November 19, 2025 • 28 mins
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into remarkable discoveries that illuminate the origins of our planet and the cosmos beyond.
Ancient Australian Rocks Shed Light on Earth's Origins
Scientists have made significant strides in understanding the formation of Earth and the Moon through the analysis of 3.7 billion-year-old feldspar crystals from the Murchison region in Western Australia. This research reveals that continental growth began relatively late in Earth's history, around three and a half billion years ago, suggesting a shared composition between Earth and the Moon following a colossal impact event. The findings challenge existing theories about the timing of crustal development and provide new insights into the early geological processes that shaped our planet.
Hints of a Possible Fifth Force in Nature
A groundbreaking report has emerged, suggesting the potential existence of a fifth fundamental force of nature. Researchers have observed unexpected deviations in electron transitions among calcium isotopes, hinting at a new particle, the Yukawa boson. This discovery could reshape the standard model of particle physics and deepen our understanding of the universe's fundamental forces, as scientists continue to explore the mysteries of atomic interactions.
Record-Breaking Ocean Waves Observed from Space
In an astonishing revelation, satellites have recorded ocean waves reaching heights of nearly 20 metres, the largest ever measured from space. This episode explores how these massive waves, driven by storms, can carry destructive energy across vast distances, impacting coastlines far from the storm's origin. The findings not only validate existing wave models but also reveal new insights into the energy dynamics of ocean swells.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Communications
Physical Review Letters
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Ancient Australian Rocks Shed Light on Earth's Origins
Scientists have made significant strides in understanding the formation of Earth and the Moon through the analysis of 3.7 billion-year-old feldspar crystals from the Murchison region in Western Australia. This research reveals that continental growth began relatively late in Earth's history, around three and a half billion years ago, suggesting a shared composition between Earth and the Moon following a colossal impact event. The findings challenge existing theories about the timing of crustal development and provide new insights into the early geological processes that shaped our planet.
Hints of a Possible Fifth Force in Nature
A groundbreaking report has emerged, suggesting the potential existence of a fifth fundamental force of nature. Researchers have observed unexpected deviations in electron transitions among calcium isotopes, hinting at a new particle, the Yukawa boson. This discovery could reshape the standard model of particle physics and deepen our understanding of the universe's fundamental forces, as scientists continue to explore the mysteries of atomic interactions.
Record-Breaking Ocean Waves Observed from Space
In an astonishing revelation, satellites have recorded ocean waves reaching heights of nearly 20 metres, the largest ever measured from space. This episode explores how these massive waves, driven by storms, can carry destructive energy across vast distances, impacting coastlines far from the storm's origin. The findings not only validate existing wave models but also reveal new insights into the energy dynamics of ocean swells.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Communications
Physical Review Letters
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, Episode one hundred and
thirty six for broadcasts on the nineteenth and November twenty
twenty five. Coming up on space Time, the oldest Australian
rocks offering new insights into the origins of the Earth
and the Moon, tantalizing signs of a possible fifth force
in nature, and satellites record twenty meter high ocean waves
(00:22):
on the Earth's surface. All that and more coming up
on space Time.
Speaker 2 (00:28):
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
Speaker 1 (00:47):
Scientists have opened a new window into the origins of
Earth's ancient mantling continence. The findings, reported in the journal
Nature Communications, are also providing fresh insights into the early
beginnings of the Moon. The authors reached their findings by
analyzing ancient feldspark crystals within the oldest magmatic rocks ever
found in Australia. They examined three point seven billion euro
(01:10):
and authorosites from the Murchison region of out Back Western Australia.
Now these are the oldest rocks on the Australian continent
and among the oldest on the planet. The studies lead author,
Matilda Boys from the University of Western Australia, says the
timing and rate of early crustal growth on Earth remains
a contentious issue due to the scarcity of very ancient rocks.
(01:32):
Voice and colleagues use fine scale analytical methods to isolate
the fresh areas of pleadiocles feldspark crystals, which record the
isotopic fingerprint of the ancient mantle. The results suggest that
the continents began to grow relatively late in its history,
from around three and a half billion years ago, which
is around a billion years after the planet formed. The
(01:52):
study also compared these results with measurements of lunar northrosites
collected during NASA's Apollo missions. Boys and North rest sites
are rare on Earth but common on the Moon. She says.
The findings are consistent with the Earth and Moon having
the same starting composition around four and a half billion
years ago. Boys says it supports the idea that a
(02:13):
Mars sized planet, which we now call Fear, collided with
the early proto Earth, building both bodies together into a
magma osian an. Ejected debris from that impact event eventually
coalescing into orbit to form the Moon.
Speaker 3 (02:27):
The question that we want to urge right is looking
into when the earliest continents grew on Earth, and one
way of doing that is to look at the chemistry
of the mantles through time, because the Earth is the
only planet that we know of that has late tectonics
and it's really been quite integral and the development of
life on Earth and all the other really unique aspects
of our planet. But looking at old mantle drived rocks
(02:50):
is quite difficult because we don't have much left preserved
from that time period. But in Australia and particularly in
Western Australia and in the Murchison region, we've got some
of the oldest rock on Earth. These are the oldest
rocks in Australia three point seven billion years old and
also some of the best preserves of this age. So
what we were doing is looking at these magmatic rocks
that formed from mantle drive magmas, probably underneath an early ocean,
(03:14):
and looking at the chemistry of these rocks, and then
looking at how the mantle composition changed through time.
Speaker 1 (03:19):
Was it the jack Hills area? Can I describe it
like that? Or is that overly simplistic and too broad?
Speaker 3 (03:24):
Very close to the jack Hills, all around those areas,
it's beautiful country. We took vehicles from the Geological Survey
and we camped out there myself with my PhD supervisor
for a couple of months over a few field seasons
and camping out in swags and looking for these old rocks,
a type of rock called and Autho site. So it's
a rock mostly made of plagia players and they're quite
(03:45):
uncommon rocks on it, but they're actually what makes up
most of the lunar crust, which is quite interesting.
Speaker 1 (03:50):
But they're fairly rare on Earth.
Speaker 3 (03:51):
That's right, that's right. They formed in slightly different ways
from the lunar ones, but they're quite interesting. They're very distinctive.
They've got these enormous round crystals, white crystal, the old
Earth ones, so they kind of stick out when you
see them walking around and the merchans in it. There's
not much rock exposed. It's quite dusty and kind of
blow scrub and then you see these kind of the
crystals sticking out. It's quite quite unique looking.
Speaker 1 (04:13):
What did that tell you about the age of the continents.
