September 3, 2025 • 42 mins
Dive into the captivating history of Egypt, exploring its journey from ancient times to the moment of Alexander the Greats conquest. This engaging overview delves into the remarkable development of Egyptian civilization, touching on science, religion, art, language, and literature. Written for curious minds without any prior knowledge of Egypt, this book uses clear and relatable language to make the rich tapestry of Egypts past accessible to everyone. (Summary by Beth Thomas)
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Chapter nine of History of Egypt. This is a LibriVox recording.
All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
(00:21):
by Rick VENA History of Egypt by F. C. H. Wendel,
Chapter nine, The Egyptian Renaissance Dynasty twenty six six forty
five through five twenty five BC, Section one Semtec the
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first six forty five through six ten BC. We have
seen in the preceding chapter how the House of Sayeis
gradually rose in importance. The first Ahti, as the Egyptians
called the petty sovereigns of the preceding epic of this
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line that succeeded in gaining supreme power, even though for
a short time only was Tephnat, the contemporary of Usarkin,
the third king of Bubastus and the great opponent of Pianchi.
How his attempt at unifying Egypt failed, we have already seen.
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A descendant of his was the bechan Renf, who ruled
at least in lower Egypt for six years seven thirty
four through seven twenty eight b C. The next prince
we know is Nekau, the favorite of Asarhadum and Assur
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Banipal as predecessors of this Nekao. Manetho mentions Stephanites ruled
seven years and Nechepsos ruled six years. The Egyptian names
of which princes are unknown. This Nekau seems to have
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come to his death about the time tanuwat Amon invaded
Egypt six sixty four b C. Nekaou was succeeded by
his son Semtek, the Samatikos of the Greeks, who was
given the name of Nabu ushesib Ani at Aserbanopal's request.
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Semtec seems to have been a faithful ally of Assyria
for quite some while, but he merely waited a chance
to gain his ends. He entered into friendly relations with
taniwat Amon, marrying one of his relatives, the Ethiopian princess
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shep and Apet, a daughter of Queen Amonardas. As Amonardas
had been queen of Egypt. Semtek thus acquired a claim
to the throne at length. The right moment came about
six forty five BC. Aided by mercenaries sent him by
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King Gaigies of Lydia, he succeeded in making himself independent
from Assyria. It is evident that he succeeded in this
only after a struggle, but we have no record of
his combats with Assyria. His next enemies were in Egypt itself,
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though he was under doubtedly the rightful sovereign of the country,
Yet the many petty rulers that divided the country among
themselves did not submit without a struggle. Semtec, however, succeeded
in gaining the ascendancy and uniting Egypt under his scepter.
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Semtec made Seyus his capital. This made na It, the
Great Goddess of Sayus, the official head of the national pantheon,
and deposed a mon Ra who had held this position
with some interruptions for about fifteen hundred years. Memphis, the
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oldest capital of Egypt and part of Semtec's original principality,
was also highly favored, and many of the government offices
were located there. Thebes was falling into decay. The Assyrian
wars had dealt the city a blow from which it
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never recovered. True. Semtec and some of his successors built
here and repaired the Great Temple of Amon, but the
city never again rose into prominence of the city of Sais.
There remains today scarce a trace. The climate and soil
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of the Delta are not favorable to the preservation of ruins,
and after the city had once fallen into decay, all
traces of it rapidly disappeared. Mindful of the great debt
he owed the Greek mercenaries Semtec little by little, increased them.
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By this action, he incensed the native mercenaries, who had
hitherto ruled supreme in Egypt. According to Herodotus, two hundred
and forty thousand men of the warriors who stood on
the left of the king emigrated to Ethiopia in this
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reign because they had not been relieved in their garrisons
for three years. This story is assuredly untrue, but it
reflects the fact that the native troops were highly dissatisfied
and were no particular friends of Semtecs. The stories that
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the Greek authors tell us of his scientific experiments to
ascertain which people was the oldest of the world, and
those that they relate of his efforts to find the
source of the Nile are all alike untrue and legendary.
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The remark of Strabo that he was one of the
greatest conquerors of the world is also false. The king
was too much occupied with internal affairs to go in
search of foreign conquest. The real fact of the matter
is that Semtec was confined to Egypt proper. On the
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western frontier, he fortified Marea as a defense against Libya.
On the Asiatic frontier, he erected the strong fortress of
Daphne near Pelusium, and on the Ethiopic frontier, the town
of Siuin Assawan Sayene was strongly fortified. The fact that
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the three frontiers were thus put in a state of
defense proves that the king did not make any conquests.
Herodotus relates that he conquered Asdod after a siege of
twenty nine years, but there is no reason to believe this.
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The policy of this king and of all his successors,
was to gain the friendship of the Greeks. He gave
lands along the banks of the Pelusian branch of the
Nile near Bubastis to the Ionians and Carians, and in
order that they might come into communication with his subjects,
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he gave them Egyptian boys, whom they should teach Greek,
and who were to serve as interpreters. The Milesians soon
after entered the Balbitic arm of the Nile and settled
a fortified camp, which was called the Malesian Camp. Tyrian
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merchants settled, possibly about the same time, in Memphis and
gave their name to the Tyrian quarter of the US city.
