September 17, 2025 • 26 mins
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the secrets of ancient geology, explore the watery past of an asteroid, and delve into the origins of globular clusters.
Supercontinent Breakup Revealed
Scientists have made significant strides in understanding the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia, which occurred over 800 million years ago. Research conducted on rare minerals in Outback Australia has revealed how niobium-rich carbonatites rose through fault zones during tectonic rifting, providing insights into the geological processes that shaped our planet. These findings not only illuminate the history of Rodinia but also highlight the importance of niobium in modern technologies, such as electric vehicles and advanced alloys.
Water Activity on Asteroid Richie
Exciting new research confirms that liquid water once flowed on the parent body of the near-Earth asteroid Richie, challenging previous assumptions about water activity on asteroids. Analysis of rock samples returned by Japan's Hayabusa2 mission has shown evidence of water movement through Ryugu's rocks, indicating that carbon-rich asteroids may have played a more significant role in delivering water to Earth than previously thought. This discovery has profound implications for our understanding of planetary formation and the conditions that made Earth habitable.
Origins of Globular Clusters
Astronomers are closer to solving the mystery of globular clusters, dense stellar systems that have puzzled scientists for centuries. Recent high-resolution computer simulations have revealed multiple pathways for their formation, suggesting that some may originate from satellite dwarf galaxies stripped of their outer stars during galactic mergers. This breakthrough could lead to new insights into dark matter and the formation of the universe's earliest stars.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Geological Magazine
https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tgeo20
Nature
https://www.nature.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Supercontinent Breakup Revealed
Water Activity on Asteroid Richie
Origins of Globular Clusters
Supercontinent Breakup Revealed
Scientists have made significant strides in understanding the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia, which occurred over 800 million years ago. Research conducted on rare minerals in Outback Australia has revealed how niobium-rich carbonatites rose through fault zones during tectonic rifting, providing insights into the geological processes that shaped our planet. These findings not only illuminate the history of Rodinia but also highlight the importance of niobium in modern technologies, such as electric vehicles and advanced alloys.
Water Activity on Asteroid Richie
Exciting new research confirms that liquid water once flowed on the parent body of the near-Earth asteroid Richie, challenging previous assumptions about water activity on asteroids. Analysis of rock samples returned by Japan's Hayabusa2 mission has shown evidence of water movement through Ryugu's rocks, indicating that carbon-rich asteroids may have played a more significant role in delivering water to Earth than previously thought. This discovery has profound implications for our understanding of planetary formation and the conditions that made Earth habitable.
Origins of Globular Clusters
Astronomers are closer to solving the mystery of globular clusters, dense stellar systems that have puzzled scientists for centuries. Recent high-resolution computer simulations have revealed multiple pathways for their formation, suggesting that some may originate from satellite dwarf galaxies stripped of their outer stars during galactic mergers. This breakthrough could lead to new insights into dark matter and the formation of the universe's earliest stars.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Geological Magazine
https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tgeo20
Nature
https://www.nature.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Supercontinent Breakup Revealed
Water Activity on Asteroid Richie
Origins of Globular Clusters
Mark as Played
Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
This Is Spacetime Series twenty eight, Episode one hundred and
twelve were broadcast on the seventeenth of September twenty twenty five.
Coming up on Space Time, ancient rocks revealing how a
super continent broke apart, scientists confirm water once flowed on
the asteroid Ryugu, and a new study trying to pin
down the origins of globular clusters. All that and more
(00:23):
coming up on space Time.
Speaker 2 (00:27):
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
Speaker 1 (00:46):
Scientists examining rare minerals found in outback Australia have shown
how huge tectonic forces so we are apart the super
continent of Rdinia more than eight hundred million years ago.
The findings were reported in the journal Geological Magazine, are
shedding new light on how rare metal rich magmas reached
the planet's surface. The authors show that niobian rich carbonatites
(01:08):
rose up from deep within the planet through pre existing
full zones during a tectonic rifting event between eight hundred
and thirty and eight hundred and twenty million years ago,
and that ultimately broke up the super continent Redinia. Carbonatites
are rare igneous rocks known to host major global deposits
of critical metals such as niobium and rare earth elements.
(01:29):
Niobium is a strategic metal vital for producing light, high
strength steel used in aircraft construction, as well as pipelines,
electric vehicles, and as a key component in some next
generation batteries, in superconducting technologies and clean energy production. One
of the studies authors, Chris Kirklan from Curtain University, says
these carbonatites are unlike anything previously known in the Aileron
(01:52):
Province and they contain important concentrations of niobium, but by
detecting when and how they formed has historically been difficult
due to their complex geological histories. The Aleron Province is
located near Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. Kirkland and
colleagues used multiple isotobe dating techniques and drill call carbonatite
samples that had been in place during a period of
(02:13):
continental rifting which preceded the breakup of Rhdinia. By analyzing
isotopes and using higher resolution imaging, they were able to
reconstruct more than five hundred million years of geological events
the rocks had experienced. They found the tectonic setting allowed
carbonatite magmas to rise through the fault zones. These fault
zones had remained open and active for hundreds of millions
(02:34):
of years, delivering metal rich melts from deep within the
planet's mantle up into its crust. Kirkland says this approach
allowed him and his colleagues to pinpoint where the carbonatites
formed and separate those original magnetic events from changes that
happened later in the rocks.
Speaker 3 (02:51):
Rudineas what's known as a super continent. So that's a
period of time when all the continental fragments of Earth
were really all joined together and stop together. So you
can think, you know, at the minute, we've got Africa
and America. You can see, you know, the outline of
those continents kind of looked like they're pretty similar. So
if we rule back time, those continental fragments would have
(03:12):
come together. So Rodinia is a super continent about one
billion years ago. So one billion years ago we had
the super continent, this aggregation of all these fragments of
crust on our planet, and it's quite important geologically.
Speaker 1 (03:23):
And as continental drift happened, tectonics took over and Redinea
split apart about eight hundred and thirty eight hundred and
twenty million years ago and there's some interesting evidence of that.
Speaker 3 (03:33):
Yeah, that's exactly right. So three time, you know, super
continents come together and then they break up. But when
they break up, interesting things happen with the rocks. You know,
we get more manful material rising through the crassons that
ass and it brings with it metals and that's kind
of important for us going exploring to look for certain resources.
