Black History Special: The towns with the last train home - U-Turn

New Philadelphia and Rosewood - One love story and One massacre, small towns that no longer exist.

Join Karmen and Jessica in this U-Turn, as they discuss Black History month, the shortest month of the year (yea, we are questioning that too), and share their appreciation for Black Americans who founded small towns shortly after the abolition.

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Episode Transcript

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(02:36):
This is Carmen. As many ofyou know, February is Black History month.
Black history is American history. Wewould not have most of our American
history if it weren't for Black Americansand the history of black people and the
influence Black Americans have had on ournation cannot be condensed into twenty eight days.
It's shameful to even try. JessicaI are not experts in black history,

(03:00):
but we do feel strongly that weshare with you a small fraction of
the towns that were founded by BlackAmericans. We'll walk through these towns,
we'll share the history and where theyare now. Unfortunately, many of them
have tragic and horrific endings, butit's important to talk about. It's important

(03:20):
that people know this is our history. Hi. Everyone, it's Jessica,
Carmen and I are getting ready toshare some astonishing small towns founded by Black
Americans shortly before and after the endof slavery. But before we do,
there will be terms you will hearthat may not be common knowledge. So

(03:42):
we want to give you the definitionsof these terms upfront. Now, not
all of these terms are easy tohear, but they help us to understand
our history. First, Antebellum thismeans existing before the American Civil War.
An example would be when we referencethe Antebellum South, pre Civil War South
abolitionist. The definition of an abolitionistis someone who wants a particular practice stopped.

(04:08):
An example of an abolitionist is authorHarriet Beecher Stowe, who worked to
help end slavery Jim Crow. Thisrefers to the Jim Crow Laws, the
former practice of segregating black people inthe US lynch to put to death as
by hanging by a mob action withoutlegal approval or permission. The Ku Klux

(04:32):
Klan, commonly shortened to the KKKor the Clan, is an American white
supremacist, terrorist and hate group whoseprimarily targets are African Americans, Jews,
Latinos, Asian Americans, Catholics,Native Americans, as well as immigrants,

(04:53):
leftists, homosexuals, Muslims, andatheists. Historically, the Clan used terrorism,
both physical assault and murder against politicallyactive Black Americans and their allies in
the Southern United States in the lateeighteen sixties, the Kansas Exodus and exodusters.

(05:14):
When the last federal troops left theSouthern States in eighteen seventy seven,
reconstruction gave way to renewed racial oppressionand rumors of the reinstitution of slavery.
Fearful for their lives, many AfricanAmericans began to flee the South for Kansas
in eighteen seventy nine and eighteen eighty. Because of the state's fame as a
free state, the people who traveledto Kansas were called exodusters. Bands moved

(05:41):
from plantations to the Mississippi River andthen on to Saint Louis and other cities
with no defined purpose except to reacha state west of the Mississippi River,
where they expected to enjoy new prosperity. Their movements received the name of Exodus.
Hello Jessica, Hi Carmen. Iwant to talk to you about New

(06:03):
Philadelphia, Illinois. Illinois, Illinois. I like to say Illinois. Some
might say Illinois, but I thinkIllinois is nicer. Isn't it very nancy?
It is fancy. So New Philadelphia, Illinois was one of the most
famous of the Antebellum all black towns, and it was founded by free Frank

(06:30):
McWorter, who lived from seventeen seventyseven to eighteen fifty four. Now his
name was Frank McWorter, but whena person was able to buy their freedom,
they put free as part of theirname. Oh Jeez, Louise.
He was a former Kentucky slave whopurchased his freedom with his own earnings.

(06:51):
I mean. New Philadelphia, Illinois, was the first US town to be
registered by an African American prior tothe Civil War. Yeah, this guy
is pretty amazing. He now coveredby prairie farmfields. New Philadelphia was located
across the Mississippi River from Hannibal,Missouri, which some people know because of

(07:14):
Tom Sawyer. Yeah, and that'sreally probably the only way they know.
But it was amid a cluster ofother black settlements and pro abolitionist Illinois towns.
Frank McWorter was born a slave inSouth Carolina and at the age of
eighteen, moved with his owner toKentucky. It's so hard, it's hard

(07:35):
to say natural. Yeah, it'sreally hard to say. It's hard to
oh God. With labor in shortsupply in their new location, McWorter was
hired out to neighboring farms, grossallowing him to prove his potential as a
conscientious worker. When here's another one, master announced the plantation was again relocating.