Speaker 3 (04:15):
So the techniques that we were looking at, we were
looking at radiogenic isotope systems, particularly strong tium isotopes and
calcium isotopes, and the way that these work, you can
use it to date rocks. So for young materials like fossils,
carbon dating is quite a well known technique, and then
for very old things we can use things like geranium,
leads or strontium. But the other useful thing with these
(04:37):
radiogenic isotope systems is that given that we know how
long that these systems decay the half life, we know
that quite well, we can actually knowing the age of
the rocks as well. I was already dated them. We
can get the sort of fingerprints of the rocks from
when it crystallized, and because these are mantle derived rocks,
the fingerprints that we measure and these rocks gives us
the composition of the mantle. If we look at a
(04:58):
range of these rocks, if we know that they're well
preserved and has been really careful to select the best
preserved materials and target them quite carefully, which is what
we did, we can look at how this mantle composition
changed through time. Because when the Earth kind of when
it first formed, it would have been fairly uniform. Before
we had these continents, it would have been mostly primitive
mantles what we call it. Then, as the crust grows,
(05:18):
as the mantle has melted, and as magmas come out,
certain elements go into those magmas preferentially, which means that
actually the composition of the mantle gradually changes through time.
So that's what we're looking for. What we found from
these rocks from the Murchisons is these really old three
point seven billion year old and AUTHO site, is that
the mantle composition was close to that of the bulk Earth,
(05:40):
which means that there hadn't been much continental growth at
all by that stage. But then what we found through time,
so coming into three point five three billion years ago,
we start to see the crustal signature emerge, which is
what we call a depleted mantle signature. So what we
found is that actually the growth of this continents it
didn't start straight away quite a bit of time, So
(06:01):
the first billion years of the Earth's history or so
was probably not a whole lot of continental crust around
at that stage.
Speaker 1 (06:07):
So the crust was formed as this convection took place
in the matter, that's right, Yeah, and the lighter materials
stayed on the surface. That's where we get a lot
about granitic rocks.
Speaker 3 (06:16):
That's right. And on the modern Earth we know quite
well how these processes formed. We have these plate tectonic
systems operating with continents growing and then ocean neck crust
betting producted and destroyed. But in the early Earth it
might have looked really different, and we don't really know.
There's lots of theories, but we don't know for sure
whether it was a process similar to modern plate tectonics
(06:38):
or something completely different. And probably the Earth looked very
different to how it did today. It would have had
a lot more ocean, a lot of just low lying
the saltic lava, and then probably from about the three
billion year ago, market started forming granite continents and large
stuff from the ocean, and that became kind of more
exposed and started becoming a bit more like the modern
(06:58):
Earth over time.
Speaker 1 (06:59):
Gradually, did you do the analysis?
Speaker 3 (07:01):
We already knew the age of these rocks by uranium
leads that had been done previously, actually back in the
eighties and nineties for what we did with our strongti misotopes.
Because these rocks have been very old, have been varied
steps and brought back up, and fluids have gone through them.
They've had a really complicated life, so we had to
be able to target the domains that were fresh and
preserve their magmatic compositions really precisely quite our high spatial resolution.
(07:25):
So what we did we have a system that's called
laser eblation mass spectrometry, So we have a mass spectrometer
which is able to measure isotopes of the same elements,
so different masses of the same element, and then we
can look at the ratio of that and that's hooked
up to a laser system, so we can go at
quite a fine scale in these crystals which were imaged
via various different microscopy techniques, and then we look with
(07:47):
this labor and we can ablate quite small areas of
these crystals out and then put that through a mass spectrometers.
We did both that and then we also used essentially
a dentistry thrill and we've drilled out slightly larger thection
of these fresh crystals and we dissolve them up. This
was done actually at the Universe of Bristol in England,
so we used this little dentistry drill and drilled out
(08:08):
the fresh bits of these crystals and then we dissolve
them up in an acid and purified them, so we
just had the elements that we wanted to analyze, and
then again we was used the mass spectrometer for that.
So really the key with these techniques is that you
have to find with these really old socks that are
super complicated, the best preserved areas that you can then
target them really carefully and precisely. So that's what we did.
Speaker 1 (08:29):
There's a lot of debate about when play tectonics began.
How does your research go towards resolving that.
Speaker 3 (08:34):
It's a very kind of contentious topic and there's a
lot of debate around that, and there's one school of
thought that that kind of argues that these processes began
almost immediately, so that are formed four and a half
billion years ago, and then straight away we started forming
all of these these large contents. From our study, we
think that it took a little bit longer to start.
And the system that we've used, these strontium isotopes, it's
(08:54):
not an approach that's been used before, but actually it
shows a very similar result to other ISOs hope systems
that have been previously applied to different types of rocks,
So it kind of ties in and it agrees with
these other results from different studies. Our point of view
is that it probably took a little bit longer for
these processes to really get going plate tectonics. We might
have had something sort of similar to plate tetonics, but
(09:15):
not exactly the same that it started beginning, and it
probably was a bit of a slow transition.
Speaker 1 (09:21):
I would have thought plate tectonics triggered the formation of
the continents, and you couldn't have continents unless plate tectonics
was already happening. Am I right there?
Speaker 3 (09:28):
Or there's actually lots of other theories of other ways
to make continents without plate tectonics, that's right, Yeah, So
there's all sorts of names. Some researchers think that a
process called sag duction. So we talk about plate tectonics
as being like a plate to moving a laterally, but
there could have been some sort of vertical system instead.
(09:49):
So what that would mean is that we've got all
of these lavas coming up and melting, and then they
start forming these kind of second platforms or plateaus, and
as these get sickened and thickened from gradual eruptions of
more and more magnets, it gets hot enough at the
base of these big piles to actually start melting and
forming quintet magnets. So that's one method that could have
(10:09):
made these early continents without plate tectonics.
Speaker 1 (10:12):
Is that what we see in kratons and hotspots.
Speaker 3 (10:14):
That's what we see particularly in the pilbra of Western
Australia and then northwest of Western Australia. That's probably one
of the best examples of that of how continents formed
early on without any clear evidence of plate tectonics. That's
right now you're.
Speaker 1 (10:28):
Looking forward to the return of humans to the Moon
because that's where the oldest rocks on Earth have been.
