September 19, 2025 • 22 mins
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the thrilling prospects of observing exploding black holes, an astonishing stellar jet on the outskirts of the Milky Way, and the meticulous preparations for an Earth observation satellite mission.
Exploding Black Holes on the Horizon
A groundbreaking study suggests that astronomers may soon witness a black hole explosion, an event theorised to occur once every 100,000 years. Researchers now believe there’s a 90% chance of observing such an explosion within the next decade, potentially revealing primordial black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. These explosions could provide a comprehensive catalogue of all subatomic particles, including those yet to be discovered, fundamentally altering our understanding of the universe's origins.
Immense Stellar Jet Discovered
Astronomers have identified a colossal stellar jet erupting from a young star in the Milky Way's outskirts, specifically in the Sharpless 2284 region. This rare phenomenon involves twin jets of hot plasma extending over eight light years, driven by superheated gases falling onto the massive star. Captured by NASA's Webb Space Telescope, this discovery not only sheds light on star formation but also offers insights into the conditions of the early universe.
Preparing for Earth Observation
The European Space Agency is conducting rigorous tests for a future Earth observation satellite mission, including an airborne campaign in the Arctic. Scientists are evaluating a new imaging microwave radiometer designed to monitor sea ice and its evolution. This mission aims to gather vital data on climate change and the Arctic environment, contributing to a better understanding of global phenomena.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review Letters
https://journals.aps.org/prl/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Exploding Black Holes on the Horizon
Immense Stellar Jet Discovered
Preparing for Earth Observation
Exploding Black Holes on the Horizon
A groundbreaking study suggests that astronomers may soon witness a black hole explosion, an event theorised to occur once every 100,000 years. Researchers now believe there’s a 90% chance of observing such an explosion within the next decade, potentially revealing primordial black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. These explosions could provide a comprehensive catalogue of all subatomic particles, including those yet to be discovered, fundamentally altering our understanding of the universe's origins.
Immense Stellar Jet Discovered
Astronomers have identified a colossal stellar jet erupting from a young star in the Milky Way's outskirts, specifically in the Sharpless 2284 region. This rare phenomenon involves twin jets of hot plasma extending over eight light years, driven by superheated gases falling onto the massive star. Captured by NASA's Webb Space Telescope, this discovery not only sheds light on star formation but also offers insights into the conditions of the early universe.
Preparing for Earth Observation
The European Space Agency is conducting rigorous tests for a future Earth observation satellite mission, including an airborne campaign in the Arctic. Scientists are evaluating a new imaging microwave radiometer designed to monitor sea ice and its evolution. This mission aims to gather vital data on climate change and the Arctic environment, contributing to a better understanding of global phenomena.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review Letters
https://journals.aps.org/prl/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Exploding Black Holes on the Horizon
Immense Stellar Jet Discovered
Preparing for Earth Observation
Mark as Played
Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, Episode one hundred and
thirteen for broadcast nineteenth of September twenty twenty five. Coming
up on Space Time, The Search for Exploding black Holes,
an immense still a jets seen on the outskirts of
the Milky Way Galaxy? And how do you prepare for
an Earth Observation satellite mission? All that and more coming
(00:22):
up on Spacetime.
Speaker 2 (00:25):
Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
Speaker 1 (00:44):
A new study suggests that astronomers could catch a black
hole in the process of exploding. Some physicists have long
believed that black holes explode at the end of their lives,
and that such explosions happen at morst once every hundred
thousand years or so, But now in the journal Physical
Review Letters claims there's a better than ninety percent probability
(01:04):
that one of these black hole explosions might be seen
within the decade, and if we're prepared, our current fleet
of space and earthbound telescopes could actually witness the event.
Such an explosion would be strong evidence of a long
theorized but never actually observed object called a primordial black hole.
