Christiana Riot Episode 3 Flights and Trials

Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
My name is Eric Gaskell, and you're listening to the
Distorted History podcast. And I didn't give you many nails
and joy a blunder. Look, I'm rasling, I'm got the

(00:24):
barah A long struggle for freedom. It then he is
a revolution. Four men, Noah Bulee, Nelson Forden, brothers George
and Joshua Hammond together and fled from Maryland and escaped slavery,

(00:45):
ultimately settling down in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where they resided for
two years before the men are presumed to own them.
Edward Gorsag came north in eighteen fifty one looking to
reclaim his property, doing so with official warrants under the
Futitive Slave Act of eighteen fifty and with the assistance
of Deputy Marshall Henry Klein now Kleine, Edward Gorsuch and

(01:06):
his various neighbors and relatives who took part in the
slave catching posse, hoped to catch the men they were after.
By surprise. The problem was the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee had
spotted Gorsuch when he came to the city to get
his warrants. In the aid of Marshall Klein, the Vigilance Committee, then,
based upon where Gorsich had come from in the company,
he kempt sent one of their agents, Samuel Williams, to

(01:26):
follow members of Gorsuch's posse to see where they were
going to and alert the locals other intentions. It was then,
thanks to the efforts of Samuel Williams and the Philadelphia
Vigilance Committee, that the Lancaster Mudual Defense Society was alerted.
As a result, two of the three Feutitis remained in
the region, sheltered in the Christiana farmhouse, and William Parker,
the head of the Mudual Defense Society, in anticipation of

(01:48):
a kidnapping attempt by Gorsuch and his men. The slave
catching party would then arrive at that very same Stone
farmhouse early on the morning of the eleventh of September
eighteen fifty one. However, despite Marshall Clin reading out the
illegal warns they carried for the capture of the men
who had fed and slaban on the Gorsag farm, the
five other men and women inside that house refused to
hand them over as the nine would be kidnappers or

(02:11):
running the home, and plotted their next move. William Parker's wife, Eliza,
had sounded a horn, which served as a signal to
the rest of their community that something was off. Soon then,
the party of slave catchers found themselves surrounded and outnumbered
as some fifty to seventy local black residents, armed with
some combination of guns and various dangerous farming implements arrived
ready to defend their own. Meanwhile, also arriving on the scene,

(02:34):
but unarmed, more local white miller Caster Henway and Quaker
shopkeeper Elijah Lewis, who, while refusing to aid these slave catchers,
did try to encourage everyone to stand down so as
to avoid violence. Marshall Klein, meanwhile, sensing that things were
not going their way, looked to extricate himself from the situation.
He moved that the majority of the posse seemed to

(02:54):
agree with. Edward Gorsuch, however, refused to leave without his property,
and so he returned to the farmhouse to confront one
of the men who had fled from his farm in Maryland.
As the old safeholder was insisting that the young man
returned with him, Gorsuch was struck down and ultimately killed
while attempting to signal to the rest of his posse
to come to his aid. The rest of the party, meanwhile,

(03:15):
would flee the area, with some taking various wounds, as
a local community came together to defend themselves and their
freedom from these would be kidnappers. The press, though, had
a vastly different interpretation of events, as papers across the
country carried headlines about the tragic death of this noble
safeholder who had simply been following the precepts of the
law when he had been cruelly struck down by these

(03:37):
barbarous black people, who had obviously been encouraged to act
by those vile traders, abolitionists. Southerners and supporters of Savior
across the country them were outraged as they called for
blood injustice. Yet, before I go any further into the
aftermath of the events of the so called Christiana Riot
or the Christiana Resistance, first, like always, I want to

(03:57):
acknowledge my sources for this three part series, which include
Thomas P. Slaughters, Bloody Dawn, the Christiana Riot, and racial
violence in the Antebellum North Ella Forbes, but we have
no country, Stanley Herald's Border War fighting over slavery before
the Civil War, Stanley W. Campbell, These safe Catcher's enforcement
of the Fugitive Slave lall eighteen fifty to eighteen sixty,

(04:20):
James McPherson's Battlecraft Freedom and Jonathan Krat's Resistance at Christiana.
And like always, these and any additional sources like websites
that I used will be available on this podcast. Bluesky
and Kofe pages plause. For anyone who doesn't want to
be bothered skipping through commercials, there is always an ad
free feet available to subscribers at patreon dot com slash

(04:40):
Distorted History. And with all that being said, let's begin
now the events in Christiana, as specifically, the death of
Edward Gorsich put the governor Pennsylvania, William Johnson's campaign for
re election in jeopardy because he was seen as being
pro abolition At the very least, he was seen as
being solved on blacks and abbot ulishists, according to the

(05:01):
Democrats who looked to un see them, as he had
in the past expressed opposition to the Compromise of eighteen fifty,
which included some tepid pushback against the Fugitive Slave Law,
as he had refused to support the repeal of Pennsylvania's
anti kidnapping law basically, though Johnson's main concern had been
for the unfair advantage that slave labor potentially gave other
states in crafting cheaper and less expensive goods than those

(05:23):
produced in states had paid their workers, while also worrying
about a federal law overstepping the authority of the states.
Governor Justin then sicking to Apisos, outraged by these events
as he tried to preserve his own political career, would
issue an edict in which he offered a one thousand
dollar reward for the arrest and convection of the individuals
responsible for the quote, murder and violation of the public peace. Meanwhile,

(05:48):
President Millard Fillmore, who had been instrumental in getting the
fugitive slave ACKed passed in the first place, would assure
the Governor Maryland that he was on top of this situation,
as he wrote, quote, after a careful consideration of the subject,
orders were dispatched by the President to the proper officers
of the United States in Pennsylvania, requiring them to proceed
immediately to arrest all persons criminally concerned in the transaction.

(06:11):
Upon the President's orders, then eighty marines, federal marshals and
their deputies were dispatched to Lancaster County and Christiana in
particular as the area was essentially placed under Marshall Law,
with one of the marines involved, upon being asked to
explain their presence, proudly declaring that they were there to
quote arrest every n word and damned abolitionist that they

(06:32):
could find. Further augmenting these repressive federal forces was a
posse of fifty local, largely working class whites. This included
forty Irish railroad workers who thought their jobs were potentially
threatened by the growing African American population. These workers, who
had been repairing a railroad line, were then deputized as
they eagerly took up the task of hunting down black men,

(06:53):
with one such individual declaring that he was going to
shoot the quote first black thing he saw, even if
it was a crow. These locals were then joined the
night after the events in Christiana by what was described
as quote gangs of armed Ruffians from Maryland, as they
worked together in seeking revenge for the death of Edward Gorsuch,
targeting not only the local black population but also any

(07:16):
whites who were believed to hold anti slave reviews. With
the motto of this gang of vigilantes being quote woe
to them who resist. Now, as you might expect, these
kinds of characters who volunteered to take part in such
activities were not what you would call good people. Indeed,
according to local chronicle David R. Forbes, quote, there never

(07:36):
went on hung a gang of more depraved wreches and
desperate scoundrels than some of the men employed as officers
of the law to rap to this country and ransack
private houses. In the manh on which followed the affray.
For example, two of the newly deputized lawmen who were
unleashed on Lancaster County in the name of law and
order had been jawned for breaking into the Mayor's office,

(07:57):
with one of these two upstanding individuals also so having
a lengthy arrest record for stealing chickens. Many black men
residing in and around the area, regardless of whether they
had anything to do with the events in Christiana or not,
were then seized and arrested by the government authorities and
their allies, who the National Anti Savory Standard described as
being quote gangs of armed riflemen from Maryland assisted by

(08:19):
the lowest ruffians this region can furnish predictably. Though, the
pro savory Delaware State Journal had a different take on
these events, as they wrote that the quote country was
thoroughly scoured for the distance of thirty miles around, an
effort which they priorly declared, made it so that quote
the Negro settlements are nearly all completely deserted. Black men

(08:40):
living in the region, then, regardless of evidence of their
participation in the events of Christiana, were taken away from
their families and lacked in jail for months. Truly, there
seemed to have been no logic as to who was
locked up and who was not, as many who were
arrested had not in any way participated in the events
of the morning of the eleventh of September eighteen fifty one,
where of individuals who were known to have been involved,

(09:02):
including the only two black men known to have been
wounded in the Meine, were not arrested. Meanwhile, neither the
law nor the constitution that they were supposedly there to
uphold seemingly matter. Much of the so called agents of
law and order, like the deputized Ruffians, various soldiers, and
the Philadelphia police officers dispatched the region as a freely
abused of people they arrested. For example, black seventeen year

(09:25):
old Peter Woods would describe how his whe employer, Joseph Scarlett,
was arrested, stating that quote, they took him by the
foot and pointed bayonets at him all around him. I
said to myself, if you arrest a white man like that,
I wonder what you will do to a black boy.
And indeed, Woods himself would eventually be run down and
tied up when the forces of law and order came
looking for him. In the midst of all this, slave

(09:48):
catchers also flocked to the region, hoping to take advantage
of this situation by claiming feuditives who had been arrested
that the otherwise would have had a much harder time
laying claim to, which may help to explain the the
wholesale capture of black men and the complete lack of
interest in whether or not there was any provable evidence
of their involvement with the events in Christiania. As one
anti Savory newspaper would report that quote, when we saw

(10:12):
the whore that, in the name of law were the
other day poured upon Lancaster County and witnessed the ferocity
with which they pursued and indiscriminately sees colored men, whether
implicated or not. In the Gorset defray, we found assured
that one prominent motive of that search, with many engaged
in it, was a capture of fugitive Says, and the
result is already sadly confirming that conviction. That being said,