So specific types of rocks. One specific type of rocks
(03:55):
known as a carbonotype because it's a carbonet magma typically
is associated with breakup. So Rodinia was breaking up about
eight hundred and thirty million years ago and that breakup
event brought metals up from the mantle. And that's a
pretty interesting process because it helps us go and explore
for rocks and metals. So we looked at these carbonotypes,
the rocks from right at the center of Australia. But
(04:17):
they've previously been looked at, but they're actually really challenging
to understand their age. But using a range of different
minerals and isotopic technique, we managed to get an age
out of them at eight hundred and thirty million years,
and as we said, that's an important time in Earth
history because it tells us about the breakup of Rudinia.
And that's interesting because at that time we also note
that there's nilobium bearing rocks. So these carbonotypes are bringing
(04:40):
metals with them, and those metals, we think are being
formed at the same time, so they're being brought out
of the mantle and placed into the crust. And that
that's useful knife because we've got a recipe, if you like,
for a mineral system, so it helps us to go
and explore for these other niobium bearing rocks, which is
an important metal for you know, high strength schemes advanced
down in green technology like that electric vehicle batteries and
(05:03):
wind turbines for example, they all the lion niobium. So
having this recipe for this metal is kind of important
to help us find more of it.
Speaker 1 (05:10):
Do we know how the metals may deep underground?
Speaker 3 (05:13):
Most metals sink, right, you know, we've got a magnum
that creates a process where you've got fractionate material, so
white material will rise up and heavy material will sink die,
so the mantle becomes more concentrated in metals than one
of them is niobium. So when you have rifting events
and that's when magmas are rising up from the mantil,
it actually provides a mechanism for transferring some of these
(05:34):
concentrated metals deep in our planets upwards into the crust
where we can access them. And what specifically interesting is
these urbonotype melt are very reactive. They're chemically strange rocks,
so they react quite strongly. They dissolve crystals, but then
they re precipitate them or redrow them again and in
that process they drop out the metal into a range
of different minerals, including one that's named a pyrochlore, and
(05:57):
that's part of the process that enriches the rocks in metal.
Speaker 1 (06:00):
The entire Western Australian region is an absolute playground or
new metals and unique geology, isn't it.
Speaker 3 (06:08):
Yeah, that's exactly right. I think there's a number of
different reasons for that. So one is that through time,
you know, you get different types of metal deposits forming,
So gold, for example, tends to be concentrated in really
old blocks of crust, and then you might get events
that circulate water and fluid through those rocks when they
tend to enrich things like gold. But then we have
other mineral systems which are formed in a different way.
(06:31):
For example, when we're getting mantle upwelling events like we've
just been talking about it, like rifting, and those sorts
of events would happen away from the older blocks. They
can to occur in slightly younger rocks. I play slightly younger, right,
We're talking about a process eight hundred and thirty million
years ago. That's actually quite young for West Australia, where
we've got these really truly ancient it is across most
of the yields aren't. For example, is about two point
(06:53):
six billion years old. That's much much older. But it's
about having this huge amount of time and this ability
for and then fluids to interact with each other that
allows us to have these enrichment events creating all these
metals that we need for our society at different points
in time.
Speaker 1 (07:08):
We see this on the surface in the jagged remains
of these giant cratons.
Speaker 3 (07:13):
Yeah, we do, We absolutely do. So you can find
lots of interesting rocks on the surface. But of course,
when you want to fight a mind, you need to
look at things in three dimensions. So that's when you
start to think about drill core and exploring for rocks
deeper under the cover, and that's where we use drill core,
and we look at those drill courts to understand the
(07:35):
size and the volumes of rocks that are carrying these metals.
So it's not just about the exposed rock, it's about
predicting in if you like three dimensions where these volumes
of rock occur.
Speaker 1 (07:45):
The size of these features is incredible.
Speaker 3 (07:48):
Yeah, that's exactly right. Yeah, there's these fantastic geophysical maps
that alliaus to kind of image through the subsurface, and
there's geological structures that run all the way through our continent.
It's quite remarkable. There's even one actually very close to
where you're talking about that runs almost north Spout and
it looks as if it's a massive, big crack through
our entire confidence and the reality of that is, well,
(08:08):
it kind of was. You know, we have these big
structures that are where the crack arms broke apart and
came back together again, and those cracks are the exact
places we have fluid. When geologists talk about fluids, they
mean magmas, but they also need water circulation as well.
But they mean silica rock circulation, so magmas and they
were pumping up along these long lived deep fracture systems.
(08:29):
These fracture systems can be so huge they tap all
the way to the mantle. So they're not just surface features.
These are deep features that really tell us about heart
planet was put together, and they're the exact places we
might get metals enrich so planet it's very important for
carrying out exploration.
Speaker 1 (08:46):
That's Professor Chris Kirkland from Curtain University. And this is
space time. Still the CAM siders confirmed that water once
flowed across the asteroid Ryegu, and we look at the
possible origins of popular clusters. All that and more still
to come on space time, scientists have shown that liquid
(09:21):
water once flowed on the parent body which spawned the
nearest astroid Ryuga, more than a billion years after it
first formed. The findings, reported in the journal Nature, could
impact current models of planetary formation, including those describing the
birth of the Earth, and the study also overturned some
long held assumptions that water activity on asteroids only occur
(09:42):
during the earliest moments of the Solar System's history. And
your results are based on tiny rock fragments of asteroid
returned by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration agencies hya BUSA two spacecraft,
which visited Ryugo on a sample return mission back in
twenty eighteen. The studies lead author so Yoshi Izuka from
the University of Tokyo. Astronomers already have a relatively good
(10:03):
understanding of how our solar system formed, but there are
still gaps, including knowledge of how the Earth can to
possessed so much water. Now, it's long been hypothesized the
carbonaceous asteroids like Ryugu, which formed from ISOs and dust
in the art of solar system, could be one potential
source of Earth's water. A zuclin colleagues found that Rayugu
preserved a pristine record of water activity, evidence that fluids
(10:26):
were moving through its rocks far later than expected, and
this changes how astronomers think about the long term fate
of water in asteroids. The heart of the discovery comes
from an analysis of isotopes of lutetium and hafnium. Is
radioactive decay from the tetium one seventy six into hafnium
one seventy six can serve as a sort of clock
for measuring geological processes. Their presence in specific quantities in
(10:50):
the sample studied were expected to relate to the age
of the asteroid in a fairly predictable way, but the
ratio of the tetium one seventy six to happenium one
seventy six was farhigher than expected, and this strongly implied
that some sort of fluid, probably water, was essentially washing
out the the tetium from the rocks containing it. Now
the most likely trigger for all of this was an
(11:11):
impact on the larger parent asteroid of Ryugu, which fractured
the rock, generating heat and melting the buried ice. This
allowed the liquid water to percolate through the body, and
the same impact may well have been responsible for creating
Rayugu out of its parent asteroid in the first place.
