Chapter 26.2 Nutrition

This textbook is designed specifically for Kansas State's Biology 198 Class. The course is taught using the studio approach and based on active learning. The studio manual contains all of the learning objectives for each class period and is the record of all student activities. Hence, this textbook is more of a reference tool while the studio manual is the learning tool.
Authors: Robert Bear, David Rintoul, Bruce Snyder, Martha Smith-Caldas, Christopher Herren, and Eva Horne
Kansas State University Libraries
New Prairie Press
Bear, Robert; Rintoul, David; Snyder, Bruce; Smith-Caldas, Martha; Herren, Christopher; and Horne, Eva, "Principles of Biology" (2016). Open Access Textbooks. 1. https://newprairiepress.org/textbooks/1
The textbook was originally published and is also available to download at http://cnx.org/contents/[e-mail] is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license.

Episode Transcript

(00:00):
Welcome to Principles of Biology. Thisbook was written by the Open Alternative Textbook
Initiative at Kansas State University and isbeing released as a podcast and distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionLicense. Today's episode is Chapter twenty six
point two Nutrition. All hyperlinks,images and sources can be found at the

(00:22):
link to the book. In thedescription tell me what you eat, I
will tell you what you are.Gene ANTELM. Brillet Savereign, the Philosopher
in the Kitchen aphorism four eighteen twentyfive. Brillet Savereign's aphorism may not be
entirely true, but it holds agrain of truth. Given the diversity of
animal life on our planet, itis not surprising that the animal diet would

(00:44):
also vary substantially. The animal dietis the source of materials needed for building
DNA and other complex molecules needed forgrowth, maintenance, and reproduction. Collectively,
these processes are called biosynthesis. Thediet is also the of materials for
ATP production in the cells. Thediet must be balanced to provide the minerals

(01:06):
and vitamins that are required for cellularfunction. Food requirements. What are the
fundamental requirements of the animal diet.The animal diet should be well balanced and
provide nutrients required for bodily function andthe minerals and vitamins required for a maintaining
structure and regulation necessary for good healthand reproductive capability. These requirements for a

(01:29):
human are illustrated graphically in figure.Healthy diet logo shows a plate divided into
four sections labeled fruits, vegetables,grains, and protein. The vegetable section
is slightly larger than the other three. A circle to the side of the
plate is labeled dairy. Beneath theplate is the web address Choose my plate
dot gov. For humans, abalanced diet includes fruits, vegetables, grains,

(01:55):
and protein. Credit USDA every DayConnection Let's Move campaign. Obesity is
a growing epidemic, and the rateof obesity among children is rapidly rising in
the United States. To combat childhoodobesity and ensure that children get a healthy
start in life, first Lady MichelleObama has launched the Let's Move campaign.

(02:20):
The goal of this campaign is toeducate parents and caregivers on providing healthy nutrition
and encouraging active lifestyles to future generations. This program aims to involve the entire
community, including parents, teachers,and healthcare providers, to ensure that children
have access to healthy foods, morefruits, vegetables, and whole grains,
and consume fewer calories from processed foods. Another goal is to ensure that children

(02:45):
get physical activity. With the increasein television viewing and stationary pursuits such as
video games, sedentary lifestyles have becomethe norm. Learn more at www dot
Let's move dot gov. Organ precursors, the organic molecules required for building cellular
material and tissues, must come fromfood. Carbohydrates or sugars, are the

(03:08):
primary source of organic carbons in theanimal body. During digestion. Digestible carbohydrates
are ultimately broken down into glucose andused to provide energy through metabolic pathways.
Complex carbohydrates, including polysaccharides, canbe broken down into glucose through biochemical modification.

(03:28):
However, humans do not produce theenzyme cellulase and lack the ability to
derive glucose from the polysaccharide cellulose.In humans, these molecules provide the fiber
required for moving waste through the largeintestine and a healthy colin. The intestinal
flora in the human gut are ableto extract some nutrition from these plant fibers.

(03:49):
The excess sugars in the body areconverted into glycogen and stored in the
liver and muscles for later use.Glycogen stores are used to fuel prolonged exertions
such as long distance running, andto provide energy during food shortage. Excess
glycogen can be converted to fats,which are stored in the lower layer of
the skin of mammals for insulation andenergy storage. Excess digestible carbohydrates are stored

(04:13):
by mammals in order to survive famineand aid in mobility. Another important requirement
is that of nitrogen. Protein catabolismprovides a source of organic nitrogen. Amino
Acids are the building blocks of proteins, and protein breakdown provides amino acids that
are used for cellular function. Thecarbon and nitrogen derived from these become the

(04:35):
building block for nucleotides, nucleic acids, proteins, cells, and tissues.
Excess nitrogen must be excreted as itis toxic. Fats add flavor to food
and promote a sense of satiety orfullness. Fatty foods are also significant sources
of energy because one grim of fatcontains nine calories. Fats are required in

(04:58):
the diet to aid the absorbed offat soluble vitamins and the production of fat
soluble hormones essential nutrients. While theanimal body can synthesize many of the molecules
required for function from the organic precursors, there are some nutrients that need to
be consumed from food. These nutrientsare turned essential nutrients, meaning they must
be eaten and the body cannot producethem. The omega three alphalinelenic acid and

(05:25):
the omega six linelic acid are essentialfatty acids needed to make some membrane phospholipids.
Vitamins are another class of essential organicmolecules that are required in small quantities
for many enzymes to function, andfor this reason are considered to be coenzymes.
Absence or low levels of vitamins canhave a dramatic effect on health,

(05:45):
as outlined in table and table.Both fat soluble and water soluble vitamins must
be obtained from food. Minerals listedin table are inorganic essential nutrients that must
be obtained from food. Among theirmany functions, minerals help in structure and
regulation and are considered cofactors. Certainamino acids also must be procured from food

(06:08):
and cannot be synthesized by the body. These amino acids are the essential amino
acids. The human body can synthesizeonly eleven of the twenty required amino acids.
The rest must be obtained from food. The essential amino acids are listed
in table. A healthy diet shouldinclude a variety of foods to ensure that

(06:29):
needs for essential nutrients are met.This podcast will be released episodically and follow
the sections of the textbook in thedescription. For a deeper understanding, we
encourage you review the text version ofthis work voice by voicemaker dot Ian.
This was produced by Brandon Casturo asa creative Common Sense production.