(10:35):
even with all this happening, trying to capture fugitive Says
in Lancaster County was easier said than done. For example,
one group of save catchers would attempt to kidnap a
free black man living in the region. However, they were
ultimately forced to release him when they met resistance, as
the kidnappers now had to fear that they too might
end up like Edward Gorsuch. Meanwhile, a number of those

(10:56):
who had actually been directly involved in the so called
Christiana Right, as it came to be known in the press,
had already fled the area, heading for Canada. As after
killing Edward Gorsi and driving office party of kidnappers, those involved,
especially those who were themselves technically fugitive slaves, decided their
best course of action was to flee, as they knew
they would find no justice in America. Indeed, in addition

(11:19):
to the amorphous calls for quote unquote justice, there was
specifically a thousand dollars bounty placed upon William Parker's head,
with reportedly as much as two thousand dollars being offered
for the capture of each of the men who had
been in the Stone farmhouse that morning. As a result,
William Parker, his brother in law Alexander and Pinckney, and
the escape slave Abraham Johnson who had been there with

(11:39):
them that morning all fled heading north, as did the
men from the Corst Farm, although they went separately. In
doing so, though, William Parker made the decision to leave
Eliza and their children behind, as the kids were sure
to slow things down and make their group that much
more noticeable. Plus, the people the authorities wanted the most
at this point were the men, and Parker in articular,

(12:00):
as he was identified as their leader. That, of course,
did not make any of this any easier. As Parker
himself would later write, quote, I felt I would rather
die than be separated from them. It had to be done, however,
and we went forth with heavy hearts, outcasts, for the
sake of liberty. William Parker, then, along with his two
companions Alexander Pickney and Abraham Johnson, would make these several

(12:22):
hundred mile journey north toward the Canadian border through a
combination of going on foot, traveling in horse drawn carriages,
and even by train, as they were aided in their
flight by both fellow African Americans and, according to Parker himself,
white abolitionists, which means even though they played no role
in the actual riot, white abolitionists still managed to prove
useful in making sure those involved escape to safety, potentially

(12:44):
aiding them in this flight with the abolitionist Hamilton family,
who were known to have ties with the likes of
William Lloyd Garrison, so Journer Truth, Frederick Douglas, and Harriet Tubman,
as the Hamilton's reportedly sheltered William Parker and the others
he was traveling with during the daylight hours before USh
shuring them further along under the cover of night. Then
at another stop, defeated as were hidden under a carpenter

(13:05):
shop which sat three feet off the ground. The men
then laid in a dirt underneath the shop during the
day while food was passed down to them using an
oven peel, the large flat piece of wood used to
take stuff like bread out of the oven, and at
other times during their flight, the men be poorly kept
them appearances by working in the field's hosking corn so
they could blend in with the normal farm hands. In all,

(13:25):
it had to have been a stressful experience, as now
they were not only wanted for being runaway slaves, but
they were also accused of murder. Indeed, these men who
had been at the heart of the resistance in Christiana
were very much wanted by the authorities, and thus they
had to always be on their guard. Luckily, though, they
were not short on friends willing to help them. People
liked the Hamiltons or those that hid them under the

(13:47):
carpentry shop and provided them with food. These and others
liked them, sheltered and guided the men further along the
way in their journey toward Canada and freedom, with the
final stop in their flight being in Rochester, New York,
and the home of none other than Frederick Douglas. Now
William Parker and Douglas had first met one another during
the period in which they were both enslaved in Maryland. Douglas,
who was about five years older than Parker, would then

(14:10):
escape about a year before William did. It was then,
some years later, at an anti savory rally near Smurta, Pennsylvania,
that Parker got to see the man and first met
while enslaved speak for the first time. William Parker then
was thoroughly impressed by the new man Douglas had become,
later writing quote and listened with the intense satisfaction that
only a refugee could feel when hearing and bodied in

(14:31):
ernest won't chosen in strong speech his own crude ideas
of freedom and his own hearty censer of the manstealer.
Douglas was giving voice of the feelings and ideas at Parker,
as a fellow formally enslaved man, understood and thought further,
adding that quote, I have never listened to words in
the lips of mortal men which were more acceendable to me.
And although privilege since said to hear many able and

(14:52):
good men speak all savory, no doctriness seemed to me
so pure, so unworldly as his. William Parker then had
found in Frederick Douglas's words and ideas a kindred spirit.
The two men that had kept in touch through the years,
and now he sought Douglas's aid in his time of need. Notably,
as he fuditives arrived in Rochester, news of their deeds
in the ongoing search for them also arrived. As Frederick

(15:14):
Douglas would note, quote, the telegraph had that they announced
their deeds at Christiana, their escape, and that the mounds
of Pennsylvania were being searched for the murderers. The men, though,
had not fled to the mountains, as they had instead
eventually been placed upon a train that brought them north
to Rochester. Thus, due to the aid they had received,
quickening the pace of their escape, according to Douglas quote,

(15:36):
they were thus almost in advance of the lightning, and
much in advance of probably pursuit, unless the telegraph had
raised agents already here. Yet, even though they had likely
outpaced their pursuit, there was no true safety as long
as they remained in the United States. Rochester and specifically
Frederick Douglas's house, though, was a place of relative safety,
and also the file stopped before they escaped into Canada. Indeed,

(15:59):
not only would Douglas risk his own safety and freedom
by sheltering these fugitives in his house, but he would
also personally remain on guard as his quote tired and
dust covered guests slept, for they had been harassed and
traveling for two days and nights and needed rest. That
being said, before getting this much needed rest, William Parker
and his companions would, after washing the dirt and dust

(16:19):
of the road off, recount the events that took place
in Christiana, as Douglas's home was not visited by slafe catchers,
but by admiring locals who wanted to hear tell of
their brave stand against the kidnappers. Then, when they were
finally allowed to rest, as Frederick Douglas himself was standing guard,
a friend of his, Miss Julia Griffith, headed down to
the dock to see if there was a steamer departing

(16:40):
soon which would make its next port summer in Canada,
where it did not matter, just that it would arrive
in Canada without making any further stops in the States.
And indeed, as it turns on, a steamer would leave
that very night headed for Toronto. That then was the
ship that would take them to safety. They were then
almost home free, but of course, getting the men to
the steamer was not without risk. As Douglas would note, quote,

(17:04):
there was danger between my house and the landing, or
at the landing itself we might meet with trouble. In fact,
the most likely place for them to meet resistance was
at the docks, as that was the most logical place
for the authorities to be on the lookout for Feudit
and fleeing the country. They had no choice, though, they
had to risk it, so as night started to fall,
Douglas had the feuditi of men loaded into his carriage,

(17:25):
and together they all headed down to the docks, where,
according to Douglas quote, we reached the boat at least
fifteen minutes before the time of its departure, and without
remark or more lestation. But those fifteen minutes seemed much
longer than usual. They had made it there and got
on this ship without issue, but Douglas could not breathe
a cigh of relief until they were well and truly off,

(17:46):
fearing that some authorities or safe catries could come rolling
up at any moment. As it turns out, though, they
would indeed make it off without issue, as according to
Douglas quote, I remained on board till the order to
haul the gangway was given. I shook cans with my
friends received from Parker the revolver that fell from the
hand of Courses when he died, presented now as a
token of gratitude and him momento the battle for liberty

(18:08):
at Christiana. That being said, the problems for Parker and
the others weren't over just because they reached Canada, as
while they had avoided capture, they now had to start
all over again from scratch, because their flight had been
so sudden, and as a result, they had no plan
nor an abundance of money to start their new lives with. Indeed,
when these three men reached Kingston, Canada, they just basically

(18:29):
started walking around, hoping that they might spot some black
individual that might help them get started, And as luck
would have it, Parker would spotn a manny and known
back in Maryland when they were both enslaved. The man
though initially trying to pretend that he didn't recognize Parker,
but he would eventually abandon his charade and see to
it that the men were fed, although he still would

(18:50):
not bring them back to his home. Now, whether this
man simply did not want to share what little he had,
or whether he did not fully trust these men, we
can't say. Parker, though, could not help but note the
difference in greeting he had received from this man and
the way that Frederick Douglas had treated them. Even though
Douglas had been at much more risk sheltering these three
men who were not only feuitives Says much like himself,

(19:10):
but also men who were accused of murder. Douglas, though
it still open his doors wide and shelter them, even
going so far as to accompanying them down to the
boat to make sure they were safely off. Now left
to their own devices in Canada, it would take the
Funatives three weeks to reach Toronto, where they found work
and started making money with which they could use to
start over with. It has to be said, though, that

(19:32):
all this their escaped, their journey through Canada and they're
figuring out how to start a new life was especially
hard on William Parker, who was doing all this not
only without his wife Eliza and their three children, but
without knowing what was happening to them. Indeed, Parker would
have to wait two anxious months for his wife to
join him in the safety of Canada, during which time
he would be haunted by various rumors of your fate

(19:54):
without any kind of word about what was happening. In fact,
as it turns out, Eliza and her sister, who were
both fugitive says in their own right, had a much
more difficult time, as they were reportedly captured twice during
their flight, plus her former master nearly captured her a
third time, an incident which forced Eliza and her sister
to flee a day ahead of time, which then necessitated

(20:14):
her children being left behind in the care of others
for a time. Eventually, though the whole family would make
it to Canada and be reunited. Eliza's mother, Cassandra, however,
would be recaptured and taken back to the South by
slave hunters. In doing so, it seems that she might
have actually surrendered herself in an attempt to distract attention
away from her daughters and grandchildren, perhaps thinking that if

