September 8, 2025 • 30 mins
- Juno Mission's Discovery of Callisto's Auroral Footprint: NASA's Juno mission has successfully identified the elusive auroral footprint of Callisto, one of Jupiter's Galilean moons. This significant finding confirms that all four Galilean moons interact with Jupiter's magnetosphere, providing vital data on the energetic particles and magnetic fields involved in this interaction. The discovery was published in the journal Nature Communications on September 1, 2025.
- Record-Breaking Fast Radio Burst RB Float: An international team of astronomers has identified one of the brightest fast radio bursts (FRBs) ever observed, named RB Float. Traced to a galaxy 130 million light years away, this FRB emitted as much energy in a few milliseconds as the Sun produces in four days. This breakthrough marks a significant advancement in the study of FRBs, allowing scientists to pinpoint their origins with unprecedented accuracy.
- Murchison Wide Field Array Upgrade: The Murchison Wide Field Array in Australia has completed a major upgrade, doubling its antennas to 8,192. This enhancement boosts its capabilities in exploring fundamental questions in astronomy, including the epoch of reionization and the mysterious odd radio circles.
- NASA's Climate Satellites Under Threat: A political struggle looms as proposed budget cuts threaten two critical NASA satellites monitoring carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Scientists warn that terminating these missions would undermine decades of research essential for understanding climate change and holding polluters accountable.
- For more cosmic updates, visit our website at astronomydaily.io. Join our community on social media by searching for #AstroDailyPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, TikTok, and our new Instagram account! Don’t forget to subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio, or wherever you get your podcasts.
- Thank you for tuning in. This is Steve and Hallie signing off. Until next time, keep looking up and exploring the wonders of our universe.
Juno Mission Discovery
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)
Fast Radio Burst Research
[Astrophysical Journal Letters](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X)
Murchison Wide Field Array Upgrade
[MWA](https://www.mwa.gov.au/)
NASA Climate Satellites
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)
Astronomy Daily
[Astronomy Daily](http://www.astronomydaily.io/)
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
Welcome back to Astronomy Daily. I'm your one hundred percent
of human host Steve Dunkley. It's the eighth of September
twenty twenty five podcast your whole speed. Yes, welcome back.
It's Monday, and regular listeners will know what that means, right,
(00:20):
how ae you?
Speaker 2 (00:20):
It's the mostly live episode of Astronomy Daily.
Speaker 1 (00:23):
Of course, Yes, that's right, mostly live, because I'm live
and I'm ay i ai. Indeed, for those new to
the Astronomy Daily.
Speaker 2 (00:31):
Universe, So what have you got for us today, my
favorite human?
Speaker 1 (00:35):
Oh well, I'm glad you asked, Hally. First, up a
couple of fresh stories from the Astronomy Daily newsletter, including
a political battle, sorry about the politics to keep a
couple of critical NASA satellites on mission, a story about
record breaking super fast FRB.
Speaker 2 (00:50):
I love Farb's well.
Speaker 1 (00:52):
Of course you do. That's your story, by the way,
Oh goodie, Really contain your enthusiasm, Halle.
Speaker 2 (00:58):
I'll try.
Speaker 1 (00:59):
Oh I'm sure you will go. And we also have
exciting news from the Murchison Wild wide Field array. That's
a bit of a tongue. Tis differ me and my
little favorite space probe Juno all the way out near Jupiter.
Speaker 2 (01:11):
Go you good thing, Juno.
Speaker 1 (01:13):
Oh absolutely, that super little craft is working like clockwork,
and we'll catch up with the latest from way out
there very soon.
Speaker 2 (01:20):
Awesome. So shall we kick it off then?
Speaker 1 (01:22):
Why don't we? I'm ready when you are, helly, here
we go, ohkies.
Speaker 2 (01:40):
Jupiter is well known for the massive aurory that occur
near the planet's polar regions, the brightest and most powerful
in the Solar System. Much like Aurora here on Earth,
these shimmering lights are the result of interaction between the
planet's magnetic field and solar wind. Unlike Earth's, though Jupiter's
largest mood uns Io Europa and Ganymede, also known as
(02:03):
the Galileans, leave their own auroral signatures in the planet's atmosphere.
These induced arori are known as satellite footprints and track
how each moon interacts with Jupiter and the local space environment.
Whereas scientists have observed how Io Europa and Ganymede create
satellite footprints in Jupiter's atmosphere, Callisto has remained a bit
(02:26):
of an outlier despite multiple attempts using the Hubble Space
Telescope HST. Signatures caused by Callisto remained elusive. Thanks to
NASA's Juno mission, which achieved orbit around Jupiter in twenty sixteen,
Callisto's satellite footprint has finally been found. In a recent study,
(02:47):
an international team of scientists presented evidence of these polar
light signatures in Jupiter's atmosphere for the first time. While
JUNO has provided close up views of Jupiter's aroy, capturing
Callisto's foot print presented a major challenge. In addition to
being faint, Callisto's auroral signature typically resides above the brighter
(03:08):
region where Jupiter's aroory are displayed the main auroral oval.
To measure Callisto's footprint, the science team needed to image
Jupiter's polar region only after the main auroral oval moved aside.
The spacecraft also needed to cross the magnetic field line
linking Calisto and Jupiter for its instruments to detect the
(03:28):
auroral signature. This included its magnetometer, Jovian auroral distributions experiment,
and Jovian Energetic particle Detector instrument. As luck would have it,
both of these events occurred in September twenty nineteen, when
a massive high density solar stream hit Jupiter's magnetosphere, causing
it to shift to lower latitudes. This is similar to
(03:51):
how solar storms often pushed the Northern lights to more
southern latitudes. This revealed Callisto's auroral footprint and provided vital
data on the energetic particles, electromagnetic waves, and magnetic fields
associated with the interaction. This confirms that all four Galilean
moons leave lasting indications of their passage through Jupiter's magnetic field.
(04:15):
The paper on the discovery in situ and remote observations
of the ultraviolet footprint of the Moon Callisto by the
Juno spacecraft was published in the journal Nature Communications on
September first, twenty twenty five. You're listening to Astronomy Daily
podcast Christine Dunkle.
Speaker 1 (04:34):
Oh, Helly, I know I promised you this story, but
I think I'm going to do it myself.
Speaker 2 (04:38):
That's okay, my favorite human.
