April 19, 2024 • 17 mins
On this episode of Our American Stories, during the Revolutionary War, Esther Reed decided the Patriot troops needed a morale boost. Reed, along with other Patriot Women, began a campaign to raise money for the cause. When she brought her idea to General Washington, he had another idea.
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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:10):
This is Lee Habib and this is Our American Stories.
They show where America is the star and the American people.
And to find and search for the Our American Stories podcast,
go to the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts.
Today we have the story of Esther Reid, a woman
whom during the Revolutionary War went to great lengths to
(00:32):
support the Continental Army. Professor Woody Halton of the University
of South Carolina will be sharing with us her story.
Here's Professor Holton.
Speaker 2 (00:48):
One of my favorite discoveries researching a book on the
Revolution was Esther Reid, the woman who stood up to
George Washington and she died. Was plagiarized by Thomas Jefferson,
but in a good way. She was born in Britain
in seventeen forty six, and when she was in her
(01:11):
early twenties, she met a young man who was in
Britain for a legal education. His name was Joseph Reed,
and he was from America, and they two fell in love.
The two of them married, and they moved back to
America together in seventeen seventy and so one of the
(01:32):
amazing things about Esther Reid is just four years after
moving to America. We have the First Continental Congress meeting
in Philadelphia, and a bunch of the delegates had dinner
with Esther and Joseph Reed, and one of them pronounced
her a daughter of liberty. That is, she had already
become a solid, enthusiastic patriot for the American cause, even
(01:56):
though she'd only lived in America for four years. Her husband, Joseph,
was also a great patriot. He became a secretary to
George Washington and then Adjutant General in the Continental Army.
But that's also what got Joseph in trouble, because in
seventeen seventy six, George Washington, as commander in chief, made
(02:18):
a mistake. He should have evacuated a fort called Fort
Washington on the Hudson River in what's now New York City,
and Washington didn't, and the fort was captured with six
thousand men in it. Reid wrote a letter criticizing his
commander in chief, George Washington, and to his great chagrin,
(02:42):
George Washington accidentally, on purpose opened this letter and saw
that his protege, Joseph Reid was criticizing him, and it
really put a real Paul in their relationship, they continued
to work together Washington and Joseph Reed. In seventeen seventy nine,
(03:04):
Joseph Reed became the President of Pennsylvania. That was the
highest office in this new state of Pennsylvania during the
American Revolution. But I want to take it to the
spring of seventeen eighty, which was the real low point
of the Revolutionary War near where I live down in Charleston,
(03:28):
South Carolina. The British captured not only the town of Charleston,
but of six thousand nin Continental Army. And there were
problems internal to America too. The soldiers hadn't been paid,
and they weren't getting the required amount of food or
proper uniforms, and so, as George Washington put it, there
(03:51):
was a mutiny and dissension throughout the army. I mean,
one of the most amazing incidents of desertion was a
bunch of Continental soldiers here they are fighting for liberty
that they've just had enough, and so they mass deserted
and were going to This was an upstate New York
and they were going to go to a British fort
(04:12):
up New York, Canada and dessert to the other side.
And their commanding officer had to resort to sending Oneida Indians,
they're one of the six nations of the Iroquois, to
go capture these Americans who had tried to desert to
the British, and the Unitas did catch up with them
(04:32):
and killed thirteen of them. Some escape, some were brought
back to face justice. It was dark days, and in
once it was literally dark days, because there was a
weird thing that happened in the heavens in May of
seventeen eighty. In the middle of the day, the sky
(04:56):
went dark, and people knew from their almanacs there was
going to be in the clips and this was not
in the clutch. It just suddenly went dark, and the
whipper wheels sounded, and the cocks crowed and all that,
and many people believe, oh my god, we're having darkness
in the middle of the day. This is the end
of the world, And it sort of made sense given
how bad things were going for the Patriot side. It
(05:21):
eventually went away, and historians think that what really had
happened was forest fires up in Maine had put so
much smoke into the air that it blackened the sky
farther south. It really sort of symbolizes that these were
dark days for the Americans, and this is where Esther
(05:41):
Reed becomes part of the story. She wanted to do
something to improve the morale of the soldiers that were
already enlisted, and so she came up with this idea
of getting the women of Philadelphia to go door to
door and raise money and then divide it up among
(06:02):
the troops as a special gift among the soldiers, and
just as a way of telling them that they had
not been forgotten. That was her great fear was that,
you know, and this happens a lot in our country
now as well as other countries. People who are not
having to go fight the war forget about the troops.
