August 19, 2025 • 15 mins
Join British naval historian Julian Stafford Corbett as he delves into the thrilling life of Sir Francis Drake (1540-1596). From humble beginnings as a farmers son to becoming Queen Elizabeths most formidable privateer and daring naval commander, Drakes journey is one of adventure and audacity. In search of the gold and silver of Spanish Peru, he bravely navigated the treacherous waters of Cape Horn, enduring losses of both men and ships in the relentless battles against nature. After seizing a treasure ship from the astonished Spaniards, he became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. As King Philip of Spain gathered his formidable Armada, Drake showcased the power of a well-strategized naval force, crippling the enemys trade and finances. Corbett captures the essence of Drake, noting that he stemmed the tide of the Spanish Empire at its fullest flood. Prepare to be captivated by this tale of courage, cunning, and maritime mastery.
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Section seventeen of Sir Francis Drake by Julian Corbett. This
LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by Pamelinagami,
Chapter ten in Quest of the Spanish Armada, Part one,
still burning for action. On June twenty sixth Drake reached
(00:22):
Plymouth with his splendid prize, and after a fortnight was
spent in getting her up to Saltash and overhauling the
priceless cargo with a chest full of jewels and the
bill of lading, he hurried to court, hoping to dazzle
the Queen into giving him the orders he so ardently desired.
But all was in vain. Not all Drake's temptation, nor
(00:45):
all that Burley and Walsingham could urge availed to stir
the obstinate mood into which Mary Stuart's execution had plunged her.
She would attend to nothing but the funeral. Burley and
all the war party were still in disc grace for
having stolen the serpent from her bosom, and she stubbornly
shut her ear to all who did not speak of peace.
(01:07):
Drake's exploits promised to erect the whole negotiations, and he
was pitilessly reprimanded. So far from being allowed to assist him,
Burley was set to write dispatches assuring Parma that the
admiral had exceeded his instructions and was in disgrace. Orders
were sent down to pay off his ships, and the
(01:28):
hunger which his small beginning, as he called it, had
only wedded, had to go unappeased. Still, he might have
been content, for the actual havoc he had made was
but a little thing beside its moral effect. Not only
had he taught English seamen to despise the dreaded galleys,
but in the rank and file of Philip's host he
(01:49):
had planted a terror against which it was vain to struggle.
That a Lutheran heretic could so prevail against the army
of God could admit, as men thought then, of but
one explanation, and that the Church made haste to foster.
Drake was a magician. He had sold his soul to
(02:10):
Satan for a familiar by whose aid he worked. In
his cabin was a glass in which was shown him
the fleets of his enemies, and all that passed on board.
He could count their crews and watch their movements, And
like the Norse witches of old, by some dark bargain,
he had bought the power to garner the winds and
loose or bind them at his will. Let no one
(02:34):
underrate what all this meant. He cannot read or write
the history of that time. Who fails to grasp how
such a personality could oppress the imagination? Sorcery was then
as real as sin, and men moved and breathed and
thought in an atmosphere charged with magic. Nor was this
(02:54):
all if the superstitious fishermen that manned Philip's ships he
uttered before a new devil. The romantic chivalry of Castile
had found another roland for the cruise to fight was madness.
For the captain's surrender was no shame to the king.
His name was a torment. The grandees looked cold disdain
(03:17):
when it was uttered. The Pope mocked at him and
said Elizabeth's distaff was keener than Philip's sword. He invited
a lady to go upon the water, and she protested
she dare not, for fear the dragon should come and
take her from her sovereign's arms. Philip banished her from
the court and smarting under the scourge redoubled his activity,
(03:40):
but still he had to feel what foreign critics were
saying openly that in England was a man before whom
his armada might be not invincible, and his crusade a disgrace.
