is very popular at Kluane National Park, they have an
official campsite with amenities.
St.
Wrangell Elias has a wildernesslodge that is renowned and
considered to be quite nice.
You can also rent private cabins or stayat small inns and hotels in the area.
You really aren't going to find yourstandard chain hotels around these parts.
(20:02):
If you're going to Tatshenshini, You'llprobably want to stay in Haines, Alaska.
Tatton's Shiny Park does offer freewilderness camping, but just know that it
has no amenities and no formal campground.
Keith (20:16):
So, Abigail, you do a great job of finding out all the legends,
paranormal activity, and ghost storiesfor each of these sites that we cover.
And considering the sheer sizeand the history of this site,
there must be amazing stories.
What did you find out about this site?
Abigail (20:31):
The main paranormal activity related to this site is centered
around the old railroad that providedtransport for the Kennecott Copper Mines.
It's said to have ghosts that havescared away locals and public officials
who are trying to update the area.
So, the train is abandoned,sitting on 200 miles of track.
(20:53):
Historically, Ore mined from insideWrangel Mountains and brought to Kennicott
was then sent to Tacoma, Washington.
Let me be clear that the railroadwas not on a straight line either.
It wove around rock walls that wereperilous, and many were reported to
have died while building the railroadbecause it was dangerous work.
(21:14):
The crew had to dig and blast their waythrough tons of rock to bring it to life.
Over the years, Visitors to the KennecottHistorical Landmark have claimed they've
seen tombstones just off the dirt paththat parallels the old Copper Railroad.
But when they return later thatsame day, They state that the grave
(21:35):
markers have vanished altogether.
Also, in the 1990s, the state ofAlaska began developing governmental
housing along the Old Copper Railroad.
During construction, workers werevisited by phantoms and disembodied
voices, cries from what they believedto be the miners who perished.
(21:56):
Some reported that their tools disappearedright out of their toolboxes as well.
Apparently, it frightenedoff so many workers that the
whole project was cancelled.
Keith (22:07):
Whoa.
Uh, not a place I think I'd liketo live, but maybe it would be
worth it for all the sheer beauty.
Alright, so we usually closethese episodes by speaking about
conservation and protection efforts.
Considering the absolute remotenessof these sites, and the resources of
the two governments that manage thesites, I'm guessing that these four
parks are taken well care of, minusthe changing long term climate effects.
(22:31):
Sure.
Abigail (22:32):
Sure.
So, the Canada National Parks Actof 2000 governs management of both
cultural and natural resourcesof Kluane and Tatshenshini.
They have agreements with FirstNations to provide additional
direction for that management plan.
I always appreciate from a diversity,equity, and inclusion perspective,
(22:54):
That they're asking for input from theindividuals who have lived on and around
these lands for hundreds of years.
Key actions include identifyingcritical wildlife habitats and
maintaining healthy ecosystems for them.
One example includes makingsure visitors don't overfish and
throw off that delicate balance.
(23:15):
Climate change is also a factor,as melting glaciers are negatively
affecting said wildlife.
One million acres are privatelyowned within boundaries as well.
So, activities that could endangerthe integrity of the park include
mining and oil and gas development.
In regards to issues being facedby Glacier Bay and Wrangell-St.
(23:38):
Elias, military flights over theparks have been problematic over the
years, as they cause noise pollution.
This might not seem like a big deal.
But, Imagine you're hikingto the top of a summit.
Your eyes are feasting on thesheer beauty in front of you.
All of a sudden, Loud engines are blurringabove you, making you feel like you're
(24:01):
starring in the sequel to Top Gun.
It takes away from the authenticityof the place, so officials are trying
to work with the Department of Defensehere in the States and expand training
flights adjacent to the park instead.
Much like the parks in Canada,alaskan Native groups have
lived in Wrangell for years.
So another thing officials are working onis the fact that many of the buildings in
(24:25):
Kennecott have been abandoned for decades.
We had established that before.
But some are in need of work immediatelyto keep them from collapsing, as some
of the buildings have passed to thepoint of no return and have been lost.
The National Park Service, along withthe local community, And friends of
Kennecott are trying to stabilizemost of the endangered buildings as
(24:48):
quickly as possible and protect thehistoric integrity of the mill town.