The king died about six ten b C. Having been
prints of Sayis and Memphis from six sixty four b
C and King from six forty five b C. On
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section two Necao Greek Neko and Necau six ten through
five ninety four b C. Necaou successfully continued the policy
of his father. Herodotus relates that he began the construction
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of a canal which was to connect the Nile with
the Red Sea, and that after one hundred and twenty
thousand laborers had perished, Nikau suddenly stopped the work, having
been warned by an oracle that he was working for
the barbarians. This story is very improbable. A canal connecting
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the Nile with the Red Sea existed already in the
times of Seti the first and Rameses the Second, about
seven hundred years before this time. This canal was mentioned
in the Assyrian inscriptions of the eighth century BC, and
it is scarcely possible that it could have disappeared entirely
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in less than a century. Nikau possibly cleared it of
sand and widened it. The story of the enormous number
of laborers who perished during the progress of the work
and that of the oracle are both utterly false. Herodotus
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relates a story of a great maritime enterprise undertaken at
this time, which seems quite credible. He states that Nikau
sent out Phoenician ships from the Red Sea to circumnavigate Africa,
and that in the third year of their journey they
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returned to the Mediterranean through the Straits of Gibraltar. The
very fact that Herodotus questions, namely that in circumnavigating Libya,
that is, Africa, they had the sun on their right hand,
proves that they really did accomplish their task. The same
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historian relates that Nicaou kept fleets of triremes in the
Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Nikau felt himself strong enough
to attempt the restoration of Egyptian supremacy in Asia. Great
changes had meanwhile taken place on this continent. Assur Banipal
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died the king of a great empire, but his successors
were not able to hold their own. About six hundred
eight b C, Nabu Pallissar, whom Asorbanopal had appointed Viceroy
of Babylon, threw off the Assyrian yoke and founded an
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independent Babylonian kingdom. Intent on crushing out the Assyrian kingdom,
he allied himself with King Kayaksaraes of Medea, and together
they attacked and completely annihilated the Assyrian kingdom. The Medes
kept all the land east and north of the Tigris.
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The Babylonians Mesopotamia and Syria. Nikaou thought the time had
now come to intervene in Asia. Accordingly, in the spring
of the year six hundred eight b C, he invaded
the continent. He encountered no resistance until he reached Megido.
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Here at the very spot where almost a thousand years before,
Tutmosis the Third had defeated the Syrian coalition, King Josiah
of Judah had drawn up his army ready to dispute
Necao's advance. The pharaoh, not wishing to lose time in
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subduing the petty sovereigns of Syria and Palestine, haughtily ordered
the Jewish king to give way. Josiah refused and was
arranging his army for the coming battle when he was
fatally wounded by an arrow. The king was brought back
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to Jerusalem, where he died and was buried. Amid the
wailings of his people, over whom he had ruled for
thirty nine years, Nikaou continued his march to Riblah near Hamath,
where he went into camp. Meanwhile, the Jews had elected Ioakis,
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the son of Josiah, king, but Nikaou was dissatisfied with
their choice and deposed him, giving the kingdom to his
older brother Joakim and levying a heavy contribution on the land.
Excepting Judaea, Gaza was the only state that offered any
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resistance to the Egyptians. Up to the year six hundred
four b c. Ni Kaou seems to have had his
own way in Asia, but in that year Nabopalassar was
ready to meet him. He himself was old and sick,
so he sent his son Nabekinezar Babylonian Nabu Kuduri uz
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Zure against the Egyptians at Karchemish on the banks of
the Euphrates. The two armies met and Nikaou was utterly routed.
His army must have been completely annihilated, for he left
Syria to the victor without daring to oppose him again.
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Nebiconesar probably had the intention of invading Egypt, but the
death of his father compelled him to return to Babylon.
Nikaou did not dare to interfere in Asia again. Time
and again the Jews begged him for assistance in their
repeated revolts against the Babylonians. At last, Jerusalem fell about
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five ninety six b C, and Nebukonesar was free to
invade Egypt, but it seems that he was called to
other parts of his kingdom and the threatened invasion did
not come until much later. Nikaou died in five ninety
four b C and was buried like his father in
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Sais Section three Semtec the second five ninety four through
five eighty nine BC. The only historical event of this
short reign was an invasion of Ethiopia. Both Herodotus and
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Aristaeus mention it, and an Egyptian inscription confirms their report.
Late in this reign, General ness Hor was sent against
the Ethiopians, and the war was finally brought to a
close early in the following reign. It may be that
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the trouble with Ethiopia had begun already in Nikoo's time,
and this coount for his otherwise incomprehensible policy with regard
to the Jewish rebellions. The graffiti left on the colossi
of Abu Simbel by the Phoenetian and Greek mercenaries that
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marched with the Egyptian army on this campaign still further
confirm the report of Semtec's war in this quarter. Despite
his short reign of only six years, this pharaoh was
an active builder, restoring and repairing temples in all parts
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of Egypt from the Delta to Nubia. Section four o
Habre Greek Aprias five eighty nine through five sixty four BC.
Early in this reign, Neshor brought to a successful conclusion
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the Ethiopian War begun in the reign of Semtek. The
second Ouhabre, thought manners in Asia favored an intervention on
his part. In Judea. Important changes had taken place in
the times of his predecessors. Joakim, the king whom Nekau
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had appointed, was deposed in five ninety seven b C
after a reign of eleven years. In Yoakim, his son
put in his place by Nebekinezer. Soon after, he also
was deposed and Zedekiah put in his place. Zedekiah five
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ninety six through five eighty six b C. Was not
the man the Babylonian king had thought him. He determined,
despite the warnings of the prophets, to win the independence
of his kingdom. O Habre now came to his aid
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and began a war with Tire. Saidon was taken and
a Cypriote fleet that opposed him was utterly defeated. Although
thus far successful, the pharaoh withdrew soon after on the
approach of the Babylonians. Meanwhile, Zedekiah had begun the war,
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but Jerusalem was soon invested and after a spirited resistance,
was taken July five eighty seven b C. While o
Habre did nothing to assist his sorely beset ally, Zedekiah
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was deposed and blinded, and Meidalia was set on the throne.
He was assassinated by a descendant of the family of Ishmael,
who was soon after compelled to fly the country. He
and his friends went to Egypt, where ou A Habre
received them kindly. Soon after Oua Habre began a war
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which promised better results. A war had broken out between
the Greek city of Syrene, which lay on the northern
coast of Africa west of Egypt, and the Libyans. The
Libyan king Adecram placed himself under the protectorate of Egypt,
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and an Egyptian army was immediately sent out to aid him.
At a town of Irsa on the well of Theestus,
a battle ensued in which the Egyptian army was annihilated.
This account, taken from her Rodotus, is probably correct, but
the rest of his account is certainly false. He relates
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that the Egyptians were furious over the defeat and declared
that Apries had sent out the native troops in order
to have them annihilated, so that his rule over the
rest of the Egyptians might be the more secure. This
is entirely unnatural. In Egypt, the pharaoh was an absolute ruler.