(08:00):
Quarter negotiated a deal to remain inKentucky. He would run the farm
operations, save his wages, andeventually opening as Saltpeter Mind as a side
gig. He earned enough money topurchase his own freedom, of course,
and another slave, his wife,Lucy bullieveous dad. But at the same

(08:20):
time, wow, yeah, soshe lived from seventeen seventy one to eighteen
seventy their freedom was sixteen hundred dollarsfor a total of sixteen hundred dollars.
Do we know how much that mighthave been like in nowadays, sixteen hundred
dollars in or eighteen hundred it'd probablybe like one hundred thousand dollars. I
don't know. I don't know either. I would imagine it's a lot.

(08:41):
It's a shit done of money thatI mean, it's amazing. I don't
know how he did it, likethis is really a resilient and dedicated man.
I don't honestly know. If Iget my man to bail me out
of jail, keep that in there. McCarter later purchased the freedom of their

(09:05):
firstborn son, so he had topurchase his freedom later, Yeah, as
well as fifteen other family members.So I guess his son there, I
guess. Yeah. So he andhis wife they bought their freedom right.
And so if you have a childand you're a slave, that's that child
becomes property, and if you buyyour freedom your property, you don't have

(09:31):
property. You just leave with whatyou have on your back, which is
usually nothing. So he was ableto buy the freedom of his firstborn son
and fifteen other family members. Ineighteen thirty he sold all of his Kentucky
holdings and moved his family to northwestIllinois. Under the eighteen thirty two Land
Act, mcwarter purchased forty two acresof land in Hadley Township within Pike County,

(09:52):
Illinois. He platted and legally registeredthe town, which he called New
Philadelphia. Like other land promoters ofthat air, mcquarter sold parcels to black
and white pioneers. With the rightto own property as a free black in
Illinois limited by state statutes, mcquarterpetition the Illinois General Assembly using a legislative
loophole. So again, this guywas sharp. He studied, obviously,

(10:16):
studying enough to learn that there wereloopholes in the law, and by eighteen
thirty six he and his sons ownedsix hundred acres in Hadley Township without restriction.
Wow wow, so you know,so basically they would take your money.
They would take a black man's moneyand let him buy land, but
then they would put so much restrictionon it that it really wasn't his land

(10:37):
at all. People bitch about theirhomeowners association, imagine that. Yeah.
Yeah, So it was located nearseveral active waterways. It grew and was
prosperous in the Ley Antebellum period.A proposed railroad was built sometimes in sometime
in the eighteen sixties, and thatboosted land speculations, and by eighteen seventy

(10:58):
the population peaked at two hundreds.But then this is where it gets ugly.
Always always gets ugly. Huh.So like life, more people,
Yeah, like Frank and Lucy justhad some more kids and they all farmed
the land. And you know,his daughter made dresses and sold them in

(11:20):
town. Like it can't be justa nice story. They re routed the
railroad to a neighboring community, andthe town obviously suffered a very serious economic
decline and eventually was abandoned. Soand that is a strategy, just so
you know, that is a strategythat has been used for a long time.
If people are thriving in a community, you take away their lifeline,

(11:41):
and for this community, it wasthe train. There have been stories of
people rerouting rivers, you know,blocking them and re routing them to other
communities so people don't have water tofarm. The site now in New Philadelphia
is is farmland, but there's arenewed interest in the town because of the

(12:01):
history. There's been archaeological projects therefunded by the University of Illinois. Frank
McWhorter was a a great man andhis wife Lucy, and they should be
remembered for not you know, reallythriving and talk about you know, being
an entrepreneur, just like saving yourmoney. How much money could he have

(12:24):
possibly had, but he saved it. He bought a saltpeter mine, he
bought land, He paid for thefreedom of all of his family members.
You know, this is a thisis a great American story. This is
a great American story. This manpersevered and fought for the things that he
loved and he never lost sight of, you know, what was really important
to him, and that was hisfamily and a future for his family.

(12:48):
It's amazing perseverance, dedication to familyand friends. This is really a true
American success story for Frank McWhorter andhis wife Lucy. His great great granddaughter,
juliette E K Walker is part ofthe Center for Heritage Resource Studies,
and in two thousand and five thetown site was placed on the National Register

(13:11):
of Historic Places and now it hasa National Historic Landmark status because of her.
So that's that's something. But Ithink it was a touching story,
you know, because he just overcameso many obstacles and was really sharp and
savvy at business and buying land.And you know the fact that he you

(13:33):
know, went back for his wife. I mean, can imagine, just
like anybody who's in a relationship,buying your partner something you know they really
truly want and love, and howhappy they are when they get something like
that. Can you imagine saving moneyto actually buy them their freedom? That
is just so it's miraculous. Imean, the love there. I think

(13:56):
like nowadays most people would probably justsay up for a younger model of their
currents. You know, probably thatin that time, for all people,
but probably especially for this man andmen of his time, you really depended
on your spouse for everything like that. That family support was essential to life.