One of the most important implications for all this is
that carbon riche asteroids may have contained and delivered much
(11:33):
more of Earth's water previously thought. It seems Roheugue's parent
body retained ice for more than a billion years, meaning
similar bodies striking a young Earth they will have carried
an estimated two to three times more water than what
standard models currently account for, significantly affecting Earth's early oceans
and atmosphere. It suggests that the building blocks of Earth
(11:55):
were far wetter than previously imagined, and it forced the
scientists to rethink this starting conditions for Earth's water system
and how and when our planet first became habitable. This
is space time still to come. We look at the
possible origins of those mysterious objects called globular clusters, and
later in the Science report and you study finds that
(12:17):
the more psychiatric disorders you have in later life, the
more likely you are to develop dementia. All that and
more still to come on space time. For centuries, astronomers
(12:43):
have puzzled over the origins of some of the universe's
oldest and dens estellar systems, known as globular clusters, and
now they may finally have an answer. Globular clusters are
stellar spheres containing thousands to millions of densely packed, gravitationally
bound stars. The stars in globular clusters all have a
similar chemical composition that suggests they were all originally born
(13:05):
at the same time in the same stellar nursery of
molecular gas and dust clouds. Most galaxies have large collections
of globular clusters, orbiting them. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way,
has at least one hundred and fifty, and a neighboring
big galaxy, Andromeda, has more than two hundred. But that
also opens the possibility that at least some globular clusters
I in fact the stellar cause of satellite dwarf galaxies,
(13:27):
which were stripped of their outer stars during mergers with
host galaxies in a process called galactic cannibalism. Now a
report in the journal Nature may finally have solved the mystery,
suggesting both options are possible. The new detailed computer simulations
also uncovered a new class of stellar objects which may
already be in our galaxy, globular cluster. Like dwarves. Now,
(13:49):
unlike galaxies, globular clusters show no evidence of dark matter,
and their stars are unusually uniform in age and chemical
composition traits, which have left scientists debating their formation since
their discovery back in the seventeenth century. The new ultra
high resolution computer simulations, known as EDGE, can trace the
universe's thirteen point eight billion year history in unprecedented detail,
(14:11):
and that allows scientists to watch globular clusters form in
virtual real time in a virtual cosmos, and the simulations
found muliple pathways for the creation of globular clusters and
unexpectedly the emergence of a new class of star system
globular cluster like dwarves stellar constellations that, in terms of
their properties, sits somewhere between globular clusters and dwarf galaxies.
(14:34):
The studies lead author Ethan Taylor from the University of
Surrey says the formation of globular custers has been a
mystery for hundreds of years, so Tenlor and colleagues use
the UK's direct National Supercomputer Facility to run the edge
simulations over several years. Conventional dwarf galaxies are typically dominated
by dark matter, with around a thousand times more of
(14:54):
this mysterious substance than stars and gas combined. However, the
newly identified globebular cluster like dwarves appear similar to regular
star clusters when observed, yet still contain a significant amount
of dark matter. That means that telescopes may already have
found them in the real universe but classified them as
regular globular clusters, and this small difference places them in
(15:16):
a unique position to study both dark matter and globular
cluster formation, and several known Milky wayt satellite galaxies, such
as the ultra faint dwarf galaxy Reticulum two, are likely candidates.
If confirmed, they could become prime sites in the search
for pristine metal free stars born in the early universe,
as well as new locations to test models for the
(15:37):
ever ellusive dark matter. At a resolution of ten light
years fine enough to capture the effects of individual supernovae,
the authors were able to show that globular clusters can
form in at least two different ways, both without dark matter.
The next step is to confirm the existence of these
globular cluster like dwarves through targeted observations with telescopes including
the web Space Telescope and upcoming deep spectroscopic surveys. If
(16:02):
they do, it could give astronomers new ways to test
dark matter theories and offer some of the best chances
yet to find the universe's very first generation of metal
free stars this space Time and time. That'll take another
(16:32):
brief look at some of the other stories making news
in science this week with the Science Report. A new
study has found that the more co occurring psychiatric disorders
you have in older age, the more likely you are
to develop dementia. The findings, reported in the British Medical Journal,
compared dementia diagnosis among patients aged forty five and over
based on how many psychiatric diagnoses they had, compared to
(16:55):
patients with a single disorder. The authors said the odds
of developing dementia were more than doubled for those with
two disorders and eleven times high for those with four
or more. They say it's possible that the presence of
modible psychiatric disorders could be in early sight of dementia
rather than a cause of the condition. Boeing and the
Australian Air Force have completed the maiden test flight trials
(17:17):
of the new MQ twenty eight Ghost Spat a manned
stealth fighter, four months ahead of schedule. The multi roll
aircraft are designed as a force multiplier, working with the
F thirty five Lightning two stealth fighters and the FA
eighteen Super Hornet Fighters, as well as E seven, a
Wedgetail airborne early warning control aircraft. The test flights were
run out of the Woma A Rocket Range in out
(17:38):
back South Australia and from the Tindall Air Force Space
in the northern territory. The validation flights tested the unmanned
combat aerial vehicles in realistic battle scenarios, including autonomous missions
and their ability to operate effectively alongside manned aircraft. They
are also deployed in coordinator operations with modible ghost Bats.