A few buildings have beenupdated for modern use, including
the store and post office.
The Blackburn School is nowthe park's visitor center.
It's just amazing that when we allband together, We can keep these places
alive for future generations to enjoy.
(25:12):
Thank you for listening tothe Global Treasures Podcast.
If you would like to support the show, youcan subscribe at Apple Podcasts, Spotify,
or wherever you get your podcasts.
Also, please subscribe at YouTube andcheck us out on TikTok and Facebook.
Keith (25:28):
And that wraps up our journey through the vast
wilderness of Kluane, Wrangell St.
Elias, Glacier Bay,and Tatshenshini-Alsek.
From towering mountains and massiveglaciers to diverse ecosystems and
fascinating geological processes,this UNESCO World Heritage Site
truly embodies the raw power andbeauty of nature on an epic scale.
(25:49):
We hope that this episode has inspired youto appreciate the importance of preserving
such large, interconnected wildlands.
These pristine areas not only protectthe unique landscapes and wildlife, but
also provide invaluable opportunities forscientific research and our understanding
of the Earth's natural processes.
Before we go, let's take a moment toreflect on the incredible diversity
(26:11):
of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
We've journeyed so far from thebeautiful islands of the Galapagos
to the ancient cities in Egypt.
Each site tells a unique story of ourplanet's natural or cultural heritage.
Speaking of unique stories, ournext episode will transport us to a
completely different type of UNESCO site.
We're heading into Bulgaria to explorethe Madara Rider, a mysterious medieval
(26:36):
rock relief carved high up on cliff face.
This monumental equestrian relief depictsa majestic rider triumphing over a lion.
Accompanied by intriguing inscriptions,it's a site that combines art,
history, and mystery in a way that'ssure to captivate your imagination.
So join us next time as we unravel thesecrets of the Madara Rider and delve into
(26:59):
the rich cultural heritage of Bulgaria.
Until then, keep exploring, keepwondering, and keep treasuring
the remarkable diversityof our world's heritage.
See you on our next adventure.
Imagine a place that tells a story spanning centuries.
Keith (00:04):
Where culture and nature intertwine to create something truly extraordinary.
Abigail (00:09):
That's the beauty of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
I'm Abigail.
Keith (00:14):
And I'm Keith.
Abigail (00:16):
And this is Global Treasures, the podcast that covers the history, travel
tips, and legends surrounding one of the1, 223 World Heritage Sites each episode.
Keith (00:28):
These places have been identified as having a universal
cultural or natural significance
Abigail (00:33):
that is so exceptional that it transcends national boundaries
and is of importance topresent and future generations
Keith (00:41):
Welcome to Season 2, where we're going to explore the 45
sites that UNESCO added in 1979.
Abigail (00:48):
In this episode, Keith and I will be introducing you to Kluane Wrangell-St.
Elias, glacier Bay andTatshenshiney, Alaska.
Located in the country of Canada andAlaska, a state in the United States.
Canada has more coastline and lakesthan any other country on earth, and
(01:09):
Alaska is the largest state in the U.
S.
Covering 591, 000 square miles.
Keith (01:16):
Imagine a place where the Earth's raw power is on full display.
A vast wilderness that stretchesacross two countries, encompassing
some of the most spectacularlandscapes you will ever see.
This UNESCO site is a complex ofglaciers, high peaks, and other
geological wonders that spans theborder between Canada and the United
States, covering parts of Alaska,Yukon Territory, and British Columbia.
Abigail (01:42):
At the heart of this site lies the largest non polar ice field
in the world, surrounded by someof the longest and most spectacular
glaciers you can find anywhere on Earth.
Picture yourself standing at the footof Mount Logan, Canada's highest peak,
and North America's second highest,towering at an impressive 19, 551 feet.
(02:08):
The sheer scale of thisplace is mind boggling.
At roughly 38, 000 square miles,it's just slightly smaller than
the entire country of South Korea.
Keith (02:19):
But it's not just about the size.
The region is a sanctuary foriconic wildlife, including grizzly
bears, caribou, and Dall's sheep.
