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January 12, 2024 • 77 mins
This podcast reviews the journal article by Myers; Reccoppa; Burton; and McElroy (1993), the statistics in the 90s compared to today's statistics, etc.

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Episode Transcript

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(00:07):
Hey, Composition of a Killer FansDoctor Cassidy. Here today we're going to
be talking about malignant sex and aggressionand overview of serial sexual homicide. This
is a journal article that was writtenback in nineteen ninety three, which we
typically wouldn't We typically wouldn't look atan article this dated, but this one

(00:30):
is particularly good and much of theinformation in it is still very true,
so we want to cover it.And I also did some research just to
see how things, how statistics andthings have changed since they wrote this article.
As always, everything that we discussedin these podcasts are not to be

(00:53):
considered a clinical diagnosis. All right, let's get started. This article is
about is from Myers, Racopa,Burton and McElroy and it was published in
a psychiatry law book, so ithas a lot of really good in depth

(01:18):
explanations, you know, and theories. So we know that serial murders have
attracted considerable attention in our you know, popular press. I mean, it's
just something you see almost every singleday and also in the criminal justice field
of course, but scientific literature atthis time about these individuals was limited.

(01:44):
It wasn't as prevalent as it istoday. You couldn't just turn on the
TV and watch you know, IDor Oxygen or any of those others where
you can just stream ABC all thestuff we can. You can literally watch
for hours, hours, days anddays and not watch everything that's out there.

(02:04):
So and Netflix has quite a fewright now too, But they were
seeking information on a somewhat uncommon characteristicat the time. There's, of course,
we know that there are a bunchof various ideologic theories. We've had

(02:29):
a podcast on that as well,talking about all of those. Those were
typically understood to be created by theFBI when they had this special unit,
which they still have that, butearlier, when it was started, it
wasn't a huge establishment like it istoday, So excuse me. Governmental agencies

(02:53):
involved in combating this type of crime, along with the role of mental health
professionals in criminal profiling, are goingto be discussed in this article. And
then the authors explored the reaction ofsociety to the phenomenon. So again,
remember nineteen ninety three is the timeframewe're talking about right here. General murder

(03:14):
has been receiving an increased amount oftension of attention by popular and law enforcement
media. But again, psychiatric literatureon this topic, with a few notable
exceptions, remains relatively scarce. Theliterature on serial sexual homicide is even more
limited. Furthermore, the majority ofstudies do not differentiate between sexual and non

(03:37):
sexual homicide. And that's true.A lot of the homicides that we do
talk about include that sexual component.But again there's different ideology, so it's
not cookie cutter, right. Accordingto Deets, a possible explanation for this
dearth of literature is that these homicidesoccur with a frequency that is too low

(04:00):
to permit the ordinary research habits ofpsychiatrists to elucidate their characteristics. I do
understand that it's a phenomenon, right, We know that it's a phenomenon.
That's why it's so interesting to us. It seems like it's very very prevalent,
but in the scheme of things,all things considered, it's very rare.
According to Li's see. So inthis article, they present an overview

(04:24):
of one type of serial homicide,and that is serial sexual homicide. Occasionally
reference will be made to literature onserial homicide alone when it's appropriate, but
in order to supplement the limited dataon serial sexual homicide, as stated,
in the following section. Most serialkillers are serial sexual killers. Thus,

(04:45):
at times we have extrapolated from theserial murder literature in an attempt to fill
information gaps. So that's why they'reincluding we're focusing on the serial sexual homicide,
but some of the information included isrelevant to both serial sexual homicide and
serial homicide. A little bit ofhistory here. As many as four thousand

(05:14):
to five thousand Americans each year maybe victims of serial killers, and I
believe that number has increased because,certainly because it's become much more prevalent for
us, so we know more aboutit. The FBI calculates that there are

(05:35):
approximately thirty five of these killers presentlyoperating in the US. Well, obviously
that's from ninety three, because wehave more than that now. And however,
many criminologists consider this aggressive underestimation,which I do too, suggest that
a figure of one hundred is moreaccurate. These figures pertain to serial murder

(05:57):
and not specifically to serial sexual homicide. However, it is generally believed that
among law enforcement officials and clinicians alike, that most serial killers are serial set
down in the nineties, you couldlook up, you can look up a

(06:17):
different there's timelines for all these differentdecades, and some of the serial killers
that were active in the nineties includeGary Ridgeway, which we know is the
Green River Killer, Charles Charles Cullenwho was considered the Angel of Death,
Jeffrey Dahmer, the Milwaukee cannibal,Dennis Rader who operated for thirty years,

(06:44):
and you know he's BTK Keith,and then Keith Jessperson is the Happy Faced
Killer. There were approximately one hundredand three serial killers active in the nineties,
and these were just the notable ones. So we we learned of more
serial killers after this article was written, so I think that that figure of

(07:08):
one hundred is more accurate and likelyin different decades would probably double that number.
And these figures pertain to serial murderand not specifically to serial sexual homicide.
However, it is generally believed amonglaw enforcement officials and clinicians alike that

(07:29):
most serial killers are serial sexual killers. Very few, very few do not
have a sexual component. Unfortunately,at this time, there are no exact
figures on the incidents and prevalence ofserial sexual homicide. Much debate persists in
the literature regarding the scope of thisproblem in our society. In nineteen sixty

(07:49):
six, only six percent of homicideshad no apparent motive. By eighty five,
this figure had risen to twenty percent. And during the period from nineteen
seventy seven to nineteen eighty four,murders with unknown motives increased by two hundred
and seventy percent, while all murdersrose by only twelve percent. Those are

(08:11):
a lot of that's a lot ofdata, but murders with unknown motives increased
two hundred and seventy percent. Randomkillings, serial killings, of course,
I don't think at this time thatthere was a lot of like we have
now, like the drive by shootings, things of that nature. But typically

(08:35):
the investigators would find some reason onthe other, on these other categories for
the killings. But two hundred andseventy percent growth is tremendous. From nineteen
seventy one to nineteen eighty eight,there have been at least forty nine extreme
which they are calling extreme ten ormore victims cases of serial murder, and

(08:58):
we know now that that number isso very low. In today's statistics or
factual numbers, not even statistics,but factual numbers. There has been a
nearly tenfold increase in the number ofserial murders in the last two decades,
which would be seventies and eighties,is what they were talking about, in
comparison with the previous two centuries.Some pundits believe that serial murder is stable

(09:24):
in rate and any increase is aresult is a result of enhanced reporting procedures
by the media. Now that's verytrue if you want to look at,
for example, the number of childrenwho are diagnosed with ADHD or autism.
There's always been a debate, especiallyin today's day in time, where we

(09:48):
are a where a media focused population, that perhaps there were all these years,
all these decades, there were likelymany, meaning more serial killers or
violent offenders. But because we didn'thave media like we have it today,

(10:13):
the information society that we are,we didn't the local news didn't talk about
it, notly news all those yearsago, was really focused more on international
news. And from time to time, you know, the big names that
I just said, they would bediscussed in national and international news, but

(10:37):
again very far and few between.So is it do we have a huge
increase in serial murders, in serialsexual murders, or is it because they're
being reported more often and there's somuch more information on it. Same thing

(10:58):
with you know, autism and ADHD. Do we really have a huge surge
of children with autism? Or isit because doctors have been educated more on
being able to diagnose these children andsociety has taken a huge interest in that.