And she really wanted them to know that they were remembered.
(06:24):
But she had a problem in organizing this effort, and
that was that women in those days, or at least
ladies in those days, weren't supposed to go out knocking
on strangers' doors. They really weren't supposed to be in
the street alone.
Speaker 1 (06:44):
And you've been listening to Woody Holton of the University
of South Carolina share with us the story of Esther Reid,
and he's setting the table and people who think we're
facing hard times today just don't understand what hard times
were and how what our troops were going through. Well,
we could have lost it, they could have just left.
And efforts like this from S. The Reid changed the game,
(07:05):
changed the calculus, the morale of the troops. Think about it,
they weren't paid and indeed they were deserting in mass.
When we come back, more of this remarkable story of S.
The Reed, the story of the founding of our country
and our first war and our first Civil War. Here
on our American Stories. Folks, if you love the stories
(07:32):
we tell about this great country, and especially the stories
of America's rich past, know that all of our stories
about American history, from war to innovation, culture and faith,
are brought to us by the great folks at Hillsdale College,
a place where students study all the things that are
beautiful in life and all the things that are good
in life. And if you can't cut to Hillsdale, Hillsdale
(07:53):
will come to you with their free and terrific online courses.
Go to Hillsdale dot edu to learn more. And we
continue with our American Stories. We've been listening to Professor
Woody Houlton of the University of South Carolina share with
(08:16):
us the story of Esther Reid. Esther was born British
but moved to America after marrying her Patriot husband, Joseph Reed,
who would, by the way, become the President of Pennsylvania.
The Patriots had experienced some devastating losses in the war,
and Esther had begun to worry about the morale of
our troops, so she decided to raise money for them,
(08:39):
and was encouraging other women to do the same. Back
again as women back when women did not knock on doors,
let's return to Woody.
Speaker 2 (08:51):
She had to sell them on the idea of doing this,
so she published this extraordinary thing in the newspaper called
Sentiments of an American Lady, where she made the case
that American women, just like American men, were born for liberty.
And she also cited examples of role models, you could say,
(09:15):
of women in history who had stepped out and made
serious changes. And she mentioned, for instance, Elizabeth who was
one of the most powerful monarchs that England had ever had,
the example of Catherine the Great of Russia, another powerful woman.
And she used an interesting expression in her essays to
(09:36):
Reed did to describe what Catherine the Great and what
Elizabeth the First had done, and that was she said,
they had extended the Empire of liberty. She, as to Reid,
was the first person ever to use that phrase empire
of liberty for an earthly matter. That is, people had
(09:58):
used empire of liberty as euphemism expression for heaven. So
she published this essay and got a lot of other
women involved. They had a committee of thirty nine, that is,
three representing each of the thirteen states, and they raised
a ton of money. Everything's going pretty well with the
(10:18):
fundraising until Esther Reed wrote Commander in Chief George Washington, saying, Okay,
we've raised all this money. We need to figure out
the practical matter. Reductive involved Martha Washington in distributing the
money to the troops, and George Washington wrote back saying,
hold on, I know, my men. These are mostly guys
(10:42):
in their twenty some younger than that, and if you
give them cash money, they're going to go out and
blow it on liquor. And so not only will they
not have anything of value for that, but I'll have
a drunken army to confront the British with. And so
I don't want to direct to give cash to the soldiers.
Here's what I want you to do instead. I want
(11:03):
you to go out and buy a bunch of cloth,
linen cloth, and you women use that cloth to sew
shirts for the soldiers. And Asa Reid wrote back saying, whoa,
We don't want to do it that way because we
don't want to give the soldiers something they need. We
(11:24):
want to give them something they want. That is, the
army owes uniforms, including shirts, to its soldiers, and so
it's your job, George Washington, she was saying as tactfully
as she could. He was a very intimidating guy. Even then,
it's your job to provide the clothing for the soldiers.