Speaker 3 (10:33):
Found, absolutely, and it's been suggested previously that the best
place to find these possibly this kind of had and
records from the Earth is on the Moon itself, because
we've got ancient rocks from the Moon that we've found
on Earth's meteorites, And why couldn't it go the other
way around, Why couldn't we have meteorites from the Earth
sitting on the lunar surface, Which I think is a
really interesting idea in terms of the studies that we
(10:55):
did here with these Earth rocks. We did a comparison
with these ancient lunar rocks, and because there is no
plate tectonics operating on the lunar surface, the ancient crustal
record of the Moon, these really really old rocks that
formed not long after the Moon formed itself, have just
been sitting there on the surface and they have been
impacted by meteorite impacts that have been crushed up a bit.
But we have this quite unique record from the Moon
(11:17):
that we don't have from the Earth from this early period.
So I'm very excited to see what future materials get
brought back from future missions for sure.
Speaker 1 (11:24):
That's Matilda Boyce from the University of Western Australia and
this is space time still to come. Scientists may have
found the first tantalizing hints of a possible fifth force
in nature, and satellites record twenty meters high waves socians
or that and more still to come on space time.
(12:00):
Scientists may have found the first tantalizing hints of a
possible fifth force in nature. A report in the journal
Physical Review Letters claims physicists using five calcium isotopes tracked
how electrons lick between energy levels in excited atoms. These
jumps reflect the shape of the nucleus, and they should
also align in the smooth curve across isotobes known as
(12:22):
a king plot. But the thing is they didn't. Instead,
they consistently revealed a subtle, persistent deviation which could be
a sign of a so far hypothetical force particle dubbed
the eucalaboson. Now, if accurate, the new particle would have
a mass of somewhere between ten and ten million electron vaults,
and that would change the standard model of particle physics,
(12:45):
which is the foundation stone of sciences understanding of the universe.
The model describes the seventeen elemental particles that make up
the cosmos. These include six flavors of quarks and six
types of leptons, including electrons, muon, and towels, as well
as three flavors of neutrinos. Also, there are five force
(13:05):
particles called bosons. These include photons, which mediate the electromagnetic force, gluons,
which mediate the strong nuclear force that's the one that
holds protons and neutrons together, and the W and Z bosons,
which mediate the weak nuclear force that causes radioactive de
k These are known as gage or vector bosons because
they have integer spin. Then there's the Higgs boson, which
(13:28):
gives particles their mass through an all pervasive Higgs field.
It has zero spin and is described as a scalar boson.
The only force particle yet to be discovered is the
hypothetical graviton, which, if it exists as an integer spin
of two and mediates the force of gravitational interaction, and
like the photon, the graviton is thought to be massless.
(13:49):
The problem is there are many things the standard model
of particle physics can't explain, such as the full theory
of gravitation, or the existence of dark matter and dark energy,
or for that matter, matter why there's more matter than
antimatter in the universe. Some promising theories predict the existence
of a new fifth force of nature alongside the full
fundamental forces gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong weak nuclear force.
(14:13):
For instance, it's thought that some unknown force could exist
between neutrons and the atomic nucleus and electrons in the
atom shell, and this force could be carried by a
new particle, similar to how photons carry the electromagnetic force.
Physicists normally conduct experiments using particle accelerators such as CERN's
large hadron collider in Geneva to search for new particles
(14:35):
beyond the standard model to try and explain these outstanding problems.
That's how they found the Higgs boson that Physicists from
the Eth Institute in Zurich took a different approach by
searching for a new force between the neutron and the electron,
using precision atomic spectroscopy to measure atoms with extremely high
levels of accuracy. One of the statist authors, Lucahober says,
(14:56):
if this force really does exist in the atom, then
its strength would be portional to the number of neutrons
in the atomic nucleus. So by experimenting with various isotobes,
the authors hope to detect this hypothetical force. Isotobes are
types of the same atom that differ only in the
number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus. This means that
isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons and
(15:19):
are therefore chemically identical, but they each have different masses.
As a result, the total force experienced by the electrons
in different isotopes should vary slightly due to the different
numbers of neutrons, and this can be measured by examining
the energy levels on which the electrons move within the atom.
So the authors expect the new force which cause a
(15:39):
slight shift in the energy levels between different isotopes, and
they can determine this energy shift by measuring the frequency
of the light emitted when isotopes transition between two different
energy levels. This measurement requires an ion trap, where electromagnetic
fields hold a single charged isotobe in place and a
laser beam then excite to a higher energy state. The
(16:02):
authors use five stable, singlely charged calcium isotopes, each containing
twenty protons, but with a number of neutrons ranging from
twenty to twenty eight. They were able to determine the
shift in energy levels of these isotobes with an accuracy
of one hundred millihertz, which is one hundred times more
precise than any previous measurements. They trapped two isotopes at
the same time in the ion trap and then measured
(16:24):
them together, allowing them to reduce the interfering noise during
the frequency measurement. Wilder Zurich experiment looked for singly charged
calcium isotopes. Researchers at the Physicalischer technichie Bundesenstalten Branchweg used
the same isotopes but in a modibly charged state. The
German group measured a different transition in these highly charged
(16:44):
calcium ions, but with similar accuracy to the Ziric team,
and a third group, this time at the Max Planck
Institute in Heidelberg, measured the ratios of nuclear masses between
these isotopes. In all, the authors found that existing models
could only explain part of the deviation. Another possible cause
is the little studied area of nuclear polarization, a type
(17:06):
of deformation of the atomic nucleus cause by electrons. Calculations
showed that nuclear polarization could be large enough to explain
the measured nonlinearity within the limits of the standard model.
The findings are important because they provide boundaries on the
possible values of the mass and charge of this hypothetical
particle which would be transmitting the new force. So the
(17:28):
authors are now working to further improve the accuracy of
their results by measuring a third energy transition in the
calcium isotopes. That will allow them to expand the King
plot from two dimensions into a three dimensional diagram, and
that could help them overcome existing theoretical challenges and make
further progress in the ongoing search for this new force.
(17:50):
Needless to say, we'll keep you informed. This is space
time still to come. Satellites record massive twenty meters high
way on the Earth's oceans, and later in the science report,
a new study warns that global carbon dioxide emissions are
set to rise again this year. All that and more
still to come on space time, It's been revealed that
(18:28):
during recent storms, satellites recorded ocean waves averaging nearly twenty
meters high, the largest ever measured from space. Moreover, the
satellite data is now revealing that ocean swells act as
storm messengers. Even though the storm itself men ever make landfall,
its swell can travel vast distances and bring destructive energy
(18:48):
to distant coastlines. Driven by wind. Waves are the most
powerful during storms, Yet the greatest threat to coastlines often
doesn't come from the storm itself, but from the long
swells that carry wave energy far beyond the storm's reach.