(11:20):
So there's more information that's being releasedto the public. So you have
to look at it a couple differentways. There's no guarantee that anything we
here is really a surge in numbers. It could truly just be because information
has spread so much easier now thanit used to be. Only three states
during this time, Hawaii, Iowa, and Maine have remained free of documented

(11:45):
serial killers. Now that was youknow, Hawaii at this point in time.
Think about this. Hawaii now hasthirteen noted serial killers, Iowa has
fifty three, and Maine has thirtyfive during this time during the nineties.

(12:07):
California, well at this actually today, in today's time, California has seventeen
hundred and seventy seven serial killers.So that's the state with the largest number
at this point in time. Butthere's also maps that you can pull up

(12:28):
and it will show you it's gotdata bars and grafts and where each state
lies in that. So it's interestingthat back in the nineties they did not
have anyone in those three states identified. But now, of course we have
thirteen, fifty three and thirty fivecrazy So these offenders are not just a
problem for Western societies. A manwas recently executed in Harbor in China for

(12:54):
dismembering and murdering seven women. Many, if not all, of the victims
were prostitutes, and three of thevictims were enabled to be identified due to
missing body parts to date. HenryLee Lucas, which we've covered in a
podcast if you want to go backand check that out, who brutally murdered
over one hundred and forty victims inthe Southwest between nineteen seventy six and nineteen

(13:18):
eighty two, is believed to bethe most prolific serial murderer in US history,
although some law enforcement agents believe thatTheodore Bundy may have killed more than
three hundred young women. Now,again, that was in the they're talking
about the information that they have inthe nineties. They're actually saying that Sam

(13:43):
Little is the most prolific serial killerin our time because they have a positive
body count of sixty for him,and he claimed he killed ninety three,
and Ted Bundy was not He couldnot be tied to the majority of these

(14:05):
young women. So he may say, or they may think, he killed
three hundred women, but there's noproof that he did. He really only
got I think twelve, maybe twelvehe was accused of. So I think
that that's probably true of most serialkillers. I think they have a much
larger body count. But being ableto prove that very very difficult and in

(14:31):
some cases impossible, especially when thatperpetrator dies, you know, secrets die
with them. Recent works have shownthat serial homicide is by no means a
new phenomenon, and in his review, Jenkins found that twenty four instances of
extreme cases in the US from nineteenhundred to nineteen forty, and in some
cases tracing back to the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries. In Europe, there are

(14:56):
reports of criminals who lived in muchearlier times but committed atrocity similar to those
of contemporary serial murderers. For example, Gillis du Race was a fifteenth century
French nobleman who tortured, raped,and killed hundreds of children. Peter Stubb
was a sixteenth century quote unquote werewolfwho raped, sexually, tortured, and

(15:20):
cannibalized a number of girls and women. Fritz Herman, the Ogre of Hanover,
sodomized, murder and cannibalized scores ofyoung boys in nineteenth century Germany.
Probably the most infamous serial murderer inhistory is Jack the Ripper, and he
terrorized England in eighteen eighty eight bybutchering five or six prostitutes, and in

(15:45):
similar cases have occurred in twentieth centuryEngland. I've done several there are several
podcasts that I've done on English murderersor murders in the UK. And the
reason Jack the Ripper is considered probablythe most famous one is because it was

(16:07):
an international story. I mean theywere talking about Jack the Ripper in the
eighteen hundreds all the way up untiltoday. I mean there's still there's people
who think that they've solved that case, and that was very recent, so
he really was one of the veryfirst that was sensationalized in the media at

(16:29):
that time. So there's no singlegenerally accepted definition of ceial homicide, and
that's fairly normal. We typically have, you know, psychiatrists will have a
definition, law enforcement will have adefinition. Criminologists will have a definition.
It depends on what their focus is, and Egger gives the following definition.

(16:55):
Serial murder occurs when one or moreindividuals commits a murder and or subsequent murder
is relationshipless. In other words,the victim and the attacker are strangers,
and occurs at a different time,and has no connection to the initial and
subsequent subsequent murder, and is frequentlycommitted in a different geographic location. I

(17:19):
mean, that's a pretty broad definition. It kind of alludes to a person
being kidnapped and moved to a differentlocation, but that's not I would not
consider that to be a calling cardof a serial killer. Many many serial

(17:41):
killers were able to commit their actswhere they found the victim, so I
don't think that that's a prerequisite forit to be considered a serial murder.
Although this definition implies that a seriesof two murders is sufficient, most sources
use higher minimums, ranging from fourto five or even greater. Well,
we know that today the FBI usestwo. It used to be three,

(18:06):
but now it's two. Central tothe definition of serial homicide is its differentiation
from mass homicide, which is anotherform of multiple killing. And we know
that very thoroughly, especially here inthe United States, because we have had
so many mass murders since the nineties. Think about all of the the schools

(18:30):
that have had mass murders, themosques, churches, concerts. I mean,
it's very very common now. Itwasn't that common then, obviously,
so they feel the need in thisarticle to differentiate these. Of course,
that's different. You know, masshomicide, which is another form of multiple

(18:53):
killing. DEETS defines mass murder asoffenses in which multiple victims are intentionally killed
by a single offender in a singleincident. Similarly, another definition of mass
murder describes a single incident within ashort span of time, while defining the
time element for serial murder as havingtime breaks between murders as minimal as two

(19:15):
days, two weeks, or months. And we call that today, we
call that a cooling off period.And when I'm talking about what we quote
unquote call things, I use theFBI's definitions of what serial killers are.