The landscape is a masterpiecesculpted by ice and time, featuring
deep fjords, pristine coastlines, andeven pockets of temperate rainforest.
It's a place where nature reigns supreme,and the processes that have shaped our
(02:41):
planet for millennia continue unabated.
Abigail (02:45):
Straddling the border between Canada and the United States, this
UNESCO site is a testament to thepower of international cooperation
in preserving our natural heritage.
It's composed of fourinterconnected protected areas.
Kluane National Park and Reserve inCanada's Yukon Territory, Wrangell-St.
(03:06):
Elias National Park and Preserve inAlaska in the United States, Glacier
Bay National Park and Preserve, also inAlaska, and Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial
Park in British Columbia, Canada.
Keith (03:19):
These parks form a continuous expanse of protected wilderness,
stretching from the northerninterior all the way to the coast.
The landscape is incredibly diverse,encompassing everything from high mountain
peaks and vast ice field to pivotalriver valleys like the Tatshenshini and
Alsek, which provide crucial ice freecorridors for plant and animal migration
(03:42):
between the coast and the interior.
Abigail (03:45):
The story of this land is as rich and varied as its landscapes.
Human activity in the region datesback over 9, 000 years, with the
Tlingit people being the dominantnative population when Europeans
first arrived in the 18th century.
The area has witnessed waves of humanendeavor, from the fur traders and gold
(04:07):
prospectors of the 19th century to thecopper miners of the early 20th century.
Keith (04:14):
One of the most fascinating historical sites within this
vast wilderness is the KennecottMines National Historic Landmark.
From 1911 to 1938, these minesprocessed nearly 200 million
dollars worth of copper, makingthem a prime example of early 20th
century copper mining operations.
Abigail (04:33):
The path to becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site was a gradual one.
It began in 1972 with the establishmentof Kluane Game Sanctuary, followed
by the proclamation of KluaneNational Park Reserve in 1976.
The site gained international recognitionin 1979 when Kluane and Wrangel St.
(04:57):
Elias were jointly designatedas a World Heritage Site.
Over the years, Glacier Bay andTatshenshini-Alsek were added, completing
this remarkable protected area.
Keith (05:09):
Now, let's dig deep into what makes this place truly special from a geological
perspective, which is right up my alley.
Prepare to be amazed, because thegeology of this UNESCO site is
nothing short of extraordinary.
This site is a showcase of the Earth'sdynamic processes, offering us a
front row seat to witness the mostpowerful forces that shape our planet.
(05:32):
It's one of the most tectonically activeregions in North America, where the
collision of tectonic plates has thrustup massive mountain ranges and created
a landscape that's constantly changing.
The bedrock geology here is incrediblycomplex, telling a story that spans
hundreds of millions of years.
Imagine, if you will, volcanic arcsformed in the tropics 300 million
(05:55):
years ago, near the equator, slowlydrifting northward as Pangaea separated
to create what we now call the St.
Elias Fold Belt.
This region was born from the successiveaccretions of Pacific plates against and
subducted under the North American plate.
It pushes the land straightup as this happens.
(06:15):
It's a geological dance that's been goingon for eons and is still happening today.
But, the story doesn't end there.
This volcanic arc, formed over layersof Precambrian rocks, was later covered
by extensive mid Devonian era marinesediments as the oceans retreated.
As it moved northward, it broughtwith it vast lava fields, all of which
(06:38):
contributed to the formation of the St.
Elias Fold Belt in southern Alaskaand also in northwestern Canada.
The region continues to be shapedby incredible volcanic activity.
Mount Wrangell, standing at an impressive4, 371 meters, is a prime example of this.
It's a tremendously large shieldvolcano with fumaroles, which are
(07:00):
vents, still steaming from its summit.
A reminder that the earth beneathour feet is very much alive.
In fact, during the lastdecade, there have been nine
volcanic episodes in the region.
Abigail (07:12):
But perhaps the most dramatic geological features are the glaciers.
Over 200 glaciers in the centralplateau combine to form some of the
world's longest and largest ice flows.
Let me paint a picture for you.
Imagine standing before the NebesnaGlacier on the north slope of the park.
