December 16, 2025 • 27 mins
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore significant developments in space exploration and cosmic studies that could reshape our understanding of the universe.
Nasa's MAVEN Mars Orbiter: Communication Loss
NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft has gone silent, with contact lost on December 6th after passing behind Mars. The orbiter has been a vital asset for over a decade, studying the Martian atmosphere and solar wind interactions that have transformed Mars from a water-rich world to a cold desert. We delve into MAVEN's critical findings, including the mechanisms of atmospheric escape and the implications of its potential loss for ongoing Martian research.
Galactic Neighbourhoods: Influencing Evolution
A new study reveals how a galaxy's local environment can significantly affect its evolution. The research, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, demonstrates that galaxies situated in densely populated regions tend to grow more slowly and develop different structures compared to their isolated counterparts. By analysing data from the Deep Extragalactic Visible Legacy Survey, astronomers have gained insights into the complex dynamics of galactic interactions and their impact on star formation rates.
Uranus and Neptune: More Richie than Icy?
Challenging long-held classifications, a recent study suggests that the solar system's ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, may actually be more rocky than icy. Researchers from the University of Zurich conducted computer simulations that indicate a broader range of internal compositions for these planets, which could explain their complex magnetic fields. This new perspective could alter our understanding of planetary formation and evolution, paving the way for future explorations of these distant worlds.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
NASA TV
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Nasa's MAVEN Mars Orbiter: Communication Loss
NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft has gone silent, with contact lost on December 6th after passing behind Mars. The orbiter has been a vital asset for over a decade, studying the Martian atmosphere and solar wind interactions that have transformed Mars from a water-rich world to a cold desert. We delve into MAVEN's critical findings, including the mechanisms of atmospheric escape and the implications of its potential loss for ongoing Martian research.
Galactic Neighbourhoods: Influencing Evolution
A new study reveals how a galaxy's local environment can significantly affect its evolution. The research, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, demonstrates that galaxies situated in densely populated regions tend to grow more slowly and develop different structures compared to their isolated counterparts. By analysing data from the Deep Extragalactic Visible Legacy Survey, astronomers have gained insights into the complex dynamics of galactic interactions and their impact on star formation rates.
Uranus and Neptune: More Richie than Icy?
Challenging long-held classifications, a recent study suggests that the solar system's ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, may actually be more rocky than icy. Researchers from the University of Zurich conducted computer simulations that indicate a broader range of internal compositions for these planets, which could explain their complex magnetic fields. This new perspective could alter our understanding of planetary formation and evolution, paving the way for future explorations of these distant worlds.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
NASA TV
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, Episode one hundred and
forty seven, for broadcast on the fifteenth of December twenty
twenty five. Coming up on Spacetime, NASA loses contact with
its MAVEN Mars orbiter, how the cosmic landscape impacts the
galaxy's life cycle, and a new study suggests the planet's
urinus and net tune might be rock giants rather than
(00:23):
ice giants. All that and more coming up on Spacetime.
Speaker 2 (00:29):
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
Speaker 1 (00:48):
NASA has lost contact with its Mars Atmosphere and Volatile
Evolution or MAVEN spacecraft. The agency says the probe disappeared
off the proverbial screens on December sixth, at the time
Pelimetary showed MAVON was working nominally as it passed behind
Mars is seen from Earth, but the spacecraft didn't resume
communications after emerging from behind the planet. Mission managers are
(01:12):
now investigating the anomaly and are yet to determine what's
gone wrong. The orbit has been circling the red planet
for more than a decade, gathering scientific data and serving
as a key communications relay satellite. MAVEN launched back in
November twenty thirteen and entered orbit around Mars in September
twenty fourteen. The spacecraft's primary mission has been to study
(01:34):
the planet's upper atmosphere and interactions with the soil or wind,
including how the atmosphere escapes into space, helping scientists better
understand how the Red Planet changed from a warm, wet
world with a thick atmosphere, one capable of supporting liquid
water on its surface and turning it into the inhospitable
freeze driede desert it is today this report from NASA TV.
Speaker 3 (01:58):
Today, morris Is are called dry world, with a tenuous
atmosphere only one percent as thick as Earth's. But in
the ancient past, water flowed freely across the Martian surface,
maintained by a thick early atmosphere. Since it first arrived
at the Red Planet in September twenty fourteen, NASA's Maven
spacecraft has been studying how that atmosphere was lost to
(02:21):
space and with it the water. In twenty fifteen, Maven
observed the solar wind eroding the Martian atmosphere. The solar
wind is a stream of electrically charged particles blowing from
the sun. Mavon watched as ions from the Mars upper
atmosphere were accelerated by the solar winds magnetic field and
(02:43):
driven into space, confirming that this process has deeply eroded
the Martian atmosphere. In twenty seventeen, Maven showed that a
process called sputtering has had an even greater effect on
the atmosphere. When ions from Mars get picked up by
the solar winds magnetic field, they can crash into neutral
atoms at the top of the atmosphere, sputtering them into space.
(03:05):
Mayvin measured present day isotopes of argon, which can be
removed only by sputtering, to determine that sixty five percent
of the noble gas has been lost over time. This
allowed scientists to estimate the escape of other gases and
determine that sputtering has been the primary mechanism driving the
atmosphere into space. Later in twenty seventeen, Maven revealed a
(03:26):
twist in Mars's invisible magnetic tail. When the Sun's magnetic
fields reach Mars, they pile up and wrap around the planet,
creating an induced magnetic field that is drawn out behind
Mars like a comet's tail. The marching crust also contained
small pockets of its own early magnetic field, which rotate
along with the planet. Mayvin discovered that when these two
(03:48):
fields interact, they put a twist in the magnetotail, confirming
model predictions. In twenty eighteen, a runaway series of dust
storms created a dust cloud so large that it developed
the planet. During this global dust storm, MAVEN observed an abrupt,
unexpected spike in the amount of water in the upper atmosphere.