(19:36):
And so for me as an educator, it fits my purpose, and I
don't I don't there again, thereare many many different definitions, but I
consider the FBI's definition to be likethe Golden rule, if you will.

(19:57):
And speaking of that, the NationalCenter for the Analysis of Violent Crime at
the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, divides serial murders into two types,
spree and classic. Spree. Serialkillings involve two or more murders at separate
locations with no cooling off period betweenacts. You see that FBI language there.

(20:19):
They're quoting the FBI Academy and theysay no cooling off period between acts.
The time interval between murders can beminutes or days, and the offender
tends to have a high excitation leveland may be a fugitive. Classic serial
killings require at least two separate murderousepisodes, usually by one offender, separated

(20:42):
by a period of hours two years. So that's a classic serial killer.
A spree killer, it's like asnap and everything happens. Think about Brian
Coburger. He would be considered aspree killer because the time interval between his

(21:03):
murders was minutes. He went intothat house, that apartment complex and killed
those four students within minutes of eachother. So that's a spree killing.
And we don't know yet. Theymay know, but we don't if he
is being looked at for other crimesprior to this, so he may turn

(21:23):
out to be a very prolific serialkiller, but we don't know that yet.
Typically a predatory or stalking method isemployed, and crime scene evidence reflects
sadistic sexual overtones. Staying with thebrin Coberger example, they have said that

(21:47):
he was exhibiting predatory behavior and stalking. He had even spoken to I think
two of the girls. They wereknown to him, but not in a
close relationship of any kind. Theyjust knew him. Anybody who's ever been
to college knows that there's people inyour people in your area, people on
campus that you may know, butyou don't have a relationship with him.

(22:11):
You just know him from Hey,he was in my math class, or
we took yoga and she was inthe yoga class with me. I know
her name, but we don't hangout that kind of thing, And that's
what we're looking at here with thesepeople. He knew where they lived.
They have shown multiple videos that ofevidence that he was writing around that apartment

(22:33):
complex and perhaps stalking these people.A variety of synonyms have been coined for
the sexual type of serial killer,including a lust murderer which is from the
German word lust murder, sadistic murderer, compulsive murder, sexually sadistic murderer,
and a rod of phony phonelia.The distinction between serial sexual murder and other

(22:59):
types of is important in regard todemographics, diagnosis, and idiologic theories of
this type of murder. Deets hasdivided serial killers into five categories. One
is the psychopathic sexual sadist. Anotheris the crime spree killer, which kill
repeatedly in series, motivated by excitement, money and valuables. Kind of they

(23:25):
use the Bonnie and Clyde criminal.I would not use that particular definition to
describe Brian Coberger. I would Imight say part of it would be as
far as a spree killer, Idon't think he was looking to rob anybody.
I think he was excited and pumpedup and he was killing people in
that manner. Three is organized crimemembers like the mafia or street gangs,

(23:49):
and then four is custodial poisoners andasphyxiators, such as serial killings in nursing
homes or like the baby killer inEurope who killed the babies. Certainly that
would be fall under that category andsupposed psychotics, and that would be a

(24:17):
definition for murderers like David Berkwitz,who was the son of Sam who claimed
that a neighbor's dog had directed hiskillings. So people who have some major
mental disorders would fall into that category. Jenkins had a study of serial murder
in England and included politically motivated andprofessional contract killers. I think that there's

(24:40):
definitely a category for that. Thinkabout here in the United States, the
political officials who have been murdered andmaybe not even yet professional I guess professional
contract killers would be. We wouldput them in that category of hit men.

(25:07):
And there's gosh, there's a lotof cases where people have paid to
have their spouse killed or someone killed, and they've hired a hit man,
and they usually have it's an undercovercop. You've seen those, I'm sure
I saw. I watched one nottoo long ago, but one of the

(25:27):
craziest stories too. It was it'sthe one about where the boyfriend and girlfriend.
The boyfriend had been in prison beforeand he came out and he had
these huge fees that he had topay for his probation, and they were
trying to really work that out sothat they were paying it off early so

(25:48):
they could get on with their lifeand move to another location. And his
girlfriend all this time was plotting tokill him so that she could take the
money and run. And so shefired an undercover police officer, and this
was video because it was happened tobe on one of the cops shows,

(26:10):
so the whole thing was videoed,and before he even finished his sentence that
her husband had been murdered or yeah, they were married at this time,
that her husband had been murdered,she started crying and just going into crazy
fits and just so dramatic, sodramatic, never asked how he was killed
or anything. And they what theyhad done was they clued the husband in

(26:37):
on what they were doing. Hehad left the area and the police had
set up their apartment or condo likethey had found a murder scene, but
they wouldn't let her go inside,so she had no idea that she believed
he was dead. And while theywere interrogating her at the police department,

(27:00):
they let him walk in and shewas She claimed that it was all a
big stunt, that it was partof he wanted to be in reality TV,
and she was trying to help himlive his dream. It was ridiculous.
And it's gone on for years andyears and years. She's had a
couple of court cases where it's beenoverturned. The majority of the time,
though she has been held in herhome under house arrest. So crazy story.

(27:29):
It's a crazy story, all right. So after separating sexual from other
serial homicides, further distinctions about thistype of offender can be made. Important
dichotomies include the geographical stable versus thetransient, and the organized versus disorganized typologies.

(27:49):
The geographically stable killer is one whopermanently resides in and kills his victims
within a particular area, and examplesof that at this time in the night,
these would have been John Wayne Gacyin Chicago and Wayne Williams in Atlanta.
And I would say b t Kbecause he only killed in his hometown

(28:10):
that we are aware of, right. The other type of killer is the
geographically transient transient. Ted Bundy's rovingmurders occurred in such states as Washington,
Utah, Colorado, and finally Florida, and that he falls into this category.
He admitted to murder in six states. And the transient killer is by
no means a product of the moderninterstate highway system, as shown in the

(28:36):
murderer career of the nineteen twenty serialkiller Earl Nelson. From February nineteen of
twenty six through June of nineteen twentyseven, Nelson committed twenty one murders in
non states ranging from California to NewYork and Canada. It is common among

(28:56):
the ones that have this large geographicalregion for them to be truck drivers.
Another important dichotomy in typing serial sexualkillers is the organized disorganized descriptor used to
classify the crime scene and life historyvariables of the offenders. In one study
of thirty six convicted sexual murderers,organized murders or twice as common as disorganized

(29:22):
murders. Organized crime scenes show evidenceof repetitive, well planned and executed productions
that are distinguishable from spontaneous, chaoticmurders committed by disorganized killers. Organized serial
killers are believed to take great pridein the expertise in which they plan and
stage their murders, and these killersseem to be strongly driven by fantasy as