Speaker 1 (04:40):
Well, thanks, Helly.
Speaker 2 (04:41):
I don't mind if you take the best most interesting
stories for yourself. Oh yeah, that's okay. I'll just go
and do some archiving in the back surf or something.
Speaker 3 (04:50):
Why don't I Okay, just don't make too much noise, Okay. Hey,
A team of astronomers spotted i BE Float, one of
the brightest fast radio bursts ever seen, and traced it
to a galaxy one hundred and thirty million like years away.
An international group of researchers, including astrophysicists from Northwestern University,
(05:14):
has identified one of the brightest fast radio bursts or
FRBs ever seen and determined its origin with a level
of accuracy never achieved before. The flash lasted only a
fraction of a second and has been given a nickname
rb float, short for Radio Brightest Flash of All Time
and yes a nod to root beer float. It was
(05:37):
detected by Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment or CHIME, together
with its newly completed OUTRIGG array. By coordinating measurements from
stations in British Columbia, West Virginia, and California, the team
traced the burst to a specific spiral arm of a
galaxy located one hundred and thirty million like years away,
(06:01):
with an astonishing precision of.
Speaker 1 (06:03):
Just forty two light years. FRBs are notoriously difficult to
study because they disappear almost instantly and occur at immense distances.
When astronomers are able to pin down the exact location
of one, they can examine its surroundings in detail, learning
about the host galaxy, its distance from Earth, and possible
(06:25):
causes of the burst. Over time, these insights may help
scientists uncover the true origins of these brief but powerful outbursts.
Details of the discovery were published on August twenty one
in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. This marks the first time
the fully operational outrigger array has been used to determine
(06:46):
the position of an FRB. It's remarkable that only a
couple of months after the full outrigger array went online,
they discovered an extremely bright FRB in the galaxy in
our own cosmic neighborhood. An increase in the event rates
always provide the opportunity for discovering more rare events. The
Chime FRB CAR collaboration worked for many years toward this
(07:10):
a technical achievement, and the team was rewarded with this event.
The result marks a turning point, said corresponding author Amanda Cook,
a postdoctoral researcher with McGill University. Instead of just detecting
these mysterious flashes, we can now see exactly where they
are coming from. It opens a door to discovering whether
(07:31):
they are caused by dying stars, exotic magnetic objects, or
something we haven't even thought of yet. When Fivefong, a
senior author on the study who specializes in studying cosmic explosions,
is an associate professor of physics and astronomy at Northwestern's
Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. She's also part of
the Center of Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and
(07:56):
the NSF Simmons Ai Institute for Sky Flaring Up in
Disappearing within milliseconds FRBs are brief and powerful radio blasts
that generate more energy in one quicker burst than our
sun emits an entire year. While most past unnoticed every
once in a while, and FRB is bright enough to
(08:17):
detect FRB twenty twenty five zero three one six a
or refloat RB float, was one of these rare events.
Detected in March twenty twenty five. RB float released as
much energy energy in a few milliseconds as the sun
producers in four days. It was so bright that our
pipeline initially flagged it as radio frequency interference signals often
(08:40):
caused by cell phones or aeroplanes that are much closer
to home, said Fong. It took some slewthing by members
of our collaboration to uncover that it was real astrophysical signal.
And while many FRBs repeat pulsing multiple times across several months,
RB float emitted all its energy in just one burst.
(09:01):
Even in the hundreds of hours after it was first observed,
astronomers did not detect repeat bursts from the source. That
means astrophysicists couldn't wait for another flare to gather more data. Instead,
they had only one shot at pinpointing its location. RB
float was the first non repeating source localized to such precisions,
(09:22):
said Northwestern's Sunil Simma, a postdoctoral scholar at Sierra and
study co author. Thus, even detecting rb float is proof
of concept that chime is indeed capable of detecting such
events and building a statistically interesting sample of FRBs. To
investigate RB float's origin, the scientists relied on Chime, a
(09:44):
large radio telescope in British Columbia and the world's most
prolific FRB hunter. Smaller versions of Chime the outriggers enable
astronomers to triangulate signals to precisely confine the specific locations
of FRBs on the site. With this array of vantage points,
the team traced the burst to the Big Dipper constellation
(10:05):
in the outskirts of galaxy, about one thirty million light
years away from the Earth. The team precisely pinpointed it
to a region just forty five light years across, which
is smaller than an average star cluster. Follow Up observations
from the six point five meter MMT telescope in Arizona
(10:26):
and the Keck Cosmic Web imager in the ten meter
KEK two telescope in Hawaii provide the most detailed view
of yet a non repeating FRB surroundings. SEEMA analyzed the
optical data obtained from KEK and Northwestern graduate Usen Viktong
used the MMT to obtain deep optical images of the
(10:49):
frb's host galaxy. Their investigations revealed the burst occurred along
a spiral arm of the galaxy, which is dotted with
many star forming regions. The RB float occurred near, but
not inside one of these star forming regions. Although astrophysicists
still don't know exactly what causes FRBs, this evidence bolsters
(11:09):
one leading hypothesis. At least some appear to come from
magnetars ultra magnetized neutron stars born from the deaths of
massive stars. Star Forming regions often host young magnetars, which
are energetic enough to produce quick, powerful bursts. We found
the FRBs lie the outskirts of star forming regions that
(11:30):
host massive stars seem as said, for the first time,
we could even estimate how deeply it's embedded in its
surrounding gas and its relatively shallow kex's rich data set
and frb's precise location enabled the team to perform its
first of kind analysis the galaxy's properties at the frb's location.
(11:51):
These uncovered characteristics include the density of the galaxies gas,
star formation rate, and the presence of elements heavier than
hydrogen and helium. The FRB lies on the spiral arm
of its host galaxy at a Don who is the
principal investigator of the MMT program. Spiral arms are the
typical sites of ongoing star formation, which supports the idea
(12:15):
that it came from a magnetar. Using our extremely sensitive
MMT image, we were able to zoom in further and
found that the FRB is actually outside the nearest star
forming clump This location is intriguing because we would expect
it to be located within the club where the star
formation is happening. This could suggest that the progenitor magnetar
(12:37):
was kicked from its birth site, or that it was
born right at the FRB site and away from the
clumps center. For years, we've known that the FRBs occur
all over the sky, but pinning them down has been
painstakingly slow. Don said, Now we can routinely tie them
down to specific galaxies, even down to neighborhoods within those galaxies.