So we don't want to give them something that they're
(11:46):
supposed to be getting anyway. We want to give them
something nice. Well, George Washington wrote back saying shirts. It
should really be shirts. So she did give in and said, okay,
we'll make the shirts. One of the things I discuss
was yet she gave in on the shirts, but she
didn't give in on another matter, and that involves knowing
(12:07):
that Pennsylvania politics was very divided. It wasn't Republicans Democrats.
Then it was Republicans and constitutionalists and a very different
Republican party from the one we have today. Those were
her husband's enemy he was a member of the Constitutionalist Party. Anyway,
Washington had said, Hey, I want you to buy cloth
(12:28):
with this money, but I want you to put the
money in this new bank, a private bank started by
a bunch of these Republican politicians in Pennsylvania. And she
wrote back basically saying, but you know, this thing was
started by my husband's enemies, and if I put the
money in there, they're going to give me bank notes
in returns sort of IOUs, and that money will be
(12:49):
worth less than the money that I put in, and
that's going to hurt my cause. And so she stood
up to George Washington. She said, no, that makes her
a very rare person. You know, she was only thirty
three years old standing up to George Washington. And ladies
were not supposed to do that. But they collect all
(13:11):
this money, they spent it on cloth and then did
comply with what Washington desired about the shirts, and the
women ended up making two thousand shirts to give to
Continental soldiers. And one of the fun little flourishes is
that each woman sewed her name into the back of
(13:32):
the shirt, so the soldier would know that there was
one particular woman who had done this for him. And again,
her whole point was to show that they were remembered.
The saddest part of this story comes on September eighteenth,
seventeen eighty, when they're right in the middle of sewing
these shirts, and when she suddenly came down with attack
(13:54):
of dysentery and died on September eighteenth of seventeen eighty
at the age of only thirty three. The campaign continued
without her. One of the things to say about Esther
Reed's death is that generally, when women died in those days,
(14:14):
if they were famous like her, she's the wife of
the highest official in the state, they'll put an obituary,
but they're always very general and really interchangeable. Oh, she
was wonderful wife, wonderful mother, but nothing specific about them.
But when she died they did do the generic obituary,
but then they also specifically talked about this amazing effort
(14:37):
that she had done on behalf of the soldiers, And
in fact, the newspaper speculated that one reason for her
death was imposing on herself too great a part of
the task, like seven thousand soldiers who died of British
bullets and another twenty thousand soldiers who died of disease
(14:59):
during the war. In a sense, she had given her
life for the cause. As I said, the effort continued,
and it's a good thing it did, too, because on
January first, seventeen eighty one, just a couple months after
she died, there was a mutiny among the Pennsylvania soldiers
of the Continental Army. Over all these issues like not
(15:20):
getting their pay and not getting proper clothing and food
that had been promised to them, and they actually marched
towards Philadelphia. Or most interesting they did to appease the
soldiers was they gave each of them a shirt, and
so many of these mutinying soldiers were was brought back
(15:42):
to being a loyal soldier again by being given one
of these shirts that Esther read and these other women
had produced. So that's one thing that happened after her death.
Another thing is that Thomas Jefferson wrote one of his
most famous letters. He of course is most famous for
(16:02):
writing The Decoration of Independence, but he's also coined some
of the best known phrases that we use when we
talk about the American Revolution today. So in one of
those was Empire of Liberty. He was the first person
to describe the United States as an empire of liberty.
And it's an interesting expression because we don't always associate
(16:26):
liberty with empire. But he was hoping that the United
States could become an empire of liberty. But you might
remember that when I was talking about the essay that
ester Reid wrote in June of seventeen eighty called Sentiments
of an American Woman. In that essay, she became the
first person to use the phrase empire of liberty for
(16:51):
anything other than as a word for as a phrase
for a heaven. And she sent that essay to Martha Jefferson,
the wife of Thomas Jefferson, the governor of Virginia. So
I can't prove this, but I'm pretty sure that Thomas
Jefferson got that phrase Empire of liberty not out of
his amazingly creative brain, but he borrowed that idea from
(17:15):
the late Esther Reid.
Speaker 1 (17:22):
And a terrific job on the production by Faith Buchanan
and a special thanks to Professor Woody Houlton, professor at
the University of South Carolina, and his book Liberty Is Sweet,
The Hidden history of the American Revolution and by the way,
the role women played. We talk a lot about that
here on the show and will continue to do so.