The MQ twenty eight also demonstration to advanced data sharing
(18:01):
capabilities between crude and uncruded platforms, enhancing situational awareness. Each
aircraft can carry two internally mounted AIM one twenty advanced
medium Range airware missiles and are equipped with a range
of sensors including infrared search and track systems and air
away refueling capabilities also being looked at in order to
extend their range from the current three thy seven hundred
(18:23):
kilometers as well as the Austraan Air Force. The Ghostbats
also being looked at by the Pentagon of possible deployment
with F fifty Ex Eagle two fighters as additional sensor
nodes help find and target hostile air offense systems. Scientists
are found that there are no plant based food for
dogs sold in the United Kingdom which meet the nutritional
guidelines for Man's Best Friend's health. They say, if you've
(18:47):
got your dog on a plant based diet, you need
to add supplements in order to fill the gaps. A
report in the General Plus one analyzed the nutrient content
of thirty one dry dog foods that were labeled as complete,
which included nineteen meat based foods, six plant based diets,
and six veterinary foods designed to be low in protein
for dogs with kidney issues. The authors found that the
(19:08):
meat and plant based foods had similar nutritional profiles when
it came to proteins and amino acids, but the plant
based foods typically didn't meet the guidelines for iodine and
vitamin B levels, which adult dogs need. It's important to
also note that none of the foods they tested completely
met the standards for all nutrients needed by adult dogs,
(19:28):
but in many instances these missing nutrients can be added
in supplements or from changes to formulation by the pet
food manufacturers if they're willing to put the animal's nutrition
above profits. Apple have just released their new thinner, tougher
and high capacity iPhone seventeen, but there's still no folk version,
and AI remains an issue with the details which joined
(19:51):
by Technology editor Alex Aharovroyt from Tech Advice Start Life.
Speaker 2 (19:55):
Well, we've seen in recent times Samsung launchest new phones,
Google launches new phone and they've both tried very hard
to gazump Apple by launching technologies that should be better
than what Apple is launching. But Apple is now launched,
and we've seen new iPhones, new watches, new headphones, and
new capabilities. Now let's start with the iPhone seventeen Air,
(20:16):
which I just called. The iPhone Air is five point
six millimeters thin, which is point two of a millimeter
thinner than Samsung's S twenty five Edge. And look, although
iPhone and Apple users are going to say that the
iPhone Air is better, Samsung really did come out with
it a couple of months ago or three or four
months ago, and they have two cameras on the back
of just one, there's this five point eight millimeters so
(20:37):
a little bit thicker, but no one's going to really
notice that much of a different. It is supposed to
be the most durable phone that Apple has made, and
all day battery life even though it's got clearly a
smaller battery inside. And I noticed that when they launched
the all day battery life claim. In the next scene,
they said, up and we have a maxif battery that
connects to the back which is thinner and boosts your
video to forty hours. So clearly it's going to have
(21:00):
less battery life. But if you like me and already
carrying around a spare battery for your iPhone sixteen Promax
that has it much bigger battery, well nothing's going to change.
I'm going to still have to carry around a battery.
The iPhone seventeen and seventeen Pro and Promax obviously improvements
with cameras and processes and ceramic glass all very impressive.
I think one of the cool things with the Promax
(21:20):
is that now comes in a two terabyte configuration in Australia.
That's going to take you to three thy, seven hundred
and ninety nine dollars, So you're paying a lot of
money for that extra space.
Speaker 1 (21:31):
Want of space, Let's be honest, Well, your photos are
building up, your music's building up. You need the extra capacity.
Speaker 2 (21:37):
Well, as we all know, space is the final frontier
and most people buy a smaller iPhone and they regret it.
Now we also have the new watches. The se Watch,
the cheapest one is now always on for the first time.
The series eleven is thinner than before, and the Ultra
three has got a slightly bigger screen in the same
size case. The last two have five G not just
four G, and the last two can also do hypertension detection.
(21:59):
That's not blood pressure monitoring in the sense that you
have a cuff that blows up like you have with
the Quawai blood pressure watch, but over the course of
time it can detect whether you have hypertension or not
if you switch that feature of And the Ultra three
can now do emergency SOS. So it's the ultimate watch
for somebody who goes out on adventures and they have
a smartphone that their watch can have longer battery life.
(22:20):
In fact, it's now forty two hours instead of thirty
six hours for the Ultra three, and it can also
do messages via satellite and find my advice satellite. So
definitely perfect for adventurers.
Speaker 1 (22:28):
Is it far from being an eperb that's sort of
what they're aiming at.
Speaker 2 (22:31):
I guess it's pretty close. I mean an ey purp
will have longer battery life and probably stronger connection to satellite,
But a lot of people if they have an Apple
Ultra three smart watch, I mean, yeah, it's effectively an
EPERB and the extra battery life means that can be
out in the while for that much longer. Similarly, the
Series eleven is the first Apple Watch to go from
eighteen hours to twenty four hours of battery life, and
(22:52):
that will be extended if you go into power saving mode.
So the watches are an improvement, the phones are an improvement.
Speaker 3 (22:58):
And then we have the headset.
Speaker 2 (22:59):
Now, the Apple Airpod's pro Version three, got a sleeker case,
it's got a better fit for your ears, measured over
one hundred thousand years. We've got five different sizes of
silicon tips to make sure it fits any year. There's
memory foam inside to do more noise isolation. We're talking
about eight hours of battery life, which is an improvement.
I remember originally when it was something like three hours.
(23:21):
And if you're using it in hearing aid mode, you
know I get ten hours. Apple has increased the longevity
of its devices by offering OS updates for years, and
it's best if you've got an old device that's several
years old. That's going to be the biggest upgrade for
people with older devices.
Speaker 1 (23:37):
Of course, the elephant in the room for Apple remains AI.
Speaker 2 (23:40):
Doesn't it it does, And look, Apples did make references
to the fact that does use forms of AI and
machine learning and has done for many years, but there
was no mention of a Siri chatbot. Then no mention
of the deal that Apple was reported to have done
with Google to bring the Gemini, a customized version of
Gemini to give Siri. There's conversational capabilities that we take
for granted with Gemini and Android devices and with CHATGBT.
(24:01):
And also Apple was meant to have a magic Q
style system that Google has promoted earlier this year, where
it could bring up relevant information about bookings you've made,
people you've spoken to, other information that it's collected and
harvested from different apps on your phone. Nothing from Apple
on that promised to come in the future, but they
dubiously avoided mentioning anything about that. So look, Google and
Samsung will say that they have done enough to fight
(24:21):
back against these updates from Apple. They have a stronger
AI strategy. They also have improved cameras and you know,
slimmer devices. They've got the fold. Yeah, both of them
have folds, but next year Apple's meant to bring the fold,
and next year will be the year that Apple and
Samsung and probably Google will have a fold that has
no priest whatsoever.