(07:33):
This river of ice stretches foran astounding 121 kilometers.
Or, picture yourself dwarfed by theBagley Ice Field in Chugach Mountains.
127 kilometers long,914 meters deep, and 9.
5 kilometers wide, it's a landscapethat seems almost alien in its vastness.
Keith (07:57):
We can't forget the Malaspina Glacier.
This is the largest Piedmont Glacieron the continent, covering an
area of 3, 855 square kilometers.
To put that into perspective, that'sactually larger than the entire state
of Rhode Island in the United States.
The Malaspina Foreland, wherethis massive glacier meets the
(08:18):
sea, is a spectacle in itself.
Here, long straight Piedmont glacialbeaches are cut through by numerous
wide, Glacial melt drainage ways,creating a landscape that's both
beautiful and scientifically fascinating.
And these glaciers are notjust static features of the
landscape, they're dynamic.
They're ever changing entities thatprovide us with a unique opportunity
(08:41):
to study glacial processes in action.
Scientists have observed glaciersretreating at a rate of about 1.8
meters per year, offering a soberingglimpse into the effects of climate
changes on our planet's coldest regions.
This site also boasts animpressive 16 tidewater glaciers.
These are glaciers that flow allthe way to the sea, where they
(09:04):
calve off icebergs in a spectaculardisplay of nature's power.
The Hubbard Glacier is one such example,and witnessing its massive face crumbling
into the ocean, if you get to see it,is an experience you will never forget.
Abigail (09:19):
But it's not just about the ice.
The geology of this site is a testamentto the power of water in all its forms.
The Copper River Valley, for instance,cuts a dramatic gap through the Chugach
Mountains, providing a vital linkbetween the coast and the interior.
The Alsek River, fed by its tributary,the Tatshenshini, is one of the very
(09:42):
few rivers to breach the coastal rangefrom the subarctic interior, creating
a unique corridor for both geologicalprocesses and biological migrations.
Keith (09:54):
And let us not forget about the Earth's internal forces.
This region is part of themost seismically active
region in North America.
Major fault lines run through the parksand earthquakes are a regular occurrence.
In 1899, a massive 8.
4 magnitude quake on the coastshattered glaciers, causing
extensive calving all at once.
(10:17):
More recently, in 2002, a 7.
9 magnitude earthquake in thenearby Alaska Range rocked the
northern part of Wrangell St.
Elias National Park.
Abigail (10:28):
The parks also demonstrate some of the best examples of ongoing
landscape modification by glacial action.
As these massive rivers of ice advance andretreat, they sculpt the land, creating
U shaped valleys, Depositing moraines, which is a mass of rocks and sediment,
and leaving behind glacial lakes.
(10:49):
In Glacier Bay, we can see thisprocess happening on a human timescale.
In 1750, the bay was only threemiles deep Since then, the glacier
has retreated over 62 miles.
Keith (11:03):
From the highest, speaks to the deepest fjords from ancient
Precambrian rocks to newly formedglacial deposits, the geology of
this UNESCO site tells a story of ourplanet's history and ongoing evolution.
It's a place where we can see geologicalprocesses that usually take millions of
years happening right before our eyes.
In this vast wilderness, every rock,every glacier, and every earthquake is a
(11:27):
chapter in Earth's ongoing story, waitingfor us to decipher and understand it.
Abigail (11:33):
The climatic diversity is one of the key factors that makes this site
so ecologically rich and important.
It creates a wide range of habitats,from coastal rainforests to alpine
tundra, each supporting its own uniqueassemblage of plant and animal life.
Speaking of life, the ecologyof this UNESCO site is nothing
(11:54):
short of extraordinary.
The sheer size of the protected area,combined with its varied climates
and landscapes, has resulted in anincredible diversity of ecosystems.
Keith (12:07):
You can find plant communities ranging from coastal and interior boreal
forests, through extensive alpine meadowsand tundra, all the way up to harsh
arctic conditions on the highest peak.
This diversity supports an equal,Varied array of wildlife, the
site is home to some of NorthAmerica's most iconic species.
It boasts the world's largest protectedpopulation of grizzly bears and a quarter
(12:31):
of the global population of Dall sheep.