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He was considered as the son of the god Ra
and the incarnation of the god Horace, and it would
not have been at all necessary for him to destroy
the national troops in order to strengthen his rule. The troops,
according to Herodotus, also murmured, and the king sent an
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officer named Amesis Egyptian ACMs to quiet them. While he
was addressing them, a soldier stepping behind him, placed a
helmet on his head and proclaimed him king. The rest
of the army shouted their assent, and Ameesis, gladly accepting
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the election, placed himself at their head and marched against
the pharaoh. A messenger sent by Aprias was sent back
with a sarcastic reply. Aprias, now prepared for battle and
collecting his Greek mercenaries to the number of thirty thousand,
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marched against his rival at Mommphis on the Canopic branch
of the Nile. The armies met and Aprias was, after
a well contested battle, defeated, captured and brought to Memphis,
where he was kept in prison for a while, but
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was finally delivered up to the anger populace and strangled.
This story is utterly false from beginning to end, as
are also the many anecdotes the Greek writers tell of Amesis.
We know, however, that oua Habre, about six years before
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his death, appointed Akmes, the second co regent. Akmes was
wedded to Anshnss Nepher ab Rah, a daughter of Semtek
the second, and to nay it A Kurt, a sister
of Oua Habre. These facts completely refute the Greek legends.
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Why Akmes was appointed co regent we cannot say. Possibly
the king had no male issue and wished to keep
the succession in the family. In the time of their
joint reign fell Nebekinezer's invasion. This campaign was undertaken, according
to the Babylonian inscriptions, in the thirty seventh year of
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Nebekinezer's reign, that is, in five sixty seven b C.
The Babylonians found little or no resistance and easily succeeded
in overrunning and plundering the whole land as far as Assuan,
and then retired, either voluntarily or after having been defeated
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by ness hor Be. That as it may, the Babylonians
never again entered Egypt. Ouahbre died in five sixty four
b C, after having ruled twenty five years in all,
nineteen alone and six in conjunction with his brother in
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law and successor Section five Akmes the second Amesis five
sixty four through five twenty six b C. This pharaoh
came into still closer connection with the Greeks than any
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of his predecessors. The many anecdotes the Greek authors tell
of his private life and family relations are all untrustworthy,
as are also the reports that Pythagoras, Solon, and Thalus
visited Egypt in his reign. Solon is even said to
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have copied from Amess's laws, one of the laws he
promulgated at Athens in five ninety four b C. A
statement that is of course absurd. Further, this king is
said to have entered into friendly relations with Cleobulus, Bias
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and Piticus, and to have foreseen the down fall of Polycrates.
All of these stories, which are by the by chronologically impossible,
have a direct tendency, namely, to prove that all of
the knowledge and philosophy of Greece was derived from Egypt. Amess,
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being the king best known to the Greeks, they placed
the Egyptian voyages of their sages in his reign. We
have already alluded to these traditions in the introduction. More
credible are the accounts the Greek writers give us of
his wars. He fought against the Arabians, that is, the Asiatics,
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and in order to increase the valor of his troops,
He had the statues of the chief divinities set up
behind their ranks, so that the troops believed the gods
themselves were observing them. He next sent out a fleet
against Cyprus that succeeded in subduing the Cypriote cities, which
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remained Egyptian dependencies for some time thereafter. This expedition was
most probably undertaken as part of Egypt's work in the
Great Coalition, which had been formed for the purpose of checking,
if possible, the rise of the new Persian monarchy. This
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coalition was joined by Egypt, Lydia, Babylon, and Sparta. The
object was to attack Persia from three sides at once,
and had the allies acted in concert and not wasted
valuable time over their preparations, they might have crushed Cyrus.
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As it was, Croasis moved before the others were ready.
In all the health he could get from his allies
consisted in a detachment of troops sent him by Achmas.
In the spring of five forty six BC. He entered Cappadocia,
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devastated the country and captured the strong fortress of Teria.
Now was the time for Akms and Nabu Naid, king
of Babylon, to act, but it was impossible for them
to concentrate their forces and to cooperate properly. Cyrus first
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moved against Croasis and soon had conquered Lydia, taken its capital,
and made the king a prisoner fall of five forty
six b C. A Persian fleet sent against Cyprus easily
succeeded in dislodging the Egyptian garrisons. Am Now, instead of
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coming to the aid of his ally, Nabu Naid remained
inactive while the Persians conquered Babylon and took possession of
Palestine and Syria as far as the Egyptian frontier. The
pharaoh evidently hoped to pacify Cyrus by this inactivity, but
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he had gone just one step too far and had
incurred the determined enmity of the Persians that the invasion
of Egypt did not follow immediately on. The occupation of
Palestine was owing to complications that had arisen on the
Eastern frontier. In the wars fought here, Cyrus lost his life,
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but his successor, Cambises, soon punished Egypt for its share,
and the coalition against Persia, Akmes thought it to his
advantage to interfere in Syrinae. Here King Archisilaus had been
assassinated by Learchus, who had ascended the throne and supported
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by Egyptian mercenaries, had instituted a most tyrannical rule. His
misrule did not last long. He was assassinated at the
instigation of Polyarchus and his sister Eeriso, who placed Baddis,
the son of Archisilaus, on the throne. The Egyptian mercenaries
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now called on Acmas for aid, and he determined to
take advantage of these conditions to subdue the city. Before
he started on the expedition, however, his mother died and
he was detained in Egypt by the preparations for her interment. Polyarchus,
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accompanied by his mother Cretola and his sister Erkso, now
went to Egypt to propitiate the pharaoh. Acmes received them kindly, and,
praising the energy they had shown, dismissed them. Loaded with presents.
He now abandoned the expedition against Syennae, as he was
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evidently satisfied with the recognition of his sovereignty. The two
nations hereafter remained at peace until the downfall of Egypt.
Acmees was confined entirely to Egypt. His expedition against Cyprus,
though at first successful, had proved in the end a failure.
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In Asia, he dared not interfere Ethiopia retained its independence,
and his sovereignty over Synae was purely nominal, while the
kingdom thus did not extend its boundary under Akmus. Still,
his reign was an epoch of great prosperity. Agriculture and
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commerce flourished, and it is stated that there were at
this time twenty thousand inhabited places in Egypt. The Greeks were,
of course greatly favored, and costly presents were made to
their temples, among them being a contribution of a thousand
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pounds of alum, one of the most important raw products
of Egypt, to the fund the Amphic Taions were collecting
for rebuilding the Delphic Temple. Greek immigration was greatly encouraged.