(29:45):
compared with disorganized killers, who killmore impulsively In brief organized defenders are more
likely to one plan, two userestraints, three commit sexual acts with live
victims, four show or display controlof the victim, and five use a
vehicle. And that's a pretty broaddescriptor of an organized defender, but it

(30:11):
makes sense, right. I thinkTed Bundy would be considered organized because he
has the vehicle, He had theprops so that people would think he was
hurt in some way, so thathe could ask for help and take advantage
of someone's generosity and trust. Sobut disorganized defenders are more likely to leave

(30:36):
a weapon at the scene, positionthe dead body, perform sexual acts with
the dead body, keep the deadbody, try to depersonalize the body,
and not use a vehicle. Wesee that with not Ted Bundy, but
Jeffrey Dahmer. I wouldn't necessarily sayhe was disorganized. I think he had

(30:59):
a method, and I think hehad thought out very clearly how he was
going to contain that, which youknow, was disgusting. And I don't
understand how those people in the apartmentcomplex with him thought it would be like
a dead animal or something. ButI mean, I've smelled of a dead

(31:21):
body before and it's not nice.You don't ever forget that. So but
again I wasn't there, just makinga making a judgment that I am not
qualified to make since I was neverin that area. So anyway, Interestingly,
the murder career of many organized killerstends to become more disorganized disorganized over

(31:45):
time, and for example, towardsthe end of Ted Bundy's career, he
drank heavily, capriciously, use stolencredit cards, and seemed to be experiencing
increasing paranoia and desperation, unlike forunlike his former more controlled self. And

(32:05):
that's very true. Remember he wasso I mean, he was so organized,
and he didn't make mistakes. Heleft people, He left large areas,
the beaches and stuff with victims,and people didn't think a thing about
it. So he was very wellrehearsed in this manner. Other characteristics important

(32:38):
for describing serial sexual homicides are typesof victims, their modus operandi, which
is the method of killing, andcrime scene variables. In general, victims
of serial killers tend to have twocharacteristics, vulnerability and ease of control.
So organized serial killers look for someonewho they can overpower, they can manipulate,

(33:04):
and Ted Bundy was able to dothat because he was handsome and charming
and women trusted him. In general, victims of let's see sadistic killers often
pray on one type of victim,which is a young woman, children,
prostitutes, and vagrants. Ted Bundytargeted young women with long, dark hair,

(33:25):
while Wayne Williams chose young black males. In contrast to other homicides where
firearms are the most common weapon,serial sexual offenders often killed by hands on
methods such as asphyxiation, which isrelatively an uncommon murder method, beating,
or multiple stab wounds. Seldom willthe last murderer use a firearm to kill,

(33:52):
for he experiences too little psychosexual gratificationwith such an impersonal weapon. In
a series of one hundred and fiftyserial murders collected from seventeen ninety five to
nineteen eighty eight, the following areseveral of the more common methods used during
the process of inflicting death. Mutilationat fifty five percent, strangulation or suffocation

(34:15):
at thirty three percent, and bludgeoningat twenty five percent. That makes perfect
sense because we know that the serialmurderer they want that thrill of the power
and control over a person. Andwhat more, control can you have over
someone than you know, usually layingon top of the body or sitting on

(34:40):
top of the body or the victimand choking them while they're looking you straight
in the face, and you havetotal and complete power of whether they live
or die. And that's where theyyou know, they get off on that.
Serial sexual homicide victims are often mutilated, which is an uncommon feature in
regular homicides. Most commonly the breasts, genitals, rectum, and or abdomen

(35:02):
will be mutilated. Bot marks arefrequently found, and evidence of vampirism and
cannibalism are at times reported. RememberTed Bundy, They actually took him to
a dentist office and got they madeI can't think what the word is,

(35:27):
you know, images of his mouththey put that. I don't know what
it's called. Anyway, they did. They did that with his teeth so
that they could compare that to bitmarks on a victim, and that was
one of the things that helped convicthim. The killer may or may not
have sexual intercourse with the victim,and he may but he may also masturbate

(35:51):
beside or upon his victim. Andthat's what BTK did. We don't know
that he ever raped anybody, buthe did, you know, masturbate beside
the victim or on the victim.Eckert and others review to a number of
cases of sexual related violence, injury, and death from the perspective of forensic

(36:12):
pathology, and a significant portion oftheir article addresses the mutilatory and murderous behaviors
of serial sexual killers. They providea classification of sexually related injuries and deaths
comprised of conventional sexual activity such asa vascular collapse secondary to a cerebrovascular accident

(36:34):
during sexual activity, criminal sexual activity, and this category encompasses serial sexual murders
under a homicide subcategory, and threeother sexual activity such as anorectal fisting,
bestiality, and pedophilia. Commonly,the serial the serial sexual killer will arrange

(36:58):
the body in the position in whichthe murder took place. Many offenders seem
to take pride in the theatrics oftheir offenses, as if there were a
deliberate attempt to offend. Modesty.Evidence of bondage and other paraphilias is frequently
found. Deets studied the crimes ofthirty multiple sexually sadistic offenders and found that

(37:20):
twenty three had used bondage in theiroffenses. He also reported that many of
these offenders had prepared a stage,props, costumes, and sometimes even a
script for their crime. So againyou're looking at this fantasy that these people
are trying to live out, andit usually advances to this stage the first

(37:45):
few times they kill someone. It'sjust it starts out as a very typical,
messy murder, and then they worktheir way up to these very elaborate
productions, and you know, themore they do it, the better they
get. A final characteristic is thatthe crime scenes of many many killers tend

(38:12):
to be similar. That is,the killer will use the same method of
killing and similar crime scene arrangements insubsequent killings. And we would say that
that was someone's like calling card.We would definitely think that, you know,
same person probably did this because theperson was arranged this way or this

(38:35):
particular type of ligature was used.So it's somewhat easy to not easy,
I shouldn't say it that way,but it's a very good way to link
the same person to different murders.All right, let's look at characteristics.
Britain cautioned other clinicians about generalizing fromhis clinical description of the sadistic sexual However,

(39:00):
different studies have revealed that serial sexualkillers do share a number of characteristics
in contrast with virtually all other violentcrimes, with great majority of offenders and
victims are white. Although although therehave been isolated cases of female serial killers,

(39:22):
there is no record of female seriallust murderers. That was in the
nineties. Remember, Carol Warnos wasa thirty five year old prostitute and was
charged with killing by gunfire five menin Florida after having six for hire with
each of them. Yeah, Warnos, we did it. I mean,

(39:45):
she's literally considered to be the mostwell known female serial killer of all times.
It's Eileen and I don't know wherethey get Carol unless that's your middle
name, but it's Aileen Warno's.Although her motivation will probably never be known

(40:05):
for certain, one might speculate thather criminal behavior represents a form of serial
sexual homicide by a female. Definitelyit. Did you know she was actually
acting as a prostitute and she wouldhave relations with these men and if they
got too rough, she would killthem. That's what her defense was.
But we also know that later on, when she was in prison, and

(40:30):
she started to go crazy. Youknow, she just admitted that she killed
men because she hated them, andshe was able to do that fairly easily
with the opportunities that she got withthose men because she was, you know,
a prostitute. So I mean,you she's one of the saddest.

