Hamburguesas vegetales ¿son ecológicas? (Medio ambiente)

Constantemente nos dicen que una dieta vegetal es mejor para la salud y el planeta. ¿Es siempre así? Científicos y organismos internacionales —como el Panel de Expertos en Cambio Climático de la ONU, la OMS o la FAO— aconsejan una alimentación vegetal para proteger la salud y reducir los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Se incluye en iniciativas de política alimentaria: EAT-Lancet Planetary Health Diet, el Pacto Verde Europeo o la Estrategia De la Granja a la Mesa, que ven necesario capacitar a los consumidores para facilitar sus elecciones. «Además promueve el respeto hacia los animales y evita su explotación», dice Javier Moreno de la ONG Igualdad animal. La producción cárnica es el 14,5 % de emisiones GEI, casi el 60 % de la producción alimentaria, el doble que los vegetales. Exige más tierra, agua, piensos u otros insumos. Utiliza el código CIENCIADIGITAL y obtén tu descuento en Muy Interesante, sigue con este link https://bit.ly/3TYwx9a Déjanos tu comentario en Ivoox o Spotify, o escríbenos a [e-mail] ¿Nos ayudas? Comparte nuestro contenido en redes sociales . Texto: Brenda Chávez Dirección, locución y producción: Iván Patxi Gómez Gallego @ivanpatxi Contacto de publicidad en podcast: [e-mail]

Episode Transcript

(00:00):
They constantly tell us that a vegetablediet is better for health and the planet
is always like this. The podcastsof very interesting, great reports of very

(00:22):
interesting presents the ecological footprint of myhamburger sees how about a text by Brenda
Chávez. Scientists and international bodies suchas the UN Panel of Experts on Climate

(00:48):
Change at the World Health Organization HelloFAO, advise a plant feeding to protect
health and reduce greenhouse gases. Itis included in food policy initiatives, the
European Green Pact or the Farm Strategyat the table, which sees the need
to train consumers to facilitate their choices. In addition, it promotes respect for

(01:11):
animals and prevents their exploitation, saysJavier Moreno, of the NGO animal equality.
Meat production is the fourteen five percentcoma of greenhouse gas missions, almost
sixty percent of food production. Thedouble that vegetables demand more land, water,

(01:32):
feed or other inputs from Economys christenedthe two thousand nineteen as the year
of veganism and vegetarianism is also booming. Its growth is the biggest collapse in
the food sector in half a century. The report on the global market for
vegetable foods indicates that it will beabout eighteen billion dollars in two thousand twenty

(01:55):
- three. Blumber Intelligens estimates$160 billion in two thousand thirty. The
vegetable meat rose from three thousand sixhundred million in two thousand twenty to four
hundred million in two thousand twenty one. According to Marketans Market and Goodfoot Instute,
by two thousand and thirty, laboratorymeat was competitive compared to the real

(02:17):
one A juicy business that attracts multinationals, millionaires and celebrities, but it'
s always better for the planet andhealth Reducing its sustainability to good vegetable carnivorous
bad simplifies complex issues. Supermarkets andfast food chains sell vegetable alternatives, but

(02:43):
demand for meat increases globally, aswell as for fish, dairy and eggs.
A study by John Hopkins University comparesthese substitutes for laboratory and animal meat
from economics, politics, the environment, public health and animal welfare. It

(03:04):
concludes that they are better at meat, although they must be better analyzed before
assuming that they solve those challenges.They are complex products with various inputs,
long supply chains and that cause impactsin different sectors and will not meet their
environmental health or animal welfare benefits ifthey do not compensate for the meat consumption

(03:29):
that in the last half century growsat twice the speed of the population.
Most alternatives can be environmentally better forcattle, but legumes earn in almost all
categories. Plant substitutes have more footprintsand meat grown more than these. They
also use more water and energy thanmost farmed fish and many of their supposed