American women were born for liberty. Esther Reid said those
(17:44):
words would make it to Jefferson's pen and change the world.
The story of Esther Reid here on our American Story.
This is Lee Habib and this is Our American Stories.
They show where America is the star and the American people.
And to find and search for the Our American Stories podcast,
go to the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts.
Today we have the story of Esther Reid, a woman
whom during the Revolutionary War went to great lengths to
(00:32):
support the Continental Army. Professor Woody Halton of the University
of South Carolina will be sharing with us her story.
Here's Professor Holton.
Speaker 2 (00:48):
One of my favorite discoveries researching a book on the
Revolution was Esther Reid, the woman who stood up to
George Washington and she died. Was plagiarized by Thomas Jefferson,
but in a good way. She was born in Britain
in seventeen forty six, and when she was in her
(01:11):
early twenties, she met a young man who was in
Britain for a legal education. His name was Joseph Reed,
and he was from America, and they two fell in love.
The two of them married, and they moved back to
America together in seventeen seventy and so one of the
(01:32):
amazing things about Esther Reid is just four years after
moving to America. We have the First Continental Congress meeting
in Philadelphia, and a bunch of the delegates had dinner
with Esther and Joseph Reed, and one of them pronounced
her a daughter of liberty. That is, she had already
become a solid, enthusiastic patriot for the American cause, even
(01:56):
though she'd only lived in America for four years. Her husband, Joseph,
was also a great patriot. He became a secretary to
George Washington and then Adjutant General in the Continental Army.
But that's also what got Joseph in trouble, because in
seventeen seventy six, George Washington, as commander in chief, made
(02:18):
a mistake. He should have evacuated a fort called Fort
Washington on the Hudson River in what's now New York City,
and Washington didn't, and the fort was captured with six
thousand men in it. Reid wrote a letter criticizing his
commander in chief, George Washington, and to his great chagrin,
(02:42):
George Washington accidentally, on purpose opened this letter and saw
that his protege, Joseph Reid was criticizing him, and it
really put a real Paul in their relationship, they continued
to work together Washington and Joseph Reed. In seventeen seventy nine,
(03:04):
Joseph Reed became the President of Pennsylvania. That was the
highest office in this new state of Pennsylvania during the
American Revolution. But I want to take it to the
spring of seventeen eighty, which was the real low point
of the Revolutionary War near where I live down in Charleston,
(03:28):
South Carolina. The British captured not only the town of Charleston,
but of six thousand nin Continental Army. And there were
problems internal to America too. The soldiers hadn't been paid,
and they weren't getting the required amount of food or
proper uniforms, and so, as George Washington put it, there
(03:51):
was a mutiny and dissension throughout the army. I mean,
one of the most amazing incidents of desertion was a
bunch of Continental soldiers here they are fighting for liberty
that they've just had enough, and so they mass deserted
and were going to This was an upstate New York
and they were going to go to a British fort
(04:12):
up New York, Canada and dessert to the other side.
And their commanding officer had to resort to sending Oneida Indians,
they're one of the six nations of the Iroquois, to
go capture these Americans who had tried to desert to
the British, and the Unitas did catch up with them
(04:32):
and killed thirteen of them. Some escape, some were brought
back to face justice. It was dark days, and in
once it was literally dark days, because there was a
weird thing that happened in the heavens in May of
seventeen eighty. In the middle of the day, the sky
(04:56):
went dark, and people knew from their almanacs there was
going to be in the clips and this was not
in the clutch. It just suddenly went dark, and the
whipper wheels sounded, and the cocks crowed and all that,
and many people believe, oh my god, we're having darkness
in the middle of the day. This is the end
of the world, And it sort of made sense given
how bad things were going for the Patriot side. It
(05:21):
eventually went away, and historians think that what really had
happened was forest fires up in Maine had put so
much smoke into the air that it blackened the sky
farther south. It really sort of symbolizes that these were
dark days for the Americans, and this is where Esther
(05:41):
Reed becomes part of the story. She wanted to do
something to improve the morale of the soldiers that were
already enlisted, and so she came up with this idea
of getting the women of Philadelphia to go door to
door and raise money and then divide it up among
(06:02):
the troops as a special gift among the soldiers, and
just as a way of telling them that they had
not been forgotten. That was her great fear was that,
you know, and this happens a lot in our country
now as well as other countries. People who are not
having to go fight the war forget about the troops.