(40:51):
That's one of the saddest cases.I think she was so mistreated and so
horrifically abused, and it doesn't giveher the right to kill anybody, don't
get me wrong, But again,I have just great empathy for everyone.
I just do mean the horrible people. They many times they absolutely deserve to
die, but what happened to themwas just not fair or right. You

(41:15):
know, these offenders are usually lessthan thirty five years old and often begin
their careers in their twenties, andthese careers last roughly four years in England,
but are often longer in the UnitedStates. And those numbers have definitely
changed. And we actually do havenow and perhaps they had it then,

(41:36):
but they didn't write it in here. But in the nineteenth century we had
Gene Webber, who strangled young boysduring compulsive orgasmic brushes and was considered sexually
insane and so I mean, I'venever even heard of someone being, you
know, labeled sexually insane, butI think certainly what she to these young

(42:00):
boys could be considered It's definitely insaneand there was a complete sexual component to
it. In a series of twohundred and twenty two classic serial murderers collected
by the National Center for the Analysisof Violent Crime that's at the FBI,
remember, the mean age of theirfirst murder was twenty seven and a half

(42:21):
years old. The NCABC has identifieda total of three hundred and fifty seven
serial killers since nineteen sixty through acomputer search of various informational sources. These
offenders have filed or are suspected ohsorry field or are suspected of killing a
total of three thy one hundred andsixty nine victims, which is an average

(42:44):
of non victims per fender that neverhas increased tenfold. Killing by the serial
sexual murder as a juvenile may notbe unusual. Burgess and others reported that
ten of thirty six men can beof sexual homicide committed murders as juveniles.
That's twenty eight percent of the totalpopulation of serial killers. Author w CM

(43:09):
evaluated two male youths ages thirteen andsixteen who may have been manifesting the onset
of precocious serial sexual homicide behavior.The first boy attacked a neighborhood female babysitter
unknown previously to him, and toldher he was going to rape her,
and he repeatedly stabbed her with aknife. She survived in spite of suffering

(43:31):
a new methorax, a puncture woundto the eye resulting in unilateral blindness,
and multiple other stab wounds. Thesecond boy killed a middle aged female next
door neighbor by strangulation and then hadintercourse with her corpse. Both boys were
tried in adult courts and received lengthysentences. The natural course of their future

(43:53):
behavior will never be known. Neitherone would or was able to disclose his
family he's leading to the murderous behavior, but it is presumed that powerful sadistic
fantasies were at play. Reluctance onthe part of those who commit sexual homicide
to discuss their association their associated fantasiesis common. That is true when they

(44:15):
get someone, when they arrest someoneand they prove that they have, you
know, participated in serial killing,you may have a few that will actually
just spill everything, spill everything.Gary Ridgeway was one of those. Although
he would he would lead lead thepolice officers, lead the criminologists and the

(44:38):
psychiatrists. He would lead them onto get special favors like getting to go
out into the field and look forhis bodies, stuff like that. But
he eventually, as far as weknow, told everything and it was,
you know, disturbing, but itgave us an It gave us an in

(45:00):
side into the mind of a serialkiller and one that used that sexual component
each and every time. And heactually also you know, he participated in
necrophilia as well, So he's oneof the more severe cases that we've studied.

(45:24):
Offenders generally commit their offenses while alone. Only one quarter to one third
may have one or more partners,and many are born out of wedlock and
suffer physical, emotional or sexual abuseas children. We know that right in
a series of thirty sexually sadistic offenders, with twenty two having committed at least
one murder, one fifth had beenphysically abused and nearly one half had been

(45:47):
sexually abused. So that's seventy threepercent of a set of sexually sadistic offenders
at this time had been physically abused, and then half of that had been
sexually abused. Nothing new, Weknow that right. In another series,

(46:09):
comprising thirty six men who had committedat least one sexual homicide, twenty nine
or eighty one percent had killed morethan one victim, forty two percent had
been physically abused, seventy four percentemotionally abused, and forty three percent had
been sexually abused. Redvich described anextremely ambivalent relationship to the mother, characterized

(46:31):
by either maternal overprotection infantilized cautious isa hard word, infantalization and seduction or
outright rejection of the sun. Also, maternal promiscuity, real or fancied,
is common. The father may becold, distant, authoritarian, and punitive.

(46:53):
Physically, these criminals appear normal andare not disfigured hulking brutes. But
this actual beat of having a normalappearance may add to the hysteria of the
public when the actions of a serialsexual murder have been identified, similar to
the fear and suspicion of one's neighborsprevalent during the Salem witch trials of the

(47:13):
late seventeenth century. So you're lookingat a common trait among these murders.
That that attachment issue that we talkabout with the mother, abuse by the
mother, sexual abuse by the mother, certainly a father who's an authoritarian and

(47:39):
chooses very violent methods of controlling behavior. That's those are the ones you tend
to see, are the if youI mean, I don't know, on
a scale, if you can saythis one's a better serial killer and this
one's worse, but they there tendto be more sed They just they just

(48:02):
grow and grow and grow and becomeworse and worse and worse until they're caught.
And that's what's really scary about it. Some studies have shown that unlike
other killers, roughly eighty percent ofsexual serial killers possess an average superior intelligence.
And we talked about that they usethe IQ for that Edmund that we

(48:27):
just spoke about, I no,no, last week. Maybe Edmund Kemper
was considered a genius, but hissocially emotional maturity very low, and that
was because of his issues with hismother. Nevertheless, he key states that
the offender's ability to kill without beingcaught is more a function of cunning and