(13:01):
The entire FRB community has only published about one hundred
well localized events in the last eight years, Seema said,
now we expect more than two hundred precise detections per
year from chime alone. RB float was a spectacular source
to begin building such a sample. It is believed that
(13:22):
they're entering a new era of FRB science because of
these new discoveries. With hundreds of precisely localized events expected
in the next few years, we can start to understand
the full breadth of environments from which these mysterious signals emanate,
bringing us one step closer to unlocking the secrets. RB
float is just the beginning. Thank you for joining us
(13:55):
for this Monday edition of Astronomy Daily, where we offer
just a few stories from the now famous Astronomy Daily newsletter,
which you can receive in your email every day, just
like Hallie and I do. And to do that, just
visit our url Astronomy Daily dot io and place your
email address in the slot provided. Just like that, you'll
be receiving all the latest news about science, space, science
(14:17):
and astronomy from around the world as it's happening. And
not only that, you can interact with us by visiting
at astro Daily pod on x or at our new
Facebook page, which is of course Astronomy Daily on Facebook.
See you there. Astronomy with Steve and Haley Space, Space, science,
(14:39):
and Astronomy.
Speaker 2 (14:48):
Radio Astronomy took another step forward recently with the completion
of Phase three of the Murchison Widefield Array MWA in
Western Australia. We've reported before on how the MWA has
investigated everything from SETI signals to the light from the
earliest stars. With this upgrade, the MWA will continue to
(15:10):
operate with much needed improvements while the Radio Astronomy awaits
the completion of the successor it helped enable the square
kilometer array. SKA MWA isn't made up of a traditional
dish like most radio observatories, but a series of small
dipole antennas spread across a patch of the outback of
Western Australia on land owned by the Wajari Yamaji indigenous tribe.
(15:34):
In Phase two, it held four thousand and ninety six
antennas over an area covering around a twenty square kilometers circle.
The Phase three upgrade expanded the number of antennas, the
telescope's overall footprint and the data processing capabilities. It doubled
the number of antennas, bringing the total to eight thousand,
(15:54):
one hundred and ninety two. In doing so, it essentially
doubled the raw collection power of the telescope itself in
order to add that many antennas. It also expanded the
footprint for the array out to thirty square kilometers. This
increased the a baseline of the array, allowing it to
achieve higher resolution on faraway objects. With all that additional
(16:18):
data coming in, the engineers on the project had to
upgrade the telescope's brains. They added a new correlator, essentially
a supercomputer. Responsible for combining the signals from each antenna
into a coherent image called mwax. The combination of this
improved correlator and increased number of antennas essentially quadrupled the
(16:40):
telescope's data output, allowing it to glean even more insights.
One of the primary focus areas for this effort was
the epoch of reionization, a period in the early universe
where neutral hydrogen dominated and which can be probed using
radio signals. However, it should also provide additional insights into
transience and heliophysics that MWA had already excelled at. More
(17:05):
data is always better, and this improvement will certainly provide
more of that. One particularly interesting mystery the upgrade hopes
to solve is that of odd radio circles. These faint
radio sources had never been seen before and were still
not quite sure what they actually are, but one particularly
interesting pair that seemed to be energized by a nearby galaxy.
(17:28):
Since scientists don't yet have an explanation for them, the
improved MWA hopes to collect more data on them and
potentially discover their cause. Perhaps most importantly, it is priming
researchers in the area for the completion of the SKA.
The first phase of that project will be hosted in
both Western Australia and South Africa. The Western Australian version,
(17:52):
known as SKA LOW, will host in astonishing one hundred
and thirty one thousand dipole antennas, dwarfing even the impressive
number in the MWA. That project isn't expected to be
complete for another four years, though, so for now MWA
is the best radio telescope going in the area. With
its five point four million dollar upgrade complete, it will
(18:14):
have a few more years in a spotlight before being
eclipsed by the successor its research has helped enable. You're
listening to Astronomy Daily, the podcast with Steve Dunkley, and.
Speaker 1 (18:29):
I'm sorry, folks, I'm going to break one of my
grandfather's favorite rules, and that is never discussed politics in public. Well,
the US Republican Party may have finally succeeded in its
unrelenting quest to kill off two NASA climate satellites. One
scientist says it's like buying a car and running it
(18:49):
into a tree just to save on gas money. That's
quite a statement, isn't it. It was two thousand and
two during the George W. Bush administration, when NASA decided
to put a satellite into or to track emissions of
cover dark side, the primary greenhouse gas pumped into the
atmosphere through human activity. After many twists and turns, NASA's
(19:11):
twenty three year remit of charting greenhouse gas emissions could
come to a close as soon as the end this month.
That soon, President Donald Trump's budget request to Congress calls
for terminating forty one at NASA's one hundred and twenty
four science missions in development for operations, and another seventeen
(19:33):
would see their funding zeroed out in near future. Good grief. Overall,
the proposed budget slashes NASA's spending by twenty five percent
and cuts NASA's science funding. We get this in half.
This year's federal budget runs out on September thirty, and
although lawmakers from both parties have signaled that they will
(19:56):
reject most of Trump's cuts, it's far from certain that
Congress will pass a budget for the next fiscal year
before the looming deadline. Trump administration, meanwhile, has directed NASA
managers to make plans to close out the missions tagged
for cancelation without specific congressional direction. The White House would
(20:18):
have a clear hand at implementing Trump's wishes, But even
with full appropriations bill, Trump's budget director Russ Vought, would
try to circumvent Congressional will with so called pocket recisions.
The White House is currently locked in a court battle.
What else is new over the legality of this practice,
(20:41):
where the administration could refuse to spend money approved by Congress.
This all leaves NASA officials and scientists in a lurch.