You might spot wolverines, moose, or eventhe rare glacier bear, a bluish color
phase of the black bear found nowhereelse in Canada and rarely in Alaska.
Abigail (12:44):
The rivers and coastal waters teem with life as well.
All five species of Pacific salmoncan be found here, supporting not
just the terrestrial ecosystems, butalso marine mammals like the humpback
whale that frequent the coastal areas.
For bird watchers, this place is paradise.
Over 280 species of birds have beenrecorded across this site, including
(13:10):
numerous species of seabirds that migratealong the coast, or breed in the area.
Keith (13:15):
What makes this site truly special from an ecological
perspective is its sheer scaleand relatively undisturbed nature.
Here, natural processes play out largelyunaffected by human interference.
Predator prey relationships, Migrationpatterns, and life cycles continue,
much as they have for thousands ofyears, offering scientists a rare
(13:37):
opportunity to study these processesin a nearly pristine environment.
So as we wrap up our exploration of thisincredible UNESCO World Heritage Site,
it's worth reflecting on what makesit so special, the Kluane Wrangell-St.
Elias, Glacier Bay, Tatshenshini-Alseksite is more than just a
collection of stunning landscapes.
(13:57):
It's a living laboratorywhere we can witness the grand
processes that shape our planet.
From the slow grind of glaciers, tothe sudden upheaval of earthquakes.
From the delicate balance ofcomplex ecosystems, to the
powerful forces of climate.
As we now transition to our kindof visiting the site section of
the podcast, I can't help butfeel a sense of anticipation.
(14:19):
While we've explored the science and thestatistics of this incredible place, I'm
sure nothing can quite prepare you forthe experience of standing amidst these
towering peaks and ancient glaciers.
So let's hand it over to Abigail,who will guide us through what
it's like to actually set footin this awe inspiring wilderness.
What adventures await usin Kluane, Wrangell-St.
Elias, Glacier Bay,and Tatshenshini-Alsek?
(14:41):
Let's find out.
Abigail (14:42):
So, this site is interesting, as it's spread out amongst
countries and different parks.
For Wrangell St.
Elias and Glacier Bay National Park,The closest airport to fly into
is Anchorage Airport in Alaska.
The closest airport to Kluane andTatshinshine Alek is Eric Nielsen
Whitehorse International Airport.
(15:04):
Now, this is a small airport, so you'lllikely have to get a flight here from a
larger hub such as Vancouver or Calgary.
No matter what you choose to do orwhich area you visit, you're going to
want to rent a car because there isno public transportation and lodging
and restaurants are spread out.
I wouldn't guarantee you'll easilyget rideshare options and taxis
(15:27):
seemed far and few in between.
Keith (15:30):
Alright, so we've gotten there.
So what's the best things toconsider doing or seeing in each
park besides probably the glaciers?
Abigail (15:37):
Before I jump into that, let me just explain a few things.
So, across the board, it looks likevisitor centers are open in the
summer, but closed during the winter.
It also appears that, as of thisrecording, the parks either don't
charge entrance fees or they're minimal.
So, make sure you toggle betweenthe United States Park Service
(15:59):
and Canada's park sites todetermine this before visiting.
Some of the parks do require youobtain a federal land pass or
permits if you're going to gofishing, hunting, or off roading.
Permits and registration may be requiredfor day or overnight visitation, so again,
check each park's website as they may havedifferent rules and regulations as well.
(16:22):
Wrangell gets about 78, 000 visitorsannually, but I couldn't find statistics
for the number of visitors otherwise.
That being said, I don't think theseare parks like Yellowstone National
Park where you'll be fighting offlarge hordes of fellow visitors.
So I would suggest you consider a visitto Kennecott Mines, which is on the
(16:43):
National Register of Historic Places.
As Keith mentioned, it's a copper mine.
Just a safety tip when visitinghere too, there's limited cell phone
coverage as with many national parks,so make sure you have printouts of
maps or any information that's vital.
But at Kennecott Mines, you can seeexhibits at the General Store and Post
(17:05):
Office, Blackburn School, the RailDepot, and more, which gives some context
and allows visitors to experience howlocals lived and how the mill town has
changed substantially over the years.