(14:22):
Fine women like Lucy didn't just comealong every day, so of course,
you know, you have to dowhat you have to do, and
he did it. Frankmokworter and LucyMcWorter, New Philadelphia, Illinois. You
know, they still have obviously livinggrand great great grandchildren who are honoring their
name by putting this place on thehistoric registry. And they weren't run out

(14:46):
of their town, one of thefew, right, So that is sort
of a success story. But Imean there were so many other successful things
about Frank Winkport mcwarter and his andhis wife. Also cute name Frank and
Lucy. Heck, yeah, adorablelike that sounds like people you go bowling

(15:07):
with, for sure, right,or you're bowling with tonight, Frank and
Lucy, the mcwarters from New Philadelphia, you know, the mcwart's honey,
Frank has all that land. Oh, just put on a clean shirt.

(15:31):
Yeah, Ma, Koreen too,myners a. Hey, small town Listenersbori
Davis of nineteen Media Group here withyou, and thank you for taking a
moment to allow me to describe whatBlack History Month means to me. First
and foremost, Black history is Americanhistory. It has been a foundational presence,
interwoven within the fabric of the countryfrom the start, and it remains

(15:52):
every bit is vital to the discussionnow, particularly now after generations and generations
of white washing and suppressing. Butjust as important as it is to have
honest conversations about the damning parts ofAmerican history, it is imperative that we
also began and continued to celebrate theincredible accomplishments and the preseverance of Black Americans
in the face of such a history. I'm glad you have shows like Small

(16:15):
Town out there to do just that. So in the early nineteen twenties,
a small town called Rosewood was justabout forty miles west of Gainesville, Florida.
Was home to approximately about two hundredAfrican American individuals, and a lot

(16:37):
of residents there worked at the localsawmill and also the turpentine industry for maybe
even the railroad. During the winterof nineteen twenty two, there was two
events that really kind of aggravated localrelations between race. One of them was
very important to it to what hadhappened next. What happened was on New

(17:00):
Year's Day in nineteen twenty three,Fanny Taylor, a white woman from nearby
Sumner Sumner is another town, claimedthat a black man had attacked her in
her home. According to Fanny's versionof the events, he came on foot
to her house and in the morningand knocked and when she opened the door
had assaulted her. For most accounts, so others who may have seen this,

(17:25):
they the intruder did not actually sexuallyassault her in any way, but
Fanny did actually claim this then inaddition to being robbed. So later on
word spread that this had happened,and the area didn't really take kindly at
the time to these type of events. There's a lot of a lot of
groups like the klu Klux Klan,for instance, in the area in the

(17:51):
South. A lot of the blackAmericans that lived in the towns nearby believed
that Fanny was actually trying to coverup on the fact that she was quarreling
over another lover who was white andhe actually had beat her up. That
was that was the story that wastold. Those are the two stories that
kind of went back and forth.Well, many of the white men believed

(18:12):
that this individual from Rosewood was toblame for this event. A violent mob
of white men angrily gathered to goto Rosemand and actually they came as far
as like Texas. They incarcerated onesuspect and actually lynched the other. Then
the men targeted some other individuals andit turned into a large group of like

(18:37):
twenty to thirty white men that wentto an individual's house. His name was
Sylvester Carriers, and Semester Carrier hada big role in this, just because
he's the name that kind of gotblamed, not that he had any there
was any evidence in this, butwhen they actually what they actually did was
this group, this mob went toa man named Sylvester Carrier's house to confront

(19:00):
him. They shot his dog,and when his mom stepped outside to see
what was going on, they shother. The mob grew even more and
about two hundred angry white men wentto Rosewood and proceeded to just rampage the
town. They burnt it to theground, they torched buildings, they slaughtered

(19:21):
all the animals. The black communitywas forced to flee to a nearby swamp
and that was called the Gulf Hammettrying to escape this mob. But meanwhile,
you know, the mob basically destroyedevery single home, the church,
the meeting hall, anything that wasmeaningful to black residence in Rosewood. All
that remains today of Rosewood is thehouse of John Wright, one of the

(19:45):
few white residents in the community.He was one of the individuals in the
town during the riot that hid anumber of black women and children in his
home during that time and planned tohelp and carry out an evacuation. Just
this awful to even think about.Also, two local white train conductors,
John and William Brice, who knewthe Rosewood residents and had kind of picked

(20:08):
up on everybody kind of gathering thewhite individuals gathering in different towns. They
knew something was going to happen.So because they had a feeling and they
knew something was going on, theytook their train and picked up many of
the black women and children and tookthem to Gainesville. The town actually is
deserted to this day. Why wouldyou want to go back? Yeah,