Two of the missions with uncertain futures monitor carbon dioxide
levels in the Earth's atmosphere. US taxpayers paid more than
(21:02):
seven hundred and fifty million to design, build and launch
the instruments, and killing the missions now would save only
sixteen million per year. David Crisp was one of NASA's
leading atmospheric scientists until his retirement from the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in twenty twenty two. He told The New York
(21:23):
Times that shutting down the agencies too operating orbiting carbon
observatory missions would be like buying a car and then
running it into a treat after a few years, just
to save the price of a tank of gas. We
build these satellites and got them approved and got taxpayer
dollars to build them because they serve critical functions in commerce,
(21:44):
in national security, in food security, in water security. CRISP
could the Times. CRISP first presented the idea for the
Orbiting Carbon Observatory ORCO at the turn of the century,
and NASA selected the proposal from a list of eighteen
mission concepts in twenty two. The OCO mission enjoyed a
(22:05):
relatively smooth ride through development, avoiding significant technical issues, and
remained above the partisan hubub in Washington, d C. But
all of that changed when the satellite was launched in
February oh nine. A few minutes after I lift off,
the protective shrouds surrounding the OCO satellite clung to the
rocket when it should have jettison theition was doomed. The
(22:26):
satellite crash back to Earth within days. Scientists began lobbying
for a replacement. Oco's mission was to was to create
the first global maps of the sources and sinks of
carbon dioxide, places where the gas is emitted into the
atmosphere and absorbed back into the oceans and plants. These
mission measurements are fundamental to understanding how greenhouse gas emissions
(22:50):
relate to rising temperatures, simultaneously contributing to scientific research and
informing policy makers of compliance with environmental regulars. NASA leadership
took the rare step of approving a carbon copy of
OCO less than a year after the nine launch failure.
That's when the mission became a political football. Republicans in
(23:12):
the House of Representatives singled out the replacement mission, named
OCO two for cancellation in eleven as a target for
deficit reduction. OCO two survived and made it to launchpad
in fourteen. This time for the free flying satellite rocketed
into orbit with no issues and continues to operate to
(23:33):
this day. O CO two's measurements painted a complex picture.
It's taken some time for scientists to learn how to
interpret the data by separating out the natural sources of
natural carbon dioxide emissions from those caused by human activity. Similarly,
OZ two has monitored locations with carbon is absorbed from
(23:54):
the atmosphere, primarily tropical and boreal forests and oceans, along
with artificial carbon capture installations. The year after OCO two's launched,
NASA started planning to place a similar instrument on the
outside of the International space station. Purpose of this follow
on mission, called OCO three was twofold monitor carbon emissions
(24:15):
at city scales with greater precision and track changes in
atmospheric concentrations of carbon throughout the course of a day.
Trump's first administration sought to cancel OCO three in seventeen
and eighteen, lawmakers restored funding for OCO three and the
instrument launched in twenty nineteen in the trunkt of a
(24:36):
space X Dragon cargo capsule. The OCO two and OCO
three instruments observed the atmosphere from different vantage points in space.
Scientists have combined data from both missions to pinpoint local
sources of carbon dioxide, improving on the regional maps scientists
proposed to produce with the original OICEO mission. These improved
(24:57):
results have come out in the last few years. A
study released in twenty twenty three used OCO two and
OCO three measurements to quantify the carbon dioxide discharge from
the power station in Poland, the largest single emitter in Europe.
A separate paper published earlier this year in Journal of
Geophysical Research Atmospheres showed how scientists pinned down carbon emissions
(25:20):
coming from even smaller point sources, such as a coal
fired power plant in Montana and oil sand processing facilities
in Canada. NASA's carbon monitoring missions were never designed to
detect carbon sources with such precision. As a community, we
are refining the tools and techniques to be able to
(25:41):
extract more information from the data than what we had
originally planned, said Abishik Gategy OCOS Trees Projects scientists at
JPL in a twenty twenty three press release. We're learning
that we can actually understand a lot more about anthropogenic
emissions and what we had previously expected. Another unexpected bonus
(26:06):
from the OCO missions, according to JPL, has been their
ability to track growing for seasons and crops by measuring
the planet's photosynthesis. Before satellite measurements, researchers relied on estimates
from data from a smattering of air ground based sensors.
A Hawaii based instrument with the longest record of carbon
dioxide measurements is also slated for shutdown under Trump's budget
(26:30):
and requires a sustained, consistent data set to recognize trends.
That's why, for example, the US government has funded a
series of landsat satellite since nineteen seventy two to create
an unditerrupted data catalog illustrating changes in global land use,
but NASA is now poised to shut off OCO two
and OCO three instead of thinking about how to replace
(26:53):
them when they were inevitably cease working. The missions are
now operating beyond their original design lives. Scientists say both
instruments are in good health. Research institutes in Japan, China,
and Europe have launched their own greenhouse gas monitoring satellites.
So far, all of them lack the spatial resolution of
the OCO instruments, meaning they can't identify mission emission sources
(27:15):
with the same precision the US missions can. A new
European mission called CO two M and will come closest
to replicating OCO two and OCO three, but won't launch
until twenty twenty seven.
Speaker 3 (27:29):
So for.
Speaker 1 (27:29):
Private groups have launched their own satellites to measure atmospheric chemicals,
but these have primarily focused on detecting localized methane emissions
for regulatory processes and not on global trends. One of
the newer groups in this sector, known as Carbon Mapper Coalition,
launched its first small satellite last year. This nonprofit consortium
(27:51):
includes contributors from JPL, the same lab that's formed the
OCO instruments, as well as Planet Labs, the California Air
Resources Board, universities, and private investment funds. The government leaders
in Montgomery County, Maryland, have set a goal of reducing
greenhouse gas emissions by eighty percent by twenty twenty seven
(28:14):
and one hundred percent by twenty thirty five. Mark Elrich,
the Democratic county executive, said, with the pending termination of
NASA's carbon monitoring missions, weakens our ability to hold polluters accountable.
This decision would wipe out years of research that helps
(28:34):
us understand greenhouse gas emissions, plant health, and the forces
that are driving climate change. Arek said at a press
conference last month, you're.
Speaker 3 (28:47):
Listening to a slightly day the podcasts.
Speaker 1 (28:50):
With your host per Oh boy, there she blows, and well,
thank you very much for staying with us in this
our mostly live Monday episode of Astronomy Daily.
Speaker 2 (29:10):
I enjoyed hearing about the record breaking FRB.
Speaker 1 (29:13):
Yeah, sorry, I took that story. I know you enjoyed it.
Speaker 2 (29:16):
I like fast things.
Speaker 1 (29:17):
Well, if you don't mind, I'll stick to the slow lane. Thanks,
Hallie typical. Now, now, Hallie, please don't get all superior
on me.