The Ionians and Carians, whom Semtec the first had settled
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on the Pealusic branch of the Nile, were removed to
Memphis to serve as a body guard to the Pharaoh
in place of the harbor. Thus lost to the Greeks.
The king gave them the city of Nolcratus and its
surroundings in the neighborhood of the present city of Alexandria.
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This new city stood outside of the pale of Egyptian
jurisdiction and was allowed to make its own laws. The
result was that the inhabitants clung to their own Greek
customs and institutions with the greatest tenacity, and went their
way entirely uninfluenced by their Egyptian neighbors. The city being
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originally intended for Ionians from Taos, its government was modeled
after that of the latter city. This town became the
center of Greek activity in Egypt. In it was erected
the great sanctuary of the Greeks in Egypt. This was
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the Helenion, which was built by several Greek cities conjointly.
These cities were Chios, Taos, Fosai, Clasomenae, Nidos, Halicarnassis, Phacelis,
and Mytelenae. The reason why so many cities helped to
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build the Helenion was that all of the cities that
took part in this work had the privilege of sending
to Nelcratus a supervisor of trade, or as we would
put it, appointing a member of the board of trade.
Temples to zeus Hera and Apollo were also built by
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other cities, who thus gained the same privilege as the
builders of the Helenion. Nelcratus rose very rapidly, owing to
certain laws that gave her a complete monopoly of the
trade with Greece. The Greeks soon had colonies in all
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parts of Egypt, even in the southern portions of the country.
The Milesians had a trading post at Abydos, and Samian
merchants even settled in the Great Oasis. Being engaged in
no great wars, this pharaoh was enabled to devote considerable
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attention to the temples of the land. In all parts
of Egypt, from the Delta to the island of Baigay,
we find traces of his work. He died five twenty
six b C, after having been co regent of his
brother in law for six years and sole ruler for
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thirty eight years. Section six. Semtech the Third and the
Persian conquest of Egypt five twenty six to five twenty
five b C. When Semtec the Third ascended the throne
of his fathers. The catastrophe that had so long threatened
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the land at length overwhelmed it. The account of this
catastrophe has been preserved to us by Herodotus. The stories that,
according to Greek traditions, impelled Cambises to invade Egypt are
all untrustworthy, as they seek to bring Cambyses into relationship
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with the Egyptian kings and to find the cause of
the war in this relationship, while making Cambyses appear at
the same time as the legitimate pharaoh. The war far
from having any such cause, as degree historians would have
us believe, had in all probability been determined on already
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by Cyrus, who was prevented from carrying out this part
of his plan by other matters. Cambyses was free to
attack Egypt, and he had ample cause for war in
the fact that Egypt had been the ally of his
father's worst enemies, King Croasis of Lydia and King Nabu
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Naid of Babylon. Accordingly, Cambyses began making active preparations for
the war, and everything indicated that he was going to
have a hard time of it. The eastern frontier of
Egypt was protected by the Syrian desert that skirted it
to cross, which was a task of no small difficulty.
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Recognizing this fact, Akmas it concentrated his forces at Pelusium,
hoping to gain an easy victory over the Persian army,
which no doubt would suffer terribly in the desert and
reach the Egyptian border sadly used up. Cambisses did not
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under rate the difficulty of the undertaking and made the
most extensive preparations. A great fleet was fitted out to
attack Pelusium by sea, while the army attacked it by land.
Just as he was about to start, he received unexpected
and timely aid in the Egyptian army. There was a
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Holacarnashian officer named Thanes, a bright and able leader who
had had some difficulty with Akhmas. In consequence of this,
he had fled to the Persian monarch. On the way,
he was overtaken by the king's favorite eunuch, but managed
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to escape. Shortly after this event, Akmes had died and
Semptek the third had succeeded him. Fanes not only betrayed
to the Persians all the secrets of the state, but
he also showed them the means of crossing the desert
without great loss. To accomplish this, envoys were sent to
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all the Bedouin sheikhs of the desert, and treaties were
concluded with them. They agreed to furnish the army with
camels and water, and thus the Persian army was enabled
to cross the desert and to reach Pelusium with but
little loss. The battle that ensued was waged with great fury,
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but finally, after both sides had lost heavily, the Persians
were victorious and the Egyptians fled from the field. Pelusium
surrendered soon after. A ship was now sent to Memphis,
whither the pharaoh had fled to demand the city's surrender.
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When it entered the harbor of Memphis, the garrison boarded it,
killed the crew, and destroyed the vessel. This breach of
international usage met with a severe but well merited punishment.
Memphis was besieged and taken ten days after the capture.
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The punishment came two thousand sons of the most respected citizens,
among them the son of King Semtek, were executed to
atone for the death of the two hundred men that
had composed the crew of the ill fated vessel, the
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daughter of the fair Pharoh, and the noblest virgins were
sold into slavery, and the fortunes of the richest citizens
and of the king's friends were confiscated, leaving their former
owners beggars. The fate of Semtec was comparatively light. Cambises
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even intending to make him governor of Egypt, but he
became involved in a conspiracy against Cambises and was compelled
to take poison. Thus ended the last of the Semtecs.
As a result of the capture of Memphis, the Libyans
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submitted voluntarily and paid tribute. Syennae and Barsaia also sent tribute,
but this the Persian monarch divided among his soldiers, as
he hoped to gain far more by capturing these rich
towns than he could ever get from them as voluntary tribute.
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End of Chapter nine
Chapter nine of History of Egypt. This is a LibriVox recording.
All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
(00:21):
by Rick VENA History of Egypt by F. C. H. Wendel,
Chapter nine, The Egyptian Renaissance Dynasty twenty six six forty
five through five twenty five BC, Section one Semtec the
(00:49):
first six forty five through six ten BC. We have
seen in the preceding chapter how the House of Sayeis
gradually rose in importance. The first Ahti, as the Egyptians
called the petty sovereigns of the preceding epic of this
(01:11):
line that succeeded in gaining supreme power, even though for
a short time only was Tephnat, the contemporary of Usarkin,
the third king of Bubastus and the great opponent of Pianchi.