These are black holes that formed less than a second
after the Big Bang thirteen point eight billion years ago,
(01:27):
and furthermore, these explosions would give astronomers a definitive catalog
of all the sub atomic particles in existence, including both
the ones we've observed, such as electrons, quarks, and the
Higgs boson, and the ones we've only ever hypothesized about,
like dark matter particles, as well as everything else that
is so far entirely unknown to science. This sort of
(01:47):
catalog would finally answer one of a man's oldest ultimate questions,
From where did everything in existence come? We know black
holes exist, and we have good understanding of their life cycle,
and a massive star runs out of fuel and eventually
implodes into a massively powerful supernova that leaves behind an
area of space time with such intense gravity that nothing,
(02:09):
not even light can escape. These black holes are incredibly
heavy and essentially very stable. But back in nineteen seventy,
physicist Stephen Hawking claimed another kind of black hole, a
primordial black hole, could be created not by the collapse
of a star, but from the universe's primordial conditions shortly
after the Big Bang. Primordial black holes, like the standard
(02:31):
stellar mass black hole we mentioned earlier, are so massively
dense that almost nothing can escape them, which is of
course what makes them black. However, despite their density, Hawking
believed primordial black holes could be much lighter than the
black holes were so far encountered. Furthermore, Hawking believed that
black holes had a temperature and could, in theory, slowly
emit particles through a process called Hawking radiation. That's if
(02:55):
they got hot enough. Hawking radiation occurs when two quantum
particle pairs hop into existence right on the event horizon
of a black hole. But these quantum particle pairs would
annihilate each other virtually immediately. But if one of the
quantum particle pairs was on one side of the event
horizon and the other quantum particle pair was on the
other side, then the one on the black hole side
(03:17):
of the event horizon would disappear forever into the black
hole's singularity, leaving the one in our universe to float away,
evaporating part of the black hole. Now. One of this
studies authors, Antheathane from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, says
the lighter a black hole is, the hotter it should be,
and the more particles it will emit. As primordial black
(03:38):
holes evaporate, they would become even lighter and so hotter,
emitting ever more radiation in a runaway process until they
eventually explode. Fame believes it's that hawking radiation that telescope
should be able to detect. The problem is that no
one's ever actually directly observed a primordial black hole, but
this new hypothesis suggests is up to a ninety percent
(03:59):
chance of winter seen an exploding primordial black hole in
the next ten years. The works all based on a
dark QED model. This is essentially a copy of the
usual electromagnetic force, but which includes a very heavy hypothesized
version of the electron, which statement colleagues call a dark electron.
Now with this dark electron, the authors could reconsider long
(04:20):
held assumptions about the electrical charge of a black hole.
Standard black holes have no charge, and it was assumed
that primordial black holes would likewise be electrically neutral. But
the studies authors are making a different assumption. They believe
that if a primordial black hole is formed with a
small dark electric charge, then the model predicts it should
be temporarily stabilized before finally exploding. Taking all experimental data
(04:44):
into account. They find they could even then potentially observe
a primordial black hole explosion, not once every hundred thousand
years has previously thought, but once every ten years. Now
the authors admit they're not claiming that's going to absolutely
happen for sure sometime in the next t decade, but
they believe there's a ninety percent chance that it does,
and since we already have the technology to observe these explosions,
(05:07):
we need to be ready for them. If it happens,
it would be the first ever direct observations of both
hawking radiation and a primordial black hole, and it would
also provide definitive proof of every particle that makes up
everything in the universe. It would completely revolutionize physics and
hope astronomers rewrite the history of the cosmos. This is
(05:28):
space time Still to come Astronomers discover an immense stellar
jet on the outskirts of the Milky Way Galaxy, and
how to scientist go about preparing for an Earth observation
satellite mission. All that and more still to come on
space time. Astronomers have discovered an immense s dollar jet
(06:01):
blasting out into deep space from the outskirts of our
Milky Way Galaxy. The huge fireworks display cataloged at Shapless
two to eighty four is being generated by a massive
young star still in the process of forming. It's producing
seething twin jets of hot plasma blazing across some eight
light years of space that's twice the distance between our
(06:22):
Sun and the nearest neighboring star system Alpha Centauri. It's
caused by superheated gases falling under the massive star being
blasted back into space along the star's rotational axis, with
powerful magnetic fields confining the jets to narrow beams. These
jets are then plowing into interstellar gas and dust, creating
fascinating details which are being captured by NASA's web Space
(06:44):
Telescope and witnessed in infrared light. Astronomers say the sheer
size of this cosmic blow torch of seething gases erupting
from the still growing monster star qualifies it as extremely rare.