(03:52):
profits are speculations not yet commercialized.The oras keep secrets that make it difficult
to examine and finance or commission muchof their research, as in plant substitutes,
which questions their objectivity. The carbonfootprint is not the only indicator of

(04:12):
its sustainability, which varies according toits origin where we live, its packaging
and transport. Sometimes their materials aremonocultures of corn, sugar, cereal or
soy, with high emissions that hoardland, change their use impact communities and
biodiversity. They also travel as longout- of- season products, creating

(04:34):
more greenhouse gas emissions than others ofanimal origin. Dr María Dolores Raigon,
who investigate the soils and foods ofindustrial and ecological production, advises against consuming
processed vegetables from materials with thousands ofkilometers. An analysis from Orwelling Data to

(04:56):
Oxford University indicates that greenhouse gas emissionsfrom food systems are one quarter or one
third of the total. They canexceed one five degrees of global warming and
threaten the two degrees above which catastrophiceffects are prevented. They come from their
deforestation methane, fuels, fossils,supply chains, refrigeration, transport and storage.

(05:23):
Greenhouse tomatoes may have twice as muchfootprint as some types of pork or
chicken and some cheese more than certainkinds of pork, which is not consumed
matter. One quarter of food-related emissions are from individual and business waste.

(05:48):
With its preparation it causes the homesto lose one eighth of the energy
used from the farm. According tothe consultant Mackenzie, for example, an
average American consumes in his life twothousand one hundred and forty- seven chickens,
seventy- one turkeys, thirty-one pigs, ten eight cows,
one thousand seven hundred fish and seventeenzero seafood, with the consequent expense of

(06:12):
energy, water and emissions. Accordingto the U S Department of Agriculture,
ten zero million animals, most ofthem chickens, were killed in two thousand
twenty. Changing half to vegetable alternativesby two thousand thirty could avoid emissions comparable
to those produced by forty- sevenmillion cars, but from reducing meat consumption.

(06:38):
Making sustainable decisions involves knowing what toreplace these animals with. When choosing
a vegetable diet it is advisable tochange meat and dairy first. If the
beef is less carnivorous by chicken orpork. Most of its footprint also depends
on its extensive or organic industrial production. The nar of meat discards organic production

(07:00):
in areas with a shortage of legumesand nuts may be a more sustainable option
than relying on external sources. Holisticsystems that integrate livestock, grazing whistles or
extensive small- scale livestock are amongthe most efficient uses of land and can
enhance indigenous biodiversity. A plant dietcan reduce the risk of heart disease,

(07:26):
diabetes, and obesity. It claimsveronic long supply Spain. Paradoxically, today
we manufacture food, garbage, ultra- processed industrial vegetable with additives. Michael
Poland knows, eating sentence if it' s a plant eats it, if
it' s made on a plantdoesn' t. Vegan cheese comes from

(07:49):
fat and soy protein or fermented nuts. It carries thickeners and flavorings, natural
or industrial that give flavor and tessproteins of chickpeas, peas or potatoes.
To stabilize it and texturize it.Canola oil, coconut palm safflower that give
seed base creaminess in many acidifying andflavor enhancers. Casein, milk protein is

(08:16):
replaced with fungi and microbes. Sometimesmicrobial rennet is added a homo yeast fungi
coagulant is more sustainable, since itswater and soil use is more productive.
They do not confine or kill animals, but it is advisable to reduce the
consumption of processed ones because of theirlow intensity in nutrients of high biological value,

(08:41):
their high concentration of refined sugars salt, fats, saturated or additives that
increase their chemical load and their excesspackaging, even in organic raigón size.
Not all prints are the same.To produce a kilo of cow requires about

(09:03):
fifteen zero liters of water, eighty- seven bathtubs. If rice is the
sixth part, apples and bananas,20 times less products that use water resources
above the potential of ecosystems are notsustainable. If the forests are not unhealthy,
they should have the days counted,says the former MEP of the Green