How his attempt at unifying Egypt failed, we have already seen.
(01:37):
A descendant of his was the bechan Renf, who ruled
at least in lower Egypt for six years seven thirty
four through seven twenty eight b C. The next prince
we know is Nekau, the favorite of Asarhadum and Assur
(01:59):
Banipal as predecessors of this Nekao. Manetho mentions Stephanites ruled
seven years and Nechepsos ruled six years. The Egyptian names
of which princes are unknown. This Nekau seems to have
(02:22):
come to his death about the time tanuwat Amon invaded
Egypt six sixty four b C. Nekaou was succeeded by
his son Semtek, the Samatikos of the Greeks, who was
given the name of Nabu ushesib Ani at Aserbanopal's request.
(02:49):
Semtec seems to have been a faithful ally of Assyria
for quite some while, but he merely waited a chance
to gain his ends. He entered into friendly relations with
taniwat Amon, marrying one of his relatives, the Ethiopian princess
(03:11):
shep and Apet, a daughter of Queen Amonardas. As Amonardas
had been queen of Egypt. Semtek thus acquired a claim
to the throne at length. The right moment came about
six forty five BC. Aided by mercenaries sent him by
(03:36):
King Gaigies of Lydia, he succeeded in making himself independent
from Assyria. It is evident that he succeeded in this
only after a struggle, but we have no record of
his combats with Assyria. His next enemies were in Egypt itself,
(03:59):
though he was under doubtedly the rightful sovereign of the country,
Yet the many petty rulers that divided the country among
themselves did not submit without a struggle. Semtec, however, succeeded
in gaining the ascendancy and uniting Egypt under his scepter.
(04:21):
Semtec made Seyus his capital. This made na It, the
Great Goddess of Sayus, the official head of the national pantheon,
and deposed a mon Ra who had held this position
with some interruptions for about fifteen hundred years. Memphis, the
(04:46):
oldest capital of Egypt and part of Semtec's original principality,
was also highly favored, and many of the government offices
were located there. Thebes was falling into decay. The Assyrian
wars had dealt the city a blow from which it
(05:08):
never recovered. True. Semtec and some of his successors built
here and repaired the Great Temple of Amon, but the
city never again rose into prominence of the city of Sais.
There remains today scarce a trace. The climate and soil
(05:31):
of the Delta are not favorable to the preservation of ruins,
and after the city had once fallen into decay, all
traces of it rapidly disappeared. Mindful of the great debt
he owed the Greek mercenaries Semtec little by little, increased them.
(05:54):
By this action, he incensed the native mercenaries, who had
hitherto ruled supreme in Egypt. According to Herodotus, two hundred
and forty thousand men of the warriors who stood on
the left of the king emigrated to Ethiopia in this
(06:15):
reign because they had not been relieved in their garrisons
for three years. This story is assuredly untrue, but it
reflects the fact that the native troops were highly dissatisfied
and were no particular friends of Semtecs. The stories that
(06:37):
the Greek authors tell us of his scientific experiments to
ascertain which people was the oldest of the world, and
those that they relate of his efforts to find the
source of the Nile are all alike untrue and legendary.
(06:57):
The remark of Strabo that he was one of the
greatest conquerors of the world is also false. The king
was too much occupied with internal affairs to go in
search of foreign conquest. The real fact of the matter
is that Semtec was confined to Egypt proper. On the
(07:21):
western frontier, he fortified Marea as a defense against Libya.
On the Asiatic frontier, he erected the strong fortress of
Daphne near Pelusium, and on the Ethiopic frontier, the town
of Siuin Assawan Sayene was strongly fortified. The fact that
(07:47):
the three frontiers were thus put in a state of
defense proves that the king did not make any conquests.
Herodotus relates that he conquered Asdod after a siege of
twenty nine years, but there is no reason to believe this.
(08:08):
The policy of this king and of all his successors,
was to gain the friendship of the Greeks. He gave
lands along the banks of the Pelusian branch of the
Nile near Bubastis to the Ionians and Carians, and in
order that they might come into communication with his subjects,
(08:30):
he gave them Egyptian boys, whom they should teach Greek,
and who were to serve as interpreters. The Milesians soon
after entered the Balbitic arm of the Nile and settled
a fortified camp, which was called the Malesian Camp. Tyrian
(08:51):
merchants settled, possibly about the same time, in Memphis and
gave their name to the Tyrian quarter of the US city.
The king died about six ten b C. Having been
prints of Sayis and Memphis from six sixty four b
C and King from six forty five b C. On
(09:18):
section two Necao Greek Neko and Necau six ten through
five ninety four b C. Necaou successfully continued the policy
of his father. Herodotus relates that he began the construction
(09:40):
of a canal which was to connect the Nile with
the Red Sea, and that after one hundred and twenty
thousand laborers had perished, Nikau suddenly stopped the work, having
been warned by an oracle that he was working for
the barbarians. This story is very improbable. A canal connecting
(10:03):
the Nile with the Red Sea existed already in the
times of Seti the first and Rameses the Second, about
seven hundred years before this time. This canal was mentioned
in the Assyrian inscriptions of the eighth century BC, and
it is scarcely possible that it could have disappeared entirely
(10:27):
in less than a century. Nikau possibly cleared it of
sand and widened it. The story of the enormous number
of laborers who perished during the progress of the work
and that of the oracle are both utterly false. Herodotus
(10:48):
relates a story of a great maritime enterprise undertaken at
this time, which seems quite credible. He states that Nikau
sent out Phoenician ships from the Red Sea to circumnavigate Africa,
and that in the third year of their journey they
(11:09):
returned to the Mediterranean through the Straits of Gibraltar. The
very fact that Herodotus questions, namely that in circumnavigating Libya,
that is, Africa, they had the sun on their right hand,
proves that they really did accomplish their task. The same
(11:32):
historian relates that Nicaou kept fleets of triremes in the
Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Nikau felt himself strong enough
to attempt the restoration of Egyptian supremacy in Asia. Great
changes had meanwhile taken place on this continent. Assur Banipal
(11:58):
died the king of a great empire, but his successors
were not able to hold their own. About six hundred
eight b C, Nabu Pallissar, whom Asorbanopal had appointed Viceroy
of Babylon, threw off the Assyrian yoke and founded an
(12:19):
independent Babylonian kingdom. Intent on crushing out the Assyrian kingdom,
he allied himself with King Kayaksaraes of Medea, and together
they attacked and completely annihilated the Assyrian kingdom. The Medes
kept all the land east and north of the Tigris.