Yet he relaxed no fiber, nor did Drake forbidden to
strike Philip abroad. He turned earned his animosity against the
(04:01):
trader he saw at home. Though the government refused to
carry out the sentence of death, Burrough was brought before
a court martial. Charge upon charge, Drake heaped implacably on
his head and confounded him with crowds of witnesses, too
eager to win the Great Admiral's favor. Yet, to his
indignation and astonishment, the court refused to convict the prisoner
(04:25):
of treason. More they could not do. It was impossible
for them not to find that the veteran who, seventeen
years ago had so brilliantly defeated the Baltic pirates, had
lost his nerve, and so, with clouded reputation in administrative
employ and once in command of a dispatch vessel, he
(04:46):
fades from history, moaning hopelessly over the charges which had
broken his heart, but to crush the man who, as
he believed, had ruined his enterprise was not enough for
Drake's energy years he had never ceased a day to
do and dare against Spain, and he was not likely
to be still at such an hour as this. If
(05:08):
the Queen would not make war, he was determined to
do it on his own account. As he looked round
him for the best method of pursuing his lifelong quest,
his eyes could not but turn on the abortive project
of five years ago. It had been in his mind
for some time. As he lay off Lisbon in May,
he had ascertained that the Portuguese were expecting him to
(05:32):
land with Don Antonio and his company, and for the
rest of the time he was on the coast he
had been carefully preparing his ground by conciliating them in
every way he could. Don Antonio, over head and ears
in debt, was still hanging about the capital, ready for
anything that would release him from the clutches of his creditors.
Black John Norris, Drake's old brother in arms, was there too,
(05:55):
out of employ and in disgrace for presuming to try
and save the English arms in the Low Countries from
Lester's incompetence. The capture of the Great Karak had set
the merchants mouths watering for the Indian fleet, and everything
seemed ripe for a repetition of the Great king making project.
The only difficulty was the Queen. But Drake had every
(06:18):
ground for a comfortable faith in her love of tortuous
political moves. He knew too at what value to set
her reprimands. And moreover, he had at court a new friend,
more powerful and eager than Hatton himself. The young Earl
of Essex, the son of his old patron, was just
now in the first flush of his favor and his
(06:39):
passion for adventure. He had just been caught in an
attempt to escape to the seat of war in the
Low Countries, and brought back to play games with his
fond and lonely mistress. Smelling traitors. Now with every breath,
Drake pursued his intrigue in such deep mystery that only
here and there his workings show on the surface. Still
(07:00):
there can be no doubt that he suggested to the
forlorn young truant a new way of escape. The coaxing
of her favorite and the temptations of her little pirate
were always hard for the Queen to resist, and as
she found her apologies to Spain accepted, and the negotiations
for peace going smoothly, once more opposition in high quarters
(07:23):
seemed to disappear. Don Antonio received a thousand pounds to
pay his more pressing debts. Ships began to collect at Plymouth.
The carrick was ordered to be sold that the merchants
interested might refit their vessels, and by the end of
October Drake had formed a syndicate to provide the fifty
thousand pounds which were required of him as a privateer
(07:45):
by way of caution money. Everything promised well for his
new war under Don Antonio's flag, when all at once
Elizabeth was confronted with the fruit of her folly in
not having permitted Drake to return at once in complete
his work. Walsingham's brilliant financial operations by which he had
got the King of Spain's bills protested at Genoa, were
(08:08):
in vain for the safe arrival of the great convoys
had restored Spanish credit, and stung at last from his patients,
Philip found himself rich enough to indulge in an outburst
of energy that surprised both friends and foes. Regardless of
the season, the Armada was to sail ere. The year
(08:28):
was out and England, after years of warning, was taken
by surprise once more. The country was tossing in a
fever of warlike preparation. The Navy was to be put
on its war footing, and Drake was summoned to headquarters
to take counsel for the safety of the realm in
Endeavoring to appreciate the strategy of this time, for which
(08:50):
Drake and Sir John Norris must be held responsible, as
respectively the Naval and military chiefs of the Staff, it
must be remembered that England was threatened by three separate
invasions at the same moment. In Spain was the Armada.
In Flanders was Parma with an army of thirty thousand
(09:11):
of the finest soldiers in Europe, with adequate transport and
a small fleet to convoy them, while the border was
in peril from the Scots. Any two of these dangers,
or even all three, might combine, but the best intelligence
led to the belief that Parma meant to join the Scots,
while the Armada seized Ireland or the Isle of Wight
(09:33):
as a base of operations against the West or South.