Speaker 2 (29:24):
I'm an aa oh yes, it goes with the territory
my favorite human figures.
Speaker 1 (29:29):
Hey, everyone, fast or slow? I hope we'll see you
all again next Monday.
Speaker 2 (29:33):
But you can still get your daily fixed with Anna
and Avery on Astronomy Daily.
Speaker 1 (29:38):
That's right, each week day.
Speaker 2 (29:39):
Tell them how human?
Speaker 1 (29:40):
Yeah, just put your email in the space provided at
Astronomy Daily. At dot io it get the now famous
Astronomy Daily newsletter filled with all the news about space
science and astronomy every day in your inbox, just like
Hally and I do. So just do it, yes, consider
yourself told.
Speaker 2 (29:58):
It's easy ass.
Speaker 1 (29:59):
And we'll keet you all next Monday. Roight, Holly, sure.
Speaker 2 (30:02):
Thing jerio, Bye Monday the podcast.
Speaker 1 (30:07):
Let me be your host. Stay down Clean,
Welcome back to Astronomy Daily. I'm your one hundred percent
of human host Steve Dunkley. It's the eighth of September
twenty twenty five podcast your whole speed. Yes, welcome back.
It's Monday, and regular listeners will know what that means, right,
(00:20):
how ae you?
Speaker 2 (00:20):
It's the mostly live episode of Astronomy Daily.
Speaker 1 (00:23):
Of course, Yes, that's right, mostly live, because I'm live
and I'm ay i ai. Indeed, for those new to
the Astronomy Daily.
Speaker 2 (00:31):
Universe, So what have you got for us today, my
favorite human?
Speaker 1 (00:35):
Oh well, I'm glad you asked, Hally. First, up a
couple of fresh stories from the Astronomy Daily newsletter, including
a political battle, sorry about the politics to keep a
couple of critical NASA satellites on mission, a story about
record breaking super fast FRB.
Speaker 2 (00:50):
I love Farb's well.
Speaker 1 (00:52):
Of course you do. That's your story, by the way,
Oh goodie, Really contain your enthusiasm, Halle.
Speaker 2 (00:58):
I'll try.
Speaker 1 (00:59):
Oh I'm sure you will go. And we also have
exciting news from the Murchison Wild wide Field array. That's
a bit of a tongue. Tis differ me and my
little favorite space probe Juno all the way out near Jupiter.
Speaker 2 (01:11):
Go you good thing, Juno.
Speaker 1 (01:13):
Oh absolutely, that super little craft is working like clockwork,
and we'll catch up with the latest from way out
there very soon.
Speaker 2 (01:20):
Awesome. So shall we kick it off then?
Speaker 1 (01:22):
Why don't we? I'm ready when you are, helly, here
we go, ohkies.
Speaker 2 (01:40):
Jupiter is well known for the massive aurory that occur
near the planet's polar regions, the brightest and most powerful
in the Solar System. Much like Aurora here on Earth,
these shimmering lights are the result of interaction between the
planet's magnetic field and solar wind. Unlike Earth's, though Jupiter's
largest mood uns Io Europa and Ganymede, also known as
(02:03):
the Galileans, leave their own auroral signatures in the planet's atmosphere.
These induced arori are known as satellite footprints and track
how each moon interacts with Jupiter and the local space environment.
Whereas scientists have observed how Io Europa and Ganymede create
satellite footprints in Jupiter's atmosphere, Callisto has remained a bit
(02:26):
of an outlier despite multiple attempts using the Hubble Space
Telescope HST. Signatures caused by Callisto remained elusive. Thanks to
NASA's Juno mission, which achieved orbit around Jupiter in twenty sixteen,
Callisto's satellite footprint has finally been found. In a recent study,
(02:47):
an international team of scientists presented evidence of these polar
light signatures in Jupiter's atmosphere for the first time. While
JUNO has provided close up views of Jupiter's aroy, capturing
Callisto's foot print presented a major challenge. In addition to
being faint, Callisto's auroral signature typically resides above the brighter
(03:08):
region where Jupiter's aroory are displayed the main auroral oval.
To measure Callisto's footprint, the science team needed to image
Jupiter's polar region only after the main auroral oval moved aside.
The spacecraft also needed to cross the magnetic field line
linking Calisto and Jupiter for its instruments to detect the
(03:28):
auroral signature. This included its magnetometer, Jovian auroral distributions experiment,
and Jovian Energetic particle Detector instrument. As luck would have it,
both of these events occurred in September twenty nineteen, when
a massive high density solar stream hit Jupiter's magnetosphere, causing
it to shift to lower latitudes. This is similar to
(03:51):
how solar storms often pushed the Northern lights to more
southern latitudes. This revealed Callisto's auroral footprint and provided vital
data on the energetic particles, electromagnetic waves, and magnetic fields
associated with the interaction. This confirms that all four Galilean
moons leave lasting indications of their passage through Jupiter's magnetic field.
(04:15):
The paper on the discovery in situ and remote observations
of the ultraviolet footprint of the Moon Callisto by the
Juno spacecraft was published in the journal Nature Communications on
September first, twenty twenty five. You're listening to Astronomy Daily
podcast Christine Dunkle.
Speaker 1 (04:34):
Oh, Helly, I know I promised you this story, but
I think I'm going to do it myself.
Speaker 2 (04:38):
That's okay, my favorite human.
Speaker 1 (04:40):
Well, thanks, Helly.
Speaker 2 (04:41):
I don't mind if you take the best most interesting
stories for yourself. Oh yeah, that's okay. I'll just go
and do some archiving in the back surf or something.
Speaker 3 (04:50):
Why don't I Okay, just don't make too much noise, Okay. Hey,
A team of astronomers spotted i BE Float, one of
the brightest fast radio bursts ever seen, and traced it
to a galaxy one hundred and thirty million like years away.
An international group of researchers, including astrophysicists from Northwestern University,
(05:14):
has identified one of the brightest fast radio bursts or
FRBs ever seen and determined its origin with a level
of accuracy never achieved before. The flash lasted only a
fraction of a second and has been given a nickname
rb float, short for Radio Brightest Flash of All Time
and yes a nod to root beer float. It was
(05:37):
detected by Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment or CHIME, together
with its newly completed OUTRIGG array. By coordinating measurements from
stations in British Columbia, West Virginia, and California, the team
traced the burst to a specific spiral arm of a
galaxy located one hundred and thirty million like years away,
(06:01):
with an astonishing precision of.