It discovered that heating from dust storms can loft water
(04:11):
molecules far higher into the atmosphere than usual, leading to
a sudden surge in water loss to space. Later in
twenty eighteen, MAVEN announced the discovery of a new type
of aurora at Mars. The mission had previously observed auroras
during solar storms after electrons from the Sun struck the
upper atmosphere, causing it to glow with ultraviolet light. Mavin's
(04:34):
twenty eighteen discovery was the first observation of a Mars
proton aurora. When protons from the solar wind pick up
electrons from the Martian ionosphere, they can slip through the
planet's bowshock and plunge into its upper atmosphere. Causing widespread auroras.
On Earth, proton auroras are isolated near the poles, but
(04:55):
on Mars they can bathe the day side in ultraviolet radiation.
In twenty nineteen, MAVEN produced the first map of wind
currents in the Martian thermosphere, revealing disturbances and high altitude
winds caused by terrain features on the surface. MAVEN scents
these disturbances as it skimmed through the upper atmosphere, feeling
(05:15):
the imprint of mountains and valleys far below. In twenty twenty,
data for MAVIN led to the creation of another new
map showing the Martian atmosphere's electric current systems for the
first time. MAVIN detected these currents indirectly by observing the
solar winds magnetic field lines drape around the planet. Mapping
the electric current systems can help scientists to better understand
(05:38):
the forces that dry atmospheric escape. In twenty twenty two,
MAVIN watched as the solar wind unexpectedly disappeared from Mars.
The event occurred when a fast moving patch of the
solar wind overtook a slower moving region, leaving a void
in its wake. In response, the Martian magnetosphere ballooned outward
(05:58):
by thousands of kilometers, engulfing Maven's orbit and causing the
solar wind to temporarily disappear from view. In twenty twenty
two and twenty twenty three, Maven captured stunning ultraviolet images
of Mars when the planet was near opposite ends of
its elliptical orbit. The first image was taken when the
southern hemisphere was in summer, which coincides with Mars's closest
(06:20):
approach to the Sun. Canyons and basins are covered with
a thin haze of ozone, indicated by a tinge of pink.
The second image was taken during northern spring, after Mars
had passed its furthest point from the Sun. White clouds
hint at rapidly changing conditions in the northern polar regions,
while deep magenta signals a build up of ozone during
(06:41):
the frigid winter. In twenty twenty four, Maven observe the
aftermath of an X class solar flare, the strongest type
of eruption from the Sun. The flare was quickly followed
by a burst of charged particles crashing into Mars, leaving
black and white streaks on images. Taken by NASA's Curio
City rover. Mayvin watched from above as auroras lit up
(07:04):
the planet in a brilliant display of celestial fireworks.
Speaker 1 (07:09):
Mavin's other role as a communications relay satellite has provided
a key link between both the Mars Curiosity Mass Perseverance
rovers down on the Martian surface and mission managers at
the Jetpropulsion Laboratory in Passa into California by way of
NASA's Deep Space Communications Network ground stations Broadstone, California, Madrid, Spain,
(07:30):
and Camera, Australia. NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft and Mass Reconnaissance
Orbiter also service communications relays for the rovers, but both
are significantly older than Maven, and this isn't the first
time that MAVEN has suffered technical issues. Back in twenty
twenty two, the probe's inertial measurement units, which are used
(07:51):
for navigation, failed That forced mission managers to switch the
orbital to still a navigation system, minimizing reliance on the
inertial measurement unit. Maybe has enough propellant to maintain its
orbit through at least until the end of the decade.
This is space time still to come. How a cosmic
landscape can impact the galaxies life cycle, and a new
(08:14):
study suggests the solar systems to ice giants urin a
s in Neptune might actually be more rocky than icy.
All that and more still to come on space time,
(08:39):
a new study is shown how a galaxy's neighborhood can
influence its evolution. The findings, reported in the Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society, offers a new level of
detail into science's understanding of galactic evolution in the distant universe.
The research is based on data from Devils the Deep
Extragalactic Visible Legacy Survey, an extensive galaxy evolution survey which
(09:03):
shows that a galaxy's local environment plays a major role
in how it changes over time, strongly influencing its shape, size,
and even its growth rate. The survey combines data from
a wide range of terrestrial and space based telescopes to
investigate various aspects of astrophysics for analyzing hundreds of thousands
of galaxies. The project lead Luke Davies from the University
(09:26):
of Western Australia node of the International Center for Radio
Astronomy Research, says the DEVIL Survey is unique in that
it's the first of its kind to explore detailed aspects
of the distant universe. It focuses on galaxies that existed
up to five billion years ago and examines how these
galaxies have changed through to the present day. He says,
(09:47):
while previous surveys during this period of universal history have
explored the broad evolution of galaxy properties, they've inherently lacked
the capacity to determine the finer details of the cosmic landscape.
The Devil Survey has allowed astronomers to zoom in and
focus on mapping out the small scale environment of galaxies.
This new approach has allowed Davies and colleagues to identify
(10:09):
the number of stars in the galaxy, understand ongoing star formation,
and analyze their visual appearance, shapes, and structures. They can
then compare these properties between galaxies and the present day
universe with galaxies that existed around five billion years ago
in order to determine how galaxies have changed over time.
They found that galaxies that are surrounded by lots of
(10:31):
other galaxies. One might say that bustling centers of galactic
cities in the cosmos tend to grow more slowly and
have different structures compared to their more isolated counterparts. In
crowded regions of the universe, galaxies interact with each other
and compete for resources such as gas. The full new
stars and grow. Devi says this competition can impact the
(10:52):
evolution and in some instances cause star formation to slow
down earlier than expected, causing galaxies to die.
Speaker 4 (11:00):
The survey that's primarily based around observations which are done
with the Anglo Australian Telescope in New South Wales. So
what we do is we pick a few patches of
the night sky and we take a lot of imaging
data that currently exists in those regions and we put
it together to build a sample of galaxies so we
want to explore. And then we go to the Angle
Australian Telescope and we measure spectra for all of those galaxies.
(11:22):
And what that primarily allows us to do is to
measure the three dimensional structure of the universe. So we
map out the distances and the positions of all of
the galaxies and then we determine what the structure looks like,
and we use that structure to work out places in
the universe where there are lots of galaxies so very
sort of overdense regions which you are sort of bustling
city centers of the universe environment. So they're mostly galaxy groups,
(11:45):
which are slightly smaller than clusters.