These long waves radiator cross oceans, and their properties such
(19:08):
as wave period or the timing between crests, reveal the
storm's size and strength. For example, the twenty second period
means a large wave arrives every twenty seconds. To shed
new light on storm waves and ocean swirls, scientists combine
data from the relatively new French us Swatz satellite with
the CCIIC State projects decades long record, which incorporates measurements
(19:30):
stretching all the way back to nineteen ninety one. This
record merges data from satellites such as Surreal Jason three,
the Copernicus Sentinel three A and three B, as well
as the Sentinel six BIOSAT and Cipho SAT. Scientists not
only confirm the exceptional nature of storms in twenty twenty
three and twenty four, but also focused on the scale
(19:52):
of swells in remote ocean areas, measuring the properties of
waves in storms before they become swells. They analyze data
from the Swart's bascraft collected on the twenty first of
December twenty twenty four, during the peak of Storm Eddy,
the largest storm in terms of average wave height over
the past decade, and it generated a new record wave
height of nearly twenty meters in the open ocean. Beyond
(20:14):
measuring the wave height, the authors were also able to
track the storm's swell radiating across more than twenty four
thousand kilometers of ocean from the North Pacific through the
Drake Passage all the way to the Tropical Atlantic between
December twenty first, twenty twenty four and January the twenty sixth.
This shaar. The new findings, reported in the Journal and
the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences are the
(20:35):
first to directly offer observations which validate in the American
wave models in extreme conditions, in the process correcting existing
wave energy calculations. Now, scientists had long believe that very
long ocean waves carried substantial amounts of energy as they
propagated across ocean basins, but these new findings also demonstrate
that the energy content of these waves has been systematically overestimated.
(21:00):
This means that more energy than expected is actually concentrated
in dormant storm waves, rather than being distributed among the
longest waves. The model shows that the highest waves of
the past thirty four years occurred in January twenty fourteen,
when Atlantic storm hercules produced twenty three meter high waves
which caused severe damage from Morocco through to Ireland. This
(21:21):
space time and time that to take another brief look
at some of the other stories making news in science
(21:41):
this week with a science report. New data from the
csro's twenty twenty five Global Carbon Budget Report suggests that
carbon dioxide emissions are set to rise again this year
and that the limit warming of one point five degrees
celsius could be reached within the next four years. It
found global carbon docs and emissions from fossil fuel use
(22:03):
are projected to rise one point one percent this year,
with CO two concentrations in the atmosphere set to reach
four hundred and twenty five point seven parts per million. However,
the report also shows that CO two emissions from human
activities that's the sum of fossil and land use change emissions,
have grown more slowly in the past decade, at just
zero point three percent per year on average, comparted to
(22:25):
previous decades one point nine percent per year. Even better
news is that emissions from land use change are predicted
to actually drop this year. The annual CSIRO report provides
an estimate of carbon emissions from key sources, broken down
by sector and country, and provides an assessment of the
strength of natural carbon sinks such as forests and oceans.
(22:47):
It suggests that land carbon dioxide sinks are set to
recover to pre Nino strength this year following a strong
decrease last year. A new study has shown that vegan
diets could cut global carbs the oxide emissions by forty
six percent and land use by thirty three percent. The findings,
reported in the General Frontiers in Nutrition, looked at weekly
(23:09):
menus for omnivores, Mediterranean, pesco vegetarian, over lacto vegetarian, and
vegan diets. Each plant featured equal energy values and followed
international nutritional recommendations delivering all the essential nutrients. The authors
found that vegan diets reduced carbon emissions by forty six percent,
They reduced water use by seven percent and land use
(23:31):
by thirty three percent. All the two vegetarian diets cut
carbon emissions by up to thirty five percent. All three
plant based diets were nutritionally balanced, except for small deficiencies
in vitamin d iodine and vitamin B twelve, but shall
all be remedied with supplements. The findings show that plant
based diets are as nutritious and healthy as a Mediterranean
(23:52):
diet that are much better for the planet's health. A
new study warns that Australia's invasive cane infestation is continuing
along its relentless march across the country and is now
anticipated to reach the Western Australian Pilba region within the
next ten to twenty years. The plague began when Queensland
sugar cane farmers imported native South American thads from Hawaii
(24:17):
that was back in nineteen thirty five. They were introduced
to combat and outbreak of cane beetles, which had been
impacting local crops, but the toads quickly ran out of control,
wiping out native species due to their poisonous glands and
spreading far beyond the tropical cane fields where they've been introduced.
They now cover all of Queensland and northern New South Wales.
(24:38):
There are even some occasional outbreaks seen as far south
as Sydney. Towards the west, they've spread throughout the Northern
territory's top end, including the wetlands of the World Heritage
listed Kakadu National Park, and they spread across the territory
border into the Kannanara region of Western Australia. The new
research by scientists from Curtain University predicts that with out
containment efforts, the toxic and fear viians will colonize up
(25:01):
to seventy five percent of the Pilbra region within three decades.
The findings published in the journal's Scientific Reports warns that
the cane toads will cause widespread losses among native species,
including native musupial predators like northern qualls, dost bats and kaluka,
as well as frog eating snakes, blue tongue skinks and goannas.
(25:21):
Samsung will release their new Galaxy Z trifol cell phone
next month fully open. The new fernes will have a
widescreen aspect ten inch display, but they will be hugely expensive.
With the details, we're joined by technology editor Alex Sahara
Royd from Tech Advice Start Life.
Speaker 2 (25:38):
Well, this is Damsung's trifole phone and looking on display
at the APEC event. It's still not official to the public,
but obviously it's allowing journalists to take photos of it
from a distance on a stand while we're sepletly going
to come now. Report in Forbes said it was going
to be US three thousand dollars in the only thirty
thousand of them made to start with, and I mean
over three thousand dollars, like over thousand dollars Australia, so
(26:01):
this is not going to be cheap. Apparently it will
be four point two millimeters thin when unfolded, but that
would make it at least four point six milimeters when
it's folded together as a phone. Clearly, when you've got
a device that opens up into a ten inch smartphone
but still so thin, you're not going to have the
same capacity of batteries, say an eleven inch Samsung tablet
would have. So the battery is meant to be six
(26:23):
or seven thousand million embaras it's still not fully one
hundred percent confirmed, And if it is the same thickness
as the current Samsung Galaxy folved seven, that also means
no stylist technology. So mister Samsum's first such design that
will make it to retail. They have showcased such tifoil
designs at display shows in the past, but they've never
(26:46):
been able to be commercialized, and they will just play
technologies that looked cool. So, look, the phone is going
to be expensive, why't have a stylist, why't have as
big a battery as a traditional tablet? They're going to
make only thirty thousand of them at first to test
the market. I'm going to have to sort of say
they're going to cancel it, just like they have done
with the same site, Galaxy S twenty five Edge, due
to not too many sales, and so you know they're
(27:09):
in lies sort of the conundrum by ways, lots of
second generation such device, but the first generation from Sundtime
it's still to come on December fifth, and the question
is how expensive will ultimately be for Australians and those
in the US, and how many people will be able
to afford.