(20:30):
why would you want to go back? Right? And you know, it's
nice to save women and children,but I know, what are they going
to do without their dads and theirhusbands, I know, especially during that
time. That's just awful and tragic. And also just a side note,
another name for Fanny is ass.Yeah, it's too kind of a word

(20:52):
for her. Isn't that something thatis actually a female? Part two?
Pretty sure? Like, isn't thatwhat they call it in England. It's
a it's kind of like a swearword in England. It's a slang for
it really is something like that,like a fanny pack sounds like a big
old kuchi. You know, that'snot uncommon, Like it still happens where

(21:17):
people are people blame a black person. It's it's terrible. It's terrible again,
you know, it's it's this thingof you know, like Black Americans
building a community, building a home, making a life for themselves and their
families, and then having it allstripped away in a you know, in
a moment, in a flash.They don't even know how many people actually

(21:38):
died. The reason for that isthat, you know, there were some
people who accounted for their last lovedones. There were definitely at least eight
deaths because they were they found theremains. They're at least I think six
black men and two white men killed. The individuals who kind of went into
the swamp area. Not everybody cameout of that area because of what was

(22:03):
going on, And so really theydon't know at all how many people actually
died at that night, that dayand Rosewood. The initial report of that
Rosewood incident presented less than a monthafter the massacre, claimed there was an
insignificant evidence for prosecution. So basically, after a month it was presented to

(22:23):
the government and they decided that therewas not enough evidence to prosecute anyone.
So something's never changed, so nobodywas charged with any of the murders.
Even though you know, of coursewriting was widely reported around the county,
only a few official records actually documentedit. So it's really a story that

(22:44):
has been told over and over againby the descendants about the perpetrators of Rosewood.
But it's very very evident as thereis no Rosewood anymore. It was
burnt to the ground except for onebuilding which now is a landmark and I
don't know if it's a museum necessary, but it is for sure a part
of the Historical Society or the fabFoundation. And for Rosewood, well,

(23:08):
that's a tragic story. They madea movie about that. Oh yeah,
I think it's called Rosewood. Itis called Rosewood. Yeah, it was
nineteen ninety seven film. Yeah,yeah, I actually never saw that one,
and I might have to watch it. I did hear that just since
of my research. It was alittle bit, you know, was dramatized,

(23:29):
of course, I don't know,you know how much more dramatic,
you know, having your town burntdown and your loved ones killed in front
of you and having to flee.I can't even imagine, like my electricity
going out for more than a minuteand I'm freaking out, like, oh
my god, my iPhone's not gonnacharge, the air conditioner is not going

(23:51):
to work right now. Yeah,I couldn't even fathom taking my children and
running to a train. And also, how was supposed to trust this white
man who's asking me to get ona train? This This did not work
out very well for my ancestors.So what am I supposed to do?
And I mean that is maybe theI mean, the only thing I can

(24:12):
hope is that maybe they had agood relationship already with these two. Obviously
they knew these individuals because they broughtin supplies, you know, for the
town. So I'm I would hope. I'm just gonna hope that at least
these individuals were already reputable, youknow. Yeah, I did not know

(24:33):
that Don Cheedleh was in that movieand Esther Roll was in that movie.
Also ester Roll. I don't evenknow if I know that person, Yes,
you do. She was on GoodTime, Good Times. She was
the mom. She was JJ's mom. Oh okay, yeah, okay,
really beautiful, round face and asplit entergy. Okay. Yeah. That

(24:56):
show was popular. When I wasa kid, we watched that a lot.
Something that always baffled me about thatshow was Janet Jackson was on that
show. Really yeah, little JanetJackson and she had a crush on JJ,
And it was like, are youkidding me? His brother Michael was
way cuter, like way cuter.Everybody kind of forgot about Rosewood, unfortunately.

(25:18):
But in about nineteen eighty two,Gary Moore, a journalist from Saint
Petersburg Times, he actually resurrected thehistory of Rosewood through some articles and it
gained national attention. That was nineteeneighty two. What happened was a living
survivor talked about the massacre. Theywere all in their eighties and nineties.