Speaker 1 (11:47):
So given the.
Speaker 4 (11:48):
Volume, yeah yeah, so sort of from the local group
size up to a little bit bigger, mainly because of
the volumes that we probe are quite small in comparison
to the nearby universe, so you actually don't get some
of the really massive to type things. Then what we
do is we try and combine all the information about
what the galaxy's local environment is like, so how clustered
the regions are, and link that up with the properties
(12:09):
of the galaxies to see how where they live is
impacting their life cycle.
Speaker 1 (12:14):
And what if you found.
Speaker 4 (12:15):
What we found is that when you start to map
out the universe of this sort of smallish scale in
terms of environments, that the properties of galaxies are very
strongly linked to where they live in the universe. So
if you grow up in bustling sort of city centers
of the galactic environment, you actually die more easily, you
form less stars, you look different, you grow in a
(12:36):
different way. If you live in a sort of isolated,
remote region of space.
Speaker 1 (12:40):
I would have thought that if you're in a busy,
bustling area with lots of other galaxies, it'd be easier
to steal gas from them and make more stars and
even grow bigger because you can merge with them. That's
not what you found.
Speaker 4 (12:52):
That, So that's largely true for the sort of big
central galaxies in those environments. We tend to split galaxies
in those to centrals and satellites, where central is sort
of the main big galaxy in the middle, and the
satellites are all the other ones which are moving around it.
So for the central region, being in that overdent environment
actually helps it to grow more massive, but for the
(13:13):
satellites it actually stops them from forming new stars so
that they don't grow any bigger. And all of those
interactions with the other galaxies actually change the way the
galaxy looks as well. So we define how a galaxy
looks at something called morphology, which basically defines whether it's
sort of a big, blobby red structure or a disc
like spiral structure. And where a galaxy lives in its
(13:33):
environment and its interactions other galaxies changes the type of
morphology that that galaxy is is that.
Speaker 1 (13:39):
Why the large and small metrole any clouds are disrupted
spirals or irregular spirals rather than grand spirals like say
the Milky Way.
Speaker 4 (13:47):
Or yeah, so they're also much smaller. So these sort
of smaller regular galaxy tend to form as more sort
of blobby structures. But yeah, their interactions with the Milky
Way will make them look different. So imagine if you
have like say, have two big spirally type galaxies and
you smash them both together, you end up with something
that looks more like an elliptical galaxy. And because those
processes are happening more readily in group environments, you end
(14:08):
up getting more elliptical like things in group environments than
you would in isolated environments. The real benefit of what
we've done with devils in this is that this type
of science of mapping out the sort of group scale
so that the much lower mass scale than clusters environments,
there's only previously been done in the relatively local universe.
The reason for this is that to be able to
map out the three dimensional structure of a universe, you
(14:30):
need to measure red shifts basically for lots of galaxies
to get to their distance, and doing that outside of
the local universe is really problematic because you have to
observe for a really long time to get enough signal
to noise to measure the red shifts. So we've done
this in the local universe with other surveys, but with Devils,
what we've done is we've stretched that out into the
much more distant universe by observing the same galaxy for
much longer time basically to get their red shifts. It
(14:52):
is the first time we've really managed to map out
this sort of group scale structure in the very distant universe.
Speaker 1 (14:58):
And you're moving from Devils to Waves next.
Speaker 4 (15:01):
Yeah, So Waves is a survey that's going to be
starting next year on a new facility which is called Foremost,
which is the four meter multi object Spectrograph telescope which
is in Chile. And what we're doing with WASTE is
that we actually have a few different sort of surveys
that we're doing, but one of the components of WAVES,
which is called Waves Deep, is basically the same as Devils,
but over a much much larger area. So essentially we'll
(15:23):
be doing all of the science that we can do
with Devils now, but to a much much finer degree
of a much larger volumes of the universe. We actually
have got the first test observations from Foremost for some
of the galaxies in waves, which has been really exciting.
So we've all been working away to try and understand
everything that's going on with the telescope, and then we'll
start waves in earnest next year.
Speaker 1 (15:41):
One of the big topics of recent papers that I've
seen has been this ongoing hypothesis that the Milky Way
may not be within a strand of galaxies in the
cosmic web of the universe, but rather it may actually
be at or near the edge of a larger void.
Has your work in any way it all help resolve
(16:02):
that issue.
Speaker 4 (16:02):
The issue of this is is that some of our
results in terms of our cosmological analysis, so analysis of
how the whole universe works essentially and how the whole
universe is evolving, are a little bit in tension with
each other. And one of the possible solutions for that
is that we live in a slightly atypical part of
the universe, so next to a cosmic void, which would
mean that some of our measurements that we use to
(16:24):
insfer cosmological principles are a little bit wrong because all
of those assume basically that we live in a very
representative place in the universe. Now, it is really super interesting,
but it's not really something that I work on massively.
I look at galaxies which are much much further away
than that local volume. But there is an Australian lead
survey that's going to be happening on Foremost as well,
(16:45):
called the VOHS, which is being run from the country,
which will actually test some of these things about the
distribution of galaxies in the very local universe as well.
So I would say hold types and in sort of
four or five years time, when we have results from Foremost,
we might be able to say something a bit more
about this proper.
Speaker 1 (17:00):
The reason for this assumption that we're in a of
the edge of a void is simply because of studies
looking at an expansion of the universe based on dark energy.
Speaker 4 (17:08):
Yeah, so that's one of the cosmological measurements that I mentioned.
So there's currently just this tension as to how dark
energy is evolving and whether it's changing with time or
whether it's a constant. And one of the potential solutions
to all of this conflict is that we live within
this void, which actually allows you to match up some
of the sort of slightly disparate observations that you get
from doing different measurements.
Speaker 1 (17:29):
It's a small void if it is a void.
Speaker 5 (17:32):
Yeah.
Speaker 1 (17:32):
The interesting thing is, of course, there have been some
new results that have just come out showing that dark
energy isn't constant, but in fact we have not just
reached the maximum extent of dark energy, but it may
be going in reverse now.
