Los 4 viajes de Colón a América. - Ep.2 (La conquista de América)

El descubrimiento del Nuevo Mundo supuso una revolución económica y política para los reinos de Castilla y Aragón y el encumbramiento de Cristóbal Colón como un marino genial, si bien pronto se verían sus carencias como gobernante de La Española. Un hastiado Colón abandonaba Portugal y se trasladaba a Castilla para ofrecer su proyecto a los Reyes Católicos. Tras arduas negociaciones, el marino logró que la reina Isabel financiara su expedición y le concediera varios privilegios, entre ellos nombrarlo Almirante de la Mar Oceana. Fray Bartolomé de las Casas aseguró que Colón sabía que había tierra al otro lado del Atlántico, una hipótesis que defendió siglos después el historiador español Juan Manzano. Es probable que el genovés hubiera obtenido de alguien información precisa sobre los alisios. Con esos datos en su cabeza y con una copia del mapa de Toscanelli, el marino zarpó de Palos de la Frontera el 3 de agosto de 1492 al mando de dos pequeñas carabelas (la Pinta y la Niña) y una nao más grande (la Santa María). Tras varios días de navegación, la flotilla recaló en las islas Canarias. Escucha la historia completa en el podcast. Déjanos tu comentario en Ivoox o Spotify, o escríbenos a [e-mail] Comparte nuestro podcast en tus redes sociales, puedes realizar una valoración de 5 estrellas en Apple Podcast o Spotify. Texto: Fernando Cohnen Dirección, locución y producción: Iván Patxi Gómez Gallego Contacto de publicidad en podcast: [e-mail]

Episode Transcript

(00:00):
The discovery of the new world,marked an economic and political revolution for the
kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and theelevation of Christopher Columbus as a great sailor,
although soon his deficiencies as ruler ofthe Spanish one would be seen.

(00:21):
Great reports of very history presents theconquest of America lights and shadows. Episode

(00:43):
two, exploring the unknown the fourtrips of Columbus America, a text by
Fernando with him. Nearly four decadesbefore the arrival of Columbus America, in
one thousand four hundred and fifty twenty- three, the takeover of Constantinople by

(01:03):
the Ottomans caused the closure of theSilk Road, through which the eastern species
arrived in Europe. As the supplyof this precious product decreased the demand increased
in the old continent, which triggeredits price on the market. That lack
began to be solved in the yearone thousand four hundred and eighty- eight,
when the Portuguese navigator Bartolomé Díaz surroundedthe Cape of Good Hope in South

(01:26):
Africa, opening a new sea lanetowards the East and the Spices through the
Indian Ocean. However, the journeywas very long and dangerous. Given the

(01:49):
difficulties, the Portuguese wondered whether itwould be possible to reach the East through
the Atlantic in that tesitura. Ina thousand four hundred and eighty- three,
the genoese navigator Christopher Columbus traveled toLisbon to propose to the Portuguese Court
an expedition to the island of Cipango, Japan, sailing west and leaving behind
the Blue Islands. King John IIreferred Columbus' proposal to the members of

(02:16):
the board of mathematicians, who rejectedthe Genovese' s plan as their calculations
were erroneous. Despite the negative opinionof his scientists, the Portuguese monarch consulted
Paolo Toscanelli if it was possible totravel to India across the Atlantic. The

(02:39):
astronomer and mathematician Florentine sent a Lisbonmap showing land beyond the Azores. Toscanelli
believed that Japan was three zero nauticalmiles from the island of Cape Verde,
when the actual distance is ten thousandsix hundred. To get out of doubt,
sovereign Luso commissioned the Flemish sailor FerdinAmbanolmen to undertake an expedition to the

(03:02):
West. In the spring of onethousand four hundred and eighty- seven,
Banolmen and his men took a routevery far from the trade winds, whose
regime facilitates the arrival on the Americancoasts, so the trip proved a complete
failure. While a tedious man,Columbus left Portugal and moved to Castile to

(03:22):
offer his project to Catholic kings.After arduous negotiations, the sailor managed to
get Queen Elizabeth to finance his expeditionand grant him several privileges, among them
to appoint him admiral of the oceanSea Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, assured