Generally speaking for all of the parks,it appears you can do guided tours led by
park rangers or ranger led nature walks.
(17:28):
Where they'll tell you about the historyand wildlife you can expect to see.
You can also go hiking, and youcan go on the Parks Canada or U.
S.
National Park sites to find maps of hikingtrails to prevent you from getting lost.
Hiking really is what the majorityof people come to these parks to do.
Just take in that superb beauty.
(17:49):
You can go mountaineering andwildlife viewing solo as well.
You may be treated to the sight of grizzlybears munching on fish in a stream.
Just be careful and don't try totake a selfie with one of the bears.
In terms of food, it looks likeRangel has restaurants in Kennecott
and McCarthy, which are nearby towns,but the other sites seem more sparse,
(18:12):
so you may want to bring snacks.
Bottom line, I highly suggest schedulingtours that arrange transportation.
For example, lots of the riverrafting tours I came across do just
that, as well as providing a boat,paddles, your lunch, and so much more.
Keith (18:30):
Okay, that's great insider information.
So I know it might seem obvious sincewe covered the climate, but what is the
weather like during the visiting season?
And do you have any suggestionson what to wear other than,
like, extreme hiking gear?
Abigail (18:44):
Great question.
Yeah, I definitely was going tomention that because most of the
activities are outdoors, and it'sfreezing in this part of Canada and
Alaska, especially during the winter.
In Canada, we're talking in the negativeswith quite a bit of wind, like negative
2 Fahrenheit, which is frostbite weather.
(19:05):
The high temps are in the60s Fahrenheit in the summer.
It rains the most between June and August.
Temperatures change frequently, andit may be wet, like I said, so make
sure you wear layers and wear shoesor boots that are rubber or quick dry.
Also, if you're visiting multiple sites,be sure you bring your passport if going
(19:27):
between Canada and the United States.
Keith (19:29):
Oh, good thoughts.
Okay, since this is more a remotesite, where should people stay?
I'm actually guessing this isa camping paradise, but maybe
there's other places as well.
Abigail (19:39):
Camping is very popular at Kluane National Park, they have an
official campsite with amenities.
St.
Wrangell Elias has a wildernesslodge that is renowned and
considered to be quite nice.
You can also rent private cabins or stayat small inns and hotels in the area.
You really aren't going to find yourstandard chain hotels around these parts.
(20:02):
If you're going to Tatshenshini, You'llprobably want to stay in Haines, Alaska.
Tatton's Shiny Park does offer freewilderness camping, but just know that it
has no amenities and no formal campground.
Keith (20:16):
So, Abigail, you do a great job of finding out all the legends,
paranormal activity, and ghost storiesfor each of these sites that we cover.
And considering the sheer sizeand the history of this site,
there must be amazing stories.
What did you find out about this site?
Abigail (20:31):
The main paranormal activity related to this site is centered
around the old railroad that providedtransport for the Kennecott Copper Mines.
It's said to have ghosts that havescared away locals and public officials
who are trying to update the area.
So, the train is abandoned,sitting on 200 miles of track.
(20:53):
Historically, Ore mined from insideWrangel Mountains and brought to Kennicott
was then sent to Tacoma, Washington.
Let me be clear that the railroadwas not on a straight line either.
It wove around rock walls that wereperilous, and many were reported to
have died while building the railroadbecause it was dangerous work.
(21:14):
The crew had to dig and blast their waythrough tons of rock to bring it to life.
Over the years, Visitors to the KennecottHistorical Landmark have claimed they've
seen tombstones just off the dirt paththat parallels the old Copper Railroad.
But when they return later thatsame day, They state that the grave
(21:35):
markers have vanished altogether.
Also, in the 1990s, the state ofAlaska began developing governmental
housing along the Old Copper Railroad.
During construction, workers werevisited by phantoms and disembodied
voices, cries from what they believedto be the miners who perished.
(21:56):
Some reported that their tools disappearedright out of their toolboxes as well.
Apparently, it frightenedoff so many workers that the
whole project was cancelled.
Keith (22:07):
Whoa.
Uh, not a place I think I'd liketo live, but maybe it would be
worth it for all the sheer beauty.