(20:36):
she made a big enough show of her surrender that
she would distract and maybe appeasley save Hulders and her
various hunters for a time, thereby giving her daughter's time
to escape, while also keeping the attention away from her grandchildren, who,
while always living free in the North, were according to
the law of the land, since their mother was still
technically enslaved, were thus the quote unquote property of the
man who claimed to own her. Now. Of course, when

(20:58):
the pro Savory press got a hold of this story,
they made Eliza's mother out to be the kind of
dutiful black person who embraced slavery and who very much
wanted to return to it, basically ignoring the fact that
she had fled to the north in the first place. Indeed,
they would claim that she had only left the plantation
and go north through try and talk her children into
coming back, only to inexplicably stay there for years. Yet,

(21:20):
despite this very believable story, the old woman never gave
off the location of where her children and grandchildren had
fled to, and it was almost as if every word
of the pro Savory papers were a lie. While all

(21:57):
seven of the individuals who had been in the Parker
home on the on the eleventh of September when Edward
Corset to Ryan looking to reclaim his property, had all
escaped safely to Canada. As noted previously, the same was
not true if everyone living in and around Christiana. Indeed,
in addition to the general mass arrests of black residents
of the area. Arrest warrants were issued for five white men,

(22:18):
among whom were Elijah Lewis and Castor Henway, the two
white men who had arrived at the Parker residents that
morning and subsequently refused to assist in their capture, which
was a crime in and of itself according to the
defeated a slave law, even if they had not participated
in the violence that morning. Handway and Lewis, then, upon
learning that they were wanted, and fearing the type of
men who might be sent after them, opted to surrender

(22:40):
themselves to the authorities. Now, as it turns out, Marshall
Klein happened to be there when the two men arrived
to turn themselves in. Upon seeing them, Klein apparently grew
quite upset as he called them quote white livered scoundrels
who quote when I pleaded for my life like a
dog and begged you not to let the blacks fire
upon us, you turned round and told them to do so,

(23:02):
He blamed. Mind that Elijah Lewis immediately refuted as he lying.
Marshall Clean continued ranting. A local alderman ultimately inserted himself
into these situations so as to force Clin to back down,
as he feared that the slave catching Marshall would trigger
a fresh outbreak of violence against the two men who
are now being painted as a villainous masterminds behind this
whole affair. Indeed, at this point there was seemingly more

(23:25):
anger and hatred being directed at the likes of Hanway
and Lewis than the black people had actually been involved
in the clash. This was drew on both a national
and local skill as he too, white men were being
cast as the true source of the resistance to the
Gorsach posse as supposedly black people did not have the
intelligence or temperament to put up such resistance on their
own without the influence of wicked northern white abolitionists, which

(23:48):
is idiotic, and not just because it's based on nonsensical
racist baz as. Keep in mind. Upon arriving, both Lewis
and Hanway and asked Marshall Klein what William Parker had
to say about the situation, which you know, kind of
indicates that they were not the ones in charge, but
William Parker was Indeed, upon being told that, Parker told
Klein and the others that he wasn't going to give up.

(24:10):
Both Lewis and Hanwy reportedly told the Marshall quote, if
Parker says they will not give up, you had better
let them alone, for he will kill some of you,
which again does not sound like the words of two
men who were directing the soul situation. Regardless, federal authorities
move quickly to seize control of this case as they
too were stupid enough to believe the racist logic, plus

(24:31):
that he very much did not have William Parker in custody, Therefore,
by default he could not possibly be the mastermind, as
it could not make an example of him. Preliminary hearings
got started on the twenty third of September, a little
under two weeks after the death of Edward Gorsuch. Among
the principal witnesses for the prosecution during these hearings was
none other than Deputy U. S. Marshal Henry Klein, whose

(24:54):
testimony was downright vindictive as he looked to clear his
own name while also putting the blame for the failure
the mission to capture the feud to his slaves then
ultimately resulted in Edward Gorsuch's death on someone else's shoulders.
After all, some were accusing him of cowardice for fleeing
the scene. Rumor at the time even had it that
the Gorsag party held God responsible for leading them into

(25:15):
what a manner to be a trap and then leaving
them behind as soon as things started getting dangerous. Notably, though,
Incline backed off his early remarks in which he had
accused Hanway and Lewis of giving the order to shoot,
as he now instead just told the truth about how
they had refused his request for assistance. Doctor Pierce Edward,
Gorsuch's nephew, meanwhile, would be the one who first officially

(25:35):
portrayed Caster Hanway as the masterma behind this whole affair,
as he would claim that Hanway's appearance at the farmhouse
that morning was what had inspired the black people there
to resist and fight back, blatantly ignoring the fact that
the posse had been involved in a stand off for
some time before Hanway arrived. Yet this was a story
that again was pleasing to the authorities, as it gave
them someone to center their focus on, as again, racism

(25:58):
and self delusion had led many to believe that black
people were incapable of such resistance. In much the same
way that they liked to think that the black people
they enslaved were incapable of wanting to flee to freedom
on their own without the interference of northern abolitionists. Plausett
also didn't hurt that again, they had handwaying custody, unlike
William Parker, who, despite their best efforts, had eluded their

(26:21):
grasp and escaped into Canada. Meanwhile, seemingly backing up every
detailed Marshall Klein's story was a black drifter named George
Washington Harvey Scott. Indeed, not only did he back up
Clein's version of events, but he had also doubled down
on the identities of the black men who the Marshall
had named as being part of the quote unquote riot.
This despite the fact that Klein had never seen these

(26:42):
individuals before and had, by his out admittance, hopped over
the fence into a nearby cornfield as soon as guns
had been pointed in his general direction that foggy morning,
not to mention the fact that four witnesses for the
defense accounted for George Washington Harvey Scott's movements that morning,
as he had been seen having back round about the
break of day when things were getting started over at
the Parker residence, and he was then subsequently seen working

(27:06):
in a local blacksmiths jop the entire morning, some three
miles away from where all the action took place, which
would make it really hard for him to give reliable
testimony and who was actually involved. Yet, regardless, largely based
upon this testimony, thirty eight men would be charged with
one hundred and seventeen counts of treason, with some of
these resulting from multiple charges were interfering with the capture

(27:28):
of each of Gorzich's fugitive slaves. Plus there were also
charges of repairing, composing, procuring, and distributing various books, pamphlets, letters,
and the like that encourage resistance to the fugitive slave.
All charges, and notably, there was no evidence to support,
as they had no examples of these books, pamphlets, letters,
or whatever else that these people supposedly produced. Indeed, many

(27:49):
all the defendants were actually illiterate, which means these charges
really didn't make any sense other than basically just being
there to try and frighten abolitionists across the country that
they took face the charges if they persisted in resisting.
At the heart of these prosecutions, then, was the federal
government's desire to assert the supremacy of the Fugitive Slave
Law and the necessity for everyone to obey it. After all,

(28:12):
the Fugitive Slave Law demanded that all citizens assist in
the recapture of runaway slaves. Handway, in particular, was being
charged because quote, there had been a combination among the
inhabitants residing in the neighborhood of Christiana, both white and black,
to resist the execution of the fugitive Slave Law. Handway
then was being charged because he had assisted in preventing

(28:33):
the law from being enforced. In particular, he had quote
refused to aid the officer who called on him to
assist in securing the alleged fugitive slaves, which was true,
but they also claimed that quote his presence and instigation
had given thee Blacks courage, which then led to thee
quote murderous assault, which then resulted in the death of

(28:54):
one of the party and the severe injury of others.
The government, though, was noticeably taking things a step further
by not charging Handway any others involved with simply disobeying
a federal law, but by committing treason doing so because,
according to the prosecutors, by disobeying this law, these individuals
were quote unquote levying war against the nation. The publication

(29:16):
the North American also sought to justify these trees and charges,
as they wrote, quote fifty eighty or one hundred persons,
whether black or white, who are deliberately in arms for
the purpose of resisting the law, even the law for
recovering fugitive slaves, are in the attitude of living war
against the United States, and doubly heavy become the crime
of murder in such a case, and doubly seriously accountability

(29:38):
for all who have any connection with the act, as advisors, suggestors, countenancers,
or accessories in any way whatever, a statement which I
find particularly interesting because the publication makes a point of
saying even the law for recovering feuditive says as if
they recognized that there was something wrong with the law,
or that their readers might see something wrong with that law,

(29:58):
But because it was the law, the publication was insistent
that it had to be obeyed no matter what. The
Washington Republic, meanwhile, would strike a different of snarky and
celebratory tone in the direction the garment was taking. As
they wrote, quote, one would suppose, from the advice of
forcible resistance is familiarly given by the abolitionists, that they

(30:19):
are quite unaware that there is any such crime as
treason recognized by the Constitution or punishable with death by
the laws of the United States. We would remind them
that not only is there such a crime, but that
there is a solemn decision on the Supreme Court that
all who are concerned in a conspiracy which ripens in
the treason, whether present or absent from the scene of

(30:40):
actual violence, are involved in these same liabilities as the
immediate actors. As they basically warned abolitionists everywhere that they
potentially faced similar charges if they continued encouraging resistance to
this law, regardless of that they actually take part in
said resistance or not. Meanwhile, the Pennsylvanian Telegraph was even
more blood as it declared that quote, the blacks who