(03:43):
that Columbus knew that there was landon the other side of the Atlantic,
a hypothesis defended centuries later by theSpanish historian Juan Manzano. It is likely
that the Genoese would have obtained accurateinformation from someone about the Alisians with that
data in their head and n on or a copy of Toscanelli' s
map. The sailor sailed from Palosfrom the border on August 3, one
thousand four hundred and ninety- two, under the command of two small caraves,

(04:09):
the Pin de la Niña and alarger nao, the Santa Maria.
After several days of sailing, theflotilla moved to the Canary Islands. Once
they were supplied with water and food. The three ships and their ninety sailors

(04:30):
left the gomera on September 6.Pushed by the Alisians. The small fleet
sailed smoothly to the Sea of Sargazos, but time passed and the ships did
not see signs of land, whichcaused restlessness on board and two mutiny conatos.
Hours after the last, the nightof the 11th to the 12th of
October, a sailor of the painting, Juan Rodríguez de Bermejo, who has

(04:55):
been called Rodrigo de Triana by tradition, gave the cry that everyone was anxiously
waiting for land if the American continenthad not existed. Columbus and his men
would not have had enough food tosurvive, as the Japan crossing was much
longer than the genoese sailor supposed.On October 12, Columbus took possession on

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behalf of the Catholic kings of theIsle of San Salvador of the Bahamas Archipelago,
although other researchers believe that the islandwas Watling or kat Island, also
called the Big Island of San Salvador, which could already be considered admiral of
the ocean sea raised the standard ofIsabel and Fernando and made the solemn declaration

(05:42):
of their rights on the island registerby the notary. When he arrived in
Cuba on October 28, Columbus thoughtthat territory was the Asian continent. However,
something did not fit where the greatcities, palaces and riches of Cipango
were. If those lands were notJapan, perhaps they belonged to China.

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Columbus thought with that idea in hishead, the Admiral continued his journey to
an island he called the current Spanish, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It
was in that place that his captainshipcrashed into a reef, so he decided
to leave a contingent of men ina fort that they built with the remains

(06:25):
of the boat that was shut downand that he was baptized with the name
of Christmas. After establishing this firstsettlement in the New World, Columbus saw
the pint that under the command ofMartín Alonso Pinzón, had separated on November
22nd from the flotilla to explore thefins on his own. On 16 January,

(06:49):
Columbus and Pinzón set out for theAtlantic and sailed smoothly back to the
Iberian Peninsula. The two sailors musthave been very satisfied. His adventure had
been a success. On the 12thof February, the time impió and the

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painting was dragged in another direction,arriving in Bayona to Galicia at the end
of that month, badly damaged bythe storm, the girl anchored in Lisbon
and on the 4th of March,where Columbus was received by the Portuguese king
John II, who let him knowthat the discovered regions belonged to Portugal according
to the Treaty of Alcasoras signed withCastile in one thousand four hundred seventy-

(07:36):
nine. Once from Holis Boa,Columbus moved to Barcelona to meet with the
Catholic kings and tell them about thewarning given to him by the monarch Luso.
The sovereigns told him that they themselveswould deal with this matter with Portugal
and combine Columbus to tell him abouthis adventure in the new world. Surprised

(08:01):
by the success of the sailor,the monarchs ordered him to begin a second
expedition to colonize more territories. TheAdmiral left the city of Cádiz on the
25th of September of one thousand fourhundred and ninety- three under the command
of a fleet of seventeen ships andmore than one thousand and two hundred men.
Among the participants of the expedition wasin the future discoverer Alonso de Ojeda,

(08:24):
cartographer Juan de la Cosa y Poncede León, who years later would
explore Puerto Rico and the flower.The fleet arrived at the islands of Sotavento,
where they found the caribbeans who receivedtheir men to Cologne with a reflective
rain. After suffering that unexpected attack, the Admiral and his men landed in

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the Spanish language on November 22.The first surprise was to see that the
fort had been destroyed and his menkilled. Those first Spanish settlers had raped
the native women and stolen their food. So these had ended up killing them.
Columbus then headed east to found anothercolony, which was baptized with the

(09:09):
name of La Isabela in honor ofthe Castilian Queen. Other crew members,
under the command of Alonso de Ojedaand Vicente Yañez Pinzón, founded their own
colonies that would later be endorsed bythe Crown. For his part, the

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Admiral left La Isabela in the handsof his brother and sailed back to the
Peninsula, moving immediately to Burgos tomeet Catholic kings as soon as possible,
who confirmed him in his positions incommand of the new territories. The discovery
of the new world marked a social, economic and political revolution of great dimensions