Speaker 4 (17:45):
Yes, So most of those results are coming out of
a civic or DESI, which is done in the northern
hemisphere and not to bang on about Foremost too much,
as a pretty amazing instrument when it starts going. But
there's also a different survey that's going to be done
not Foremost, which is a survey which is similar to DESI,
but will be in the southern hemisphere. So when that's done,
combining the data from DESI and this Foremost survey in
(18:07):
the Southern hemisphere will actually produce way better constraints on
all of these measurements. So it's quite exciting that we
might have sort of DESI times two in about five
years time where we get much better constraints on all
of this, and we'll probably then get a definitive answer
onto whether dark energy is changing with time or is constant.
Speaker 1 (18:23):
Let's associate Professor Luke Davies from the University of Western
Australia NERD of the International Center for Radio Astronomy or Research,
and this is space time still to come, and you
study suggest the Solar Systems to ice giant planets during
a s and neptune may actually be more rocky than
I see. And later in the science report and you
(18:45):
study warns insufficient sleep may sure in your lifespan. All
that and more still to come on space time, A
(19:08):
new study suggests the Solar Systems two ice giant planets
urin a set tune might actually be more rocky than icy.
The findings follow new computer simulations examining the likely internal
structures of the two worlds. Now this new study isn't
claiming that these two blue planets are one type of
the other, water or rock. Rather, it simply challenges the
(19:30):
idea that ice rich isn't the only possibility. This new
interpretation is also consistent with the discovery that the dwarf
planet Pluto is rock dominated in its composition. The planets
in our Solar System are typically divided into three broad
categories based on their general composition. There are the four
terrestrial rocky planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the
(19:54):
two gas giants Jupiter and Satin, and finally the two
ice giants. You're in a sl Neptune.
Speaker 5 (20:01):
Now.
Speaker 1 (20:01):
According to the new work carried out by the University
of Zeris scientific team, Urinus and Neptune might actually be
more rocky than icy. The studies lead author Luca morph
says the ice giant classification might be an oversimplification, but
he admits both words are still poorly understood and models
on the two based on physics are two assumption heavy,
(20:21):
while imperial models are too simplistic. Morphin colleagues combined both
approaches in order to get internal models of the two
planets that are both agnostic and physically consistent. To do this,
they first started with random density profiles for each planet's
interior based on a numerical framework. They then calculated planet
(20:42):
to gravitational fields in a way that was consistent with
the observed data available and that allowed them to infer
a possible internal composition. Finally, the process is repeated to
obtain the best possible match between models and observational data,
and the authors found that the potential internal comps position
of the pair isn't limited to mostly ices. Instead, a
(21:05):
new range of internal compositions show that both planets can
either be water rich ice or rock rich material. The
study has also brought a new perspective on both Uranus
and Neptune's puzzling magnetic fields. While the Earth has clear
north and south magnetic poles, magnetic fields of Uranus and
Neptune are far more complex and include more than just
(21:26):
two poles. The new models show ionic water layers, which
generate magnetic dynamos at locations that help explain the observed
non dipolear magnetic fields. They also found that Urinus's magnetic
field originates far deeper inside the planet than that of Neptune.
While these new results are promising, uncertainty still remains. One
(21:49):
of the main issues is that physicists still barely understand
how materials behave under the exotic conditions of pressure and
temperature which are found at the heart of a planet,
and that will impact result aults. Still, despite the uncertainties,
these new results are paving the way for new potential
interior composition scenarios, scenarios which are challenging decades old assumptions
(22:11):
and which could guide future research into planetary conditions. This
is Space Time and time out to take a brief
(22:34):
look at some of the other stories making news in
science this week. With a science report, A new study
warns insufficient sleep made sure in your life. The findings,
reported in the journal's Sleep Advances, compared sleep patterns with
life expectancy, and the authors found that as a behavioral
driver for life expectancy, sleep stood out far more than diet, exercise, loneliness,
(22:58):
and indeed more than any other factor except smoking. For
the study, the CDC that Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention define sufficient sleep as at least seven hours per night,
which is recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine
and by the Sleep Research Society. Although previous research is
shown broadly that a lack of adequate sleep does lead
(23:19):
to high mortality risk, the new research is the first
to reveal year to year correlations between sleep and life expectancy.
The war With Meteorological Organization says there's now a fifty
five percent chance of a week Linina weather pattern developing
over the next three months. Lenina conditions typically bring higher
(23:40):
rainfall and cooler temperatures across Australia, and the studies authors
say climate has been at borderline Lenina conditions since mid November.
The agency says Leninia is just one of the climatic
patterns influencing our weather, with climate change also having a
major impact on temperatures and extreme weather events. One of
(24:00):
the longest and most intact segments of Jerusalem City Wall
has been uncovered by archeologists with the Israeli Antiquities Authority.
The remarkably war preserved segment dates back to the Hassamian
Macabeen period of the late second century BCEE, some two
hundred years before Christ and eight hundred years before the
birth of Islam. The ancient Jewish fortification was unearthed within
(24:24):
the Kishel complex at the Tower of David, adjacent to
the historic Citadel. The newly uncovered segment is over forty
meters long and some five meters wide. It was built
from massive stone blocks that were finally dressed with a
distinctive chisel bass typical of the Hassemonian period. The authors
believed the wall originally stood over ten meters high. Similar
(24:47):
sections of the defensive system had been uncovered around Mount Zion,
the City of David, the courtyard of the Citadel, and
along parts of the western boundary of Jerusalem, but none
are as extensive or as well preserved. A new study
by NOAH, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has to
bunk the idea that increases in atmosphere carbon dioxide levels
(25:09):
will provide long term improvements in plant growth skeptics. Timendum says, well,
some increases in satto levels are beneficial for plants, too
much does end up killing them.