(25:38):
One of the descendants actually demanded thenrestitution from the state of Florida. Oh
good, and the action did actuallylead to passing a bill and awarding them
two million dollars and created an educationalfund for all descendants. The bill also
called for an investigation into the matterto kind of even clarify events, which

(26:00):
Gary Moore helped take part in.You know, this is not a very
happy story at all, can you, Matt? Why did it take that
long for people to start asking questionsand clarifying there is something documented and also
the accounts from the people who livethere. I mean, you don't get
swept out of your bed in thenight and put on a train without remembering.
And the horror, like the traumaI can't even imagine. I don't

(26:23):
I can't even imagine. I meanbeing a mother and thinking about how scared
you might you must actually be.The thing is, it's not a monster
under your bed. It's not themade up belief that there's something scary hiding
in the woods or some kind ofravage animal. It's human beings coming after

(26:45):
you, right like for reasons youdon't even know why. Just because burning
your home, Yeah, burning yourhome and trying to kill your dad,
kill you, kill your dad,shoot your grandma, hurt you. Yeah,
it's just it's just something that Ican't imagine living through. I can't
imagine being a parent living through iteither. And for us to just forget

(27:08):
about something like that it's just plainwrong. It breaks my heart when I
hear black men and women talking abouttheir children now and having to teach their
children how to behave in the communityso they aren't beaten or killed Like I
would never even know how to goabout that conversation with my daughter, and

(27:32):
I thank God that I didn't everhave to that stuff is that's still happening,
you know, it's still real.It still happens, and it happens
a lot more than people know.So Black history is American history, and
it's still relevant. There's still somuch work to be done. Yeah,

(27:52):
well, there is a Rosewood Foundation, and so if you like to learn
more about the town of Rome,you can go to www dot Rosewood,
Florida dot WordPress dot com and learnmore about the history and get involved.
I think that's probably the most importantthing you can do, is to get
involved. I'm sure everyone has heardabout Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Junior.

(28:29):
And while these individuals are amazing,heroic and brave Black Americans who led
us through the American Civil Rights Movement, there are many more Black Americans who
have left their mark on our history. I'd like to share with you a
few of those individuals today. SherleyChrysselm was the first black woman elected into
Congress. She represented New York's twelfthdistrict from nineteen sixty nine to nineteen eighty

(28:56):
three, and in nineteen seventy two, she became the first woman to run
for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination.Her campaign slogan was Unbought and Unbossed.
Kamala Harris recently paid tribute to Chrisholmin her presidential campaign announcement by using this
similar logo. The next individual isBayard Rustin. Now, usually doctor King

(29:22):
is credited for that march on Washingtonin August nineteen sixty three, but it
was actually Rustin who organized and strategizedin the Shadows. You see, he
was a gay man who actually hadcontroversial ties to communism and was considered too
much of a liability to be onthe front lines of that movement. Nonetheless,
he was one of the most brilliantminds and tirelessly served his community,

(29:45):
pushing for more jobs with better wages. Claudette Colvin Claudette was born in nineteen
thirty nine, and before Parks refusedto give up that seat on the bus
in Alabama in nineteen fifty five,there was a brave fifteen year old who
chose not to sit in the backof the bus. That young girl was

(30:06):
Colvin. She wanted to remain seatednear the middle of the vehicle and challenged
the driver and then was arrested.She became the first woman to be detained
for her resistance. Her story isjust not as well known as Parks.
Jesse Owens. Owens was a trackand field athlete who set a world record
in the long jump at the nineteenthirty seven Olympic Games in Berlin, and

(30:32):
he actually went unrivaled for the nexttwenty five years. He won four gold
medals at the Olympics. In nineteenseventy six, he received the Presidential Medal
of Freedom. Bessie Coleman was thefirst licensed black pilot in the world.
She actually wasn't recognized for this untilafter her death, and even though history

(30:55):
has favored Amelia Earhart or the WrightBrothers, it was Coleman who went to
flight school in France in nineteen nineteenand paved the way for a new generation
of diverse flyers like the Tuskegee Airmen, the Blackbirds, and Flying Hoboes.
Gwendolyn Brooks. Brooks is one ofthe most revered poets of the twentieth century.

(31:17):
She was the first black author towin a Pulitzer Prize in nineteen fifty
for Annie Allen. She served asa poetry consultant to the Library of Congress
and was the first black woman tohold that position. Many of her works
reflected the political and social landscape ofthe nineteen sixties, including the civil rights
movement and the economic climate. GordonParks he was the first African American on

(31:44):
the staff of Life magazine. Hewould be responsible for some of the most
beautiful images in the pages of Vogue. He was also the first black director
of a major film, Shaft.In one quote, he told Life,
I saw that the camera could bea weapon against poverty, against racism,

(32:05):
against all sorts of social wrongs.I knew at that point I had to
have a camera. Thanks everyone forjoining us today on Small Town USA.
If you want to hear more smallTown hit subscribe now go ahead, all
wait. Make sure you check outthe links in the description of this podcast

(32:28):
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(32:49):
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