The outflow is streaking across space at hundreds of thousands
of kilometers an hour. The central proto star, which has
at least ten times the mass of the Sun, is
(07:06):
located some fifteen thousand light years away in the outer
reaches of the galaxy. The studies lead author Yu Cheng
from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan says the web
discovery was serendipitous. Astronomers had no idea there was a
massive star of this kind out there, no idea that
there was a super jet outflow from it. That was,
until they saw it. Such spectacular outflows of molecular hydrogen
(07:29):
from a massive star are very rare in other regions
of our galaxy. This unique class of stellar fireworks, known
as herbing Harrow objects, are highly colimated jets of plasma
shooting out from newly forming stars. You could think of
these jetted outflows as being the stars spectacular birth announcement
to the universe. Well well over three hundred herbing Harrow
(07:50):
objects have been observed so far. They're almost all coming
from low mass stars, and for astronomers, whether they're from
big stars or little ones, these spindle like jets as
they offer new clues about the nature of newly forming stars,
their energetics, their narrowness, and their evolutionary time scales also
to constrain models of the environment and physical properties of
(08:11):
the young stellar objects powering these outflows. This new detection
offers evidence that herbing arrow jets must scale up with
the mass of the star powering them. The more massive
the stellar engine propelling the plasma, the larger the star size.
This jet's detailed filamentary structure captured by web is evidence
the jet is plowing through interstellar gas and dust in
(08:33):
the process, creating separate knots, bowshocks, and linear chains. The
tips of the jet, lying in opposite directions from the
central star, encapsulates the history of the star's formation. See
Originally the material would have been very close to the star,
but over the past one hundred thousand years the tips
have propagated outwards at nearly twice the distance from the
(08:53):
galactic center of the Milky Ways. Our Sun is the
host protocluster that's home to this voracious jet is on
the very peripheral Milky Way galaxy. It's within the cluster
containing hundreds of stars that are still forming, but being
in the so called galactic interlands means the stars are
deficient in heavier elements beyond hydrogen and helium. In astronomy,
all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are considered metals,
(09:17):
and the amount of metallicity a star contains gradually increases
over cosmic time as each passing generation of stars expels
the end products of nuclear fusion through stellar winds and
supernova explosions, and so the low metallicity of Sharpless two
to eighty four is a reflection of its relatively pristine nature,
making it a sort of local analog for the environments
(09:38):
of what the early universe was like, an environment that
was also deficient in heavier elements. Webs observations are also
showing that relatively more stars seem to form at lower
masses in Sharplett two to eighty four than in closer,
more metal rich clusters. Massive stars like the one found
inside this cluster have very important influences on the evolution
(09:59):
of galaxies. Cheng says. The discovery sitting new light on
the formation mechanism of massive stars in low metallistity environments,
so astronomers can use this massive star as a sort
of laboratory to study what's going on in earlier cosmic history.
The stellar jets are powered by the gravitational energy released
by the star as it grows in mass, and they
(10:20):
encode for the formation history of the protostar itself. Web's
new images are telling astronomers that the formation of massive
stars in such environments could proceed through a relatively stable
disk around the star that's expected in theoretical models of
star formation known as core recretion. Once they found a
massive star launching these jets, the authors realized they could
(10:40):
use the WEB observations to test theories of massive star formation.
So they developed new theoretical core recretion models that fitted
the data to tell them what kind of star was
at the center. And these models implied that the central
star would be about ten times the mass of the Sun,
and it's still growing for more than thirty years now.
Astronomers have disagreed about exactly how massive stars form. Some
(11:04):
think a massive style requires a very chaotic process called
competitive accretion. Now, in the competitive accretion model, material falls
in from many different directions, so the orientation of the
disc changes over time. The outflow is launched perpendicularly above
and below the disc, and so it too would appear
to twist and turn in different directions. However, WEB be
(11:25):
shown that the opposite sides of the jets are nearly
one hundred and eighty degrees apart from each other and
that tells astronomers that the central disk is being held
steady and therefore validating the hypothesis of the core recretion model.
This is space time still to come preparing for an
Earth observation satellite mission, and later in the science report,
a new study shows that people who engage in hate
(11:47):
speech have similar patterns to people with psychiatric disorders. All
that and more still to come on space time. Developing
(12:10):
a space mission is a long process. It involves lots
of tests and sometimes very harsh environments. A good example
of this was an airborne campaign recently carried out in
the Arctic between Greenland, Iceland, and Twelbard. The campaign was
carried out under the auspices of the European Space Agency.
Scientists involved in the project had to enjoy temperatures of
(12:31):
thirty degrees below zero. They were testing an airborne version
of a new Imagy microwave radiometer designed to support the
development of potential satellite mission for the European Copernicus program.