Speaker 1 (24:38):
That's Alex ohrrov Royd from Take Advice, Start Live, and
that's the show for now. Space Time is available every Monday,
(25:00):
Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts, iTunes, Stitcher, Google podcast,
pocker Casts, Spotify, Acast, Amazon Music, Bytes dot com, SoundCloud, YouTube,
your favorite podcast download provider, and from space Time with
Stuart Gary dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through the
National Science Foundation, on Science Own Radio and on both
(25:23):
iHeartRadio and tune In Radio. And you can help to
support our show by visiting the Spacetime Store for a
range of promotional merchandising goodies, or by becoming a Spacetime Patron,
which gives you access to triple episode commercial free versions
of the show, as well as lots of burnus audio
content which doesn't go to weir, access to our exclusive
Facebook group, and other rewards. Just go to space Time
(25:47):
with Stewart Gary dot com for full details.
Speaker 2 (25:50):
You've been listening to Spacetime with Stuart Gary.
Speaker 1 (25:53):
This has been another quality podcast production from Bytes dot com.
This Is Spacetime Series twenty eight, Episode one hundred and
twelve were broadcast on the seventeenth of September twenty twenty five.
Coming up on Space Time, ancient rocks revealing how a
super continent broke apart, scientists confirm water once flowed on
the asteroid Ryugu, and a new study trying to pin
down the origins of globular clusters. All that and more
(00:23):
coming up on space Time.
Speaker 2 (00:27):
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.
Speaker 1 (00:46):
Scientists examining rare minerals found in outback Australia have shown
how huge tectonic forces so we are apart the super
continent of Rdinia more than eight hundred million years ago.
The findings were reported in the journal Geological Magazine, are
shedding new light on how rare metal rich magmas reached
the planet's surface. The authors show that niobian rich carbonatites
(01:08):
rose up from deep within the planet through pre existing
full zones during a tectonic rifting event between eight hundred
and thirty and eight hundred and twenty million years ago,
and that ultimately broke up the super continent Redinia. Carbonatites
are rare igneous rocks known to host major global deposits
of critical metals such as niobium and rare earth elements.
(01:29):
Niobium is a strategic metal vital for producing light, high
strength steel used in aircraft construction, as well as pipelines,
electric vehicles, and as a key component in some next
generation batteries, in superconducting technologies and clean energy production. One
of the studies authors, Chris Kirklan from Curtain University, says
these carbonatites are unlike anything previously known in the Aileron
(01:52):
Province and they contain important concentrations of niobium, but by
detecting when and how they formed has historically been difficult
due to their complex geological histories. The Aleron Province is
located near Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. Kirkland and
colleagues used multiple isotobe dating techniques and drill call carbonatite
samples that had been in place during a period of
(02:13):
continental rifting which preceded the breakup of Rhdinia. By analyzing
isotopes and using higher resolution imaging, they were able to
reconstruct more than five hundred million years of geological events
the rocks had experienced. They found the tectonic setting allowed
carbonatite magmas to rise through the fault zones. These fault
zones had remained open and active for hundreds of millions
(02:34):
of years, delivering metal rich melts from deep within the
planet's mantle up into its crust. Kirkland says this approach
allowed him and his colleagues to pinpoint where the carbonatites
formed and separate those original magnetic events from changes that
happened later in the rocks.
Speaker 3 (02:51):
Rudineas what's known as a super continent. So that's a
period of time when all the continental fragments of Earth
were really all joined together and stop together. So you
can think, you know, at the minute, we've got Africa
and America. You can see, you know, the outline of
those continents kind of looked like they're pretty similar. So
if we rule back time, those continental fragments would have
(03:12):
come together. So Rodinia is a super continent about one
billion years ago. So one billion years ago we had
the super continent, this aggregation of all these fragments of
crust on our planet, and it's quite important geologically.
Speaker 1 (03:23):
And as continental drift happened, tectonics took over and Redinea
split apart about eight hundred and thirty eight hundred and
twenty million years ago and there's some interesting evidence of that.
Speaker 3 (03:33):
Yeah, that's exactly right. So three time, you know, super
continents come together and then they break up. But when
they break up, interesting things happen with the rocks. You know,
we get more manful material rising through the crassons that
ass and it brings with it metals and that's kind
of important for us going exploring to look for certain resources.
So specific types of rocks. One specific type of rocks
(03:55):
known as a carbonotype because it's a carbonet magma typically
is associated with breakup. So Rodinia was breaking up about
eight hundred and thirty million years ago and that breakup
event brought metals up from the mantle. And that's a
pretty interesting process because it helps us go and explore
for rocks and metals. So we looked at these carbonotypes,
the rocks from right at the center of Australia. But
(04:17):
they've previously been looked at, but they're actually really challenging
to understand their age. But using a range of different
minerals and isotopic technique, we managed to get an age
out of them at eight hundred and thirty million years,
and as we said, that's an important time in Earth
history because it tells us about the breakup of Rudinia.
And that's interesting because at that time we also note
that there's nilobium bearing rocks. So these carbonotypes are bringing
(04:40):
metals with them, and those metals, we think are being
formed at the same time, so they're being brought out
of the mantle and placed into the crust. And that
that's useful knife because we've got a recipe, if you like,
for a mineral system, so it helps us to go
and explore for these other niobium bearing rocks, which is
an important metal for you know, high strength schemes advanced
down in green technology like that electric vehicle batteries and
(05:03):
wind turbines for example, they all the lion niobium. So
having this recipe for this metal is kind of important
to help us find more of it.
Speaker 1 (05:10):
Do we know how the metals may deep underground?
Speaker 3 (05:13):
Most metals sink, right, you know, we've got a magnum
that creates a process where you've got fractionate material, so
white material will rise up and heavy material will sink die,
so the mantle becomes more concentrated in metals than one
of them is niobium. So when you have rifting events
and that's when magmas are rising up from the mantil,
it actually provides a mechanism for transferring some of these
(05:34):
concentrated metals deep in our planets upwards into the crust
where we can access them. And what specifically interesting is
these urbonotype melt are very reactive. They're chemically strange rocks,
so they react quite strongly. They dissolve crystals, but then
they re precipitate them or redrow them again and in
that process they drop out the metal into a range
of different minerals, including one that's named a pyrochlore, and
(05:57):
that's part of the process that enriches the rocks in metal.
Speaker 1 (06:00):
The entire Western Australian region is an absolute playground or
new metals and unique geology, isn't it.