(09:54):
for the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, but it was also the cause of
a new encounter of the Catholic kingsthe Portuguese monarchy. The Aragonese monarch skilfully
maneuvered before Pope Alexander VI to obtaina number of advantages over the Portuguese.
In a thousand four hundred and ninety- four, the Treaty of Tordesillas,

(10:16):
arbitrated by the Holy See, establisheda line of demarcation between the new overseas
territories discovered by Spaniards and Portuguese.The agreement granted the crowns of Castile and
Leon everything beyond a line located threehundred and seventy leagues west of the islands
of Cape Verde, while the newterritories located east of that line and south
of Cape Bojador would belong to Portugal. It was the first modern Treaty of

(10:43):
European history, since alongside the diplomatswho conducted the talks there were experts who
advised them. The third expedition ofColón Zarpodo Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Cádiz,

(11:05):
on May thirty, one thousand fourhundred and ninety- eight, under the
command of a fleet of six shipsand two hundred and twenty- six crew
members. Upon reaching the Spanish,the Genoese met with the unpleasant surprise that
a faction of the colonists, ledby Francisco Roldán, had rioted to control
part of the colony. The sailorsuffocated the rebellion and immediately set out to

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allow some men to settle in theirown colonies and to exploit Indian labour through
what he called ensigns. Since then, the leaders of the new world have
mistreated and exploited the Indians. Thepopulation of the island fell from about sixty
zero indigenous people in one thousand fourhundred ninety- two to five hundred.
In 1, 500 forty- eight, the cruelty of colón to the indigenous

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people came to the ears of QueenElizabeth, who did not like the legal
figure imposed by the Admiral in thecolony. The Sovereign of Castile hated the
treatment of her new subjects and fearedthat the ensigns could become a new feudal
class, whose privileges would call intoquestion the Crown Authority. For that reason,
he decided to send Francisco de Bobadillaas a plenipotentiary to investigate what was

(12:24):
happening in the new territories. Uponhis arrival in Spain, in August of
1, 500 Bobadilla discovered the chaosprevailing in the colony. His first steps
were to assume the power of theenclave and return to the peninsula the Colón
brothers chained. Upon their arrival,the Queen released them and returned some of
their privileges, but their political careerat the head of the colony ended forever.

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The Genovese was a great sailor,but a lousy ruler. In September
of 1, 500 one, theCatholic kings appointed Nicholas of Obando governor of
the islands. He reinstated the orderin the Spanish language, although he acted

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in the same way as Columbus,mistreating the natives, expanding the number of
assignments and forgetting to Christianize the Indians, which was a source of distress for
the devout Queen Elizabeth. In 1, 500 ten, four Dominicans traveled to
the Spanish language and were shocked bywhat they saw there. One of them,

(13:33):
Antonio de Montesinos, launched a proclamationagainst the cruelty and greed of the
agents, which precipitated two years afterKing Fernando signed the laws of Burgos that
established a salary for the indigenous workersof the commissions. To achieve this goal,
the crown placed all the economic gearunder the supervision of real officials,

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but the settlers ignored the law andthe mortality among the natives grew dizzyly.
Hundreds of thousands of them died frommistreatment or diseases brought by settlers. Meanwhile,
many established relationships with indigenous women andhad children, starting with a mix
that developed for centuries throughout Latin America. On the 11th of May, 1,

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500 two colonists went into the UpperSea to carry out their fourth and
final journey to the new world.It was his most humiliating adventure, because
he was denied access to the Spanishlanguage to avoid disturbances. On July 27
he reached the coast of Honduras andon October 17 he divided the coast of
Veragua, a vast territory located inthe current Panama, Nicaragua and Costa Rica,

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of which his grandson was to beDuke in 1, 500 thirty-
six, title that his descendants wouldcarry since, without pity or glory.
The discoverer of America arrived in Sanlúcarde Barrameda on November 7, 1,
500, four weeks before the deathof Queen Elizabeth, his great protector.

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Almost two years later, Columbus diedin Valladolid. It would then be when
the Crown ordered the founding of Citiesin appropriate places on the island to provide
fixed points of support to the colonizers. That political decision was to mark the

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beginning of the end of all theindigenous communities of America, whose resources and
living space would pass into the handsof the Habsburgs. Or thank you for
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(16:03):
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