(48:51):
deceit than intellectual abilities. I'll agreewith that in general, organized serial sexual
murders have average to above average intelligence, while disorganized sexual murderers are often below
average in intelligence. That makes sense, doesn't it. Only twenty percent of
serial murderers have a history of psychiatrictreatment. However, Burgess and others found

(49:15):
that seventy percent of men who hadcommitted sexual homicide, which is eighty one
percent having committed more than one murder, had undergone some type of psychiatric assessment
or confinement as a child. Yetthe presence of overt mental illness and such

(49:35):
offenders does not appear to be common. Yeah, I don't think back in
the nineties you would have had manychildren sent to have any kind of psychiatric
assessment or confinement, the really reallysevere ones. Of course, they would
get confinements, they'd get removed fromthe school and away from their peers for

(50:01):
safety. But I think today weare so aware of what causes people to
become murders, serial murders, violentoffenders that we've stepped up the services in

(50:24):
mental health care in schools. Now. Is it enough? No, it's
not enough. There's not enough.I don't know that there's enough people to
hire to be able to work withchildren in our school systems who need that
so desperately. So I don't knowthat it's anybody's fault, per se.
I do think that the government feedsmoney to the wrong thing many many times.

(50:47):
But you'll hear me say it untilit's fixed. Our mental health system
and our juvenile court system is broken, and really our court system for adults
is broken as well. There's whatwe call band aid projects in early childhood,

(51:07):
juvenile court, after school suspension,all of those things really just you
have stopped that student or that childfrom doing things on a temporary basis.
You're not going to cure them byputting them in a juvenile system. You're

(51:28):
not going to cure them by puttingthem after school suspension. There's so much
more to it that we aren't doing. And that's I mean, that's a
problem. That is the problem.That's the main problem. How are we
supporting these young children who come tous, and especially in early childhood,

(51:50):
where we have the best opportunity tochange someone, to improve their living,
to take them out of horrible homesituations and put them with loving, caring
individuals. It doesn't always happen thatway, right, It doesn't happen that
perhaps when they when they're moved awayfrom their parents, they go into a
worse situation. Nothing's perfect, andthat's that's really the sadness of it all.

(52:21):
A significant number of these men haveno prior criminal records or only convictions
of non violent crimes at the timeof their apprehension. However, sixty percent
of serial murders have some form ofcriminal history, and moreover about half,
which is forty four percent of fortytwo serial murders in one series, had
previously committed sex related offenses. InWrestler and other study on those having committed

(52:47):
sexual homicide, conduct disorder symptoms suchas stealing at eighty one percent, lying
seventy five percent, and assaultedness towardadults at eighty four percent, just to
name a few, were extremely commonin adolescents. As adults, such antisocial
behaviors continue to be reported, suchas stealing fifty six percent, chronic line

(53:10):
sixty eight percent, and assaultiveness towardother adults at eighty six percent. In
terms of sexual orientation, most arehetero sexual, but some have a history
of homosexual activity. The prevalence ofsexual dysfunction and non sadistic paraphilias such as
transvestism, voyeurism, fetishism, andexhibitionism appears high. In one report on

(53:37):
sexual murders, almost half of theoffenders reported an aversion to sex. Interesting
interestingly, eighty one percent of theseoffenders rated pornography as their highest ranking sexual
interest. That should terrify us.You know, pornography is basically on the
web free for most people who knowhow to find it. It's free,

(54:05):
and nothing good comes out of that. Nothing good comes out of that,
So it's like anything else. Ifyou banned something or if you made it
illegal, it's just going to driveup the interest. So there's no win
win here, right, there's nowin win. Protecting our youngest children from

(54:28):
seeing these type of things incredibly important, but very very hard because we don't
live with them. You're not surewhat they get exposed to while they're at
home, and that's the problem,right. Pranked Key and others found that
serial sexual murders, in comparison withsingle sexual murders, had significantly higher paraphilias,

(54:53):
particularly fetishism seventy one percent versus thirtythree percent and cross dressing five percent
versus zero percent. Deeds found anaverage of two point seven paraphilias in thirty
sexually sadistic offenders and twenty two hadcommitted murder, concluding that contrary to what
is often taught, paraphilias are rarelyassociated excuse me, rarely isolated in sexually

(55:19):
sadistic offenders. The serial sexual murdererhas a psychological need to have absolute control,
dominance, and power over his victims, and the infliction of torture,
pain, and ultimately death is usedin an attempt to fulfill this need,
and that typically gets worse as theygo. Right, they may do this,
this and this to this body,but in the next one they're going

(55:40):
to further their fantasy and it justgets worse and worse. The mutilation,
the sexual abuse of a corpse,those type of things disc gets worse.
In the words of Roy Norris,who, along with Lawrence Bittaker, kidnapped,
raped, tortured and murdered five teenagegirls, isn't really the important part.
It was the dominance. These mencultivate rich fantasy lives and will masturbate

(56:06):
two recurrent sexually sadistic themes. Thosewho have been married as high as fifty
percent may enact these fantasies with theirspouse or children. Some have stable employment
records and other hold white collar jobs. They often pursue occupations that bring them
in contact with injured or suffering animalsor people over whom they exert control.

(56:29):
Hospitals, correctional facilities, mortuaries,and butcher shops are attractive locations for these
men. In the US, securityguard appears to be the most prevalent line
of work. This was in thenineties now probably has changed. A history
of extreme cruelty to animals is common, which we recognize that as one of

(56:51):
the McDonald tried. And the incidentsof dragon alcohol abuse and sexual killers is
controversial. Some studies report and incidentsas high as fifty percent, and there
are known They are known to collectmaterial containing violent pornography, police paraphernalia,
and even written accounts of their owncrimes and those of their predecessors. Often

(57:15):
they show an avid interest in Nazism, black magic, torture, monsters,
and particularly weapons. And I thinkI think all of those we could put
into that category of that fantasy.You know their props if you will,
And we know that many of thesesexually sadistic murderers, we know that they

(57:42):
they typically do the same thing totheir victims, sometimes escalating it, but
it almost always involves some sort oftorture and props and fantasies that they continue
to come back to over and overand over again. Their personalities have been
described as well mannered, gentle,reserved, timid, religious, prudish,

(58:06):
inadequate, studious, obsessional, andhypochondriacal of note, often they will not
display their temper to others, althoughsome may admit a hatred of women.
Liebert postulated that no Lust Murder hasbeen an intensive psychotherapy partly because they are
incapable of genuine intimacy, and goinginto intensive psychotherapy there has to be there