Speaker 3 (06:08):
Yeah, that's exactly right. I think there's a number of
different reasons for that. So one is that through time,
you know, you get different types of metal deposits forming,
So gold, for example, tends to be concentrated in really
old blocks of crust, and then you might get events
that circulate water and fluid through those rocks when they
tend to enrich things like gold. But then we have
other mineral systems which are formed in a different way.
(06:31):
For example, when we're getting mantle upwelling events like we've
just been talking about it, like rifting, and those sorts
of events would happen away from the older blocks. They
can to occur in slightly younger rocks. I play slightly younger, right,
We're talking about a process eight hundred and thirty million
years ago. That's actually quite young for West Australia, where
we've got these really truly ancient it is across most
of the yields aren't. For example, is about two point
(06:53):
six billion years old. That's much much older. But it's
about having this huge amount of time and this ability
for and then fluids to interact with each other that
allows us to have these enrichment events creating all these
metals that we need for our society at different points
in time.
Speaker 1 (07:08):
We see this on the surface in the jagged remains
of these giant cratons.
Speaker 3 (07:13):
Yeah, we do, We absolutely do. So you can find
lots of interesting rocks on the surface. But of course,
when you want to fight a mind, you need to
look at things in three dimensions. So that's when you
start to think about drill core and exploring for rocks
deeper under the cover, and that's where we use drill core,
and we look at those drill courts to understand the
(07:35):
size and the volumes of rocks that are carrying these metals.
So it's not just about the exposed rock, it's about
predicting in if you like three dimensions where these volumes
of rock occur.
Speaker 1 (07:45):
The size of these features is incredible.
Speaker 3 (07:48):
Yeah, that's exactly right. Yeah, there's these fantastic geophysical maps
that alliaus to kind of image through the subsurface, and
there's geological structures that run all the way through our continent.
It's quite remarkable. There's even one actually very close to
where you're talking about that runs almost north Spout and
it looks as if it's a massive, big crack through
our entire confidence and the reality of that is, well,
(08:08):
it kind of was. You know, we have these big
structures that are where the crack arms broke apart and
came back together again, and those cracks are the exact
places we have fluid. When geologists talk about fluids, they
mean magmas, but they also need water circulation as well.
But they mean silica rock circulation, so magmas and they
were pumping up along these long lived deep fracture systems.
(08:29):
These fracture systems can be so huge they tap all
the way to the mantle. So they're not just surface features.
These are deep features that really tell us about heart
planet was put together, and they're the exact places we
might get metals enrich so planet it's very important for
carrying out exploration.
Speaker 1 (08:46):
That's Professor Chris Kirkland from Curtain University. And this is
space time. Still the CAM siders confirmed that water once
flowed across the asteroid Ryegu, and we look at the
possible origins of popular clusters. All that and more still
to come on space time, scientists have shown that liquid
(09:21):
water once flowed on the parent body which spawned the
nearest astroid Ryuga, more than a billion years after it
first formed. The findings, reported in the journal Nature, could
impact current models of planetary formation, including those describing the
birth of the Earth, and the study also overturned some
long held assumptions that water activity on asteroids only occur
(09:42):
during the earliest moments of the Solar System's history. And
your results are based on tiny rock fragments of asteroid
returned by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration agencies hya BUSA two spacecraft,
which visited Ryugo on a sample return mission back in
twenty eighteen. The studies lead author so Yoshi Izuka from
the University of Tokyo. Astronomers already have a relatively good
(10:03):
understanding of how our solar system formed, but there are
still gaps, including knowledge of how the Earth can to
possessed so much water. Now, it's long been hypothesized the
carbonaceous asteroids like Ryugu, which formed from ISOs and dust
in the art of solar system, could be one potential
source of Earth's water. A zuclin colleagues found that Rayugu
preserved a pristine record of water activity, evidence that fluids
(10:26):
were moving through its rocks far later than expected, and
this changes how astronomers think about the long term fate
of water in asteroids. The heart of the discovery comes
from an analysis of isotopes of lutetium and hafnium. Is
radioactive decay from the tetium one seventy six into hafnium
one seventy six can serve as a sort of clock
for measuring geological processes. Their presence in specific quantities in
(10:50):
the sample studied were expected to relate to the age
of the asteroid in a fairly predictable way, but the
ratio of the tetium one seventy six to happenium one
seventy six was farhigher than expected, and this strongly implied
that some sort of fluid, probably water, was essentially washing
out the the tetium from the rocks containing it. Now
the most likely trigger for all of this was an
(11:11):
impact on the larger parent asteroid of Ryugu, which fractured
the rock, generating heat and melting the buried ice. This
allowed the liquid water to percolate through the body, and
the same impact may well have been responsible for creating
Rayugu out of its parent asteroid in the first place.
One of the most important implications for all this is
that carbon riche asteroids may have contained and delivered much
(11:33):
more of Earth's water previously thought. It seems Roheugue's parent
body retained ice for more than a billion years, meaning
similar bodies striking a young Earth they will have carried
an estimated two to three times more water than what
standard models currently account for, significantly affecting Earth's early oceans
and atmosphere. It suggests that the building blocks of Earth
(11:55):
were far wetter than previously imagined, and it forced the
scientists to rethink this starting conditions for Earth's water system
and how and when our planet first became habitable. This
is space time still to come. We look at the
possible origins of those mysterious objects called globular clusters, and
later in the Science report and you study finds that
(12:17):
the more psychiatric disorders you have in later life, the
more likely you are to develop dementia. All that and
more still to come on space time. For centuries, astronomers
(12:43):
have puzzled over the origins of some of the universe's
oldest and dens estellar systems, known as globular clusters, and
now they may finally have an answer. Globular clusters are
stellar spheres containing thousands to millions of densely packed, gravitationally
bound stars. The stars in globular clusters all have a
similar chemical composition that suggests they were all originally born
(13:05):
at the same time in the same stellar nursery of
molecular gas and dust clouds. Most galaxies have large collections
of globular clusters, orbiting them. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way,
has at least one hundred and fifty, and a neighboring
big galaxy, Andromeda, has more than two hundred. But that
also opens the possibility that at least some globular clusters
I in fact the stellar cause of satellite dwarf galaxies,
(13:27):
which were stripped of their outer stars during mergers with
host galaxies in a process called galactic cannibalism. Now a
report in the journal Nature may finally have solved the mystery,
suggesting both options are possible. The new detailed computer simulations
also uncovered a new class of stellar objects which may
already be in our galaxy, globular cluster. Like dwarves. Now,
(13:49):
unlike galaxies, globular clusters show no evidence of dark matter,
and their stars are unusually uniform in age and chemical
composition traits, which have left scientists debating their formation since
their discovery back in the seventeenth century. The new ultra
high resolution computer simulations, known as EDGE, can trace the
universe's thirteen point eight billion year history in unprecedented detail,
(14:11):
and that allows scientists to watch globular clusters form in
virtual real time in a virtual cosmos, and the simulations
found muliple pathways for the creation of globular clusters and
unexpectedly the emergence of a new class of star system
globular cluster like dwarves stellar constellations that, in terms of
their properties, sits somewhere between globular clusters and dwarf galaxies.