Its report from TERTV.
Speaker 3 (12:45):
Inside this small plane at the airport of long Eurpian,
one of the most northern cities in the world, is
an instrument that is helping to define a future space
mission to better understand our planet in the extremely harsh
conditions of the Arctic, and engineers and scientists are testing
a microwave radiometer, an instrument that is able to monitor
(13:06):
sea ice and its evolution.
Speaker 4 (13:14):
The radiometig just sensus. It reads basically the sis so
at certain frequencies, and from that, from actually breaking down
into several different frequencies, you can actually study the SI
signatures and from that then you can infer what kind
of CIS you have, and also from that you can
infer all all the cis is.
Speaker 3 (13:35):
For instance, the information on sea ice characteristics from this
airborne campaign is being used to support the Copernicus Imaging
Microwave Radiometer, one of the six high priority candidate satellite
missions being studied for the European Union's Copernicus system. This
is a difficult activity but necessary to be sure that
(13:57):
if the mission is selected to go into space, scientists
will be able to retrieve the high quality data they
are looking for.
Speaker 4 (14:05):
This instrument that we're flying has been around for many
years already and had to be completely renovated in order
to fly again, and we're testing it now for the
first time because We want to obtain the sort of
data that the satellite will see later on and really
make infer answer some scientific questions we have in the meantime.
(14:25):
So with this data that we're going to collect here.
Speaker 3 (14:28):
This is how many operational Earth observation missions are created,
a policy need that leads to the development of a
tool able to give the best scientific measurements. The results
on concentration and distribution of Arctic sea ice will contribute
to the larger question of climate change and how the
Arctic environment is affected by this global phenomenon.
Speaker 5 (14:50):
The SEI is strongly changing. You can see that parts
of swell but with earlier ice covered in winter, like
the Fjords just out here, they are not ice covered anymore,
and that in the Arctic Ocean of course in the
summer as much less eyes and that is the very
important thing to follow by the present mission, the SEMMA,
which we fly for right now and also for the future.
Speaker 3 (15:12):
This Arctic airborne campaign to help prepare the copernicis Imaging
Microwave radiometer is part of this quest to obtain more
accurate data providing hard facts on the evolution of ice coverage.
One of the key elements to understanding climate change and
its impact on Earth all part of the Integrated European
Policy for the Arctic.
Speaker 1 (15:33):
And in that report from ACTV we heard from ASA
Scientific campaign you wouldn't not obtain a cassel and renee
Fsburg from Denmark's National Space Institute. This space time and
(16:01):
time out to take another brief look at some of
the other stories making news in science this week. With
a science report, A new analysis of fifty four Reddit
communities is found that posts in hate speech communities tend
to share similar speech patterns with posting communities for certain
psychiatric disorders. The findings, reported in the journal Plus Digital Health,
used artificial intelligence to analyze posts relevant to hate speech, misinformation,
(16:26):
and psychiatric disorders for neutral comparisons. Communities that for under
none of those categories were also included. The authors say
that while the findings don't suggest that people with psychiatric
disorders are more prone to hate speech or misinformation, they
could help inform new strategies to combat these online, such
as using elements of therapy developed for psychiatric disorders. Well
(16:49):
after decades of research, a chlamittee of vaccine has finally
been approved for koalas the Chlamyteea virus causes debilitating blindness
and infertility among the marsupials, and its rampant in some
Koala populations, especially on parts of the New South Wales
north coast where the arboreal marsupials are already threatened by
habitat loss, wildfires and roadkill. The new vaccine reduces infection,
(17:13):
prevents progression to clinical disease, and in some cases even
reverses existing symptoms. However, rolling out the vaccine into a
wild animal population won't be easy, and they are now
calls for government funding to help inoculate at risk Koala populations.
A sixty seven year old man is still alive more
than six months after receiving a kidney from a genetically
(17:36):
butterfied pig. A report in the journal Nature claims it's
now the longest pig organ survival time in a living human.
The transplant surgeons say that passing the six month mark
is a sign that things have gone extremely well, as
this is the highest risk period for both the recipient
and the transplanted organ. And now it's time for our
silliest story of the week and claims of an alien
(17:58):
UFO base in a last mentioned in a declassified CIA
document of apparently fuel the surge in sightings. How is
Tim Mendum from the Strand Skeptics points out the CIA
has never confirmed the alien bases there. The document itself
dates back to the nineteen seventies, when a remote viewer
was given unknown targets then asked to describe what they perceived.