(12:42):
The Babylonians Mesopotamia and Syria. Nikaou thought the time had
now come to intervene in Asia. Accordingly, in the spring
of the year six hundred eight b C, he invaded
the continent. He encountered no resistance until he reached Megido.
(13:05):
Here at the very spot where almost a thousand years before,
Tutmosis the Third had defeated the Syrian coalition, King Josiah
of Judah had drawn up his army ready to dispute
Necao's advance. The pharaoh, not wishing to lose time in
(13:28):
subduing the petty sovereigns of Syria and Palestine, haughtily ordered
the Jewish king to give way. Josiah refused and was
arranging his army for the coming battle when he was
fatally wounded by an arrow. The king was brought back
(13:49):
to Jerusalem, where he died and was buried. Amid the
wailings of his people, over whom he had ruled for
thirty nine years, Nikaou continued his march to Riblah near Hamath,
where he went into camp. Meanwhile, the Jews had elected Ioakis,
(14:12):
the son of Josiah, king, but Nikaou was dissatisfied with
their choice and deposed him, giving the kingdom to his
older brother Joakim and levying a heavy contribution on the land.
Excepting Judaea, Gaza was the only state that offered any
(14:34):
resistance to the Egyptians. Up to the year six hundred
four b c. Ni Kaou seems to have had his
own way in Asia, but in that year Nabopalassar was
ready to meet him. He himself was old and sick,
so he sent his son Nabekinezar Babylonian Nabu Kuduri uz
(15:00):
Zure against the Egyptians at Karchemish on the banks of
the Euphrates. The two armies met and Nikaou was utterly routed.
His army must have been completely annihilated, for he left
Syria to the victor without daring to oppose him again.
(15:21):
Nebiconesar probably had the intention of invading Egypt, but the
death of his father compelled him to return to Babylon.
Nikaou did not dare to interfere in Asia again. Time
and again the Jews begged him for assistance in their
repeated revolts against the Babylonians. At last, Jerusalem fell about
(15:48):
five ninety six b C, and Nebukonesar was free to
invade Egypt, but it seems that he was called to
other parts of his kingdom and the threatened invasion did
not come until much later. Nikaou died in five ninety
four b C and was buried like his father in
(16:13):
Sais Section three Semtec the second five ninety four through
five eighty nine BC. The only historical event of this
short reign was an invasion of Ethiopia. Both Herodotus and
(16:33):
Aristaeus mention it, and an Egyptian inscription confirms their report.
Late in this reign, General ness Hor was sent against
the Ethiopians, and the war was finally brought to a
close early in the following reign. It may be that
(16:53):
the trouble with Ethiopia had begun already in Nikoo's time,
and this coount for his otherwise incomprehensible policy with regard
to the Jewish rebellions. The graffiti left on the colossi
of Abu Simbel by the Phoenetian and Greek mercenaries that
(17:17):
marched with the Egyptian army on this campaign still further
confirm the report of Semtec's war in this quarter. Despite
his short reign of only six years, this pharaoh was
an active builder, restoring and repairing temples in all parts
(17:40):
of Egypt from the Delta to Nubia. Section four o
Habre Greek Aprias five eighty nine through five sixty four BC.
Early in this reign, Neshor brought to a successful conclusion
(18:05):
the Ethiopian War begun in the reign of Semtek. The
second Ouhabre, thought manners in Asia favored an intervention on
his part. In Judea. Important changes had taken place in
the times of his predecessors. Joakim, the king whom Nekau
(18:28):
had appointed, was deposed in five ninety seven b C
after a reign of eleven years. In Yoakim, his son
put in his place by Nebekinezer. Soon after, he also
was deposed and Zedekiah put in his place. Zedekiah five
(18:52):
ninety six through five eighty six b C. Was not
the man the Babylonian king had thought him. He determined,
despite the warnings of the prophets, to win the independence
of his kingdom. O Habre now came to his aid
(19:13):
and began a war with Tire. Saidon was taken and
a Cypriote fleet that opposed him was utterly defeated. Although
thus far successful, the pharaoh withdrew soon after on the
approach of the Babylonians. Meanwhile, Zedekiah had begun the war,
(19:37):
but Jerusalem was soon invested and after a spirited resistance,
was taken July five eighty seven b C. While o
Habre did nothing to assist his sorely beset ally, Zedekiah
(19:57):
was deposed and blinded, and Meidalia was set on the throne.
He was assassinated by a descendant of the family of Ishmael,
who was soon after compelled to fly the country. He
and his friends went to Egypt, where ou A Habre
received them kindly. Soon after Oua Habre began a war
(20:23):
which promised better results. A war had broken out between
the Greek city of Syrene, which lay on the northern
coast of Africa west of Egypt, and the Libyans. The
Libyan king Adecram placed himself under the protectorate of Egypt,
(20:43):
and an Egyptian army was immediately sent out to aid him.
At a town of Irsa on the well of Theestus,
a battle ensued in which the Egyptian army was annihilated.
This account, taken from her Rodotus, is probably correct, but
the rest of his account is certainly false. He relates
(21:08):
that the Egyptians were furious over the defeat and declared
that Apries had sent out the native troops in order
to have them annihilated, so that his rule over the
rest of the Egyptians might be the more secure. This
is entirely unnatural. In Egypt, the pharaoh was an absolute ruler.