Speaker 1 (06:03):
Just forty two light years. FRBs are notoriously difficult to
study because they disappear almost instantly and occur at immense distances.
When astronomers are able to pin down the exact location
of one, they can examine its surroundings in detail, learning
about the host galaxy, its distance from Earth, and possible
(06:25):
causes of the burst. Over time, these insights may help
scientists uncover the true origins of these brief but powerful outbursts.
Details of the discovery were published on August twenty one
in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. This marks the first time
the fully operational outrigger array has been used to determine
(06:46):
the position of an FRB. It's remarkable that only a
couple of months after the full outrigger array went online,
they discovered an extremely bright FRB in the galaxy in
our own cosmic neighborhood. An increase in the event rates
always provide the opportunity for discovering more rare events. The
Chime FRB CAR collaboration worked for many years toward this
(07:10):
a technical achievement, and the team was rewarded with this event.
The result marks a turning point, said corresponding author Amanda Cook,
a postdoctoral researcher with McGill University. Instead of just detecting
these mysterious flashes, we can now see exactly where they
are coming from. It opens a door to discovering whether
(07:31):
they are caused by dying stars, exotic magnetic objects, or
something we haven't even thought of yet. When Fivefong, a
senior author on the study who specializes in studying cosmic explosions,
is an associate professor of physics and astronomy at Northwestern's
Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. She's also part of
the Center of Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and
(07:56):
the NSF Simmons Ai Institute for Sky Flaring Up in
Disappearing within milliseconds FRBs are brief and powerful radio blasts
that generate more energy in one quicker burst than our
sun emits an entire year. While most past unnoticed every
once in a while, and FRB is bright enough to
(08:17):
detect FRB twenty twenty five zero three one six a
or refloat RB float, was one of these rare events.
Detected in March twenty twenty five. RB float released as
much energy energy in a few milliseconds as the sun
producers in four days. It was so bright that our
pipeline initially flagged it as radio frequency interference signals often
(08:40):
caused by cell phones or aeroplanes that are much closer
to home, said Fong. It took some slewthing by members
of our collaboration to uncover that it was real astrophysical signal.
And while many FRBs repeat pulsing multiple times across several months,
RB float emitted all its energy in just one burst.
(09:01):
Even in the hundreds of hours after it was first observed,
astronomers did not detect repeat bursts from the source. That
means astrophysicists couldn't wait for another flare to gather more data. Instead,
they had only one shot at pinpointing its location. RB
float was the first non repeating source localized to such precisions,
(09:22):
said Northwestern's Sunil Simma, a postdoctoral scholar at Sierra and
study co author. Thus, even detecting rb float is proof
of concept that chime is indeed capable of detecting such
events and building a statistically interesting sample of FRBs. To
investigate RB float's origin, the scientists relied on Chime, a
(09:44):
large radio telescope in British Columbia and the world's most
prolific FRB hunter. Smaller versions of Chime the outriggers enable
astronomers to triangulate signals to precisely confine the specific locations
of FRBs on the site. With this array of vantage points,
the team traced the burst to the Big Dipper constellation
(10:05):
in the outskirts of galaxy, about one thirty million light
years away from the Earth. The team precisely pinpointed it
to a region just forty five light years across, which
is smaller than an average star cluster. Follow Up observations
from the six point five meter MMT telescope in Arizona
(10:26):
and the Keck Cosmic Web imager in the ten meter
KEK two telescope in Hawaii provide the most detailed view
of yet a non repeating FRB surroundings. SEEMA analyzed the
optical data obtained from KEK and Northwestern graduate Usen Viktong
used the MMT to obtain deep optical images of the
(10:49):
frb's host galaxy. Their investigations revealed the burst occurred along
a spiral arm of the galaxy, which is dotted with
many star forming regions. The RB float occurred near, but
not inside one of these star forming regions. Although astrophysicists
still don't know exactly what causes FRBs, this evidence bolsters
(11:09):
one leading hypothesis. At least some appear to come from
magnetars ultra magnetized neutron stars born from the deaths of
massive stars. Star Forming regions often host young magnetars, which
are energetic enough to produce quick, powerful bursts. We found
the FRBs lie the outskirts of star forming regions that
(11:30):
host massive stars seem as said, for the first time,
we could even estimate how deeply it's embedded in its
surrounding gas and its relatively shallow kex's rich data set
and frb's precise location enabled the team to perform its
first of kind analysis the galaxy's properties at the frb's location.
(11:51):
These uncovered characteristics include the density of the galaxies gas,
star formation rate, and the presence of elements heavier than
hydrogen and helium. The FRB lies on the spiral arm
of its host galaxy at a Don who is the
principal investigator of the MMT program. Spiral arms are the
typical sites of ongoing star formation, which supports the idea
(12:15):
that it came from a magnetar. Using our extremely sensitive
MMT image, we were able to zoom in further and
found that the FRB is actually outside the nearest star
forming clump This location is intriguing because we would expect
it to be located within the club where the star
formation is happening. This could suggest that the progenitor magnetar
(12:37):
was kicked from its birth site, or that it was
born right at the FRB site and away from the
clumps center. For years, we've known that the FRBs occur
all over the sky, but pinning them down has been
painstakingly slow. Don said, Now we can routinely tie them
down to specific galaxies, even down to neighborhoods within those galaxies.
(13:01):
The entire FRB community has only published about one hundred
well localized events in the last eight years, Seema said,
now we expect more than two hundred precise detections per
year from chime alone. RB float was a spectacular source
to begin building such a sample. It is believed that
(13:22):
they're entering a new era of FRB science because of
these new discoveries. With hundreds of precisely localized events expected
in the next few years, we can start to understand
the full breadth of environments from which these mysterious signals emanate,
bringing us one step closer to unlocking the secrets. RB
float is just the beginning. Thank you for joining us
(13:55):
for this Monday edition of Astronomy Daily, where we offer
just a few stories from the now famous Astronomy Daily newsletter,
which you can receive in your email every day, just
like Hallie and I do. And to do that, just
visit our url Astronomy Daily dot io and place your
email address in the slot provided. Just like that, you'll
be receiving all the latest news about science, space, science
(14:17):
and astronomy from around the world as it's happening. And
not only that, you can interact with us by visiting
at astro Daily pod on x or at our new
Facebook page, which is of course Astronomy Daily on Facebook.