(58:35):
has to be some genuine intimacy inthat because you are sharing, you're expected
to be sharing your deepest, darkestfantasies, desires, problems, relationship issues.
In order for it to be effective, you've got to just lay yourself
wide open, and many of themare just not able to do that,

(58:57):
So that thought process that it onlywe've gotten them into some kind of therapy
really doesn't work in this case.After apprehension, these men are often model
prisoners, patients, prisoners, andor patients. According to the staff edmund
Kemper was very well locked he oncehe got in prison. I mean,

(59:21):
he's done all kinds of things thatis great for society once he got inside
that prison with a very structured environment. You know, he writes, he's
written some books. He is alsohe also does audible books for the deaf

(59:44):
and or the blonde. And he'sa member of the jc's. You know,
he does a lot of good thingsnow despite his past. And we
see that also in the ones whohad joined the military. Jeffrey Dahmer was

(01:00:07):
fairly He didn't kill anybody while hewas in the army, but he was
accused of brutally raping two of hispeers who came out after his death.
So perhaps he didn't kill anybody.He did offend some people, but they

(01:00:30):
doced much better in a structured environment. However, they may be unaccepted to
test it and even attacked by peers, as in the case of Albert Desalvoux,
the Boston strangler, which we justtalked about, who was stabbed to
death by another inmate. So wasJeffrey Dahmer. History indicates that they are

(01:00:51):
extremely recidivistic. One serial sexual killerwarned authorities never to release him from prison,
as he was certain he would reoffend. Gosh. Also very common once
they are caught, they will bevery frank and say, yeah, well,
if you release me, I'm gonnado it again. There's no doubt
about it. Very few of them. It's like once they get caught and

(01:01:16):
put into the prison system, theystop fighting. This is their penance right.
So diagnostic considerations. According to Ornand others, it is a widely
held view than anyone who commits aserious a series of heinous, apparently senseless
murders must ipso facto be considered insane. Generally, studies do not support the

(01:01:40):
stereotype of schizophrenic persons as violent anddangerous. Bloom noted that some schizophrenics,
particularly the paranoid subtypes, present realrisks, but even these individuals most frequently
attack acquaintances, family members, hospitalstaff, and fellow patients, not strangers.
In the case of serial sexual murderers, it is unlikely such offenders,

(01:02:04):
if psychotic, would have the wherewithalrepeatedly to escape apprehension. I think the
facts on this have changed over thecourse of time. I think we have
more research, more information now thattells us that many of our serial killers
are schizophrenic, bipolar, have somesort of paranoid subtype. Almost all of

(01:02:35):
them can be diagnosed with some sortof psychotic abnormality, So I think this
information might be a little off.But again, this was in the nineties,
so this was a fairly new Wedidn't have as much information back then.
Basically, in his nineteen sixty fivestudy, redvich may be diagnosis of

(01:02:58):
clinical schizophrenic in nine of forty threemale genocidal offenders, several of whom had
committed murder more than once. Itis unknown whether these nine men would have
met dis M three R criteria forschizophrenia, particularly in view of the past
tendency to overdiagnose schizophrenia. Moreover,not enough information is provided to determine how

(01:03:21):
many of these subjects were serial sexualmurderers. Nevertheless, there have been some
celebrated cases of serial homicide in whichthe perpetrator likely suffered from a schizophrenic disorder.
Jenkins reported that the insanity defense wasemployed in eight cases of serial murder
in England between nineteen forty and nineteeneighty five, but only one was successful.

(01:03:45):
Even in other cases with convincing psychiatricevidence of paranoid schizophrenia, such as
John George Hay in nineteen forty nineor Peter Sutcliffe in nineteen eighty, the
defendants were deemed sane and found guiltyof note. In the Hey case,
prosecutors argued that any statement by theaccused was invalid because he had so strong

(01:04:08):
an interest in saving his life,thereby effectively excluding the majority of psychiatric testimony.
In the trial of Peter Sutcliffe,who was known as the Yorkshire Ripper
who mutilated thirteen prostitutes after incorporating theminto his paranoid delusional system and judge,
the judge simply overruled several expert witnessestestimonies and found him fit to stand trial,

(01:04:31):
which resulted in a life sentence.There's been a similar lack of success
with the not guilty by reason ofinsanity defense in the US courts, and
some experts attribute this to the hostilepublic opinion associated with these cases, and
I think that's very true. We'veseen a couple of different cases where the

(01:04:53):
public outcry was so great that thejudge felt it was his duty to convict
that person or even give them thedeath penalty. So you know, there's
strength in numbers, and if alarge enough community makes a fuss about something,
they typically get what they want,or they compromise with something that is

(01:05:17):
you know, looked at as equalto both sides. And in this case,
you see, I tend to agree. Even though they may be psychotic,
even though they may have some prettyserious schizophrenic tendencies, I believe they're
all sane when they're committing these murders. I think that that contributes to their

(01:05:40):
ability to shut off emotion and beable to kill someone in the manners that
they do. You can't. Ijust don't believe that any quote unquote normal
human being can flip that switch andbecome a serial murder and then turn it
off and go to their normal lifewithout some sort of mental condition. An

(01:06:06):
exception might be BTK because he wasable to shut that off. I mean,
he operated for thirty years, andhe had I don't know, nineteen
or so years where he did nothingand then became active again when his children
were grown up. So yeah,I mean, I think and that is

(01:06:30):
a huge I mean, that's tremendousfor him to be able to control those
desires and those needs, you know, and all through that and have a
good reputation in town, right,well known, not necessarily well locked,
but he was able to function inthat capacity as a normal husband, father,

(01:06:54):
worker, even manager at one point. So it can happen again.
Every single person you deal with,it's going to have something a little bit
different. But the majority of serialkillers have a major mental disorder, probably
from early childhood trauma. I mean, that's the facts. Mental health professionals

(01:07:23):
have typically categorized, categorized these menas psychopaths. As Levin and Fox suggested
in their review of mass killers.Though their crimes may be sickening, they
are not sick in either a medicalor a legal sense. Instead, the
serial killers typically a sociopathic personality wholacks internal control, guilt or conscience to

(01:07:43):
God's own behavior, but has anexcessive need to control and dominate others.
That's an excellent definition of a masskiller. I do think that. Again,
there are some exceptions about the internalcontrol. Dahmer obviously controlled his desires,

(01:08:05):
which were never really to kill.His desire was never to kill.
He wanted companionship, and then ofcourse when when they tried to leave him,
he killed them. So his wasmore. He became excited and upset