(31:02):
are tolerated in this state have no right to raise
a riot and tarnish our soil by a bloody insurrection,
as they clearly supported whatever form of punishment the federal
government wanted to hand down. Now, the fact of the
matter was This was the largest mass indictment for treason
in American history. But not only that, many saw these
charges any subsequent trial as he tested for the Compromise

(31:25):
of eighteen fifty, because as far as Southerners were concerned,
this was just another in a long list of offenses
perpetrated against him and their very wal life by those
living in the North. Therefore, such defiance of the one
federal law that they really cared about could not be
allowed if the Union was to continue, which meant that
the white supposed abolitionists who were the quote unquote leaders

(31:47):
of this rebellion in particular, had to be convicted and executed.
Mean while Frederick Douglas would characterize he charges a sedition
in treason as being ludicrous, as he declared that quote,
this is the cap the climax of a maya, an absurdity,
to say nothing of American infamy. Our government has made
every colored man in the Atlanta and out law one
who may be hunted by any villain who may think

(32:09):
proper to do so. And if the hunted man, finding
himself stripped of all legal protection, shall lift his arm
in his own defense, why forsooth he is arrested or
raigned and tried for high treason and if found guilty,
he must suffer death, basically saying that the government has
stripped black people of any and all legal protection with
the Fugitive Save Act, and were now through these charges

(32:31):
declaring in a crime punishable by death if they try
to defend themselves, which then led Douglas to declare that quote,
the basis of allegiance is protection. We owe allegiance to
the government that protects us, but to the government that
destroys us, we owe no allegiance, essentially saying that it
wasn't possible to charge a black person with treason because

(32:52):
they were not bound to a government that did nothing
to protect them. Indeed, during the trial, the black defendants
would make it point of wearing red, way and blue
scarves around their necks to symbolize this miscarriage of American justice. Now,
the inherent and justice of what was happening was only
underlined by the fact that these black men would spend
ninety seven days in jail, sales liking both proper ventilation

(33:13):
and heat as it became winter. Luckily, though Wally Garment
might not have cared about their well being, some did,
as Samuel Williams and the unrest of the Philadelfian Vigilance
Committee would come to their aid by bringing them clothes
and securing legal counsel for them, in addition to providing
their families would support for the duration of this process. Meanwhile,
Southerners in general and Marylanders in particular, were very much

(33:35):
enraged at the death of Edward Gorsuch, a slaveholder who
had gone north, and despite following all the precepts of
the vonted New Funative Slave Law, was still say for
trying to claim what was legally his property. This then
was a chest of the Union and the Comprobise of
eighteen fifty. Indeed, during a public meeting in Baltimore's Monument
Square attended by some five to six thousand individuals, one

(33:57):
speaker would declare that Quote should be made to feel
that she can no longer violate our rights with impunity.
There were calls then that Southerner should no longer do business,
whether send their Quote sons and daughters to be educated
in a community where abolitionists and traders are permitted to
influence public opinion, basically saying that they want to do

(34:17):
boycott the North and Pennsylvania in particular, as long as
they continued allowing abolitionists to criticize the institution of slavery.
As again, what they were truly concerned with was silencing
any and all opposition in their minds, and the fugitive
slave all needed to be upheld no matter what, because
it was the law, but that whole freedom of speech
thing that should be ignored to silence people who dared

(34:40):
to criticize the institution of slavery. Now this wasn't a
feeling limited to just some firebrands either, as the Governor
Maryland would inform President Millard Fullmore that quote, I do
not know of a single incident that has occurred since
the passage of the compromise measures which tends more to
weaken the bonds of Union. As such, according to the Governor,
the ow only thing that was going to appease the

(35:01):
South was quote prompt thorough and severe retribution upon the
murderous treason recently committed in Pennsylvania. Southerners then would not
be satisfied if, say, for example, the accused were found
guilty of simple murder. As from the other perspective, the
only thing that would appease him and by extension, preserve
the Union was a verdict of guilty of treason and

(35:22):
a subsequent death sentence. Feelings in the North, meanwhile, were
more mixed, as while there weren't definitely, some how that
the events in Christiana were treason iss, there were also
those who thought that while what had happened might have
been criminal, calling it treason was a step too far.
President Fillmore and his Secretary of State Daniel Webster, then
was stuck in a bit of a mind, as the
South would be outraged if nothing was done, while a

(35:44):
significant chunk of the North would be horrified should people
actually be executed as a result of these very same trials.
It seems in a while Fillmore and Webster very much
wanted to appease the South, they also didn't want to
be tied too closely to these proceedings, which had the
very real risks of creating abolitionist martyrs. As a result,
when John w Ashman, the federal attorney assigned this case,

(36:06):
asked for advice and guidance on how to proceed, he
would be informed that quote the President declines to advise
or direct you. Clearly then this administration did not want
to be tied too closely to this prosecution so as
to keep their hands theoretically clean. That being said President Fillmore,
Secretary of State Daniel Webster was on record as saying
that the other rescues of fugitive slaves, the circulating of

(36:28):
documents encouraging resistance to the Fugitive Slave law, and even
an anti slavery convention in Boston were all trees in
his activities. As such, it was pretty safe to say
that the Christiana resistance very much fit that same criteria. Plus,
in addition to such tasks of support for the trees
in charge, the federal government also made sure that Ashman
had whatever resources he required to carry out his prosecution. Meanwhile,

(36:52):
rounding out the prosecution team was Senator James Cooper, a
lawyer in his own right who was there to represent
the state of Pennsylvania and Maryland jorneye General Robert J. Brandt, who,
thanks to pressure put on the President by the Governor
of Maryland, not only was he part of the team,
but was allowed the opportunity to deliver the closing statement
instead of Ashmead if that's what Brent chose to do.

(37:13):
As for the trials themselves, they would be held in
Philadelphia's Independence Hall, you know, a location which was a
symbol of American freedom and the sewery number of colonial
leaders committed treason against Great Britain. A seemingly ironic choice
of a location to hold the trials of people accused
of treason for actions committed in the name of freedom
and liberty, and one that I'm not sure if the
government was aware of. Regardless, the first to go on

(37:37):
trial was the first white man to show off that
morning at the Parker residence, and thus his opposed master
mind of the resistance, Castor Henway, notably Win Handway, entered
the court room on the twenty fourth of November eighteen
fifty one. This was the first opportunity many of the
reporters in attendants had to see the supposed trader. They
were then surprised to see that he was not dressed

(37:57):
like the Quaker they all assumed him to be. Meanwhile,
other than the reporters covering the trial, with each passing day,
the majority only people in the courtroom observing the proceedings
were increasingly women, who, by their guard were Quakers and
thus were sympathetic to the accused. Indeed, it would get
to the point where every seat not reserved for those
on trial or the reporters were occupied by women, among

(38:19):
whom was famous Quaker preacher and anti Savory advocate Lucretia Mott.
These women were also far from alone, as many more,
both black and white, filled the various halls and stairways
leading to the courtroom as a made the support known. Meanwhile,
serving on the defense team was Primary Council Thaddeus Stevens,
a US congressman, anti Savory activist, and opponent of the

(38:40):
feudative slave law. Notably, the man who held such fuse
was a member of the Whig Party, the same party
that Pennsylvania Governor William Johnson and President Millan Fillmore, who
both were back in the prosecution, also belonged to. And
if that wasn't enough of an illustration to show how
fractured the Whig Party was when it came to the
issue of slavery and ward Cours, which had also considered
him selfie member of the Whig Party. Now, depending upon

(39:03):
who you read, Stevens either looked to downplays involvement in
the controversial case by handing it off to a junior
lawyer in his firm or he made this movie because
her primary goal was not to put Savory itself on trial,
but to get their clients acquitted so they did not
have to become martyrs for the cause. According to this
reading of events, then Stevens wasn't looking to avoid political backlash,

(39:25):
but was stepping back so as to not risk alienating
any potentially conservative minded jurors, so that they could just
focus on the government's evidence or lack thereof. Yet, regardless
of how you read the reason why Thedeus Stevens took
a less visible role in the trial, it is still
notable that the man responsible for assembling the jury list
had close ties with Congressman Stevens. As US Marshall Anthony Roberts,

(39:47):
the man in question, had gotten his job thanks to Stevens. Indeed,
Maryland Attorney General Brett, who was a part of the
prosecution team, would complain that quote from the most satisfactory
information in all power, we believe that all large majority
of the appearing jurors were unfavorable to a conviction. The jury,
which would ultately be selected from the candidates put forth

(40:07):
by Marshall Roberts, would be made up of a carpenter,
a surveyor, a blacksmith, two merchants, two gentlemen, and five farmers,
all of whom, given the time when this was happening,
were obviously white men. As for the two judges overseeing
the case, both Robert C. Gryer and John K. Kine
were on record of declaring that they were dedicated to
the enforcement of the fugitive Save law as long as

(40:28):
it remained the law of the land. So while the
jury was potentially slighted towards signing with the defense, it
seems that the judges overseeing the proceedings were dedicated to
the enforcement of the fugitive Save law. Meanwhile, the lead
up to the trial to the prosecution's most important witnesses
just happened to escape from the present where they were
being held in custody. The witnesses in question were two

(40:49):
black men, Josephus Washington and John Clark, who, despite being
called voluntary witnesses, were actually being paid by the prosecution
for their testimony. These two men then were expected to
testify about the existence of some kind of pre existing
conspiracy against the posse As. Basically, they were to claim
that they had received a notice that had alerted the
local black population about the incoming posse and their targets,

(41:12):
in addition to encouraging all who read it to arm
and prepare themselves as to men that were seen as
crucial to the prosecution's case that there had been a
planned conspiracy to resist the fugitive slave ball and kill
the men carrying it out. As a result, they were
held in prison and they lead up to the trial
for their protection. And yet despite being held in an
actual literal prison, the two men would disappear without a trace.