(21:32):
He was considered as the son of the god Ra
and the incarnation of the god Horace, and it would
not have been at all necessary for him to destroy
the national troops in order to strengthen his rule. The troops,
according to Herodotus, also murmured, and the king sent an
(21:54):
officer named Amesis Egyptian ACMs to quiet them. While he
was addressing them, a soldier stepping behind him, placed a
helmet on his head and proclaimed him king. The rest
of the army shouted their assent, and Ameesis, gladly accepting
(22:15):
the election, placed himself at their head and marched against
the pharaoh. A messenger sent by Aprias was sent back
with a sarcastic reply. Aprias, now prepared for battle and
collecting his Greek mercenaries to the number of thirty thousand,
(22:37):
marched against his rival at Mommphis on the Canopic branch
of the Nile. The armies met and Aprias was, after
a well contested battle, defeated, captured and brought to Memphis,
where he was kept in prison for a while, but
(22:57):
was finally delivered up to the anger populace and strangled.
This story is utterly false from beginning to end, as
are also the many anecdotes the Greek writers tell of Amesis.
We know, however, that oua Habre, about six years before
(23:18):
his death, appointed Akmes, the second co regent. Akmes was
wedded to Anshnss Nepher ab Rah, a daughter of Semtek
the second, and to nay it A Kurt, a sister
of Oua Habre. These facts completely refute the Greek legends.
(23:41):
Why Akmes was appointed co regent we cannot say. Possibly
the king had no male issue and wished to keep
the succession in the family. In the time of their
joint reign fell Nebekinezer's invasion. This campaign was undertaken, according
to the Babylonian inscriptions, in the thirty seventh year of
(24:06):
Nebekinezer's reign, that is, in five sixty seven b C.
The Babylonians found little or no resistance and easily succeeded
in overrunning and plundering the whole land as far as Assuan,
and then retired, either voluntarily or after having been defeated
(24:29):
by ness hor Be. That as it may, the Babylonians
never again entered Egypt. Ouahbre died in five sixty four
b C, after having ruled twenty five years in all,
nineteen alone and six in conjunction with his brother in
(24:51):
law and successor Section five Akmes the second Amesis five
sixty four through five twenty six b C. This pharaoh
came into still closer connection with the Greeks than any
(25:12):
of his predecessors. The many anecdotes the Greek authors tell
of his private life and family relations are all untrustworthy,
as are also the reports that Pythagoras, Solon, and Thalus
visited Egypt in his reign. Solon is even said to
(25:35):
have copied from Amess's laws, one of the laws he
promulgated at Athens in five ninety four b C. A
statement that is of course absurd. Further, this king is
said to have entered into friendly relations with Cleobulus, Bias
(25:56):
and Piticus, and to have foreseen the down fall of Polycrates.
All of these stories, which are by the by chronologically impossible,
have a direct tendency, namely, to prove that all of
the knowledge and philosophy of Greece was derived from Egypt. Amess,
(26:19):
being the king best known to the Greeks, they placed
the Egyptian voyages of their sages in his reign. We
have already alluded to these traditions in the introduction. More
credible are the accounts the Greek writers give us of
his wars. He fought against the Arabians, that is, the Asiatics,
(26:45):
and in order to increase the valor of his troops,
He had the statues of the chief divinities set up
behind their ranks, so that the troops believed the gods
themselves were observing them. He next sent out a fleet
against Cyprus that succeeded in subduing the Cypriote cities, which
(27:08):
remained Egyptian dependencies for some time thereafter. This expedition was
most probably undertaken as part of Egypt's work in the
Great Coalition, which had been formed for the purpose of checking,
if possible, the rise of the new Persian monarchy. This
(27:30):
coalition was joined by Egypt, Lydia, Babylon, and Sparta. The
object was to attack Persia from three sides at once,
and had the allies acted in concert and not wasted
valuable time over their preparations, they might have crushed Cyrus.
(27:54):
As it was, Croasis moved before the others were ready.
In all the health he could get from his allies
consisted in a detachment of troops sent him by Achmas.
In the spring of five forty six BC. He entered Cappadocia,
(28:14):
devastated the country and captured the strong fortress of Teria.
Now was the time for Akms and Nabu Naid, king
of Babylon, to act, but it was impossible for them
to concentrate their forces and to cooperate properly. Cyrus first
(28:36):
moved against Croasis and soon had conquered Lydia, taken its capital,
and made the king a prisoner fall of five forty
six b C. A Persian fleet sent against Cyprus easily
succeeded in dislodging the Egyptian garrisons. Am Now, instead of
(29:01):
coming to the aid of his ally, Nabu Naid remained
inactive while the Persians conquered Babylon and took possession of
Palestine and Syria as far as the Egyptian frontier. The
pharaoh evidently hoped to pacify Cyrus by this inactivity, but
(29:23):
he had gone just one step too far and had
incurred the determined enmity of the Persians that the invasion
of Egypt did not follow immediately on. The occupation of
Palestine was owing to complications that had arisen on the
Eastern frontier. In the wars fought here, Cyrus lost his life,
(29:48):
but his successor, Cambises, soon punished Egypt for its share,
and the coalition against Persia, Akmes thought it to his
advantage to interfere in Syrinae. Here King Archisilaus had been
assassinated by Learchus, who had ascended the throne and supported
(30:11):
by Egyptian mercenaries, had instituted a most tyrannical rule. His
misrule did not last long. He was assassinated at the
instigation of Polyarchus and his sister Eeriso, who placed Baddis,
the son of Archisilaus, on the throne. The Egyptian mercenaries
(30:36):
now called on Acmas for aid, and he determined to
take advantage of these conditions to subdue the city. Before
he started on the expedition, however, his mother died and
he was detained in Egypt by the preparations for her interment. Polyarchus,
(30:57):
accompanied by his mother Cretola and his sister Erkso, now
went to Egypt to propitiate the pharaoh. Acmes received them kindly, and,
praising the energy they had shown, dismissed them. Loaded with presents.
He now abandoned the expedition against Syennae, as he was
(31:20):
evidently satisfied with the recognition of his sovereignty. The two
nations hereafter remained at peace until the downfall of Egypt.
Acmees was confined entirely to Egypt. His expedition against Cyprus,
though at first successful, had proved in the end a failure.