Speaker 6 (18:19):
This is an old document when talking back to in
the nineteen seventies, it's come to like fairly recently ish
and that it's now being promoted and publicized in the
media as a description of an alien based alien UFO
type base in what's called the Alaska Triangle. Now you
have to realize that every country has to have their triangle.
(18:40):
The MEA triangle started off as a Japan triangle, as
an Alaska triangle, if there's one in Yorkshire in the
UK triangle, I think if a country's not complete unless
they have some alien paranormal triangle.
Speaker 1 (18:50):
So Australia doesn't have one, that's right, and.
Speaker 6 (18:52):
I think it does. I'm trying to say, what's that
time we did? I think I think we're deprived. Why
a triangle? Why not a square or a rectangle or
a dodecahedron or something or a you know. I don't
know why a triangle is so important anyway. This is
a UFA boat based supposedly on a place called Mount
Hayes in the Alaska Try, and.
Speaker 1 (19:07):
Lots of sasquatch found there as well.
Speaker 6 (19:09):
Apparently there's lots of everything. Apparently. I would have thought
the sasquatch would be cold up in the left, but
never mind. But yes, it's was supposed to be a
remote viewer who's a psychic who can see things far
away and describe them. Apparently one of the pictures he
drew had a lot of something that looked like a mountain,
so then instantly becomes sort of a mountain in Alaska.
There's his alien creatures around he could see inside of,
et cetera. The CIA at that time was svestigating anything
(19:32):
and everything that might give them a military advantage, and
that included psychic powers and seers and remote viewers and
clairvoyants and all sorts of things, just to see if
there was anything there. And they ran with this for
a decade or so until they were probably eventually canceled
because there was nothing there worth bothering about. So therefore
this is just one guy who is a remote viewer
can see things from far away, said he found this
(19:53):
filed away in a finding cambent somewhere released again some
years later, sort of.
Speaker 1 (19:58):
Like, look at this the same sort of sill as
we had were the Lost Arc of the Covenant.
Speaker 6 (20:01):
That's rights exactly the same thing. But the clubs has
unproven they didn't find it. I don't know if they
did any investigation to find it. I don't know if
they believed him. I mean, I could say, I've had
a remain viewing of leprechauns in the bottom of my
guard and if that was it, would you say that true?
Or would you say probably not, or prove it? But
no one seems you're saying prove it to this one.
They just saying this fellow drew the results of his
remains viewing, therefore it must be true. This is an
(20:23):
old document that's been released a number of years ago,
and people have picked it up on all of this
is someone saying that they saw this and they wrote
it down. It's not even very detailed. It was never substantiated,
never investigated as far as I know, and there's no
evidence that what the person saw was ever real, and
yet people are now quoting it as a real document
that shows something real. Show me something better, please.
Speaker 1 (20:42):
That's timendum from Ustra in Skeptics, and that's the show
for now. Spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday
(21:05):
through Apple Podcasts, iTunes, Stitcher, Google podcast, pocker Casts, Spotify, Acast,
Amazon Music byites dot com, SoundCloud, YouTube, your favorite podcast
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Space Time's also broadcast through the National Science Foundation, on
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(21:30):
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Just go to space Time with Stuart Gary dot com
(21:52):
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Speaker 2 (21:54):
You've been listening to space Time with Stuart Gary. This
has been another quality podcast action from bytes dot com
This is Spacetime Series twenty eight, Episode one hundred and
thirteen for broadcast nineteenth of September twenty twenty five. Coming
up on Space Time, The Search for Exploding black Holes,
an immense still a jets seen on the outskirts of
the Milky Way Galaxy? And how do you prepare for
an Earth Observation satellite mission? All that and more coming
(00:22):
up on Spacetime.
Speaker 2 (00:25):
Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
Speaker 1 (00:44):
A new study suggests that astronomers could catch a black
hole in the process of exploding. Some physicists have long
believed that black holes explode at the end of their lives,
and that such explosions happen at morst once every hundred
thousand years or so, But now in the journal Physical
Review Letters claims there's a better than ninety percent probability
(01:04):
that one of these black hole explosions might be seen
within the decade, and if we're prepared, our current fleet
of space and earthbound telescopes could actually witness the event.