(41:34):
In doing so, it seemed pretty obvious that they were
aided in this escape, as no locks were broken. How
many were involved in Who they were though, remains a
mystery until this day, as while the other African American
witnesses and defendants were held nearby in the same prison,
they would all claim to have not seen her nor
known anything about the escape. The popular suspicion, though, was

(41:55):
in Marshall Roberts, who was known to have ties with
defence counsel Thadeus Stevens and who would be seen eating
dinner with the prisoners during the course of the trial,
had to be involved in the escape. Yet, despite the lassitude,
the prosecution's most important witnesses. The trial still had to
go on, as in lasted from the twenty fifth of
November to the twelfth of December. Lead Prosecutor Ashby, though

(42:16):
did not exactly impress his fellows with his opening statement,
which was just a stable on how the treason law
applied to the case, which was primarily quote, any combination
or conspiracy by force an intimidation to prevent the execution
of an Act of Congress so as to render it
inoperative and ineffective, as in legal estimation high treason, which

(42:36):
is to say, by this definition, any resistance to the
application of the fugitive Slave law was treason. And to
that point, Castor Henwy had been at the Parker residence
when the incident took place, but not only that, when
asked to assist Marsha Klein in capturing the fugitive slaves,
Henwick had refused in the finance of the law demanding
that he do so. Additionally, the prosecution looked to make

(42:58):
hay the fact that Henwy had arrived on the scene
before a number of others had arrived, which they claim
was proof of a pre existing conspiracy. The prosecution would
also claim that Hanway had encouraged the black men and
women who had assembled around the Parker residence to resist
the posse by force, all of which ultimately led to
the violent resistance seen on the eleventh of September that

(43:18):
resulted in the injury and death of the men involved,
who had been acting according to federal law. After they
were done presenting their case, Senator Cooper Pennsylvania, who was
a third of the prosecution team, believed they had done
their job, although he was admittedly worried than Marshall. Klein's
testimony would be challenged for the ways in which it
had deviated from the testimony of the other witnesses, as

(43:39):
was his own prior accounting of events. For example, when
cross examined, Klein was forced to admit that he had
been hiding in a nearby cornfield during much to the
so called riot, and thus he had only a limited
view of the events, which potentially called in the question
his recounting of what took place. Plus, he had also
been forced to admit that he had not actually heard
what Hanway had said to the small group of black

(44:00):
men had spoken to before the outbreak of violence. The
same was apparently true of all the other prosecution witnesses,
as they all insisted that Hanway must have inspired the
so called Riders and been the masterminded strategists behind the
Hall affair, even though not one among them could claim
to have actually heard what he said to the African
Americans in question. The defense, mean while would argue that

(44:21):
even if there was a conspiracy, which they weren't admitting
that there was, there was still no evidence of Handway's
involvement in it. There was nothing to indicate that he
had known about any kind of plan resistance. Prior to
the morning in question. He had simply been informed that
a group was looking to kidnap his neighbor, William Parker,
and as a result had written off not necessarily to intervene,

(44:41):
but to simply check and see if this group an
actual legal backing for their actions or not a wholly
justifiable thing to do, given the history of kidnapping the
region that had not gone through the quote unquote proper
legal procedures as laid out by the Fugitive Slave Act
plaus As for the fact that he had arrived earlier
than a number of others that morning, well, that was
simply the result of him living closer to the Parkers

(45:03):
than most everyone else, and the fact that he had
chosen to ride a horse that day rather than walk
because he hadn't been feeling particularly good that morning. Meanwhile,
the defense would also specifically attack the prosecution's primary witness,
Marshall Klein, as they set out to prove that he
was a known liar who couldnt be trusted. To this end,
multiple respected individuals would testify that Klein's character and history

(45:24):
of being truthful were quote notoriously bad. For example, one witness,
who testified as no inclined for more than fourteen years,
upon being asked if you would quote believe him on oath,
would respond, quote, I think not, sir. Multiple others would
be asked similar questions about Klin and would respond in kind,
with one witness testifying that they had quote never heard

(45:47):
anything good of him in my life. Witness that their
witness end would testify that they could not trust Clina
tell the truth. But it wasn't just a general calling
into question in the Marshall's character either, as the prosecution
would also bring for or with a number of witnesses to
challenge specific parts of client's accounting of events. Basically, then
the defense had a pattern of calling a witness to
challenge a part of Klein's story, before following that up

(46:10):
with a series of witnesses that would testify to the
Marshall's general poor reputation and is accepted inability to tell
the truth. The defense would also have a series of
witnesses testified that cast or Handway was not a quicker
and thus, despite the prosecution's claims, otherwise had no known
ties to abolitionists or quakers. Meanwhile, in contrast of Marshall
Klein's highly dubious reputation, multiple people would testify to Handway's

(46:34):
sterling character. Now, to be fair, the prosecution would answer
with their own stream of witnesses. They consisted primarily of
cops with the same political persuasion as Klein, who testified
to his good character. Basically just trying to say that
we can bring in just as many people to say
that Klein could be trusted as a defense could bring
in to say that he was a liar, hoping thereby

(46:54):
to at the very least unduly damage to the reputation
of their key witness. The prosecution the next move, however,
would do more harm than good, as they put black
drifter George Washington Harvey Scott on the stand, as Klin
had claimed to have identified Scott as being at the
farm on the morning in question, and Scott had basically
backed up Klein's version of events. Yet, despite giving the

(47:15):
aforemenious statement backing up the Marshall story previously and even
repeating it to the prosecutors three days prior to the trial,
when he was put on the stand now Scott changed
his tune as he insisted that he had not been there,
which was an incredibly embarrassing and damaging moment for the prosecution,
but also more than likely the truth, because, as we've
covered already, there were multiple witnesses who could at count

(47:36):
for Scott's movements a day, as he had worked in
a local blacksmith shop some three miles away from the
Parker residents. Meanwhile, the prosecution would also blunder by trying
to wait until after the defense had presented their case
to introduce a series of witnesses who were set to
testify to the existence of black gangs in Lancaster, in
which I assume was a way of showing a pre
existing organization and conspiracy in the region. The problem was

(47:59):
since the defense had already presented their case, the prosecution
was not allowed to just all of a sudden introduce
a whole new line of argument and evidence. As a result,
while the prosecution had been confident following their initial presentation
of the case, now as the trial was coming to
a close, and especially after this series of missteps, they
were no longer quite so confident of their impending victory. Indeed,

(48:20):
Maryland's Attorney General was so upset and defeated at this
point that he convinced himself that this whole trial was
a farce, a show put on specifically to appease the South,
as from his perspective, the hand prosecutor was an incompetent idiot. Plus,
he was now sure that the presence of so many
supporters for the defense standing in silent judgment in an
around the court room was proved that the entire North

(48:41):
held these same beliefs, despite them not even remotely being
the case. He was right about one thing, though their
chances of victory weren't good. Indeed, while Justice Career, beforehanding
the case after the jury, would proclaim the quote, the
evidence has clearly shown that the participants in this transaction
are guilty of bride and murder at least problem loss.
As the judge went on, this was not a trial

(49:02):
about ride or murder, as those crimes were under Pennsylvania's jurisdiction,
and this was a federal court. Hanway then was charged
not with ride and murder, but with treason, and as such,
in Justice S. Greer's opinion, the jury had little choice
but to acquit because, in his opinion, the prosecution had
not proven that a pre existing conspiracy to resist the
laws of the United States actually existed, and nor had

(49:25):
they proven, in his opinion, that those involved in the
riot quote had any other intentions than to protect one
another from what they termed kidnappers. The injury then retired,
and after just fifteen minutes they returned with a verdict
of not guilty, with some of the jurists later stating
that they had been prepared to deliver such a verdict
even before the defense had started presenting their case, because

(49:46):
the prosecution's case had been that lacking. Now, to be clear,
this was just one trial, and just castor Handway had
been acquitted of treason and not any of the other
federal misdemeanors he had been charged with plus Handway and
all the other lawyers also I had to deal with
these sizeable deadsy had accrued due to the team of
lawyers who were defending them. The black prisoners, though, were
aided in paying this caused by African American vigilance committees

(50:09):
in Rochester, New York, and Philadelphia, while various Quaker groups
came to the aid of Hanway and the other two
white prisoners. Meanwhile, perhaps because the government's case had failed
so completely against Hanway, none of the others would go
on Trafford Trees under any of the other federal charges,
and nor, somewhat surprisingly, would the state of Pennsylvania press
any charges of their own, doing so in part because

(50:30):
many of those directly involved in the Christianity events, namely
the Parkers and the foremant who had escaped from Gorsach,
had already fled to Canada. Plus, one of the main
witnesses that would have to rely upon to make their
case would have been Deputy Marshall Henry Klein, who was
both well known and disliked in the region. Indeed, Klein
would actually be indicted for perjuring himself under oath, but

(50:51):
those charges were ultimately dropped, seeing as how everyone else
involved had also been set free, so it was decided
to let things lie rather than storrup than hornet'sked any further.
As for castor handway, prior to these events, he had
not been a Quaker or an abolitionist. He hadn't even
been a resident of Christiana long enough to really form
any kind of relationship to the local black community. Yet

(51:13):
none of that had mattered to the forces of so
called law and order or the defenders of savory they
were looking to appease. In the coming years, then, likely
due to these experiences from the trial and the people
who had supported him throughout and we would join a
breakaway abolitionist progressive Quaker church slash Friends Meeting as they
called it, a group that was formed two years after
the events in Christiana as he broke away from a