In view of this information and the fact that the Queen,
still obstinately clinging to her hope of peace, would only
openly sanction a defensive war, there is little fault to
be found with the English naval dispositions. A fleet under
Lord Henry Seymour, with Sir William Winter and Sir Henry
(09:55):
Palmer as flag officers, was to watch Parma in the
narrow seas and to act act in concert with the
Dutch who were blockading the Spanish Netherland ports. To command
in chief, Lord Howard of Effington was commissioned Lord High
Admiral with authority to invade the Spanish dominions. For this purpose,
he was to be in command of the main fleet,
(10:17):
with John Hawkins and Martin Frobisher for his flag officers.
For Drake was reserved the high rank of lieutenant to
the Lord High Admiral, an office which seemed designed to
give him as full a control over the war at
sea as the lingering feudality of the Constitution would allow
to a commoner, however great his professional capacity. By virtue
(10:40):
of the office, he became President of the Naval Council
of War, and as the Lord Admiral's deputy, could exercise
all the powers of that officer's commission at the head
of an independent command. With this in view, his little
fleet of privateers was reinforced from the Thames and Portsmouth
dockyards with four battleships, a cruiser and a couple of
(11:03):
smart gunboats. His division was thus raised to thirty sail,
and the plan of action seems to have been that
while Howard guarded the channel, Drake was to inflict a
counter blow somewhere. It was given out that he was
once more bound for the Spanish main, and volunteers flocked
to his flag. His real destination was kept a profound secret,
(11:25):
but we cannot doubt what it was. For at Christmas
time a spy was reporting to Burley that Don Antonio
might easily be restored to his throne, and in January
the instructions of the commissioners who were going over to
Flanders to treat foreign armistice, were modified so as to
forbid Portugal or Donantonio being included in the negotiations. In
(11:49):
the light of this extraordinary piece of state craft, Elizabeth
appears hardly so single hearted in her struggle to keep
the peace, as some have thought her, but she was
at least concert. Her darling policy had been all along
to do her brother in law grievous bodily harm without
committing a breach of the peace, and Drake had ever
(12:10):
been the weapon that most nicely fitted her hand. She
could not believe that Philip's patience was at last exhausted,
and under Donantonio's flag, she thought, like Celia in the play,
to make herself invisible and catch the strong fellow by
the leg. Such was Drake's mission, as on January third
(12:30):
he went down to Plymouth to hoist his flag. It
was fitly borne by the immortal revenge than which no
ship was ever more gilded with the romance of war.
His old friend Thomas Fenner was his vice admiral in
the Known Pareal. His rear admiral was Captain Cross In
the Hope. Edward Fenner commanded the Swift Shore, his fourth battleship,
(12:54):
and Will Fenner's flag flew over his cruiser. The Aid.
Beside the royal ships rode five splendid merchantmen of London,
perfectly found as the Londoners always were the westward west
country craft belonging to himself and his own, in his
wife's relations and friends. All outward bound vessels had been stayed,
(13:14):
and Drake could pick his crews from the flower of
the English Marine, who flocked to his flag. In numbers
it was said sufficient to man two hundred sail. True
half crews only had been sanctioned. But to this foolish
piece of economy, Drake paid no attention, regardless of all
but his end. He manned his fleet with its full compliment,
(13:36):
and when the time came, sent in the bill without
a word. While Drake was thus busy with his expeditionary force,
Howard covered Plymouth and watched for the armada off the
land's end, but he watched in vain. The seas were
still free. The winter campaign seemed a false alarm, and Howard,
about the middle of January was recalled to the Thames, where,
(13:59):
in spite of his protests, half his crews were paid off.
Early in February came a new alarm, and Howard was
once more ordered to manage ships and put to sea.
But while the Lord Admiral and Seymour were thus distracted
with orders that changed with every new report from Spain,
and every new turn of the negotiations. Drake, except when
(14:20):
he practiced too hard with his big guns, was not
meddled with men, said he would still sail, and Philip,
trembling for his reconstructed fleet, left no stone unturned to
get him stopped. Crofts, his pensioner, and the English Council
even went so far as to tempt the Queen's cupidity
with a scheme for his disgrace and the confiscation of
(14:42):
his wealth. Essex two was made to suspect that the
Admiral meant to play him false and treat him as
he had treated Sydney. And as his preparations approached completion,
Drake grew more and more anxious. Nor was it without cause.