Speaker 5 (25:21):
A lot of people are saying that because we're putting
our carbon dioxide as part of our sort of energy activities,
and that plants take in carbon dioxide to help them grow,
if it's a good thing we're putting out the food
that plants used. That's actually, to a certain extent, a
little extent, that's correct. Plants do take on carbon dioxide,
and there can be times when they flourish in certain
environments where the trouble is you can have too much
and plants can only absorb so much in the same
(25:43):
way as the sea can only absorb so much. In fact,
it's the sea, which is absorbing most of the carbon
dioxide that is absorbed, So the tree is going to
take so much they can bloom and blossos and then
after while it'll start to kill them. And then when
it kills them, you get droughts, so it gets less
trees and that sort of stuff. Also, of course, when
a plant dies, it gives up the carbon dioxide it's
taking in of storing siche for trees and things like that.
So the argument has been put forward by a lot
(26:05):
of people saying that carbon dioxo is good for plants
and things and therefore we'll reforest. Everything is wrong, and
this has been shown both in laboratory work and in
atmospheric work and satellite photography. So what will happen is
sudlants will flurries and then die. So when they die,
you get dropt, you get low crop yield.
Speaker 1 (26:22):
That's timendum from Austria in Skeptics, and that's.
Speaker 5 (26:40):
The show for now.
Speaker 1 (26:42):
Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through
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Speaker 2 (27:26):
You've been listening to space Time with Stuart Gary. This
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This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, Episode one hundred and
forty seven, for broadcast on the fifteenth of December twenty
twenty five. Coming up on Spacetime, NASA loses contact with
its MAVEN Mars orbiter, how the cosmic landscape impacts the
galaxy's life cycle, and a new study suggests the planet's
urinus and net tune might be rock giants rather than
(00:23):
ice giants. All that and more coming up on Spacetime.
Speaker 2 (00:29):
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
Speaker 1 (00:48):
NASA has lost contact with its Mars Atmosphere and Volatile
Evolution or MAVEN spacecraft. The agency says the probe disappeared
off the proverbial screens on December sixth, at the time
Pelimetary showed MAVON was working nominally as it passed behind
Mars is seen from Earth, but the spacecraft didn't resume
communications after emerging from behind the planet. Mission managers are
(01:12):
now investigating the anomaly and are yet to determine what's
gone wrong. The orbit has been circling the red planet
for more than a decade, gathering scientific data and serving
as a key communications relay satellite. MAVEN launched back in
November twenty thirteen and entered orbit around Mars in September
twenty fourteen. The spacecraft's primary mission has been to study
(01:34):
the planet's upper atmosphere and interactions with the soil or wind,
including how the atmosphere escapes into space, helping scientists better
understand how the Red Planet changed from a warm, wet
world with a thick atmosphere, one capable of supporting liquid
water on its surface and turning it into the inhospitable
freeze driede desert it is today this report from NASA TV.
Speaker 3 (01:58):
Today, morris Is are called dry world, with a tenuous
atmosphere only one percent as thick as Earth's. But in
the ancient past, water flowed freely across the Martian surface,
maintained by a thick early atmosphere. Since it first arrived
at the Red Planet in September twenty fourteen, NASA's Maven
spacecraft has been studying how that atmosphere was lost to
(02:21):
space and with it the water. In twenty fifteen, Maven
observed the solar wind eroding the Martian atmosphere. The solar
wind is a stream of electrically charged particles blowing from
the sun. Mavon watched as ions from the Mars upper
atmosphere were accelerated by the solar winds magnetic field and
(02:43):
driven into space, confirming that this process has deeply eroded
the Martian atmosphere. In twenty seventeen, Maven showed that a
process called sputtering has had an even greater effect on
the atmosphere. When ions from Mars get picked up by
the solar winds magnetic field, they can crash into neutral
atoms at the top of the atmosphere, sputtering them into space.
(03:05):
Mayvin measured present day isotopes of argon, which can be
removed only by sputtering, to determine that sixty five percent
of the noble gas has been lost over time. This
allowed scientists to estimate the escape of other gases and
determine that sputtering has been the primary mechanism driving the
atmosphere into space. Later in twenty seventeen, Maven revealed a
(03:26):
twist in Mars's invisible magnetic tail. When the Sun's magnetic
fields reach Mars, they pile up and wrap around the planet,
creating an induced magnetic field that is drawn out behind
Mars like a comet's tail. The marching crust also contained
small pockets of its own early magnetic field, which rotate
along with the planet. Mayvin discovered that when these two
(03:48):
fields interact, they put a twist in the magnetotail, confirming
model predictions. In twenty eighteen, a runaway series of dust
storms created a dust cloud so large that it developed
the planet. During this global dust storm, MAVEN observed an abrupt,
unexpected spike in the amount of water in the upper atmosphere.
It discovered that heating from dust storms can loft water
(04:11):
molecules far higher into the atmosphere than usual, leading to
a sudden surge in water loss to space. Later in
twenty eighteen, MAVEN announced the discovery of a new type
of aurora at Mars. The mission had previously observed auroras
during solar storms after electrons from the Sun struck the
upper atmosphere, causing it to glow with ultraviolet light. Mavin's
(04:34):
twenty eighteen discovery was the first observation of a Mars
proton aurora. When protons from the solar wind pick up
electrons from the Martian ionosphere, they can slip through the
planet's bowshock and plunge into its upper atmosphere. Causing widespread auroras.
On Earth, proton auroras are isolated near the poles, but
(04:55):
on Mars they can bathe the day side in ultraviolet radiation.
In twenty nineteen, MAVEN produced the first map of wind
currents in the Martian thermosphere, revealing disturbances and high altitude
winds caused by terrain features on the surface. MAVEN scents
these disturbances as it skimmed through the upper atmosphere, feeling
(05:15):
the imprint of mountains and valleys far below. In twenty twenty,
data for MAVIN led to the creation of another new
map showing the Martian atmosphere's electric current systems for the
first time. MAVIN detected these currents indirectly by observing the
solar winds magnetic field lines drape around the planet. Mapping
the electric current systems can help scientists to better understand
(05:38):
the forces that dry atmospheric escape. In twenty twenty two,
MAVIN watched as the solar wind unexpectedly disappeared from Mars.