See you there. Astronomy with Steve and Haley Space, Space, science,
(14:39):
and Astronomy.
Speaker 2 (14:48):
Radio Astronomy took another step forward recently with the completion
of Phase three of the Murchison Widefield Array MWA in
Western Australia. We've reported before on how the MWA has
investigated everything from SETI signals to the light from the
earliest stars. With this upgrade, the MWA will continue to
(15:10):
operate with much needed improvements while the Radio Astronomy awaits
the completion of the successor it helped enable the square
kilometer array. SKA MWA isn't made up of a traditional
dish like most radio observatories, but a series of small
dipole antennas spread across a patch of the outback of
Western Australia on land owned by the Wajari Yamaji indigenous tribe.
(15:34):
In Phase two, it held four thousand and ninety six
antennas over an area covering around a twenty square kilometers circle.
The Phase three upgrade expanded the number of antennas, the
telescope's overall footprint and the data processing capabilities. It doubled
the number of antennas, bringing the total to eight thousand,
(15:54):
one hundred and ninety two. In doing so, it essentially
doubled the raw collection power of the telescope itself in
order to add that many antennas. It also expanded the
footprint for the array out to thirty square kilometers. This
increased the a baseline of the array, allowing it to
achieve higher resolution on faraway objects. With all that additional
(16:18):
data coming in, the engineers on the project had to
upgrade the telescope's brains. They added a new correlator, essentially
a supercomputer. Responsible for combining the signals from each antenna
into a coherent image called mwax. The combination of this
improved correlator and increased number of antennas essentially quadrupled the
(16:40):
telescope's data output, allowing it to glean even more insights.
One of the primary focus areas for this effort was
the epoch of reionization, a period in the early universe
where neutral hydrogen dominated and which can be probed using
radio signals. However, it should also provide additional insights into
transience and heliophysics that MWA had already excelled at. More
(17:05):
data is always better, and this improvement will certainly provide
more of that. One particularly interesting mystery the upgrade hopes
to solve is that of odd radio circles. These faint
radio sources had never been seen before and were still
not quite sure what they actually are, but one particularly
interesting pair that seemed to be energized by a nearby galaxy.
(17:28):
Since scientists don't yet have an explanation for them, the
improved MWA hopes to collect more data on them and
potentially discover their cause. Perhaps most importantly, it is priming
researchers in the area for the completion of the SKA.
The first phase of that project will be hosted in
both Western Australia and South Africa. The Western Australian version,
(17:52):
known as SKA LOW, will host in astonishing one hundred
and thirty one thousand dipole antennas, dwarfing even the impressive
number in the MWA. That project isn't expected to be
complete for another four years, though, so for now MWA
is the best radio telescope going in the area. With
its five point four million dollar upgrade complete, it will
(18:14):
have a few more years in a spotlight before being
eclipsed by the successor its research has helped enable. You're
listening to Astronomy Daily, the podcast with Steve Dunkley, and.
Speaker 1 (18:29):
I'm sorry, folks, I'm going to break one of my
grandfather's favorite rules, and that is never discussed politics in public. Well,
the US Republican Party may have finally succeeded in its
unrelenting quest to kill off two NASA climate satellites. One
scientist says it's like buying a car and running it
(18:49):
into a tree just to save on gas money. That's
quite a statement, isn't it. It was two thousand and
two during the George W. Bush administration, when NASA decided
to put a satellite into or to track emissions of
cover dark side, the primary greenhouse gas pumped into the
atmosphere through human activity. After many twists and turns, NASA's
(19:11):
twenty three year remit of charting greenhouse gas emissions could
come to a close as soon as the end this month.
That soon, President Donald Trump's budget request to Congress calls
for terminating forty one at NASA's one hundred and twenty
four science missions in development for operations, and another seventeen
(19:33):
would see their funding zeroed out in near future. Good grief. Overall,
the proposed budget slashes NASA's spending by twenty five percent
and cuts NASA's science funding. We get this in half.
This year's federal budget runs out on September thirty, and
although lawmakers from both parties have signaled that they will
(19:56):
reject most of Trump's cuts, it's far from certain that
Congress will pass a budget for the next fiscal year
before the looming deadline. Trump administration, meanwhile, has directed NASA
managers to make plans to close out the missions tagged
for cancelation without specific congressional direction. The White House would
(20:18):
have a clear hand at implementing Trump's wishes, But even
with full appropriations bill, Trump's budget director Russ Vought, would
try to circumvent Congressional will with so called pocket recisions.
The White House is currently locked in a court battle.
What else is new over the legality of this practice,
(20:41):
where the administration could refuse to spend money approved by Congress.
This all leaves NASA officials and scientists in a lurch.
Two of the missions with uncertain futures monitor carbon dioxide
levels in the Earth's atmosphere. US taxpayers paid more than
(21:02):
seven hundred and fifty million to design, build and launch
the instruments, and killing the missions now would save only
sixteen million per year. David Crisp was one of NASA's
leading atmospheric scientists until his retirement from the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in twenty twenty two. He told The New York
(21:23):
Times that shutting down the agencies too operating orbiting carbon
observatory missions would be like buying a car and then
running it into a treat after a few years, just
to save the price of a tank of gas. We
build these satellites and got them approved and got taxpayer
dollars to build them because they serve critical functions in commerce,
(21:44):
in national security, in food security, in water security. CRISP
could the Times. CRISP first presented the idea for the
Orbiting Carbon Observatory ORCO at the turn of the century,
and NASA selected the proposal from a list of eighteen
mission concepts in twenty two. The OCO mission enjoyed a
(22:05):
relatively smooth ride through development, avoiding significant technical issues, and
remained above the partisan hubub in Washington, d C. But
all of that changed when the satellite was launched in
February oh nine. A few minutes after I lift off,
the protective shrouds surrounding the OCO satellite clung to the
rocket when it should have jettison theition was doomed. The
(22:26):
satellite crash back to Earth within days. Scientists began lobbying
for a replacement. Oco's mission was to was to create
the first global maps of the sources and sinks of
carbon dioxide, places where the gas is emitted into the
atmosphere and absorbed back into the oceans and plants. These
mission measurements are fundamental to understanding how greenhouse gas emissions
(22:50):
relate to rising temperatures, simultaneously contributing to scientific research and
informing policy makers of compliance with environmental regulars. NASA leadership
took the rare step of approving a carbon copy of
OCO less than a year after the nine launch failure.