(09:24):
Flowers mars Yesí, the grains fruitsand vegetables have the least environmental impact,
use much less earth processing energy andusually create less greenhouse gases than the animal
proteins less emitting. The beef isthe one with the greatest impact varies according

(09:45):
to its creation, it usually usestwenty- eight times more land and eleven
times more water than that of birdsor pigs than ruminants twenty times more earth
and more greenhouse gases than legumes.Digestion of the polygenous animals, the tricos,
the cows sheep goats create methane thirtytimes worse than the ceo two,
the main cause of global warming,although short- lived. Monogastrics, chickens

(10:11):
and pigs emit less methane and useless land, but are not sustainable alternatives
to ruminant meat. The poultry industryis the world' s largest user of
fodder crops. The water footprint ofthe chicken is about five times more than
the peas and legumes. That ofpoultry lower than that of pork and manure

(10:35):
of chickens and pigs can damage ecosystemsand create high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus.
The second emits methane and nitrous oxide, which accumulates in the atmosphere for
decades, contributing to warming three hundredtimes more than ceo two. In the
case of wild fish and seafood theydo not create methane. Its environmental impacts

(10:56):
are lower than terrestrial animals. Theyemploy less ans and land. However,
its overfishing affects the environment and localeconomies. Those of acu and culture emits
is of greenhouse effect almost equivalent tothe production of sheep. In the case
of eggs, they have the lowestemissions of livestock products, but they require

(11:16):
more manure management As for dairy,in two thousand seventeen, the world'
s thirteen largest corporations emitted more greenhousegases than oil company Koko Phillips. By
placing these products among the top twentyemitters, their land use and emissions are

(11:39):
higher than in birds. Vegetables areall sustainable. The World Resources Institute estimates
that eating half of cattle can stopagricultural expansion and sustain a global population of
ten zero million. Agriculture must beguided by sustainable principles and respect. The

(12:05):
Administration should promote practices to protect ecosystemsand avoid harming biodiversity. He claims lacro.
As production escalates, the impacts ofagriculture and livestock are aggravated to explain
raigón if they are in areas ofhigh ecosystem value, The loss of natural
heritage is serious. More sustainable economic, social and environmental approaches are needed,

(12:31):
local wildlife, unlimited agricultural practices,chemicals and water exploitation should have been protected
in the smaller and doñana sea.The polluter- pays principle does not comply
with the damages, they are paidby the citizens with taxes, health expenses
and subsidies. Javier Guzmán of theNGO Food Justice adds Spain suffers problems of

(12:56):
water availability on the exploitation of aquifersand an export model that in the last
twenty years has extended octare areas ofirrigation. With the climate crisis, it
' s time to decide what todedicate water to feed people or grow avocados,
mangoes and strawberries to export. Withrespect to other crops, avocados have

(13:16):
a large water footprint like nuts asingle almond in California requires more than a
liter. A study of two thousandeighteen estimated that their milk has more environmental
impact than that of soy or cowbecause of its lower protein intake. The
scale is also key. Microbes inrice fields emit a lot of methane and

(13:39):
nitrous oxide. As rice feeds millionsof people globally. Its greenhouse gas emissions
are 50 per cent of those ofall crops. Legumes, despite demanding more
land and water than other crops,turn air nitrogen into nutrients and can reduce
fertilizers. Groecology is the best alternativefor a healthy, sustainable and animal-

(14:07):
friendly future, says Marcela. Thus, FAO proposes it as a sustainable model,
Raigon clarifies its virtues. It doesnot use toxic chemicals, increases crop
diversity, reduces greenhouse gas dependencies andemissions, promotes local production and consumption,
promotes resilience, food security, socialjustice and rural development. Moreno advises buying

(14:35):
a vegetable burger is easy. Thesensible thing is to change consumption and production
habits. Thank you for listening tothe very interesting podcasts