(51:34):
more conservative Quaker organization to form a group dedicated to abolition, temperance,
and women's rights. Which is all to say that a
man who, as far as anyone could tell, was not
particularly religious or politically minded, had, due to the overzealist
as of the pro savery forces and the kindness of
the abolitionists and their allies been moved to support such
so called radical causes. Southerners were notably horrified by the

(52:48):
outcome of the Handwave treason trial and the lack of
follow up by the federal government in the state of Pennsylvania,
as in the end none of the traders had been punished. Indeed,
given this outcome, they were now convinced that there was
no way to in the future bring the charge of
treason against those resisting the Fugitive Save Act, thereby effectively
making the law that they saw the only hope of

(53:09):
keeping the country together virtually null and void. And it
wasn't just the Southerners who were disappointed and upset by
the olcome of this trial, as He's so called moderates
who prized the will of law, peace and decorum over
actual morality, were upset by this outcome as well as say,
now worry that there was a greater potential for violence,
especially within the lands bordering the free and slave states. Now,

(53:31):
the violence taking place daily in the Southern States against
the enslaved population, that didn't seem to matter because it
was directed toward black people, and because it was expected
it was a part of what was quote unquote normal
violence in the Border States, however, was abnormal and disruptive,
and honestly, they were right to worry, as a few
months after the trial, Joseph C. Miller, a white man

(53:53):
from Chester County, Pennsylvania, would be a victim of such
violence when he traveled to Baltimore County, Maryland Millions. He
had made the strip along with six or seven of
his neighbors, seeking the legal release of Rachel Parker, a
free black woman who had been kidnapped off of his farm,
while also seeking to press charges of kidnapping on Thomas McCrary,
the man responsible for this incident. Basically, Miller was reversed

(54:16):
Edward Gorsuch as he followed the precepts of the law
to get a free woman liberated from unlawful enslavement. Locals, however,
upon learning of his mission there and that he was
from Pennsylvania, would accuse Joseph Miller of being involved in
the events in Christiania, and so, after Miller finished filing
his case, he returned to the train station, intending to
head back home. However, it seems that he never got

(54:37):
on the train, as Miller's friends would later discover his
body hanging from a tree near the train tracks. A
death at the Maryland courts would deem a suicide. However,
a Pennsylvania physician, after examining the remains, would discover that
Miller had been poisoned before he was hanged, suggesting that
he had been murdered. Meanwhile, in the wake of these events,
some abolitionists attempted to distance themselves and their movement from

(54:59):
the violence that had taken place in Christiana, which doesn't
necessarily indicating lack of dedication to the cause, but the
fact that there were strong strands of non violence robin
into the abolitionist tapestry. Others, however, would celebrate the outcome
of the trial as it further embolded them in their
efforts to resist the Fugitive Slave Law, which means the
entire purpose of the treason prosecution had backfired, as the

(55:21):
authorities and the supporters of slavery had sought through the
charge of trees and to terrify abolitionists into being too
afraid to resist the law. As a result, in the
coming years, there would be more examples of people resisting
the Fugitive Slave Law. For example, George Williams, who was
one of those caught up in the legal net following
the Christiana Riot. After the trial, as he was leaving
the courthouse, he would be captured by a group of

(55:42):
slave catchers, including none other than Henry Klein. As according
to William Parker, who learned of this later, upon exiting
the courthouse, George was stuffed into a wagon that had
been waiting there for that exact purpose. These slave catchers,
and fearing interference, took off driving the wagon as fast
as a cootu Parkersburg, Pennsylvania. Notably, though, along the way,
according to Parker quote, these wretches who had George handcuffed

(56:06):
and tied in the wagon, indulged deeply in bad whiskey,
which had the effect of making them ordery and distrustful
one another. Yet still they kept drinking, and so in
addition to the aforementioned issues, by the time they stopped
to resonate tavern in Parkersburg, they were also sleepy and
more stupid than they were when sober. One by one
then eat to the kidnappers fell asleep until there was

(56:27):
only one awake. This final drunken kidnapper, then, after checking
upon George, who was laying on a bench, and finding
that he seemed to be sound asleep, decided that it
would be fine for him to lay down a taken
nap like all the rest, even though such a move
would leave no one on guard, and so once he
last slave catcher drifted off into a drunken summer, George,
who had only been pretending to be asleep, started crawling

(56:50):
for the door. Yet just as he reached the exit,
he noticed that the man whose job at the tavern
was to watch the horses, had woken up and was
now looking at him. All this man had to do
and that moment then, was to shout or raise the
alarm in some way, and George's escape attempt would be
over and potentially even his life as kleining the others
had all fall asleep with pistols in hand, George, though

(57:11):
thinking quickly whispered to the half a week local, asking
if you could get a drink of water, a request
which received a dismissive figure pointing to the door before
the man fell back asleep. Williams and exited the tavern
and was soon able to make contact with some friends,
including an African American minister who would help him file
off his handcuffs before sending George alone to Philadelphia, where

(57:33):
others would aid him in escaping to Canada. Now, George
Williams and others like William Parker were far from alone
in designing to leave the United States behind following the
events in Christiana, as they feared both the fugitive slave
vall and the potential for white mob violence like that
scene in the town of Columbian, Lancaster County, where many
poor whites were upset over the events in Christiana, and

(57:53):
just in general felt threatened by the growing black population,
many of whom having fled and slaved from places like Maryland.
They were friendly prospect of blacks competing for these same jobs,
and just the general oneas of potentially finding themselves on
the same level as black people, as these poor whites
on the bottom rung of the lner had clung onto
the small comfort that there was someone wars off and

(58:14):
inferior to them. This comforting little why, though, was in
danger of being dispelled as some within the black community
were now starting to own their own property in businesses,
success which then allowed them to purchase and wear better
clothes and live in better houses than these poor whites.
So holding on firmly to this resentment, they began taking
up the call that their town was being overrun by

(58:35):
racial outsiders. This then led to a public push to
officially encourage these successful black individuals to leave the area
by purchasing their property in businesses. Now, some among the
local white population were content with such a solution, but
others desired a more drastic, violent, and seemingly more sure
fire and means of solving this so called problem. Therefore,

(58:55):
in addition to attempts to kidnap black residents of Columbia
descendant the Maryland, there were also riots during which the
homes and offices of successful blacks in particular were broken
into a ransacked as their furniture was smashed and their
various belongings were tossed out into the street, actions which
were enough to cause the highly successful Stephen Smith, a
lumber merchant and the richest African American not to mention,

(59:17):
one of the wealthiest citizens in the region period, to
publicly announce that he was abandoning his businesses as he
put all of his holdings up for sale. Meanwhile, another
middle class black man would be being so badly in
another assault that he would be left with a broken arm,
along with a number of other external and internal wounds
before he was left laying in a pool of his
own blood, with this particular assault being a part of

(59:39):
an attack on the homes of four fairly well off
black families, a ride that had reportedly been sent off
by a rumored that a black man had married a
white woman, a rumor that, by the way, wasn't even true,
but was apparently more than enough to send the white
community into a violent rage. Ultimately, while some locals would
leave as a result of this campaign of violence and
intimidate the likes of the aforementioned lubber merchant, Stephen Smith

(01:00:03):
would not leave, as after six months of no one
stepping up to purchase his holdings, he announced his intentions
to stay and carry on as normal now. The slack
of any kind of follow through concerning the plans to
purchase property from the successful blacks in the community might
be an indication that while a significant segment of the
white and working class were threatened, the more well off
whites in the region did not feel the same way.

(01:00:25):
That being said, this would not earn any of the
prominent black merchants, and he like any kind of protection
from the moms, and nor did this get them any
kind of support from the courts, as mysteriously no one
would be convicted for these various crimes. In the opinion

(01:01:11):
of Frederick Douglas, William Parker in the black community of Christiana,
who had come together the stand up to the Gorsage
party of slave catchers, had quote inflicted fatal wounds on
the Fugitive Save Bill. It became thereafter almost a dead
letter for slaveholders. Found that not only did it fail
to put them in possession of their slaves, but that
the attempt to enforce it brought odium upon themselves and

(01:01:32):
weaken the save system. For Douglas then quote me saying, which,
more than anything else, destroyed the Fugitive Slave Ball was
the resistance made to it by the feuditives themselves. As such,
for its moneracy, class in Christiana might seem in isolation,
and was in actuality one of the first battles in
the war that would ultimately bring about the end of slavery. Indeed,

(01:01:52):
while some abolitionists looked to distance themselves from the events
in Christiana, the reality was the passage of the Fugitive
Slave Act. Want to make some more militant in the resistance,
something which was especially drugh among the black community, notably,
though they weren't alone. For example, Robert Purfis, who was
a staunch Quaker pacifist, would declare in October eighteen fifty

(01:02:14):
that quote, should any wretch after my dwelling, any pale
face specter amongey to execute this law on mere mind,
I'll seek his life. I'll shed his blood now. To
be clear, In the years to come, until he started
the Civil War, there were over a hundred successful kidnappings
of blacks in the North as they were sent south
to be slaved. However, there were also seventeen successful rescues

(01:02:35):
of funatives from such kidnappers during those years as well.
For example, about a month after Christiana in October eighteen
fifty one, William McHenry, who was also known as Jerry,
was captured in Syracuse, New York, where he was residing
after escaping enslavement in Missouri. Now in a scene similar
to the one involving Chadwick Minkin's aka Frederick Wilkins, when
Jerry was taken to court to have his capture formally