(14:34):
The studies lead author Ethan Taylor from the University of
Surrey says the formation of globular custers has been a
mystery for hundreds of years, so Tenlor and colleagues use
the UK's direct National Supercomputer Facility to run the edge
simulations over several years. Conventional dwarf galaxies are typically dominated
by dark matter, with around a thousand times more of
(14:54):
this mysterious substance than stars and gas combined. However, the
newly identified globebular cluster like dwarves appear similar to regular
star clusters when observed, yet still contain a significant amount
of dark matter. That means that telescopes may already have
found them in the real universe but classified them as
regular globular clusters, and this small difference places them in
(15:16):
a unique position to study both dark matter and globular
cluster formation, and several known Milky wayt satellite galaxies, such
as the ultra faint dwarf galaxy Reticulum two, are likely candidates.
If confirmed, they could become prime sites in the search
for pristine metal free stars born in the early universe,
as well as new locations to test models for the
(15:37):
ever ellusive dark matter. At a resolution of ten light
years fine enough to capture the effects of individual supernovae,
the authors were able to show that globular clusters can
form in at least two different ways, both without dark matter.
The next step is to confirm the existence of these
globular cluster like dwarves through targeted observations with telescopes including
the web Space Telescope and upcoming deep spectroscopic surveys. If
(16:02):
they do, it could give astronomers new ways to test
dark matter theories and offer some of the best chances
yet to find the universe's very first generation of metal
free stars this space Time and time. That'll take another
(16:32):
brief look at some of the other stories making news
in science this week with the Science Report. A new
study has found that the more co occurring psychiatric disorders
you have in older age, the more likely you are
to develop dementia. The findings, reported in the British Medical Journal,
compared dementia diagnosis among patients aged forty five and over
based on how many psychiatric diagnoses they had, compared to
(16:55):
patients with a single disorder. The authors said the odds
of developing dementia were more than doubled for those with
two disorders and eleven times high for those with four
or more. They say it's possible that the presence of
modible psychiatric disorders could be in early sight of dementia
rather than a cause of the condition. Boeing and the
Australian Air Force have completed the maiden test flight trials
(17:17):
of the new MQ twenty eight Ghost Spat a manned
stealth fighter, four months ahead of schedule. The multi roll
aircraft are designed as a force multiplier, working with the
F thirty five Lightning two stealth fighters and the FA
eighteen Super Hornet Fighters, as well as E seven, a
Wedgetail airborne early warning control aircraft. The test flights were
run out of the Woma A Rocket Range in out
(17:38):
back South Australia and from the Tindall Air Force Space
in the northern territory. The validation flights tested the unmanned
combat aerial vehicles in realistic battle scenarios, including autonomous missions
and their ability to operate effectively alongside manned aircraft. They
are also deployed in coordinator operations with modible ghost Bats.
The MQ twenty eight also demonstration to advanced data sharing
(18:01):
capabilities between crude and uncruded platforms, enhancing situational awareness. Each
aircraft can carry two internally mounted AIM one twenty advanced
medium Range airware missiles and are equipped with a range
of sensors including infrared search and track systems and air
away refueling capabilities also being looked at in order to
extend their range from the current three thy seven hundred
(18:23):
kilometers as well as the Austraan Air Force. The Ghostbats
also being looked at by the Pentagon of possible deployment
with F fifty Ex Eagle two fighters as additional sensor
nodes help find and target hostile air offense systems. Scientists
are found that there are no plant based food for
dogs sold in the United Kingdom which meet the nutritional
guidelines for Man's Best Friend's health. They say, if you've
(18:47):
got your dog on a plant based diet, you need
to add supplements in order to fill the gaps. A
report in the General Plus one analyzed the nutrient content
of thirty one dry dog foods that were labeled as complete,
which included nineteen meat based foods, six plant based diets,
and six veterinary foods designed to be low in protein
for dogs with kidney issues. The authors found that the
(19:08):
meat and plant based foods had similar nutritional profiles when
it came to proteins and amino acids, but the plant
based foods typically didn't meet the guidelines for iodine and
vitamin B levels, which adult dogs need. It's important to
also note that none of the foods they tested completely
met the standards for all nutrients needed by adult dogs,
(19:28):
but in many instances these missing nutrients can be added
in supplements or from changes to formulation by the pet
food manufacturers if they're willing to put the animal's nutrition
above profits. Apple have just released their new thinner, tougher
and high capacity iPhone seventeen, but there's still no folk version,
and AI remains an issue with the details which joined
(19:51):
by Technology editor Alex Aharovroyt from Tech Advice Start Life.
Speaker 2 (19:55):
Well, we've seen in recent times Samsung launchest new phones,
Google launches new phone and they've both tried very hard
to gazump Apple by launching technologies that should be better
than what Apple is launching. But Apple is now launched,
and we've seen new iPhones, new watches, new headphones, and
new capabilities. Now let's start with the iPhone seventeen Air,
(20:16):
which I just called. The iPhone Air is five point
six millimeters thin, which is point two of a millimeter
thinner than Samsung's S twenty five Edge. And look, although
iPhone and Apple users are going to say that the
iPhone Air is better, Samsung really did come out with
it a couple of months ago or three or four
months ago, and they have two cameras on the back
of just one, there's this five point eight millimeters so
(20:37):
a little bit thicker, but no one's going to really
notice that much of a different. It is supposed to
be the most durable phone that Apple has made, and
all day battery life even though it's got clearly a
smaller battery inside. And I noticed that when they launched
the all day battery life claim. In the next scene,
they said, up and we have a maxif battery that
connects to the back which is thinner and boosts your
video to forty hours. So clearly it's going to have
(21:00):
less battery life. But if you like me and already
carrying around a spare battery for your iPhone sixteen Promax
that has it much bigger battery, well nothing's going to change.