Speaker 1 (27:24):
That's Alexa Harravroyd from Take Advice dot Live, and that's
the show for now. Space Time is available every Monday,
(27:47):
Wednesday and Friday through fightes dot com, SoundCloud YouTube, your
favorite podcast download provider, and from space Time with Stuart
Gary dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through the National
Science Founder, on Science Own Radio and on both iHeartRadio
and tune In Radio. And you can help to support
our show by visiting the Spacetime Store for a range
(28:09):
of promotional merchandising goodies, or by becoming a Spacetime Patron,
which gives you access to triple episode commercial free versions
of the show. As well as lots of burnus audio
content which doesn't go to air, access to our exclusive
Facebook group, and other rewards. Just go to space Time
with Stewart Gary dot com for full details.
Speaker 2 (28:29):
You've been listening to space Time with Stuart Gary. This
has been another quality podcast production from bytes dot com
This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, Episode one hundred and
thirty six for broadcasts on the nineteenth and November twenty
twenty five. Coming up on space Time, the oldest Australian
rocks offering new insights into the origins of the Earth
and the Moon, tantalizing signs of a possible fifth force
in nature, and satellites record twenty meter high ocean waves
(00:22):
on the Earth's surface. All that and more coming up
on space Time.
Speaker 2 (00:28):
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
Speaker 1 (00:47):
Scientists have opened a new window into the origins of
Earth's ancient mantling continence. The findings, reported in the journal
Nature Communications, are also providing fresh insights into the early
beginnings of the Moon. The authors reached their findings by
analyzing ancient feldspark crystals within the oldest magmatic rocks ever
found in Australia. They examined three point seven billion euro
(01:10):
and authorosites from the Murchison region of out Back Western Australia.
Now these are the oldest rocks on the Australian continent
and among the oldest on the planet. The studies lead author,
Matilda Boys from the University of Western Australia, says the
timing and rate of early crustal growth on Earth remains
a contentious issue due to the scarcity of very ancient rocks.
(01:32):
Voice and colleagues use fine scale analytical methods to isolate
the fresh areas of pleadiocles feldspark crystals, which record the
isotopic fingerprint of the ancient mantle. The results suggest that
the continents began to grow relatively late in its history,
from around three and a half billion years ago, which
is around a billion years after the planet formed. The
(01:52):
study also compared these results with measurements of lunar northrosites
collected during NASA's Apollo missions. Boys and North rest sites
are rare on Earth but common on the Moon. She says.
The findings are consistent with the Earth and Moon having
the same starting composition around four and a half billion
years ago. Boys says it supports the idea that a
(02:13):
Mars sized planet, which we now call Fear, collided with
the early proto Earth, building both bodies together into a
magma osian an. Ejected debris from that impact event eventually
coalescing into orbit to form the Moon.
Speaker 3 (02:27):
The question that we want to urge right is looking
into when the earliest continents grew on Earth, and one
way of doing that is to look at the chemistry
of the mantles through time, because the Earth is the
only planet that we know of that has late tectonics
and it's really been quite integral and the development of
life on Earth and all the other really unique aspects
of our planet. But looking at old mantle drived rocks
(02:50):
is quite difficult because we don't have much left preserved
from that time period. But in Australia and particularly in
Western Australia and in the Murchison region, we've got some
of the oldest rock on Earth. These are the oldest
rocks in Australia three point seven billion years old and
also some of the best preserves of this age. So
what we were doing is looking at these magmatic rocks
that formed from mantle drive magmas, probably underneath an early ocean,
(03:14):
and looking at the chemistry of these rocks, and then
looking at how the mantle composition changed through time.
Speaker 1 (03:19):
Was it the jack Hills area? Can I describe it
like that? Or is that overly simplistic and too broad?
Speaker 3 (03:24):
Very close to the jack Hills, all around those areas,
it's beautiful country. We took vehicles from the Geological Survey
and we camped out there myself with my PhD supervisor
for a couple of months over a few field seasons
and camping out in swags and looking for these old rocks,
a type of rock called and Autho site. So it's
a rock mostly made of plagia players and they're quite
(03:45):
uncommon rocks on it, but they're actually what makes up
most of the lunar crust, which is quite interesting.
Speaker 1 (03:50):
But they're fairly rare on Earth.
Speaker 3 (03:51):
That's right, that's right. They formed in slightly different ways
from the lunar ones, but they're quite interesting. They're very distinctive.
They've got these enormous round crystals, white crystal, the old
Earth ones, so they kind of stick out when you
see them walking around and the merchans in it. There's
not much rock exposed. It's quite dusty and kind of
blow scrub and then you see these kind of the
crystals sticking out. It's quite quite unique looking.
Speaker 1 (04:13):
What did that tell you about the age of the continents.
Speaker 3 (04:15):
So the techniques that we were looking at, we were
looking at radiogenic isotope systems, particularly strong tium isotopes and
calcium isotopes, and the way that these work, you can
use it to date rocks. So for young materials like fossils,
carbon dating is quite a well known technique, and then
for very old things we can use things like geranium,
leads or strontium. But the other useful thing with these
(04:37):
radiogenic isotope systems is that given that we know how
long that these systems decay the half life, we know
that quite well, we can actually knowing the age of
the rocks as well. I was already dated them. We
can get the sort of fingerprints of the rocks from
when it crystallized, and because these are mantle derived rocks,
the fingerprints that we measure and these rocks gives us
the composition of the mantle. If we look at a
(04:58):
range of these rocks, if we know that they're well
preserved and has been really careful to select the best
preserved materials and target them quite carefully, which is what
we did, we can look at how this mantle composition
changed through time. Because when the Earth kind of when
it first formed, it would have been fairly uniform. Before
we had these continents, it would have been mostly primitive
mantles what we call it. Then, as the crust grows,
(05:18):
as the mantle has melted, and as magmas come out,
certain elements go into those magmas preferentially, which means that
actually the composition of the mantle gradually changes through time.