The event occurred when a fast moving patch of the
solar wind overtook a slower moving region, leaving a void
in its wake. In response, the Martian magnetosphere ballooned outward
(05:58):
by thousands of kilometers, engulfing Maven's orbit and causing the
solar wind to temporarily disappear from view. In twenty twenty
two and twenty twenty three, Maven captured stunning ultraviolet images
of Mars when the planet was near opposite ends of
its elliptical orbit. The first image was taken when the
southern hemisphere was in summer, which coincides with Mars's closest
(06:20):
approach to the Sun. Canyons and basins are covered with
a thin haze of ozone, indicated by a tinge of pink.
The second image was taken during northern spring, after Mars
had passed its furthest point from the Sun. White clouds
hint at rapidly changing conditions in the northern polar regions,
while deep magenta signals a build up of ozone during
(06:41):
the frigid winter. In twenty twenty four, Maven observe the
aftermath of an X class solar flare, the strongest type
of eruption from the Sun. The flare was quickly followed
by a burst of charged particles crashing into Mars, leaving
black and white streaks on images. Taken by NASA's Curio
City rover. Mayvin watched from above as auroras lit up
(07:04):
the planet in a brilliant display of celestial fireworks.
Speaker 1 (07:09):
Mavin's other role as a communications relay satellite has provided
a key link between both the Mars Curiosity Mass Perseverance
rovers down on the Martian surface and mission managers at
the Jetpropulsion Laboratory in Passa into California by way of
NASA's Deep Space Communications Network ground stations Broadstone, California, Madrid, Spain,
(07:30):
and Camera, Australia. NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft and Mass Reconnaissance
Orbiter also service communications relays for the rovers, but both
are significantly older than Maven, and this isn't the first
time that MAVEN has suffered technical issues. Back in twenty
twenty two, the probe's inertial measurement units, which are used
(07:51):
for navigation, failed That forced mission managers to switch the
orbital to still a navigation system, minimizing reliance on the
inertial measurement unit. Maybe has enough propellant to maintain its
orbit through at least until the end of the decade.
This is space time still to come. How a cosmic
landscape can impact the galaxies life cycle, and a new
(08:14):
study suggests the solar systems to ice giants urin a
s in Neptune might actually be more rocky than icy.
All that and more still to come on space time,
(08:39):
a new study is shown how a galaxy's neighborhood can
influence its evolution. The findings, reported in the Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society, offers a new level of
detail into science's understanding of galactic evolution in the distant universe.
The research is based on data from Devils the Deep
Extragalactic Visible Legacy Survey, an extensive galaxy evolution survey which
(09:03):
shows that a galaxy's local environment plays a major role
in how it changes over time, strongly influencing its shape, size,
and even its growth rate. The survey combines data from
a wide range of terrestrial and space based telescopes to
investigate various aspects of astrophysics for analyzing hundreds of thousands
of galaxies. The project lead Luke Davies from the University
(09:26):
of Western Australia node of the International Center for Radio
Astronomy Research, says the DEVIL Survey is unique in that
it's the first of its kind to explore detailed aspects
of the distant universe. It focuses on galaxies that existed
up to five billion years ago and examines how these
galaxies have changed through to the present day. He says,
(09:47):
while previous surveys during this period of universal history have
explored the broad evolution of galaxy properties, they've inherently lacked
the capacity to determine the finer details of the cosmic landscape.
The Devil Survey has allowed astronomers to zoom in and
focus on mapping out the small scale environment of galaxies.
This new approach has allowed Davies and colleagues to identify
(10:09):
the number of stars in the galaxy, understand ongoing star formation,
and analyze their visual appearance, shapes, and structures. They can
then compare these properties between galaxies and the present day
universe with galaxies that existed around five billion years ago
in order to determine how galaxies have changed over time.
They found that galaxies that are surrounded by lots of
(10:31):
other galaxies. One might say that bustling centers of galactic
cities in the cosmos tend to grow more slowly and
have different structures compared to their more isolated counterparts. In
crowded regions of the universe, galaxies interact with each other
and compete for resources such as gas. The full new
stars and grow. Devi says this competition can impact the
(10:52):
evolution and in some instances cause star formation to slow
down earlier than expected, causing galaxies to die.
Speaker 4 (11:00):
The survey that's primarily based around observations which are done
with the Anglo Australian Telescope in New South Wales. So
what we do is we pick a few patches of
the night sky and we take a lot of imaging
data that currently exists in those regions and we put
it together to build a sample of galaxies so we
want to explore. And then we go to the Angle
Australian Telescope and we measure spectra for all of those galaxies.
(11:22):
And what that primarily allows us to do is to
measure the three dimensional structure of the universe. So we
map out the distances and the positions of all of
the galaxies and then we determine what the structure looks like,
and we use that structure to work out places in
the universe where there are lots of galaxies so very
sort of overdense regions which you are sort of bustling
city centers of the universe environment. So they're mostly galaxy groups,
(11:45):
which are slightly smaller than clusters.
Speaker 1 (11:47):
So given the.
Speaker 4 (11:48):
Volume, yeah yeah, so sort of from the local group
size up to a little bit bigger, mainly because of
the volumes that we probe are quite small in comparison
to the nearby universe, so you actually don't get some
of the really massive to type things. Then what we
do is we try and combine all the information about
what the galaxy's local environment is like, so how clustered
the regions are, and link that up with the properties
(12:09):
of the galaxies to see how where they live is
impacting their life cycle.
Speaker 1 (12:14):
And what if you found.
Speaker 4 (12:15):
What we found is that when you start to map
out the universe of this sort of smallish scale in
terms of environments, that the properties of galaxies are very
strongly linked to where they live in the universe. So
if you grow up in bustling sort of city centers
of the galactic environment, you actually die more easily, you
form less stars, you look different, you grow in a
(12:36):
different way. If you live in a sort of isolated,
remote region of space.
Speaker 1 (12:40):
I would have thought that if you're in a busy,
bustling area with lots of other galaxies, it'd be easier
to steal gas from them and make more stars and
even grow bigger because you can merge with them. That's
not what you found.
Speaker 4 (12:52):
That, So that's largely true for the sort of big
central galaxies in those environments. We tend to split galaxies
in those to centrals and satellites, where central is sort
of the main big galaxy in the middle, and the
satellites are all the other ones which are moving around it.