Such an explosion would be strong evidence of a long
theorized but never actually observed object called a primordial black hole.
These are black holes that formed less than a second
after the Big Bang thirteen point eight billion years ago,
(01:27):
and furthermore, these explosions would give astronomers a definitive catalog
of all the sub atomic particles in existence, including both
the ones we've observed, such as electrons, quarks, and the
Higgs boson, and the ones we've only ever hypothesized about,
like dark matter particles, as well as everything else that
is so far entirely unknown to science. This sort of
(01:47):
catalog would finally answer one of a man's oldest ultimate questions,
From where did everything in existence come? We know black
holes exist, and we have good understanding of their life cycle,
and a massive star runs out of fuel and eventually
implodes into a massively powerful supernova that leaves behind an
area of space time with such intense gravity that nothing,
(02:09):
not even light can escape. These black holes are incredibly
heavy and essentially very stable. But back in nineteen seventy,
physicist Stephen Hawking claimed another kind of black hole, a
primordial black hole, could be created not by the collapse
of a star, but from the universe's primordial conditions shortly
after the Big Bang. Primordial black holes, like the standard
(02:31):
stellar mass black hole we mentioned earlier, are so massively
dense that almost nothing can escape them, which is of
course what makes them black. However, despite their density, Hawking
believed primordial black holes could be much lighter than the
black holes were so far encountered. Furthermore, Hawking believed that
black holes had a temperature and could, in theory, slowly
emit particles through a process called Hawking radiation. That's if
(02:55):
they got hot enough. Hawking radiation occurs when two quantum
particle pairs hop into existence right on the event horizon
of a black hole. But these quantum particle pairs would
annihilate each other virtually immediately. But if one of the
quantum particle pairs was on one side of the event
horizon and the other quantum particle pair was on the
other side, then the one on the black hole side
(03:17):
of the event horizon would disappear forever into the black
hole's singularity, leaving the one in our universe to float away,
evaporating part of the black hole. Now. One of this
studies authors, Antheathane from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, says
the lighter a black hole is, the hotter it should be,
and the more particles it will emit. As primordial black
(03:38):
holes evaporate, they would become even lighter and so hotter,
emitting ever more radiation in a runaway process until they
eventually explode. Fame believes it's that hawking radiation that telescope
should be able to detect. The problem is that no
one's ever actually directly observed a primordial black hole, but
this new hypothesis suggests is up to a ninety percent
(03:59):
chance of winter seen an exploding primordial black hole in
the next ten years. The works all based on a
dark QED model. This is essentially a copy of the
usual electromagnetic force, but which includes a very heavy hypothesized
version of the electron, which statement colleagues call a dark electron.
Now with this dark electron, the authors could reconsider long
(04:20):
held assumptions about the electrical charge of a black hole.
Standard black holes have no charge, and it was assumed
that primordial black holes would likewise be electrically neutral. But
the studies authors are making a different assumption. They believe
that if a primordial black hole is formed with a
small dark electric charge, then the model predicts it should
be temporarily stabilized before finally exploding. Taking all experimental data
(04:44):
into account. They find they could even then potentially observe
a primordial black hole explosion, not once every hundred thousand
years has previously thought, but once every ten years. Now
the authors admit they're not claiming that's going to absolutely
happen for sure sometime in the next t decade, but
they believe there's a ninety percent chance that it does,
and since we already have the technology to observe these explosions,
(05:07):
we need to be ready for them. If it happens,
it would be the first ever direct observations of both
hawking radiation and a primordial black hole, and it would
also provide definitive proof of every particle that makes up
everything in the universe. It would completely revolutionize physics and
hope astronomers rewrite the history of the cosmos. This is
(05:28):
space time Still to come Astronomers discover an immense stellar
jet on the outskirts of the Milky Way Galaxy, and
how to scientist go about preparing for an Earth observation
satellite mission. All that and more still to come on
space time. Astronomers have discovered an immense s dollar jet
(06:01):
blasting out into deep space from the outskirts of our
Milky Way Galaxy. The huge fireworks display cataloged at Shapless
two to eighty four is being generated by a massive
young star still in the process of forming. It's producing
seething twin jets of hot plasma blazing across some eight
light years of space that's twice the distance between our
(06:22):
Sun and the nearest neighboring star system Alpha Centauri. It's
caused by superheated gases falling under the massive star being
blasted back into space along the star's rotational axis, with
powerful magnetic fields confining the jets to narrow beams. These
jets are then plowing into interstellar gas and dust, creating
fascinating details which are being captured by NASA's web Space
(06:44):
Telescope and witnessed in infrared light. Astronomers say the sheer
size of this cosmic blow torch of seething gases erupting
from the still growing monster star qualifies it as extremely rare.