So that's what we're looking for. What we found from
these rocks from the Murchisons is these really old three
point seven billion year old and AUTHO site, is that
the mantle composition was close to that of the bulk Earth,
(05:40):
which means that there hadn't been much continental growth at
all by that stage. But then what we found through time,
so coming into three point five three billion years ago,
we start to see the crustal signature emerge, which is
what we call a depleted mantle signature. So what we
found is that actually the growth of this continents it
didn't start straight away quite a bit of time, So
(06:01):
the first billion years of the Earth's history or so
was probably not a whole lot of continental crust around
at that stage.
Speaker 1 (06:07):
So the crust was formed as this convection took place
in the matter, that's right, Yeah, and the lighter materials
stayed on the surface. That's where we get a lot
about granitic rocks.
Speaker 3 (06:16):
That's right. And on the modern Earth we know quite
well how these processes formed. We have these plate tectonic
systems operating with continents growing and then ocean neck crust
betting producted and destroyed. But in the early Earth it
might have looked really different, and we don't really know.
There's lots of theories, but we don't know for sure
whether it was a process similar to modern plate tectonics
(06:38):
or something completely different. And probably the Earth looked very
different to how it did today. It would have had
a lot more ocean, a lot of just low lying
the saltic lava, and then probably from about the three
billion year ago, market started forming granite continents and large
stuff from the ocean, and that became kind of more
exposed and started becoming a bit more like the modern
(06:58):
Earth over time.
Speaker 1 (06:59):
Gradually, did you do the analysis?
Speaker 3 (07:01):
We already knew the age of these rocks by uranium
leads that had been done previously, actually back in the
eighties and nineties for what we did with our strongti misotopes.
Because these rocks have been very old, have been varied
steps and brought back up, and fluids have gone through them.
They've had a really complicated life, so we had to
be able to target the domains that were fresh and
preserve their magmatic compositions really precisely quite our high spatial resolution.
(07:25):
So what we did we have a system that's called
laser eblation mass spectrometry, So we have a mass spectrometer
which is able to measure isotopes of the same elements,
so different masses of the same element, and then we
can look at the ratio of that and that's hooked
up to a laser system, so we can go at
quite a fine scale in these crystals which were imaged
via various different microscopy techniques, and then we look with
(07:47):
this labor and we can ablate quite small areas of
these crystals out and then put that through a mass spectrometers.
We did both that and then we also used essentially
a dentistry thrill and we've drilled out slightly larger thection
of these fresh crystals and we dissolve them up. This
was done actually at the Universe of Bristol in England,
so we used this little dentistry drill and drilled out
(08:08):
the fresh bits of these crystals and then we dissolve
them up in an acid and purified them, so we
just had the elements that we wanted to analyze, and
then again we was used the mass spectrometer for that.
So really the key with these techniques is that you
have to find with these really old socks that are
super complicated, the best preserved areas that you can then
target them really carefully and precisely. So that's what we did.
Speaker 1 (08:29):
There's a lot of debate about when play tectonics began.
How does your research go towards resolving that.
Speaker 3 (08:34):
It's a very kind of contentious topic and there's a
lot of debate around that, and there's one school of
thought that that kind of argues that these processes began
almost immediately, so that are formed four and a half
billion years ago, and then straight away we started forming
all of these these large contents. From our study, we
think that it took a little bit longer to start.
And the system that we've used, these strontium isotopes, it's
(08:54):
not an approach that's been used before, but actually it
shows a very similar result to other ISOs hope systems
that have been previously applied to different types of rocks,
So it kind of ties in and it agrees with
these other results from different studies. Our point of view
is that it probably took a little bit longer for
these processes to really get going plate tectonics. We might
have had something sort of similar to plate tetonics, but
(09:15):
not exactly the same that it started beginning, and it
probably was a bit of a slow transition.
Speaker 1 (09:21):
I would have thought plate tectonics triggered the formation of
the continents, and you couldn't have continents unless plate tectonics
was already happening. Am I right there?
Speaker 3 (09:28):
Or there's actually lots of other theories of other ways
to make continents without plate tectonics, that's right, Yeah, So
there's all sorts of names. Some researchers think that a
process called sag duction. So we talk about plate tectonics
as being like a plate to moving a laterally, but
there could have been some sort of vertical system instead.
(09:49):
So what that would mean is that we've got all
of these lavas coming up and melting, and then they
start forming these kind of second platforms or plateaus, and
as these get sickened and thickened from gradual eruptions of
more and more magnets, it gets hot enough at the
base of these big piles to actually start melting and
forming quintet magnets. So that's one method that could have
(10:09):
made these early continents without plate tectonics.
Speaker 1 (10:12):
Is that what we see in kratons and hotspots.
Speaker 3 (10:14):
That's what we see particularly in the pilbra of Western
Australia and then northwest of Western Australia. That's probably one
of the best examples of that of how continents formed
early on without any clear evidence of plate tectonics. That's
right now you're.
Speaker 1 (10:28):
Looking forward to the return of humans to the Moon
because that's where the oldest rocks on Earth have been.
Speaker 3 (10:33):
Found, absolutely, and it's been suggested previously that the best
place to find these possibly this kind of had and
records from the Earth is on the Moon itself, because
we've got ancient rocks from the Moon that we've found
on Earth's meteorites, And why couldn't it go the other
way around, Why couldn't we have meteorites from the Earth
sitting on the lunar surface, Which I think is a
really interesting idea in terms of the studies that we
(10:55):
did here with these Earth rocks. We did a comparison
with these ancient lunar rocks, and because there is no
plate tectonics operating on the lunar surface, the ancient crustal
record of the Moon, these really really old rocks that
formed not long after the Moon formed itself, have just
been sitting there on the surface and they have been
impacted by meteorite impacts that have been crushed up a bit.
But we have this quite unique record from the Moon
(11:17):
that we don't have from the Earth from this early period.
So I'm very excited to see what future materials get
brought back from future missions for sure.
Speaker 1 (11:24):
That's Matilda Boyce from the University of Western Australia and
this is space time still to come. Scientists may have
found the first tantalizing hints of a possible fifth force
in nature, and satellites record twenty meters high waves socians
or that and more still to come on space time.