So for the central region, being in that overdent environment
actually helps it to grow more massive, but for the
(13:13):
satellites it actually stops them from forming new stars so
that they don't grow any bigger. And all of those
interactions with the other galaxies actually change the way the
galaxy looks as well. So we define how a galaxy
looks at something called morphology, which basically defines whether it's
sort of a big, blobby red structure or a disc
like spiral structure. And where a galaxy lives in its
(13:33):
environment and its interactions other galaxies changes the type of
morphology that that galaxy is is that.
Speaker 1 (13:39):
Why the large and small metrole any clouds are disrupted
spirals or irregular spirals rather than grand spirals like say
the Milky Way.
Speaker 4 (13:47):
Or yeah, so they're also much smaller. So these sort
of smaller regular galaxy tend to form as more sort
of blobby structures. But yeah, their interactions with the Milky
Way will make them look different. So imagine if you
have like say, have two big spirally type galaxies and
you smash them both together, you end up with something
that looks more like an elliptical galaxy. And because those
processes are happening more readily in group environments, you end
(14:08):
up getting more elliptical like things in group environments than
you would in isolated environments. The real benefit of what
we've done with devils in this is that this type
of science of mapping out the sort of group scale
so that the much lower mass scale than clusters environments,
there's only previously been done in the relatively local universe.
The reason for this is that to be able to
map out the three dimensional structure of a universe, you
(14:30):
need to measure red shifts basically for lots of galaxies
to get to their distance, and doing that outside of
the local universe is really problematic because you have to
observe for a really long time to get enough signal
to noise to measure the red shifts. So we've done
this in the local universe with other surveys, but with Devils,
what we've done is we've stretched that out into the
much more distant universe by observing the same galaxy for
much longer time basically to get their red shifts. It
(14:52):
is the first time we've really managed to map out
this sort of group scale structure in the very distant universe.
Speaker 1 (14:58):
And you're moving from Devils to Waves next.
Speaker 4 (15:01):
Yeah, So Waves is a survey that's going to be
starting next year on a new facility which is called Foremost,
which is the four meter multi object Spectrograph telescope which
is in Chile. And what we're doing with WASTE is
that we actually have a few different sort of surveys
that we're doing, but one of the components of WAVES,
which is called Waves Deep, is basically the same as Devils,
but over a much much larger area. So essentially we'll
(15:23):
be doing all of the science that we can do
with Devils now, but to a much much finer degree
of a much larger volumes of the universe. We actually
have got the first test observations from Foremost for some
of the galaxies in waves, which has been really exciting.
So we've all been working away to try and understand
everything that's going on with the telescope, and then we'll
start waves in earnest next year.
Speaker 1 (15:41):
One of the big topics of recent papers that I've
seen has been this ongoing hypothesis that the Milky Way
may not be within a strand of galaxies in the
cosmic web of the universe, but rather it may actually
be at or near the edge of a larger void.
Has your work in any way it all help resolve
(16:02):
that issue.
Speaker 4 (16:02):
The issue of this is is that some of our
results in terms of our cosmological analysis, so analysis of
how the whole universe works essentially and how the whole
universe is evolving, are a little bit in tension with
each other. And one of the possible solutions for that
is that we live in a slightly atypical part of
the universe, so next to a cosmic void, which would
mean that some of our measurements that we use to
(16:24):
insfer cosmological principles are a little bit wrong because all
of those assume basically that we live in a very
representative place in the universe. Now, it is really super interesting,
but it's not really something that I work on massively.
I look at galaxies which are much much further away
than that local volume. But there is an Australian lead
survey that's going to be happening on Foremost as well,
(16:45):
called the VOHS, which is being run from the country,
which will actually test some of these things about the
distribution of galaxies in the very local universe as well.
So I would say hold types and in sort of
four or five years time, when we have results from Foremost,
we might be able to say something a bit more
about this proper.
Speaker 1 (17:00):
The reason for this assumption that we're in a of
the edge of a void is simply because of studies
looking at an expansion of the universe based on dark energy.
Speaker 4 (17:08):
Yeah, so that's one of the cosmological measurements that I mentioned.
So there's currently just this tension as to how dark
energy is evolving and whether it's changing with time or
whether it's a constant. And one of the potential solutions
to all of this conflict is that we live within
this void, which actually allows you to match up some
of the sort of slightly disparate observations that you get
from doing different measurements.
Speaker 1 (17:29):
It's a small void if it is a void.
Speaker 5 (17:32):
Yeah.
Speaker 1 (17:32):
The interesting thing is, of course, there have been some
new results that have just come out showing that dark
energy isn't constant, but in fact we have not just
reached the maximum extent of dark energy, but it may
be going in reverse now.
Speaker 4 (17:45):
Yes, So most of those results are coming out of
a civic or DESI, which is done in the northern
hemisphere and not to bang on about Foremost too much,
as a pretty amazing instrument when it starts going. But
there's also a different survey that's going to be done
not Foremost, which is a survey which is similar to DESI,
but will be in the southern hemisphere. So when that's done,
combining the data from DESI and this Foremost survey in
(18:07):
the Southern hemisphere will actually produce way better constraints on
all of these measurements. So it's quite exciting that we
might have sort of DESI times two in about five
years time where we get much better constraints on all
of this, and we'll probably then get a definitive answer
onto whether dark energy is changing with time or is constant.
Speaker 1 (18:23):
Let's associate Professor Luke Davies from the University of Western
Australia NERD of the International Center for Radio Astronomy or Research,
and this is space time still to come, and you
study suggest the Solar Systems to ice giant planets during
a s and neptune may actually be more rocky than
I see. And later in the science report and you
(18:45):
study warns insufficient sleep may sure in your lifespan. All
that and more still to come on space time, A
(19:08):
new study suggests the Solar Systems two ice giant planets
urin a set tune might actually be more rocky than icy.