The outflow is streaking across space at hundreds of thousands
of kilometers an hour. The central proto star, which has
at least ten times the mass of the Sun, is
(07:06):
located some fifteen thousand light years away in the outer
reaches of the galaxy. The studies lead author Yu Cheng
from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan says the web
discovery was serendipitous. Astronomers had no idea there was a
massive star of this kind out there, no idea that
there was a super jet outflow from it. That was,
until they saw it. Such spectacular outflows of molecular hydrogen
(07:29):
from a massive star are very rare in other regions
of our galaxy. This unique class of stellar fireworks, known
as herbing Harrow objects, are highly colimated jets of plasma
shooting out from newly forming stars. You could think of
these jetted outflows as being the stars spectacular birth announcement
to the universe. Well well over three hundred herbing Harrow
(07:50):
objects have been observed so far. They're almost all coming
from low mass stars, and for astronomers, whether they're from
big stars or little ones, these spindle like jets as
they offer new clues about the nature of newly forming stars,
their energetics, their narrowness, and their evolutionary time scales also
to constrain models of the environment and physical properties of
(08:11):
the young stellar objects powering these outflows. This new detection
offers evidence that herbing arrow jets must scale up with
the mass of the star powering them. The more massive
the stellar engine propelling the plasma, the larger the star size.
This jet's detailed filamentary structure captured by web is evidence
the jet is plowing through interstellar gas and dust in
(08:33):
the process, creating separate knots, bowshocks, and linear chains. The
tips of the jet, lying in opposite directions from the
central star, encapsulates the history of the star's formation. See
Originally the material would have been very close to the star,
but over the past one hundred thousand years the tips
have propagated outwards at nearly twice the distance from the
(08:53):
galactic center of the Milky Ways. Our Sun is the
host protocluster that's home to this voracious jet is on
the very peripheral Milky Way galaxy. It's within the cluster
containing hundreds of stars that are still forming, but being
in the so called galactic interlands means the stars are
deficient in heavier elements beyond hydrogen and helium. In astronomy,
all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are considered metals,
(09:17):
and the amount of metallicity a star contains gradually increases
over cosmic time as each passing generation of stars expels
the end products of nuclear fusion through stellar winds and
supernova explosions, and so the low metallicity of Sharpless two
to eighty four is a reflection of its relatively pristine nature,
making it a sort of local analog for the environments
(09:38):
of what the early universe was like, an environment that
was also deficient in heavier elements. Webs observations are also
showing that relatively more stars seem to form at lower
masses in Sharplett two to eighty four than in closer,
more metal rich clusters. Massive stars like the one found
inside this cluster have very important influences on the evolution
(09:59):
of galaxies. Cheng says. The discovery sitting new light on
the formation mechanism of massive stars in low metallistity environments,
so astronomers can use this massive star as a sort
of laboratory to study what's going on in earlier cosmic history.
The stellar jets are powered by the gravitational energy released
by the star as it grows in mass, and they
(10:20):
encode for the formation history of the protostar itself. Web's
new images are telling astronomers that the formation of massive
stars in such environments could proceed through a relatively stable
disk around the star that's expected in theoretical models of
star formation known as core recretion. Once they found a
massive star launching these jets, the authors realized they could
(10:40):
use the WEB observations to test theories of massive star formation.
So they developed new theoretical core recretion models that fitted
the data to tell them what kind of star was
at the center. And these models implied that the central
star would be about ten times the mass of the Sun,
and it's still growing for more than thirty years now.
Astronomers have disagreed about exactly how massive stars form. Some
(11:04):
think a massive style requires a very chaotic process called
competitive accretion. Now, in the competitive accretion model, material falls
in from many different directions, so the orientation of the
disc changes over time. The outflow is launched perpendicularly above
and below the disc, and so it too would appear
to twist and turn in different directions. However, WEB be
(11:25):
shown that the opposite sides of the jets are nearly
one hundred and eighty degrees apart from each other and
that tells astronomers that the central disk is being held
steady and therefore validating the hypothesis of the core recretion model.