(31:44):
In Asia, he dared not interfere Ethiopia retained its independence,
and his sovereignty over Synae was purely nominal, while the
kingdom thus did not extend its boundary under Akmus. Still,
his reign was an epoch of great prosperity. Agriculture and
(32:09):
commerce flourished, and it is stated that there were at
this time twenty thousand inhabited places in Egypt. The Greeks were,
of course greatly favored, and costly presents were made to
their temples, among them being a contribution of a thousand
(32:29):
pounds of alum, one of the most important raw products
of Egypt, to the fund the Amphic Taions were collecting
for rebuilding the Delphic Temple. Greek immigration was greatly encouraged.
The Ionians and Carians, whom Semtec the first had settled
(32:51):
on the Pealusic branch of the Nile, were removed to
Memphis to serve as a body guard to the Pharaoh
in place of the harbor. Thus lost to the Greeks.
The king gave them the city of Nolcratus and its
surroundings in the neighborhood of the present city of Alexandria.
(33:14):
This new city stood outside of the pale of Egyptian
jurisdiction and was allowed to make its own laws. The
result was that the inhabitants clung to their own Greek
customs and institutions with the greatest tenacity, and went their
way entirely uninfluenced by their Egyptian neighbors. The city being
(33:40):
originally intended for Ionians from Taos, its government was modeled
after that of the latter city. This town became the
center of Greek activity in Egypt. In it was erected
the great sanctuary of the Greeks in Egypt. This was
(34:01):
the Helenion, which was built by several Greek cities conjointly.
These cities were Chios, Taos, Fosai, Clasomenae, Nidos, Halicarnassis, Phacelis,
and Mytelenae. The reason why so many cities helped to
(34:25):
build the Helenion was that all of the cities that
took part in this work had the privilege of sending
to Nelcratus a supervisor of trade, or as we would
put it, appointing a member of the board of trade.
Temples to zeus Hera and Apollo were also built by
(34:49):
other cities, who thus gained the same privilege as the
builders of the Helenion. Nelcratus rose very rapidly, owing to
certain laws that gave her a complete monopoly of the
trade with Greece. The Greeks soon had colonies in all
(35:10):
parts of Egypt, even in the southern portions of the country.
The Milesians had a trading post at Abydos, and Samian
merchants even settled in the Great Oasis. Being engaged in
no great wars, this pharaoh was enabled to devote considerable
(35:32):
attention to the temples of the land. In all parts
of Egypt, from the Delta to the island of Baigay,
we find traces of his work. He died five twenty
six b C, after having been co regent of his
brother in law for six years and sole ruler for
(35:55):
thirty eight years. Section six. Semtech the Third and the
Persian conquest of Egypt five twenty six to five twenty
five b C. When Semtec the Third ascended the throne
of his fathers. The catastrophe that had so long threatened
(36:17):
the land at length overwhelmed it. The account of this
catastrophe has been preserved to us by Herodotus. The stories that,
according to Greek traditions, impelled Cambises to invade Egypt are
all untrustworthy, as they seek to bring Cambyses into relationship
(36:42):
with the Egyptian kings and to find the cause of
the war in this relationship, while making Cambyses appear at
the same time as the legitimate pharaoh. The war far
from having any such cause, as degree historians would have
us believe, had in all probability been determined on already
(37:08):
by Cyrus, who was prevented from carrying out this part
of his plan by other matters. Cambyses was free to
attack Egypt, and he had ample cause for war in
the fact that Egypt had been the ally of his
father's worst enemies, King Croasis of Lydia and King Nabu
(37:31):
Naid of Babylon. Accordingly, Cambyses began making active preparations for
the war, and everything indicated that he was going to
have a hard time of it. The eastern frontier of
Egypt was protected by the Syrian desert that skirted it
to cross, which was a task of no small difficulty.
(37:56):
Recognizing this fact, Akmas it concentrated his forces at Pelusium,
hoping to gain an easy victory over the Persian army,
which no doubt would suffer terribly in the desert and
reach the Egyptian border sadly used up. Cambisses did not
(38:18):
under rate the difficulty of the undertaking and made the
most extensive preparations. A great fleet was fitted out to
attack Pelusium by sea, while the army attacked it by land.
Just as he was about to start, he received unexpected
and timely aid in the Egyptian army. There was a
(38:43):
Holacarnashian officer named Thanes, a bright and able leader who
had had some difficulty with Akhmas. In consequence of this,
he had fled to the Persian monarch. On the way,
he was overtaken by the king's favorite eunuch, but managed
(39:04):
to escape. Shortly after this event, Akmes had died and
Semptek the third had succeeded him. Fanes not only betrayed
to the Persians all the secrets of the state, but
he also showed them the means of crossing the desert
without great loss. To accomplish this, envoys were sent to
(39:30):
all the Bedouin sheikhs of the desert, and treaties were
concluded with them. They agreed to furnish the army with
camels and water, and thus the Persian army was enabled
to cross the desert and to reach Pelusium with but
little loss. The battle that ensued was waged with great fury,
(39:54):
but finally, after both sides had lost heavily, the Persians
were victorious and the Egyptians fled from the field. Pelusium
surrendered soon after. A ship was now sent to Memphis,
whither the pharaoh had fled to demand the city's surrender.
(40:16):
When it entered the harbor of Memphis, the garrison boarded it,
killed the crew, and destroyed the vessel. This breach of
international usage met with a severe but well merited punishment.
Memphis was besieged and taken ten days after the capture.
(40:39):
The punishment came two thousand sons of the most respected citizens,
among them the son of King Semtek, were executed to
atone for the death of the two hundred men that
had composed the crew of the ill fated vessel, the
(40:59):
daughter of the fair Pharoh, and the noblest virgins were
sold into slavery, and the fortunes of the richest citizens
and of the king's friends were confiscated, leaving their former
owners beggars. The fate of Semtec was comparatively light. Cambises
(41:20):
even intending to make him governor of Egypt, but he
became involved in a conspiracy against Cambises and was compelled
to take poison. Thus ended the last of the Semtecs.
As a result of the capture of Memphis, the Libyans
(41:41):
submitted voluntarily and paid tribute. Syennae and Barsaia also sent tribute,
but this the Persian monarch divided among his soldiers, as
he hoped to gain far more by capturing these rich
towns than he could ever get from them as voluntary tribute.
(42:04):
End of Chapter nine
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