For ere the month was out, Crofts had prevailed, the
Commissioners for Peace went over to Ostend, and the Plymouth
(15:05):
fleet was stopped. End of Section seventeen
Section seventeen of Sir Francis Drake by Julian Corbett. This
LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by Pamelinagami,
Chapter ten in Quest of the Spanish Armada, Part one,
still burning for action. On June twenty sixth Drake reached
(00:22):
Plymouth with his splendid prize, and after a fortnight was
spent in getting her up to Saltash and overhauling the
priceless cargo with a chest full of jewels and the
bill of lading, he hurried to court, hoping to dazzle
the Queen into giving him the orders he so ardently desired.
But all was in vain. Not all Drake's temptation, nor
(00:45):
all that Burley and Walsingham could urge availed to stir
the obstinate mood into which Mary Stuart's execution had plunged her.
She would attend to nothing but the funeral. Burley and
all the war party were still in disc grace for
having stolen the serpent from her bosom, and she stubbornly
shut her ear to all who did not speak of peace.
(01:07):
Drake's exploits promised to erect the whole negotiations, and he
was pitilessly reprimanded. So far from being allowed to assist him,
Burley was set to write dispatches assuring Parma that the
admiral had exceeded his instructions and was in disgrace. Orders
were sent down to pay off his ships, and the
(01:28):
hunger which his small beginning, as he called it, had
only wedded, had to go unappeased. Still, he might have
been content, for the actual havoc he had made was
but a little thing beside its moral effect. Not only
had he taught English seamen to despise the dreaded galleys,
but in the rank and file of Philip's host he
(01:49):
had planted a terror against which it was vain to struggle.
That a Lutheran heretic could so prevail against the army
of God could admit, as men thought then, of but
one explanation, and that the Church made haste to foster.
Drake was a magician. He had sold his soul to
(02:10):
Satan for a familiar by whose aid he worked. In
his cabin was a glass in which was shown him
the fleets of his enemies, and all that passed on board.
He could count their crews and watch their movements, And
like the Norse witches of old, by some dark bargain,
he had bought the power to garner the winds and
loose or bind them at his will. Let no one
(02:34):
underrate what all this meant. He cannot read or write
the history of that time. Who fails to grasp how
such a personality could oppress the imagination? Sorcery was then
as real as sin, and men moved and breathed and
thought in an atmosphere charged with magic. Nor was this
(02:54):
all if the superstitious fishermen that manned Philip's ships he
uttered before a new devil. The romantic chivalry of Castile
had found another roland for the cruise to fight was madness.
For the captain's surrender was no shame to the king.
His name was a torment. The grandees looked cold disdain
(03:17):
when it was uttered. The Pope mocked at him and
said Elizabeth's distaff was keener than Philip's sword. He invited
a lady to go upon the water, and she protested
she dare not, for fear the dragon should come and
take her from her sovereign's arms. Philip banished her from
the court and smarting under the scourge redoubled his activity,
(03:40):
but still he had to feel what foreign critics were
saying openly that in England was a man before whom
his armada might be not invincible, and his crusade a disgrace.
Yet he relaxed no fiber, nor did Drake forbidden to
strike Philip abroad. He turned earned his animosity against the
(04:01):
trader he saw at home. Though the government refused to
carry out the sentence of death, Burrough was brought before
a court martial. Charge upon charge, Drake heaped implacably on
his head and confounded him with crowds of witnesses, too
eager to win the Great Admiral's favor. Yet, to his
indignation and astonishment, the court refused to convict the prisoner
(04:25):
of treason. More they could not do. It was impossible
for them not to find that the veteran who, seventeen
years ago had so brilliantly defeated the Baltic pirates, had
lost his nerve, and so, with clouded reputation in administrative
employ and once in command of a dispatch vessel, he
(04:46):
fades from history, moaning hopelessly over the charges which had
broken his heart, but to crush the man who, as
he believed, had ruined his enterprise was not enough for
Drake's energy years he had never ceased a day to
do and dare against Spain, and he was not likely
to be still at such an hour as this. If
(05:08):
the Queen would not make war, he was determined to
do it on his own account. As he looked round
him for the best method of pursuing his lifelong quest,
his eyes could not but turn on the abortive project
of five years ago. It had been in his mind
for some time. As he lay off Lisbon in May,
he had ascertained that the Portuguese were expecting him to
(05:32):
land with Don Antonio and his company, and for the
rest of the time he was on the coast he
had been carefully preparing his ground by conciliating them in
every way he could. Don Antonio, over head and ears
in debt, was still hanging about the capital, ready for
anything that would release him from the clutches of his creditors.