And she really wanted them to know that they were remembered.
(06:24):
But she had a problem in organizing this effort, and
that was that women in those days, or at least
ladies in those days, weren't supposed to go out knocking
on strangers' doors. They really weren't supposed to be in
the street alone.
Speaker 1 (06:44):
And you've been listening to Woody Holton of the University
of South Carolina share with us the story of Esther Reid,
and he's setting the table and people who think we're
facing hard times today just don't understand what hard times
were and how what our troops were going through. Well,
we could have lost it, they could have just left.
And efforts like this from S. The Reid changed the game,
(07:05):
changed the calculus, the morale of the troops. Think about it,
they weren't paid and indeed they were deserting in mass.
When we come back, more of this remarkable story of S.
The Reed, the story of the founding of our country
and our first war and our first Civil War. Here
on our American Stories. Folks, if you love the stories
(07:32):
we tell about this great country, and especially the stories
of America's rich past, know that all of our stories
about American history, from war to innovation, culture and faith,
are brought to us by the great folks at Hillsdale College,
a place where students study all the things that are
beautiful in life and all the things that are good
in life. And if you can't cut to Hillsdale, Hillsdale
(07:53):
will come to you with their free and terrific online courses.
Go to Hillsdale dot edu to learn more. And we
continue with our American Stories. We've been listening to Professor
Woody Houlton of the University of South Carolina share with
(08:16):
us the story of Esther Reid. Esther was born British
but moved to America after marrying her Patriot husband, Joseph Reed,
who would, by the way, become the President of Pennsylvania.
The Patriots had experienced some devastating losses in the war,
and Esther had begun to worry about the morale of
our troops, so she decided to raise money for them,
(08:39):
and was encouraging other women to do the same. Back
again as women back when women did not knock on doors,
let's return to Woody.
Speaker 2 (08:51):
She had to sell them on the idea of doing this,
so she published this extraordinary thing in the newspaper called
Sentiments of an American Lady, where she made the case
that American women, just like American men, were born for liberty.
And she also cited examples of role models, you could say,
(09:15):
of women in history who had stepped out and made
serious changes. And she mentioned, for instance, Elizabeth who was
one of the most powerful monarchs that England had ever had,
the example of Catherine the Great of Russia, another powerful woman.
And she used an interesting expression in her essays to
(09:36):
Reed did to describe what Catherine the Great and what
Elizabeth the First had done, and that was she said,
they had extended the Empire of liberty. She, as to Reid,
was the first person ever to use that phrase empire
of liberty for an earthly matter. That is, people had
(09:58):
used empire of liberty as euphemism expression for heaven. So
she published this essay and got a lot of other
women involved. They had a committee of thirty nine, that is,
three representing each of the thirteen states, and they raised
a ton of money. Everything's going pretty well with the
(10:18):
fundraising until Esther Reed wrote Commander in Chief George Washington, saying, Okay,
we've raised all this money. We need to figure out
the practical matter. Reductive involved Martha Washington in distributing the
money to the troops, and George Washington wrote back saying,
hold on, I know, my men. These are mostly guys
(10:42):
in their twenty some younger than that, and if you
give them cash money, they're going to go out and
blow it on liquor. And so not only will they
not have anything of value for that, but I'll have
a drunken army to confront the British with. And so
I don't want to direct to give cash to the soldiers.
Here's what I want you to do instead. I want
(11:03):
you to go out and buy a bunch of cloth,
linen cloth, and you women use that cloth to sew
shirts for the soldiers. And Asa Reid wrote back saying, whoa,
We don't want to do it that way because we
don't want to give the soldiers something they need. We
(11:24):
want to give them something they want. That is, the
army owes uniforms, including shirts, to its soldiers, and so
it's your job, George Washington, she was saying as tactfully
as she could. He was a very intimidating guy. Even then,
it's your job to provide the clothing for the soldiers.
So we don't want to give them something that they're
(11:46):
supposed to be getting anyway. We want to give them
something nice. Well, George Washington wrote back saying shirts. It
should really be shirts. So she did give in and said, okay,
we'll make the shirts. One of the things I discuss
was yet she gave in on the shirts, but she
didn't give in on another matter, and that involves knowing
(12:07):
that Pennsylvania politics was very divided. It wasn't Republicans Democrats.