(01:02:57):
approved by the Federal Commissioner. When and black abolitionists charged
in capturing and leading Jerry away. However, this time the
marshals would rally and recapture Jerry from his liberators, Yet
before they could transport him back to Missouri, the abolitionist
would once again sweep in rescuing Jerry as he sent
him successfully off to Kingston, Canada. Now twenty six people,

(01:03:18):
twelve of them black, would be arrested and or charged
for participating in these escapes. Seeking to make an example
of them, the accused liberators would have their bill sent
at a staggering two thousand dollars. Now, Ultimately nine black
men would be indicted, a number of whom, as it
turns out, were fugitives themselves, but they would all escape
into Canada before they could be tried. Meanwhile, three whites

(01:03:39):
would be brought the trial and acquitted. The only person
then who was actually convicted in connection with this act
of heroism was a black man named Enoch Reed, who
would appeal this decision, but before the case could be
decided would pass away. Not all attempso would be so successful.
For example, several months later, in May eighteen fifty two,
a W. U. S. Marshall from Baltimore after capturing a

(01:04:02):
feugitive save named William Smith in Columbia, Pennsylvania, would become
alarmed by the growing crowd of black people nearby. Miss
Marshall then, without any further provocation, to the apparent shock
of everyone, pulled out his gun and shot the captive
William Smith dead. The Cleveland True Democrat would report on
the scene, writing of the aftermath quote, all the citizens
were out, and as the bleeding body lay upon the ground,

(01:04:24):
and his wife and children gathered around him, their anger
and indignation knew no bounds. Murder was the common cry.
The bloodiest murder, declared that people of all sides and sex.
So whether the people of Columbia were planning some form
of resistance to the fugitive save act on behalf of
WILLIAMS Smith or not, we will never know. Due to
the hasty, panicky actions of the so called agent of

(01:04:44):
law and order. Over a year later, in September eighteen
fifty three, the forces of resistance would get another chance.
Though it all started when feudit a save Bill Thomas,
who was working as a water in the Phoenix Hotel
in Wilkes Bar, Pennsylvania, was going about this day as normal,
serving breakfast guests when all of a sudden a group
at deputy US marshals appeared wielding maces and pistols. In

(01:05:05):
the resulting struggle, two of the lawmen would be wounded,
while Bill Thomas himself was left bloody and nearly naked
as he ran from the hotel and left in the
nearby Susquehanna River. The deputies, though, were in hot pursuit,
firing their guns after Thomas as he ran, with one
shot grazing his head. Yetis Thomas dove into the river,
and the deputies kept firing. A crowd of both black

(01:05:25):
and white individuals began to gather around, shotting shame at
the deputies, who were so unnerved by this reaction from
the crowd that they did not attempt to pursue Thomas
as he made his way across the river, where a
black woman helped him escape. To be clear, though, this
scene would prove just how divided the North was on
this issue, as while the crowd present at the scene
shout its shame at the lawmen, many others in the

(01:05:47):
North were ashamed of the crowd, as they thought they
should have been assassing the officers as required by the law.
As again, just because one lived in the North did
not mean they were necessarily against slavery, while still others
were simply of the mind said that the law was
the law, regardless of if one agreed with it. That
being said, from time to time the forces of resistance
did seek to use the law to their advantage. For example,

(01:06:09):
in October eighteen fifty two, when a young Maryland slaveholder
traveled to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, seeking some twenty six escaped slaves,
he would be arrested for using quote low in bullying
language and engaging in a quote ruffian like display of
dirks and revolvers. Now, the young slaveholder would soon be
released after one of his companions paid the fines for

(01:06:31):
his crimes, but the delay was long enough to allow
the fugitive in question to invade his grasp. Meanwhile, a
year later, in eighteen fifty three, a black man in Missouri,
after successfully approving that he was, in fact, note a
fugitive slave, would sue the US marshal who had arrested him.
As again, regardless of what the fuditive slave law said,
black people and their allies were not just going to

(01:06:51):
sit back and do nothing. Some, in fact, were not
quiet about their defiance Mike. For example, Chicago abolitionists of
Beena Eastman who I woue, declare that the black people
of his city were quote fully prepared for any emergency,
adding that quote while they do not propose to commit
any act of violence unless driven to the wall, they
will not suffer the new law to be executed upon

(01:07:13):
their persons. Indeed, when one man came to the city
in pursuit of several feutatives, a group of quote unquote
respectable citizens approached the man in question to inform him
that quote he was employed in an enterprise full of
personal hazard. Taking the warning for what it was, he
would be safe. Catcher then promptly left Chicago. Then several
months later, a deputy us MARSHA would try their luck

(01:07:35):
in Chicago as they captured one Moses Johnson with the
intention of returning him to Missouri. Moses, though, did not
go quietly when he was arrested, as he instead called
for help. These cries were then answered by a large
crown consisting of quote white and colored, large and small,
male and female, who then totally city streets for the
next four days Chicago's mayor, its police force, and a

(01:07:57):
number of volunteers and tried to restore order bought. The
forces of resistance refused to relent, even as the US
Commissioner responsible for overseeing the case called for volunteer companies
to guard the court room from the angry mob outside.
With none of the seemin to have any impact, and
the angry crowns continuing to fill the streams, the commissioner
finally declared that, as it turned out, Moses Johnson did

(01:08:19):
not in fact fit the description given by the Missouri's safeholder,
and with that declaration, Moses was swiftly whisked away from
the courtroom by the crowded supporters in attendance. Meanwhile, Ohio,
due to its location as a border state in the
strong anti Savory enclaves, would become another frequent sight of
resistance to the Feuditive Slave Act. For example, on October

(01:08:39):
eighteen fifty two in Sandusky, Ohio, a band of Kentucky's
were prevented from capturing a group of feuditives Sayes, who
were boarding a Lake Erie steamer bout for Canada by
a quote number of citizens of both colors. While in
Juna that same year, black and white residents of Cincinnati
would employ the apparently popular tactic of crowding a courtroom
so was to allow the captured feuditive slave to escape. Then,

(01:09:01):
in September of the following year, when a pair of
Cincinnati cops quote unquote oh rested a man for stealing
a watch, their true motives became clear when they took
him down to the station but toward the Ohio River.
The men, then, realizing that these cops were looking to
return him to Kentucky from where he had escaped, started
dealing murder. This drew an anti racial crowd who started
to attack the officers with quote bricks and stones. We again, though,

(01:09:23):
see how divided the North was on this issue. As reportedly,
a group of Irish rally to the a the slave
catching officers. But the fact of the matter was this
all provided enough of a distraction for the anti savory
forces to get the man away to safely. Then there
were the events of Lawrence County, Ohio, where six armed fugitives, says,
took on the six white men from Kentucky who were
trying to capture them. During this clash, the fugitives opened fire,

(01:09:47):
wounding several of their pursuers before beating the rest with
cudgels and ultimately fling into the wilderness. Yet, despite this resistance,
the threat of the Fugitive Slave vall was still very real. Indeed,
hundreds of African Americans who had been REA signing in
Lancaster County would in the years following the events in
Christiana flee for Canada and a fear of this new,
more dangerous fugitive Slave law. The same was true all

(01:10:09):
across the country, in fact, as many black people, upon
recognizing that the garment and the law provided them no
protection and was, if anything, actively against them, decided that
there was no reason to stay in America as it
was simply too dangerous. Among those who fled was one
Henry Box Brown, who had earned that nickname by mailing
himself in a wooden grade from Richmond, Virginia, to Philadelphia

(01:10:31):
to escape in savement. Henry, then, in the wig of
the passage of the Fugitive Save Act, would flee to
England in November eighteen fifty when he got win that
save catchers were after him. Also fleeing to England was
William Powell, who, even though he was born free he
could not trust that the American legal system would protect
him from slave hunters who had little concern whether the
person they captured was legally free or not. Powell then

(01:10:54):
would take a seven children with him to England, where
he remained for seven years, continuing to work with the
cause of abolition and wasn't just individuals or families either,
as in some places whole communities basically just packed up
and moved. For example, eighty five members of the African
Methodist Episcopal Church in Boston would leave for Canada, while
in New York, one hundred and two of the one
hundred and fourteen members of the Colored Baptist Church there

(01:11:16):
also fled. Similarly, Buffalo saw one hundred and thirty members
of its Baptist Colored Church pack up and leave, while Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
would see nearly all the waiters in its hotels disappear
as they left in groups of thirty to fifty individuals
armed with pistols and bowie knives, as he were prepared
to defend themselves from anyone who tried to stop them.
Then there was Columbia, Pennsylvania, an important part of the

(01:11:38):
underground railroad, which saw its population draw from nine hundred
and forty three individuals to just four hundred and thirty seven.
Frederick Douglas would write of this time, quote, living as
I did then in Rochester, on the border of Canada,
I was compelled to see the terribly distressing effects of
the s cruel enactment. Fugitive stays who had lived for
many years safely and securely in Western New York and elsewhere,

(01:12:00):
some of whom had by industry and economy saved money
and bat little homes for themselves and their children, were
suddenly alarmed and compelled to feed in Canada for safety,
as from an enemy's land, a doomed city, and take
up a dismal march to a new abode, empty handed
among strangers. These people had escaped seeking freedom, and upon
seemingly finding it, had sent on down starting lives for themselves,