Black John Norris, Drake's old brother in arms, was there too,
(05:55):
out of employ and in disgrace for presuming to try
and save the English arms in the Low Countries from
Lester's incompetence. The capture of the Great Karak had set
the merchants mouths watering for the Indian fleet, and everything
seemed ripe for a repetition of the Great king making project.
The only difficulty was the Queen. But Drake had every
(06:18):
ground for a comfortable faith in her love of tortuous
political moves. He knew too at what value to set
her reprimands. And moreover, he had at court a new friend,
more powerful and eager than Hatton himself. The young Earl
of Essex, the son of his old patron, was just
now in the first flush of his favor and his
(06:39):
passion for adventure. He had just been caught in an
attempt to escape to the seat of war in the
Low Countries, and brought back to play games with his
fond and lonely mistress. Smelling traitors. Now with every breath,
Drake pursued his intrigue in such deep mystery that only
here and there his workings show on the surface. Still
(07:00):
there can be no doubt that he suggested to the
forlorn young truant a new way of escape. The coaxing
of her favorite and the temptations of her little pirate
were always hard for the Queen to resist, and as
she found her apologies to Spain accepted, and the negotiations
for peace going smoothly, once more opposition in high quarters
(07:23):
seemed to disappear. Don Antonio received a thousand pounds to
pay his more pressing debts. Ships began to collect at Plymouth.
The carrick was ordered to be sold that the merchants
interested might refit their vessels, and by the end of
October Drake had formed a syndicate to provide the fifty
thousand pounds which were required of him as a privateer
(07:45):
by way of caution money. Everything promised well for his
new war under Don Antonio's flag, when all at once
Elizabeth was confronted with the fruit of her folly in
not having permitted Drake to return at once in complete
his work. Walsingham's brilliant financial operations by which he had
got the King of Spain's bills protested at Genoa, were
(08:08):
in vain for the safe arrival of the great convoys
had restored Spanish credit, and stung at last from his patients,
Philip found himself rich enough to indulge in an outburst
of energy that surprised both friends and foes. Regardless of
the season, the Armada was to sail ere. The year
(08:28):
was out and England, after years of warning, was taken
by surprise once more. The country was tossing in a
fever of warlike preparation. The Navy was to be put
on its war footing, and Drake was summoned to headquarters
to take counsel for the safety of the realm in
Endeavoring to appreciate the strategy of this time, for which
(08:50):
Drake and Sir John Norris must be held responsible, as
respectively the Naval and military chiefs of the Staff, it
must be remembered that England was threatened by three separate
invasions at the same moment. In Spain was the Armada.
In Flanders was Parma with an army of thirty thousand
(09:11):
of the finest soldiers in Europe, with adequate transport and
a small fleet to convoy them, while the border was
in peril from the Scots. Any two of these dangers,
or even all three, might combine, but the best intelligence
led to the belief that Parma meant to join the Scots,
while the Armada seized Ireland or the Isle of Wight
(09:33):
as a base of operations against the West or South.
In view of this information and the fact that the Queen,
still obstinately clinging to her hope of peace, would only
openly sanction a defensive war, there is little fault to
be found with the English naval dispositions. A fleet under
Lord Henry Seymour, with Sir William Winter and Sir Henry
(09:55):
Palmer as flag officers, was to watch Parma in the
narrow seas and to act act in concert with the
Dutch who were blockading the Spanish Netherland ports. To command
in chief, Lord Howard of Effington was commissioned Lord High
Admiral with authority to invade the Spanish dominions. For this purpose,
he was to be in command of the main fleet,
(10:17):
with John Hawkins and Martin Frobisher for his flag officers.