The findings follow new computer simulations examining the likely internal
structures of the two worlds. Now this new study isn't
claiming that these two blue planets are one type of
the other, water or rock. Rather, it simply challenges the
(19:30):
idea that ice rich isn't the only possibility. This new
interpretation is also consistent with the discovery that the dwarf
planet Pluto is rock dominated in its composition. The planets
in our Solar System are typically divided into three broad
categories based on their general composition. There are the four
terrestrial rocky planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the
(19:54):
two gas giants Jupiter and Satin, and finally the two
ice giants. You're in a sl Neptune.
Speaker 5 (20:01):
Now.
Speaker 1 (20:01):
According to the new work carried out by the University
of Zeris scientific team, Urinus and Neptune might actually be
more rocky than icy. The studies lead author Luca morph
says the ice giant classification might be an oversimplification, but
he admits both words are still poorly understood and models
on the two based on physics are two assumption heavy,
(20:21):
while imperial models are too simplistic. Morphin colleagues combined both
approaches in order to get internal models of the two
planets that are both agnostic and physically consistent. To do this,
they first started with random density profiles for each planet's
interior based on a numerical framework. They then calculated planet
(20:42):
to gravitational fields in a way that was consistent with
the observed data available and that allowed them to infer
a possible internal composition. Finally, the process is repeated to
obtain the best possible match between models and observational data,
and the authors found that the potential internal comps position
of the pair isn't limited to mostly ices. Instead, a
(21:05):
new range of internal compositions show that both planets can
either be water rich ice or rock rich material. The
study has also brought a new perspective on both Uranus
and Neptune's puzzling magnetic fields. While the Earth has clear
north and south magnetic poles, magnetic fields of Uranus and
Neptune are far more complex and include more than just
(21:26):
two poles. The new models show ionic water layers, which
generate magnetic dynamos at locations that help explain the observed
non dipolear magnetic fields. They also found that Urinus's magnetic
field originates far deeper inside the planet than that of Neptune.
While these new results are promising, uncertainty still remains. One
(21:49):
of the main issues is that physicists still barely understand
how materials behave under the exotic conditions of pressure and
temperature which are found at the heart of a planet,
and that will impact result aults. Still, despite the uncertainties,
these new results are paving the way for new potential
interior composition scenarios, scenarios which are challenging decades old assumptions
(22:11):
and which could guide future research into planetary conditions. This
is Space Time and time out to take a brief
(22:34):
look at some of the other stories making news in
science this week. With a science report, A new study
warns insufficient sleep made sure in your life. The findings,
reported in the journal's Sleep Advances, compared sleep patterns with
life expectancy, and the authors found that as a behavioral
driver for life expectancy, sleep stood out far more than diet, exercise, loneliness,
(22:58):
and indeed more than any other factor except smoking. For
the study, the CDC that Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention define sufficient sleep as at least seven hours per night,
which is recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine
and by the Sleep Research Society. Although previous research is
shown broadly that a lack of adequate sleep does lead
(23:19):
to high mortality risk, the new research is the first
to reveal year to year correlations between sleep and life expectancy.
The war With Meteorological Organization says there's now a fifty
five percent chance of a week Linina weather pattern developing
over the next three months. Lenina conditions typically bring higher
(23:40):
rainfall and cooler temperatures across Australia, and the studies authors
say climate has been at borderline Lenina conditions since mid November.
The agency says Leninia is just one of the climatic
patterns influencing our weather, with climate change also having a
major impact on temperatures and extreme weather events. One of
(24:00):
the longest and most intact segments of Jerusalem City Wall
has been uncovered by archeologists with the Israeli Antiquities Authority.
The remarkably war preserved segment dates back to the Hassamian
Macabeen period of the late second century BCEE, some two
hundred years before Christ and eight hundred years before the
birth of Islam. The ancient Jewish fortification was unearthed within
(24:24):
the Kishel complex at the Tower of David, adjacent to
the historic Citadel. The newly uncovered segment is over forty
meters long and some five meters wide. It was built
from massive stone blocks that were finally dressed with a
distinctive chisel bass typical of the Hassemonian period. The authors
believed the wall originally stood over ten meters high. Similar
(24:47):
sections of the defensive system had been uncovered around Mount Zion,
the City of David, the courtyard of the Citadel, and
along parts of the western boundary of Jerusalem, but none
are as extensive or as well preserved. A new study
by NOAH, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has to
bunk the idea that increases in atmosphere carbon dioxide levels
(25:09):
will provide long term improvements in plant growth skeptics. Timendum says, well,
some increases in satto levels are beneficial for plants, too
much does end up killing them.
Speaker 5 (25:21):
A lot of people are saying that because we're putting
our carbon dioxide as part of our sort of energy activities,
and that plants take in carbon dioxide to help them grow,
if it's a good thing we're putting out the food
that plants used. That's actually, to a certain extent, a
little extent, that's correct. Plants do take on carbon dioxide,
and there can be times when they flourish in certain
environments where the trouble is you can have too much
and plants can only absorb so much in the same
(25:43):
way as the sea can only absorb so much. In fact,
it's the sea, which is absorbing most of the carbon
dioxide that is absorbed, So the tree is going to
take so much they can bloom and blossos and then
after while it'll start to kill them. And then when
it kills them, you get droughts, so it gets less
trees and that sort of stuff. Also, of course, when
a plant dies, it gives up the carbon dioxide it's
taking in of storing siche for trees and things like that.
So the argument has been put forward by a lot
(26:05):
of people saying that carbon dioxo is good for plants
and things and therefore we'll reforest. Everything is wrong, and
this has been shown both in laboratory work and in
atmospheric work and satellite photography. So what will happen is
sudlants will flurries and then die. So when they die,
you get dropt, you get low crop yield.
Speaker 1 (26:22):
That's timendum from Austria in Skeptics, and that's.
Speaker 5 (26:40):
The show for now.
Speaker 1 (26:42):
Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through
bytes dot com, SoundCloud, YouTube, your favorite podcast download provider,
and from space Time with Stuart Gary dot com. Space
Time is also broadcast through the National Science Foundation on
Science and radio and on both Heart Radio and tune
in radio. And you can help to support our show
(27:04):
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Speaker 2 (27:26):
You've been listening to space Time with Stuart Gary. This
has been another quality podcast production from bytes dot com
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