Alright, so we usually closethese episodes by speaking about
conservation and protection efforts.
Considering the absolute remotenessof these sites, and the resources of
the two governments that manage thesites, I'm guessing that these four
parks are taken well care of, minusthe changing long term climate effects.
(22:31):
Sure.
Abigail (22:32):
Sure.
So, the Canada National Parks Actof 2000 governs management of both
cultural and natural resourcesof Kluane and Tatshenshini.
They have agreements with FirstNations to provide additional
direction for that management plan.
I always appreciate from a diversity,equity, and inclusion perspective,
(22:54):
That they're asking for input from theindividuals who have lived on and around
these lands for hundreds of years.
Key actions include identifyingcritical wildlife habitats and
maintaining healthy ecosystems for them.
One example includes makingsure visitors don't overfish and
throw off that delicate balance.
(23:15):
Climate change is also a factor,as melting glaciers are negatively
affecting said wildlife.
One million acres are privatelyowned within boundaries as well.
So, activities that could endangerthe integrity of the park include
mining and oil and gas development.
In regards to issues being facedby Glacier Bay and Wrangell-St.
(23:38):
Elias, military flights over theparks have been problematic over the
years, as they cause noise pollution.
This might not seem like a big deal.
But, Imagine you're hikingto the top of a summit.
Your eyes are feasting on thesheer beauty in front of you.
All of a sudden, Loud engines are blurringabove you, making you feel like you're
(24:01):
starring in the sequel to Top Gun.
It takes away from the authenticityof the place, so officials are trying
to work with the Department of Defensehere in the States and expand training
flights adjacent to the park instead.
Much like the parks in Canada,alaskan Native groups have
lived in Wrangell for years.
So another thing officials are working onis the fact that many of the buildings in
(24:25):
Kennecott have been abandoned for decades.
We had established that before.
But some are in need of work immediatelyto keep them from collapsing, as some
of the buildings have passed to thepoint of no return and have been lost.
The National Park Service, along withthe local community, And friends of
Kennecott are trying to stabilizemost of the endangered buildings as
(24:48):
quickly as possible and protect thehistoric integrity of the mill town.
A few buildings have beenupdated for modern use, including
the store and post office.
The Blackburn School is nowthe park's visitor center.
It's just amazing that when we allband together, We can keep these places
alive for future generations to enjoy.
(25:12):
Thank you for listening tothe Global Treasures Podcast.
If you would like to support the show, youcan subscribe at Apple Podcasts, Spotify,
or wherever you get your podcasts.
Also, please subscribe at YouTube andcheck us out on TikTok and Facebook.
Keith (25:28):
And that wraps up our journey through the vast
wilderness of Kluane, Wrangell St.
Elias, Glacier Bay,and Tatshenshini-Alsek.
From towering mountains and massiveglaciers to diverse ecosystems and
fascinating geological processes,this UNESCO World Heritage Site
truly embodies the raw power andbeauty of nature on an epic scale.
(25:49):
We hope that this episode has inspired youto appreciate the importance of preserving
such large, interconnected wildlands.
These pristine areas not only protectthe unique landscapes and wildlife, but
also provide invaluable opportunities forscientific research and our understanding
of the Earth's natural processes.
Before we go, let's take a moment toreflect on the incredible diversity
(26:11):
of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
We've journeyed so far from thebeautiful islands of the Galapagos
to the ancient cities in Egypt.
Each site tells a unique story of ourplanet's natural or cultural heritage.
Speaking of unique stories, ournext episode will transport us to a
completely different type of UNESCO site.
We're heading into Bulgaria to explorethe Madara Rider, a mysterious medieval
(26:36):
rock relief carved high up on cliff face.
This monumental equestrian relief depictsa majestic rider triumphing over a lion.
Accompanied by intriguing inscriptions,it's a site that combines art,
history, and mystery in a way that'ssure to captivate your imagination.
So join us next time as we unravel thesecrets of the Madara Rider and delve into
(26:59):
the rich cultural heritage of Bulgaria.
Until then, keep exploring, keepwondering, and keep treasuring
the remarkable diversityof our world's heritage.
See you on our next adventure.
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