(12:00):
Scientists may have found the first tantalizing hints of a
possible fifth force in nature. A report in the journal
Physical Review Letters claims physicists using five calcium isotopes tracked
how electrons lick between energy levels in excited atoms. These
jumps reflect the shape of the nucleus, and they should
also align in the smooth curve across isotobes known as
(12:22):
a king plot. But the thing is they didn't. Instead,
they consistently revealed a subtle, persistent deviation which could be
a sign of a so far hypothetical force particle dubbed
the eucalaboson. Now, if accurate, the new particle would have
a mass of somewhere between ten and ten million electron vaults,
and that would change the standard model of particle physics,
(12:45):
which is the foundation stone of sciences understanding of the universe.
The model describes the seventeen elemental particles that make up
the cosmos. These include six flavors of quarks and six
types of leptons, including electrons, muon, and towels, as well
as three flavors of neutrinos. Also, there are five force
(13:05):
particles called bosons. These include photons, which mediate the electromagnetic force, gluons,
which mediate the strong nuclear force that's the one that
holds protons and neutrons together, and the W and Z bosons,
which mediate the weak nuclear force that causes radioactive de
k These are known as gage or vector bosons because
they have integer spin. Then there's the Higgs boson, which
(13:28):
gives particles their mass through an all pervasive Higgs field.
It has zero spin and is described as a scalar boson.
The only force particle yet to be discovered is the
hypothetical graviton, which, if it exists as an integer spin
of two and mediates the force of gravitational interaction, and
like the photon, the graviton is thought to be massless.
(13:49):
The problem is there are many things the standard model
of particle physics can't explain, such as the full theory
of gravitation, or the existence of dark matter and dark energy,
or for that matter, matter why there's more matter than
antimatter in the universe. Some promising theories predict the existence
of a new fifth force of nature alongside the full
fundamental forces gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong weak nuclear force.
(14:13):
For instance, it's thought that some unknown force could exist
between neutrons and the atomic nucleus and electrons in the
atom shell, and this force could be carried by a
new particle, similar to how photons carry the electromagnetic force.
Physicists normally conduct experiments using particle accelerators such as CERN's
large hadron collider in Geneva to search for new particles
(14:35):
beyond the standard model to try and explain these outstanding problems.
That's how they found the Higgs boson that Physicists from
the Eth Institute in Zurich took a different approach by
searching for a new force between the neutron and the electron,
using precision atomic spectroscopy to measure atoms with extremely high
levels of accuracy. One of the statist authors, Lucahober says,
(14:56):
if this force really does exist in the atom, then
its strength would be portional to the number of neutrons
in the atomic nucleus. So by experimenting with various isotobes,
the authors hope to detect this hypothetical force. Isotobes are
types of the same atom that differ only in the
number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus. This means that
isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons and
(15:19):
are therefore chemically identical, but they each have different masses.
As a result, the total force experienced by the electrons
in different isotopes should vary slightly due to the different
numbers of neutrons, and this can be measured by examining
the energy levels on which the electrons move within the atom.
So the authors expect the new force which cause a
(15:39):
slight shift in the energy levels between different isotopes, and
they can determine this energy shift by measuring the frequency
of the light emitted when isotopes transition between two different
energy levels. This measurement requires an ion trap, where electromagnetic
fields hold a single charged isotobe in place and a
laser beam then excite to a higher energy state. The
(16:02):
authors use five stable, singlely charged calcium isotopes, each containing
twenty protons, but with a number of neutrons ranging from
twenty to twenty eight. They were able to determine the
shift in energy levels of these isotobes with an accuracy
of one hundred millihertz, which is one hundred times more
precise than any previous measurements. They trapped two isotopes at
the same time in the ion trap and then measured
(16:24):
them together, allowing them to reduce the interfering noise during
the frequency measurement. Wilder Zurich experiment looked for singly charged
calcium isotopes. Researchers at the Physicalischer technichie Bundesenstalten Branchweg used
the same isotopes but in a modibly charged state. The
German group measured a different transition in these highly charged
(16:44):
calcium ions, but with similar accuracy to the Ziric team,
and a third group, this time at the Max Planck
Institute in Heidelberg, measured the ratios of nuclear masses between
these isotopes. In all, the authors found that existing models
could only explain part of the deviation. Another possible cause
is the little studied area of nuclear polarization, a type
(17:06):
of deformation of the atomic nucleus cause by electrons. Calculations
showed that nuclear polarization could be large enough to explain
the measured nonlinearity within the limits of the standard model.
The findings are important because they provide boundaries on the
possible values of the mass and charge of this hypothetical
particle which would be transmitting the new force. So the
(17:28):
authors are now working to further improve the accuracy of
their results by measuring a third energy transition in the
calcium isotopes. That will allow them to expand the King
plot from two dimensions into a three dimensional diagram, and
that could help them overcome existing theoretical challenges and make
further progress in the ongoing search for this new force.
(17:50):
Needless to say, we'll keep you informed. This is space
time still to come. Satellites record massive twenty meters high
way on the Earth's oceans, and later in the science report,
a new study warns that global carbon dioxide emissions are
set to rise again this year. All that and more
still to come on space time, It's been revealed that
(18:28):
during recent storms, satellites recorded ocean waves averaging nearly twenty
meters high, the largest ever measured from space. Moreover, the
satellite data is now revealing that ocean swells act as
storm messengers. Even though the storm itself men ever make landfall,
its swell can travel vast distances and bring destructive energy
(18:48):
to distant coastlines. Driven by wind. Waves are the most
powerful during storms, Yet the greatest threat to coastlines often
doesn't come from the storm itself, but from the long
swells that carry wave energy far beyond the storm's reach.
These long waves radiator cross oceans, and their properties such
(19:08):
as wave period or the timing between crests, reveal the
storm's size and strength. For example, the twenty second period
means a large wave arrives every twenty seconds. To shed
new light on storm waves and ocean swirls, scientists combine
data from the relatively new French us Swatz satellite with
the CCIIC State projects decades long record, which incorporates measurements
(19:30):
stretching all the way back to nineteen ninety one. This
record merges data from satellites such as Surreal Jason three,
the Copernicus Sentinel three A and three B, as well
as the Sentinel six BIOSAT and Cipho SAT. Scientists not
only confirm the exceptional nature of storms in twenty twenty
three and twenty four, but also focused on the scale
(19:52):
of swells in remote ocean areas, measuring the properties of
waves in storms before they become swells. They analyze data
from the Swart's bascraft collected on the twenty first of
December twenty twenty four, during the peak of Storm Eddy,
the largest storm in terms of average wave height over
the past decade, and it generated a new record wave
height of nearly twenty meters in the open ocean. Beyond
(20:14):
measuring the wave height, the authors were also able to
track the storm's swell radiating across more than twenty four
thousand kilometers of ocean from the North Pacific through the
Drake Passage all the way to the Tropical Atlantic between
December twenty first, twenty twenty four and January the twenty sixth.