For Drake was reserved the high rank of lieutenant to
the Lord High Admiral, an office which seemed designed to
give him as full a control over the war at
sea as the lingering feudality of the Constitution would allow
to a commoner, however great his professional capacity. By virtue
(10:40):
of the office, he became President of the Naval Council
of War, and as the Lord Admiral's deputy, could exercise
all the powers of that officer's commission at the head
of an independent command. With this in view, his little
fleet of privateers was reinforced from the Thames and Portsmouth
dockyards with four battleships, a cruiser and a couple of
(11:03):
smart gunboats. His division was thus raised to thirty sail,
and the plan of action seems to have been that
while Howard guarded the channel, Drake was to inflict a
counter blow somewhere. It was given out that he was
once more bound for the Spanish main, and volunteers flocked
to his flag. His real destination was kept a profound secret,
(11:25):
but we cannot doubt what it was. For at Christmas
time a spy was reporting to Burley that Don Antonio
might easily be restored to his throne, and in January
the instructions of the commissioners who were going over to
Flanders to treat foreign armistice, were modified so as to
forbid Portugal or Donantonio being included in the negotiations. In
(11:49):
the light of this extraordinary piece of state craft, Elizabeth
appears hardly so single hearted in her struggle to keep
the peace, as some have thought her, but she was
at least concert. Her darling policy had been all along
to do her brother in law grievous bodily harm without
committing a breach of the peace, and Drake had ever
(12:10):
been the weapon that most nicely fitted her hand. She
could not believe that Philip's patience was at last exhausted,
and under Donantonio's flag, she thought, like Celia in the play,
to make herself invisible and catch the strong fellow by
the leg. Such was Drake's mission, as on January third
(12:30):
he went down to Plymouth to hoist his flag. It
was fitly borne by the immortal revenge than which no
ship was ever more gilded with the romance of war.
His old friend Thomas Fenner was his vice admiral in
the Known Pareal. His rear admiral was Captain Cross In
the Hope. Edward Fenner commanded the Swift Shore, his fourth battleship,
(12:54):
and Will Fenner's flag flew over his cruiser. The Aid.
Beside the royal ships rode five splendid merchantmen of London,
perfectly found as the Londoners always were the westward west
country craft belonging to himself and his own, in his
wife's relations and friends. All outward bound vessels had been stayed,
(13:14):
and Drake could pick his crews from the flower of
the English Marine, who flocked to his flag. In numbers
it was said sufficient to man two hundred sail. True
half crews only had been sanctioned. But to this foolish
piece of economy, Drake paid no attention, regardless of all
but his end. He manned his fleet with its full compliment,
(13:36):
and when the time came, sent in the bill without
a word. While Drake was thus busy with his expeditionary force,
Howard covered Plymouth and watched for the armada off the
land's end, but he watched in vain. The seas were
still free. The winter campaign seemed a false alarm, and Howard,
about the middle of January was recalled to the Thames, where,
(13:59):
in spite of his protests, half his crews were paid off.
Early in February came a new alarm, and Howard was
once more ordered to manage ships and put to sea.
But while the Lord Admiral and Seymour were thus distracted
with orders that changed with every new report from Spain,
and every new turn of the negotiations. Drake, except when
(14:20):
he practiced too hard with his big guns, was not
meddled with men, said he would still sail, and Philip,
trembling for his reconstructed fleet, left no stone unturned to
get him stopped. Crofts, his pensioner, and the English Council
even went so far as to tempt the Queen's cupidity
with a scheme for his disgrace and the confiscation of
(14:42):
his wealth. Essex two was made to suspect that the
Admiral meant to play him false and treat him as
he had treated Sydney. And as his preparations approached completion,
Drake grew more and more anxious. Nor was it without cause.
For ere the month was out, Crofts had prevailed, the
Commissioners for Peace went over to Ostend, and the Plymouth
(15:05):
fleet was stopped. End of Section seventeen
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