(01:12:21):
lives that they were now compelled to abandon completely out
of fear being captured and enslaved. As for Frederick douglasm
Soelfie would admit that quote, I was not without apprehension
my purchase was of doubtful validity, having been Baldwin out
of the possession on my owner, and when he must
take what was given or take nothing. Indeed, at one point,
upon receiving rumors at some slave catchers intended to comfort Douglass,

(01:12:44):
some of his friends stoke to guarding his house for
several nights to ensure that nothing happened. Other notable figures
would also be impacted by the passage of the fugitive saveall.
Harriet Tubman, for example, not only moved to Ontario herself,
but when she continued to undertake her sojarns into the
South to lead all this to liberty, she no longer
simply brought them to the Northern States, as they were

(01:13:05):
no longer safe. Instance, she made sure to take those
she liberated all the way to Canada, saying she could
quote trust Uncle Sam with my people no longer. Indeed,
when interviewed about this exile, Tummanwood stayed quote, I grew
up like a neglected weed, ignorant of liberty, having no
experience of it. Then I was not happy or contented.
Every time I saw a white man. I was afraid

(01:13:26):
of being carried away. I had two sisters carried away
in a changang. One of them left two children. We
were always uneasy. Now I've been free. I know what
a dreadful condition slavery is. I have seen hundreds of
escaped slaves, but I never saw one who was willing
to go back and be a slave. I have no
opportunity to see my friends my native land. We would

(01:13:47):
rather stay in our native land if we could be
as free there as we are here. I think slavery
is the next thing to hell. If a person would
send another into bondage, he would, it appears to me,
be bad enough to send him into hell if he
hold now. For some who were compelled to flee, this
was a company by the discovery of learning for the
first time that their spouse was actually a feudative and

(01:14:08):
thus was at risk of being recaptured, as it was
apparently something that some simply kept hidden and or never
brought up until the threat to them and their families
became too real. Mothers who were fugitives in particular were
likely compelled to flee because this also put their children
at risk, because by law, their children's status of free
or in saved was determined by the condition of their

(01:14:29):
mother when they were born, meaning that if the mother
was technically still unsaved, so too were her children. Regardless
of where they were born or who their father was,
a law that seems strained at first glance given this
patriarchal society where everything else seems to come from the father.
In this case, however, having a child status of free
or in save be determined by the mother's status saved

(01:14:49):
white male safeholders from having uncomfortable discussions after raping their
female slaves. Now, before we leave this topic, let us
check in on some of the prominent figures from our tail,
like Thatty Stevens, who had technically been the leading defence
counsel despite for whatever reason, attempting to distance himself from
the actual proceedings. Stevens, then, despite losing his Whig nomination

(01:15:10):
in the subsequent election, would later join the Upstar Republican
Party and be elected once again to the House of Representatives,
where he would become a major spokesperson for African American
rights during the reconstruction period, during which time he also
strove to have the self punished and treated as if
it worry separate nation that had been conquered. Meanwhile, Governor
Pennsylvania William Johnson, who had looked to apps pro savory

(01:15:32):
elements through his heavy headed response to the Christianay incident
would fail to win reelection, as his response had managed
to alienate the anti Savory vote while also failing to
a PC pro Savory crowd who continued to believe that
he leaned abolitionists. Plasse also resented him for not only
allowing the murder of Edward Gorsuch to happen in the
first place, but for also failing to pay his respects

(01:15:54):
to the slain slaveholder when passing through Christiana on his
way to Philadelphy in the immediate aftermath of the quote
unquote riot. Indeed, reports had while other passengers on the
Governor's train had disinbarred to pay their respects to Edward
Corsich's slain body, the Governor never left the train. Meanwhile,
as for the man was kind of the central figure
in this tale, William Parker, the leader of the Lancaster

(01:16:15):
Mutual Defense Organization, at whose homely Safe Catchers had come
to after fleeing the region in the immediate aftermath of
the events in Christiana, he and his family had settled
down and started a farm in Buxton, Canada. It was here, then,
in eighteen fifty nine, where William Parker received a unique visitor,
a man from American named John Brown Junior, who was
looking to raise troops for his father's raid on the

(01:16:36):
Federal Armory in Harper's Ferry. John Brown Junior, you see,
had come specifically looking for Parker due to his actions
during the Christiana Riot. Parker, they believe, was exactly the
type of man they were looking for, the type of
man willing to stand up to invite these slaveholders. Indeed,
John Brown Junior, after this meeting would declare that quote,
I think him more than the market, as much as

(01:16:58):
two or three hundred average men. And even at this rate,
I should rate him too low for physical capacity, for
practical judgment, for courage and moral tone, for energy and
force and will, for experience that would not only enable
him to mean difficulty, but give confidence to overcome it.
I should have to go a long way to find
his equal. William Parker and the Christian or Riot U

(01:17:19):
see were famous, so having someone like him who not
only could fight but provide inspiration wouldn't have been invaluable,
which is why John Brown Junior very likely did his
best to try and raise the money necessary to provide
for Parker's family, which now consisted of his wife, Eliza
and their five young children. As you see, Parker seemingly
quite rightly assumed this had a fair chance of becoming

(01:17:40):
a suicide mission, one that he was willing to undertake
to strike a blow at Savory, but not if it
meant leaving his family destitute. John Brown Junior, though, would
apparently in the end not be successful in his mission
to recruit the men who he considered to be the
hero and the leader of the Christiana Resistance. So we
and Parker would not participate in John Brown's raid, which

(01:18:00):
would go on to become much more prominent as being
viewed as a major precursor to the Civil War. In
doing so, though, Brown was reacting to these same events
and forces that William Parker and his people were. For example,
John Brown, following the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law,
would apparently tell his Black friends to trust in God
and keep their powder dry, as he seemingly recognized the

(01:18:21):
danger inheriting the passage of such a law and thus
was encouraging them to protect themselves through force. As you see,
from John Brown's point of view, the and say it
had a god given right to do whatever was necessary
to free themselves from bondage. More than that, though, he
saw these slaveholding states as being in a constant state
of war against everyone they enslaved and everyone who disagreed
with them. Brown then wanted to make war upon those

(01:18:44):
responsible for this ongoing conflict. Indeed, even before the events
in Christiana, Brown had helped to organize an armed black
soft defense group that he dubbed the League of Gileadites.
Brown then was likely motivated even more by the events
in Christiana, as he would have seen others who were
willing to take the fight to these slaveholders and their lackeys.
It does have to be said that even though William

(01:19:05):
Parker would not be a part of John Brown's raid,
it is still impossible that Parker was not quite done
fighting against slavery, as there is at least one account
of a member the third Regiment of the United States
Colored Infantry encountering a man he identified as William Parker
and Charleston, South Carolina during the Civil War. Such an encounter, however,
seems at least somewhat unlikely, as Loam Parker was not

(01:19:26):
won the shy away from a fight against slavery by
the time of the Civil War, he was in his
late thirties, which means he was unlikely to have been
allowed to join the army. Plus, he also made no
mention of taking part in the conflict in his memoir,
which was published after the war. Now Harriet Tubman, on
the other hand, who had also fled to Canada, would
lend some aid to John Brown for his raid, and

(01:19:47):
would also return to the US to serve as a spy,
a nurse, and a soldier in the Union Army during
the Civil War. Meanwhile, the South would certainly not forget
the affront to them and their honor that took place
in Christiana. That was only made the worst when none
of those who took bar were hung as traders. This
was the surest sign yet that the rest of the
country was against them in their very way of life. Indeed,

(01:20:09):
according to historian Charles Bloxon, one of the gauls of
Robert Eley's Army of Virginia during the invasion of Pennsylvania
in eighteen sixty three was to burn down Christiana as
a wave of avenging the death of Edward Gorsuch. Additionally,
John Wilkes Booth was likely radicalized in part because of
the events in Christiana, as he was classmates with Edward
Gorsuch's youngest son, Thomas, round about the time when these

(01:20:31):
events happened. Indeed, on the eve of the Civil War,
in response to hearing a pair of speeches against the
idea of succession, Booth looked to deliver his own speech
in which he specifically cited the death of his noble
classmate's father, Edward Gorsuch, who had only gone north into
Pennsylvania to reclaim his stolen property following the dictates of
the feuditist save Vall. In doing so, this wasn't, in

(01:20:51):
the mind of John Wilkes Booth, one of the many
outrages committed by the North against his beloved South that
needed to be avenged. And with that note on the
ongoing impact the events in Christiana had on American history,
I will bring this tale to an end, as not
only did the Christianity resistance and sure that those directly
involved remain free, but it helped to strike a notable

(01:21:12):
blow against de feutitive save Act, one that, while not fatal,
didn't likely help to provide inspiration to others to fight
back against these safeholders and their attempts to intimidate the
rest of the nation into submission so they could preserve
their cruel and wicked way of life. The Christiana Riot
slash Resistance then deserves a place in history alongside Bleeding
Kansas and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry as being

(01:21:35):
crucial events and bringing about the Civil War and the
end of slavery. And with all that being said, please
join me next time as we undertake our annual spooky
series by following the Donner Party on their ill fitted
journey to California. That, however, we'll have to for now
remain a story for another time. Thank you for listening

(01:21:58):
to Distorted History. If you would like to help out,
please rate and review the podcasts and tell your friends
if you think they'll be interested. If you would like
ad free in early episodes, I set up such a
feed over at patreon dot com slash to Started History.
By paying ten bucks a month, you will gain access
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likely through your podcast app as long as it uses

(01:22:19):
an RSS feed. I will continue to post sources on
kofee and Twitter, though, as it's just a convenient place
to go to access that information. Regardless. Once again, thank
you for listening and until next time,

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