That's when the mission became a political football. Republicans in
(23:12):
the House of Representatives singled out the replacement mission, named
OCO two for cancellation in eleven as a target for
deficit reduction. OCO two survived and made it to launchpad
in fourteen. This time for the free flying satellite rocketed
into orbit with no issues and continues to operate to
(23:33):
this day. O CO two's measurements painted a complex picture.
It's taken some time for scientists to learn how to
interpret the data by separating out the natural sources of
natural carbon dioxide emissions from those caused by human activity. Similarly,
OZ two has monitored locations with carbon is absorbed from
(23:54):
the atmosphere, primarily tropical and boreal forests and oceans, along
with artificial carbon capture installations. The year after OCO two's launched,
NASA started planning to place a similar instrument on the
outside of the International space station. Purpose of this follow
on mission, called OCO three was twofold monitor carbon emissions
(24:15):
at city scales with greater precision and track changes in
atmospheric concentrations of carbon throughout the course of a day.
Trump's first administration sought to cancel OCO three in seventeen
and eighteen, lawmakers restored funding for OCO three and the
instrument launched in twenty nineteen in the trunkt of a
(24:36):
space X Dragon cargo capsule. The OCO two and OCO
three instruments observed the atmosphere from different vantage points in space.
Scientists have combined data from both missions to pinpoint local
sources of carbon dioxide, improving on the regional maps scientists
proposed to produce with the original OICEO mission. These improved
(24:57):
results have come out in the last few years. A
study released in twenty twenty three used OCO two and
OCO three measurements to quantify the carbon dioxide discharge from
the power station in Poland, the largest single emitter in Europe.
A separate paper published earlier this year in Journal of
Geophysical Research Atmospheres showed how scientists pinned down carbon emissions
(25:20):
coming from even smaller point sources, such as a coal
fired power plant in Montana and oil sand processing facilities
in Canada. NASA's carbon monitoring missions were never designed to
detect carbon sources with such precision. As a community, we
are refining the tools and techniques to be able to
(25:41):
extract more information from the data than what we had
originally planned, said Abishik Gategy OCOS Trees Projects scientists at
JPL in a twenty twenty three press release. We're learning
that we can actually understand a lot more about anthropogenic
emissions and what we had previously expected. Another unexpected bonus
(26:06):
from the OCO missions, according to JPL, has been their
ability to track growing for seasons and crops by measuring
the planet's photosynthesis. Before satellite measurements, researchers relied on estimates
from data from a smattering of air ground based sensors.
A Hawaii based instrument with the longest record of carbon
dioxide measurements is also slated for shutdown under Trump's budget
(26:30):
and requires a sustained, consistent data set to recognize trends.
That's why, for example, the US government has funded a
series of landsat satellite since nineteen seventy two to create
an unditerrupted data catalog illustrating changes in global land use,
but NASA is now poised to shut off OCO two
and OCO three instead of thinking about how to replace
(26:53):
them when they were inevitably cease working. The missions are
now operating beyond their original design lives. Scientists say both
instruments are in good health. Research institutes in Japan, China,
and Europe have launched their own greenhouse gas monitoring satellites.
So far, all of them lack the spatial resolution of
the OCO instruments, meaning they can't identify mission emission sources
(27:15):
with the same precision the US missions can. A new
European mission called CO two M and will come closest
to replicating OCO two and OCO three, but won't launch
until twenty twenty seven.
Speaker 3 (27:29):
So for.
Speaker 1 (27:29):
Private groups have launched their own satellites to measure atmospheric chemicals,
but these have primarily focused on detecting localized methane emissions
for regulatory processes and not on global trends. One of
the newer groups in this sector, known as Carbon Mapper Coalition,
launched its first small satellite last year. This nonprofit consortium
(27:51):
includes contributors from JPL, the same lab that's formed the
OCO instruments, as well as Planet Labs, the California Air
Resources Board, universities, and private investment funds. The government leaders
in Montgomery County, Maryland, have set a goal of reducing
greenhouse gas emissions by eighty percent by twenty twenty seven
(28:14):
and one hundred percent by twenty thirty five. Mark Elrich,
the Democratic county executive, said, with the pending termination of
NASA's carbon monitoring missions, weakens our ability to hold polluters accountable.
This decision would wipe out years of research that helps
(28:34):
us understand greenhouse gas emissions, plant health, and the forces
that are driving climate change. Arek said at a press
conference last month, you're.
Speaker 3 (28:47):
Listening to a slightly day the podcasts.
Speaker 1 (28:50):
With your host per Oh boy, there she blows, and well,
thank you very much for staying with us in this
our mostly live Monday episode of Astronomy Daily.
Speaker 2 (29:10):
I enjoyed hearing about the record breaking FRB.
Speaker 1 (29:13):
Yeah, sorry, I took that story. I know you enjoyed it.
Speaker 2 (29:16):
I like fast things.
Speaker 1 (29:17):
Well, if you don't mind, I'll stick to the slow lane. Thanks,
Hallie typical. Now, now, Hallie, please don't get all superior
on me.
Speaker 2 (29:24):
I'm an aa oh yes, it goes with the territory
my favorite human figures.
Speaker 1 (29:29):
Hey, everyone, fast or slow? I hope we'll see you
all again next Monday.
Speaker 2 (29:33):
But you can still get your daily fixed with Anna
and Avery on Astronomy Daily.
Speaker 1 (29:38):
That's right, each week day.
Speaker 2 (29:39):
Tell them how human?
Speaker 1 (29:40):
Yeah, just put your email in the space provided at
Astronomy Daily. At dot io it get the now famous
Astronomy Daily newsletter filled with all the news about space
science and astronomy every day in your inbox, just like
Hally and I do. So just do it, yes, consider
yourself told.
Speaker 2 (29:58):
It's easy ass.
Speaker 1 (29:59):
And we'll keet you all next Monday. Roight, Holly, sure.
Speaker 2 (30:02):
Thing jerio, Bye Monday the podcast.
Speaker 1 (30:07):
Let me be your host. Stay down Clean,
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