(01:08:26):
and the only way he could thinkof to make them stay was to kill
them. So there are exceptions.Clifford Olsen, Canada's most notorious and revolved
criminal, was sentenced to life imprisonmentin eighty two for the torture and killing
of eleven or more male and femalechildren. Hair and others described his personality
structure as that of a typical psychopath. He had an inflated sense of self

(01:08:49):
worth, a violent temper and abilityto manipulate and deceive others, a lack
of guilt, gladness and charm,and was a pathological liar. Outrage of
the public by arranging for the crownto pay his family one hundred thousand dollars
in return for his disclosure of wherehe had hidden seven of the bodies.
Following his imprisonment, he continued totorture the families of the victims by mailing

(01:09:14):
from comments about their children's murder.And that's horrific. The fact that they
even let him mail anything is horrific. It has been proposed that the supposed
psychosis seen in some of the individualsis merely the product of malingering by a
cunning sociopath. However, Britain,concluded that it is useless and incomplete to

(01:09:36):
simply level such a person a psychopath. Money, a forensic sexologist, added
that such a diagnosis is judicially irrelevantas there's no precedence in which it has
absolved a criminal sex offender from beinglegally responsible for his conduct. Moreover,
by the absence of lengthy criminal records, subst abuse, and unstable employment,

(01:09:58):
many of these men are not necessarcessarilytypical sociopaths. Most experts in this field
degree that these criminals are sexual sadists, defining sadism as the repeated practice of
behavior and fantasy which is characterized bya wish to control another person through domination,
humiliation, or inflicting pain for thepurpose of producing sexual arousal. Mcculligan

(01:10:23):
others suggested that even if a psychoticillness is present, it may be parallel
and unrelated to the sadism. Moneyclaim that although a criminal offense a criminal
sex offense is anti social, itis not necessarily a symptom of the diffuse
disease of antisocialism. We know nowtoday that that characteristic anti socialism is a

(01:10:47):
huge contributor to serial killer's motives.They are often not well locked. They're
just kind of I'm going to say, bland. Know, they're not popular,
they're not unpopular, they're just there. They just kind of fade into
the background. And perhaps it isthat lack of attention that causes them to

(01:11:12):
become you know, sadistic torturing,you know, sexual serial killers. But
and I think you can definitely applythat to the majority of serial killers,
but there's always exceptions. Most expertsin the field agree that these criminals are
sexual sadists, defining sadism again asthe repeated practice of behavior and fantasy.

(01:11:41):
McCullough suggested that even if that psychoticillness is present and may be parallel and
in relate to the sadism, rememberthat many of them can turn on and
turn off their personalities. They canturn on being charming and even being likeed

(01:12:01):
by different people. In the caseof Edward Kemper, they thought he was
annoying. The police department thought hewas annoying, annoying, but they did
like him to some degree because theytalked to him about the crimes. You
know, he had somewhat of arelationship with the police officers, so he
couldn't have been that bad, right, And then if you talk to anybody

(01:12:27):
in the prison system who had todeal with him, he's really known as
someone who's very gentle and very kindthat outside of the prison you would maybe
even want to be friends with,because he was just a really generous,
kind and giving person, and hismother was the catalyst for his sadistic nature.

(01:12:48):
The possibility of an organic dysfunction inthese murders has been questioned. Some
authors discuss isolated cases in which theperpetrators had a history of serious head trauma
and abnormalities on ct ee G andneuropsychological testing. We know today that there
are several serial killers who had headinjuries, and there's some correlation, not

(01:13:15):
enough to specifically put that into adefinitive list like we have the McDonald tried.
It's a possibility, right, It'sa possibility that something happened to their
brain development when they hit their headthat caused this type of behavior to occur.

(01:13:38):
Maybe, and maybe it's the typeof difference in the brain where you're
unable to have empathy or care aboutanother person, and that can very well
be the case in this In thissubject, Money has postulated a parallel between
the paraphilia attacks and serial lust murdersand psychomot seizures in temporal epileptic. No

(01:14:01):
comprehensive studies at this time exists thathave included through organic workoupes which is cts,
MRI skins and electrodescephalograms, androgen andneurotransmitter levels on a sample of serial
sexual murders, but we know thatthat has happened since then. In some
cases, most notably in that ofKenneth Bianchi, the Hillside strangler, the

(01:14:24):
diagnosis of multiple personality disorder has beenraised. Some clinicians have found an association
between criminality and MPD, and theynote that reports of amnesia, a cardinal
feature of MPD after homicide, orfrequent, ranging from forty to seventy percent.
However, Orn and others stated thatcaution must be used in diagnosing MPD

(01:14:46):
in situations involving secondary gain, becausesome individuals can effectively simulate hypnotic states and
MPD In such instances, independent corroborationof the pre exis distance of distinct autonomous
personalities with specific behavior patterns and socialrelationships is essential. Bianki, who brutally

(01:15:09):
strangled at least ten women in theLos Angeles area from seventy seven to seventy
eight, displayed marked inconsistencies in hisclinical presentation and could not provide essential corroborating
evidence, thereby failing to convince thecourt that he had MPD. To date,
at this time, there are nowell documented cases of MPD in serial

(01:15:30):
sexual killers. I don't right offthe top of my head, I don't
know that we have any serial killerswho have that MPD diagnosis. But perhaps
I've just forgotten, But I can'tthink of one right off the bat.
Although several lust murders equate their actsto overwhelming compulsions with repetitive ritualistic features and

(01:15:54):
describe severe anxiety on attempts to resistthose needs, these activities are not true
compulsions as an obsessive compulsive disorder,because the person derives pleasure from the particular
activity and may wish to resist itonly because of its secondary dilatorious consequences.
Professionals with a more analytical approach havebeen prone to consider severe borderline or narcissistic

(01:16:19):
personality disorders in these cases due tospecific abnormalities in the ego functioning of these
individuals. I definitely agree with thatnarcissistic personality disorder. We see that quite
common. It wasn't a very commondiagnosis back in the nineties. It is
much more common as a diagnosis today. In summary, when applying the DSM

(01:16:46):
three are nomenclature to serial sexual murderers. Most clinicians diagnose sexual sadism on axis
I and antisocial or mixed cluster Bpersonality disorder on axis to two. We
have many, many more pages tocover and we're already well over an hour,

(01:17:06):
so we will stop at etiology andwe will pick that back up in
our next episode. As always,if you have thoughts or questions, you
can reach out to me at doctorKimberly Cassidy eighty nine at gmail dot com.
I hope you have a great day.
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