This shaar. The new findings, reported in the Journal and
the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences are the
(20:35):
first to directly offer observations which validate in the American
wave models in extreme conditions, in the process correcting existing
wave energy calculations. Now, scientists had long believe that very
long ocean waves carried substantial amounts of energy as they
propagated across ocean basins, but these new findings also demonstrate
that the energy content of these waves has been systematically overestimated.
(21:00):
This means that more energy than expected is actually concentrated
in dormant storm waves, rather than being distributed among the
longest waves. The model shows that the highest waves of
the past thirty four years occurred in January twenty fourteen,
when Atlantic storm hercules produced twenty three meter high waves
which caused severe damage from Morocco through to Ireland. This
(21:21):
space time and time that to take another brief look
at some of the other stories making news in science
(21:41):
this week with a science report. New data from the
csro's twenty twenty five Global Carbon Budget Report suggests that
carbon dioxide emissions are set to rise again this year
and that the limit warming of one point five degrees
celsius could be reached within the next four years. It
found global carbon docs and emissions from fossil fuel use
(22:03):
are projected to rise one point one percent this year,
with CO two concentrations in the atmosphere set to reach
four hundred and twenty five point seven parts per million. However,
the report also shows that CO two emissions from human
activities that's the sum of fossil and land use change emissions,
have grown more slowly in the past decade, at just
zero point three percent per year on average, comparted to
(22:25):
previous decades one point nine percent per year. Even better
news is that emissions from land use change are predicted
to actually drop this year. The annual CSIRO report provides
an estimate of carbon emissions from key sources, broken down
by sector and country, and provides an assessment of the
strength of natural carbon sinks such as forests and oceans.
(22:47):
It suggests that land carbon dioxide sinks are set to
recover to pre Nino strength this year following a strong
decrease last year. A new study has shown that vegan
diets could cut global carbs the oxide emissions by forty
six percent and land use by thirty three percent. The findings,
reported in the General Frontiers in Nutrition, looked at weekly
(23:09):
menus for omnivores, Mediterranean, pesco vegetarian, over lacto vegetarian, and
vegan diets. Each plant featured equal energy values and followed
international nutritional recommendations delivering all the essential nutrients. The authors
found that vegan diets reduced carbon emissions by forty six percent,
They reduced water use by seven percent and land use
(23:31):
by thirty three percent. All the two vegetarian diets cut
carbon emissions by up to thirty five percent. All three
plant based diets were nutritionally balanced, except for small deficiencies
in vitamin d iodine and vitamin B twelve, but shall
all be remedied with supplements. The findings show that plant
based diets are as nutritious and healthy as a Mediterranean
(23:52):
diet that are much better for the planet's health. A
new study warns that Australia's invasive cane infestation is continuing
along its relentless march across the country and is now
anticipated to reach the Western Australian Pilba region within the
next ten to twenty years. The plague began when Queensland
sugar cane farmers imported native South American thads from Hawaii
(24:17):
that was back in nineteen thirty five. They were introduced
to combat and outbreak of cane beetles, which had been
impacting local crops, but the toads quickly ran out of control,
wiping out native species due to their poisonous glands and
spreading far beyond the tropical cane fields where they've been introduced.
They now cover all of Queensland and northern New South Wales.
(24:38):
There are even some occasional outbreaks seen as far south
as Sydney. Towards the west, they've spread throughout the Northern
territory's top end, including the wetlands of the World Heritage
listed Kakadu National Park, and they spread across the territory
border into the Kannanara region of Western Australia. The new
research by scientists from Curtain University predicts that with out
containment efforts, the toxic and fear viians will colonize up
(25:01):
to seventy five percent of the Pilbra region within three decades.
The findings published in the journal's Scientific Reports warns that
the cane toads will cause widespread losses among native species,
including native musupial predators like northern qualls, dost bats and kaluka,
as well as frog eating snakes, blue tongue skinks and goannas.
(25:21):
Samsung will release their new Galaxy Z trifol cell phone
next month fully open. The new fernes will have a
widescreen aspect ten inch display, but they will be hugely expensive.
With the details, we're joined by technology editor Alex Sahara
Royd from Tech Advice Start Life.
Speaker 2 (25:38):
Well, this is Damsung's trifole phone and looking on display
at the APEC event. It's still not official to the public,
but obviously it's allowing journalists to take photos of it
from a distance on a stand while we're sepletly going
to come now. Report in Forbes said it was going
to be US three thousand dollars in the only thirty
thousand of them made to start with, and I mean
over three thousand dollars, like over thousand dollars Australia, so
(26:01):
this is not going to be cheap. Apparently it will
be four point two millimeters thin when unfolded, but that
would make it at least four point six milimeters when
it's folded together as a phone. Clearly, when you've got
a device that opens up into a ten inch smartphone
but still so thin, you're not going to have the
same capacity of batteries, say an eleven inch Samsung tablet
would have. So the battery is meant to be six
(26:23):
or seven thousand million embaras it's still not fully one
hundred percent confirmed, And if it is the same thickness
as the current Samsung Galaxy folved seven, that also means
no stylist technology. So mister Samsum's first such design that
will make it to retail. They have showcased such tifoil
designs at display shows in the past, but they've never
(26:46):
been able to be commercialized, and they will just play
technologies that looked cool. So, look, the phone is going
to be expensive, why't have a stylist, why't have as
big a battery as a traditional tablet? They're going to
make only thirty thousand of them at first to test
the market. I'm going to have to sort of say
they're going to cancel it, just like they have done
with the same site, Galaxy S twenty five Edge, due
to not too many sales, and so you know they're
(27:09):
in lies sort of the conundrum by ways, lots of
second generation such device, but the first generation from Sundtime
it's still to come on December fifth, and the question
is how expensive will ultimately be for Australians and those
in the US, and how many people will be able
to afford.
Speaker 1 (27:24):
That's Alexa Harravroyd from Take Advice dot Live, and that's
the show for now. Space Time is available every Monday,
(27:47):
Wednesday and Friday through fightes dot com, SoundCloud YouTube, your
favorite podcast download provider, and from space Time with Stuart
Gary dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through the National
Science Founder, on Science Own Radio and on both iHeartRadio
and tune In Radio. And you can help to support
our show by visiting the Spacetime Store for a range
(28:09):
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