I'm going to still have to carry around a battery.
The iPhone seventeen and seventeen Pro and Promax obviously improvements
with cameras and processes and ceramic glass all very impressive.
I think one of the cool things with the Promax
(21:20):
is that now comes in a two terabyte configuration in Australia.
That's going to take you to three thy, seven hundred
and ninety nine dollars, So you're paying a lot of
money for that extra space.
Speaker 1 (21:31):
Want of space, Let's be honest, Well, your photos are
building up, your music's building up. You need the extra capacity.
Speaker 2 (21:37):
Well, as we all know, space is the final frontier
and most people buy a smaller iPhone and they regret it.
Now we also have the new watches. The se Watch,
the cheapest one is now always on for the first time.
The series eleven is thinner than before, and the Ultra
three has got a slightly bigger screen in the same
size case. The last two have five G not just
four G, and the last two can also do hypertension detection.
(21:59):
That's not blood pressure monitoring in the sense that you
have a cuff that blows up like you have with
the Quawai blood pressure watch, but over the course of
time it can detect whether you have hypertension or not
if you switch that feature of And the Ultra three
can now do emergency SOS. So it's the ultimate watch
for somebody who goes out on adventures and they have
a smartphone that their watch can have longer battery life.
(22:20):
In fact, it's now forty two hours instead of thirty
six hours for the Ultra three, and it can also
do messages via satellite and find my advice satellite. So
definitely perfect for adventurers.
Speaker 1 (22:28):
Is it far from being an eperb that's sort of
what they're aiming at.
Speaker 2 (22:31):
I guess it's pretty close. I mean an ey purp
will have longer battery life and probably stronger connection to satellite,
But a lot of people if they have an Apple
Ultra three smart watch, I mean, yeah, it's effectively an
EPERB and the extra battery life means that can be
out in the while for that much longer. Similarly, the
Series eleven is the first Apple Watch to go from
eighteen hours to twenty four hours of battery life, and
(22:52):
that will be extended if you go into power saving mode.
So the watches are an improvement, the phones are an improvement.
Speaker 3 (22:58):
And then we have the headset.
Speaker 2 (22:59):
Now, the Apple Airpod's pro Version three, got a sleeker case,
it's got a better fit for your ears, measured over
one hundred thousand years. We've got five different sizes of
silicon tips to make sure it fits any year. There's
memory foam inside to do more noise isolation. We're talking
about eight hours of battery life, which is an improvement.
I remember originally when it was something like three hours.
(23:21):
And if you're using it in hearing aid mode, you
know I get ten hours. Apple has increased the longevity
of its devices by offering OS updates for years, and
it's best if you've got an old device that's several
years old. That's going to be the biggest upgrade for
people with older devices.
Speaker 1 (23:37):
Of course, the elephant in the room for Apple remains AI.
Speaker 2 (23:40):
Doesn't it it does, And look, Apples did make references
to the fact that does use forms of AI and
machine learning and has done for many years, but there
was no mention of a Siri chatbot. Then no mention
of the deal that Apple was reported to have done
with Google to bring the Gemini, a customized version of
Gemini to give Siri. There's conversational capabilities that we take
for granted with Gemini and Android devices and with CHATGBT.
(24:01):
And also Apple was meant to have a magic Q
style system that Google has promoted earlier this year, where
it could bring up relevant information about bookings you've made,
people you've spoken to, other information that it's collected and
harvested from different apps on your phone. Nothing from Apple
on that promised to come in the future, but they
dubiously avoided mentioning anything about that. So look, Google and
Samsung will say that they have done enough to fight
(24:21):
back against these updates from Apple. They have a stronger
AI strategy. They also have improved cameras and you know,
slimmer devices. They've got the fold. Yeah, both of them
have folds, but next year Apple's meant to bring the fold,
and next year will be the year that Apple and
Samsung and probably Google will have a fold that has
no priest whatsoever.
Speaker 1 (24:38):
That's Alex ohrrov Royd from Take Advice, Start Live, and
that's the show for now. Space Time is available every Monday,
(25:00):
Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts, iTunes, Stitcher, Google podcast,
pocker Casts, Spotify, Acast, Amazon Music, Bytes dot com, SoundCloud, YouTube,
your favorite podcast download provider, and from space Time with
Stuart Gary dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through the
National Science Foundation, on Science Own Radio and on both
(25:23):
iHeartRadio and tune In Radio. And you can help to
support our show by visiting the Spacetime Store for a
range of promotional merchandising goodies, or by becoming a Spacetime Patron,
which gives you access to triple episode commercial free versions
of the show, as well as lots of burnus audio
content which doesn't go to weir, access to our exclusive
Facebook group, and other rewards. Just go to space Time
(25:47):
with Stewart Gary dot com for full details.
Speaker 2 (25:50):
You've been listening to Spacetime with Stuart Gary.
Speaker 1 (25:53):
This has been another quality podcast production from Bytes dot com.
Popular Podcasts
On Purpose with Jay Shetty
I’m Jay Shetty host of On Purpose the worlds #1 Mental Health podcast and I’m so grateful you found us. I started this podcast 5 years ago to invite you into conversations and workshops that are designed to help make you happier, healthier and more healed. I believe that when you (yes you) feel seen, heard and understood you’re able to deal with relationship struggles, work challenges and life’s ups and downs with more ease and grace. I interview experts, celebrities, thought leaders and athletes so that we can grow our mindset, build better habits and uncover a side of them we’ve never seen before. New episodes every Monday and Friday. Your support means the world to me and I don’t take it for granted — click the follow button and leave a review to help us spread the love with On Purpose. I can’t wait for you to listen to your first or 500th episode!
Dateline NBC
Current and classic episodes, featuring compelling true-crime mysteries, powerful documentaries and in-depth investigations. Follow now to get the latest episodes of Dateline NBC completely free, or subscribe to Dateline Premium for ad-free listening and exclusive bonus content: DatelinePremium.com
What Are We Even Doing? with Kyle MacLachlan
Join award-winning actor and social media madman Kyle MacLachlan on “What Are We Even Doing,” where he sits down with Millennial and Gen Z actors, musicians, artists, and content creators to share stories about the entertainment industry past, present, and future. Kyle and his guests will talk shop, compare notes on life, and generally be weird together. In a good way. Their conversations will resonate with listeners of any age whose interests lie in television & film, music, art, or pop culture.