Then it was Republicans and constitutionalists and a very different
Republican party from the one we have today. Those were
her husband's enemy he was a member of the Constitutionalist Party. Anyway,
Washington had said, Hey, I want you to buy cloth
(12:28):
with this money, but I want you to put the
money in this new bank, a private bank started by
a bunch of these Republican politicians in Pennsylvania. And she
wrote back basically saying, but you know, this thing was
started by my husband's enemies, and if I put the
money in there, they're going to give me bank notes
in returns sort of IOUs, and that money will be
(12:49):
worth less than the money that I put in, and
that's going to hurt my cause. And so she stood
up to George Washington. She said, no, that makes her
a very rare person. You know, she was only thirty
three years old standing up to George Washington. And ladies
were not supposed to do that. But they collect all
(13:11):
this money, they spent it on cloth and then did
comply with what Washington desired about the shirts, and the
women ended up making two thousand shirts to give to
Continental soldiers. And one of the fun little flourishes is
that each woman sewed her name into the back of
(13:32):
the shirt, so the soldier would know that there was
one particular woman who had done this for him. And again,
her whole point was to show that they were remembered.
The saddest part of this story comes on September eighteenth,
seventeen eighty, when they're right in the middle of sewing
these shirts, and when she suddenly came down with attack
(13:54):
of dysentery and died on September eighteenth of seventeen eighty
at the age of only thirty three. The campaign continued
without her. One of the things to say about Esther
Reed's death is that generally, when women died in those days,
(14:14):
if they were famous like her, she's the wife of
the highest official in the state, they'll put an obituary,
but they're always very general and really interchangeable. Oh, she
was wonderful wife, wonderful mother, but nothing specific about them.
But when she died they did do the generic obituary,
but then they also specifically talked about this amazing effort
(14:37):
that she had done on behalf of the soldiers, And
in fact, the newspaper speculated that one reason for her
death was imposing on herself too great a part of
the task, like seven thousand soldiers who died of British
bullets and another twenty thousand soldiers who died of disease
(14:59):
during the war. In a sense, she had given her
life for the cause. As I said, the effort continued,
and it's a good thing it did, too, because on
January first, seventeen eighty one, just a couple months after
she died, there was a mutiny among the Pennsylvania soldiers
of the Continental Army. Over all these issues like not
(15:20):
getting their pay and not getting proper clothing and food
that had been promised to them, and they actually marched
towards Philadelphia. Or most interesting they did to appease the
soldiers was they gave each of them a shirt, and
so many of these mutinying soldiers were was brought back
(15:42):
to being a loyal soldier again by being given one
of these shirts that Esther read and these other women
had produced. So that's one thing that happened after her death.
Another thing is that Thomas Jefferson wrote one of his
most famous letters. He of course is most famous for
(16:02):
writing The Decoration of Independence, but he's also coined some
of the best known phrases that we use when we
talk about the American Revolution today. So in one of
those was Empire of Liberty. He was the first person
to describe the United States as an empire of liberty.
And it's an interesting expression because we don't always associate
(16:26):
liberty with empire. But he was hoping that the United
States could become an empire of liberty. But you might
remember that when I was talking about the essay that
ester Reid wrote in June of seventeen eighty called Sentiments
of an American Woman. In that essay, she became the
first person to use the phrase empire of liberty for
(16:51):
anything other than as a word for as a phrase
for a heaven. And she sent that essay to Martha Jefferson,
the wife of Thomas Jefferson, the governor of Virginia. So
I can't prove this, but I'm pretty sure that Thomas
Jefferson got that phrase Empire of liberty not out of
his amazingly creative brain, but he borrowed that idea from
(17:15):
the late Esther Reid.
Speaker 1 (17:22):
And a terrific job on the production by Faith Buchanan
and a special thanks to Professor Woody Houlton, professor at
the University of South Carolina, and his book Liberty Is Sweet,
The Hidden history of the American Revolution and by the way,
the role women played. We talk a lot about that
here on the show and will continue to do so.
American women were born for liberty. Esther Reid said those
(17:44):
words would make it to Jefferson's pen and change the world.
The story of Esther Reid here on our American Story.
Host
Lee Habeeb
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