This is space time still to come preparing for an
Earth observation satellite mission, and later in the science report,
a new study shows that people who engage in hate
(11:47):
speech have similar patterns to people with psychiatric disorders. All
that and more still to come on space time. Developing
(12:10):
a space mission is a long process. It involves lots
of tests and sometimes very harsh environments. A good example
of this was an airborne campaign recently carried out in
the Arctic between Greenland, Iceland, and Twelbard. The campaign was
carried out under the auspices of the European Space Agency.
Scientists involved in the project had to enjoy temperatures of
(12:31):
thirty degrees below zero. They were testing an airborne version
of a new Imagy microwave radiometer designed to support the
development of potential satellite mission for the European Copernicus program.
Its report from TERTV.
Speaker 3 (12:45):
Inside this small plane at the airport of long Eurpian,
one of the most northern cities in the world, is
an instrument that is helping to define a future space
mission to better understand our planet in the extremely harsh
conditions of the Arctic, and engineers and scientists are testing
a microwave radiometer, an instrument that is able to monitor
(13:06):
sea ice and its evolution.
Speaker 4 (13:14):
The radiometig just sensus. It reads basically the sis so
at certain frequencies, and from that, from actually breaking down
into several different frequencies, you can actually study the SI
signatures and from that then you can infer what kind
of CIS you have, and also from that you can
infer all all the cis is.
Speaker 3 (13:35):
For instance, the information on sea ice characteristics from this
airborne campaign is being used to support the Copernicus Imaging
Microwave Radiometer, one of the six high priority candidate satellite
missions being studied for the European Union's Copernicus system. This
is a difficult activity but necessary to be sure that
(13:57):
if the mission is selected to go into space, scientists
will be able to retrieve the high quality data they
are looking for.
Speaker 4 (14:05):
This instrument that we're flying has been around for many
years already and had to be completely renovated in order
to fly again, and we're testing it now for the
first time because We want to obtain the sort of
data that the satellite will see later on and really
make infer answer some scientific questions we have in the meantime.
(14:25):
So with this data that we're going to collect here.
Speaker 3 (14:28):
This is how many operational Earth observation missions are created,
a policy need that leads to the development of a
tool able to give the best scientific measurements. The results
on concentration and distribution of Arctic sea ice will contribute
to the larger question of climate change and how the
Arctic environment is affected by this global phenomenon.
Speaker 5 (14:50):
The SEI is strongly changing. You can see that parts
of swell but with earlier ice covered in winter, like
the Fjords just out here, they are not ice covered anymore,
and that in the Arctic Ocean of course in the
summer as much less eyes and that is the very
important thing to follow by the present mission, the SEMMA,
which we fly for right now and also for the future.
Speaker 3 (15:12):
This Arctic airborne campaign to help prepare the copernicis Imaging
Microwave radiometer is part of this quest to obtain more
accurate data providing hard facts on the evolution of ice coverage.
One of the key elements to understanding climate change and
its impact on Earth all part of the Integrated European
Policy for the Arctic.
Speaker 1 (15:33):
And in that report from ACTV we heard from ASA
Scientific campaign you wouldn't not obtain a cassel and renee
Fsburg from Denmark's National Space Institute. This space time and
(16:01):
time out to take another brief look at some of
the other stories making news in science this week. With
a science report, A new analysis of fifty four Reddit
communities is found that posts in hate speech communities tend
to share similar speech patterns with posting communities for certain
psychiatric disorders. The findings, reported in the journal Plus Digital Health,
used artificial intelligence to analyze posts relevant to hate speech, misinformation,
(16:26):
and psychiatric disorders for neutral comparisons. Communities that for under
none of those categories were also included. The authors say
that while the findings don't suggest that people with psychiatric
disorders are more prone to hate speech or misinformation, they
could help inform new strategies to combat these online, such
as using elements of therapy developed for psychiatric disorders. Well
(16:49):
after decades of research, a chlamittee of vaccine has finally
been approved for koalas the Chlamyteea virus causes debilitating blindness
and infertility among the marsupials, and its rampant in some
Koala populations, especially on parts of the New South Wales
north coast where the arboreal marsupials are already threatened by
habitat loss, wildfires and roadkill. The new vaccine reduces infection,
(17:13):
prevents progression to clinical disease, and in some cases even
reverses existing symptoms. However, rolling out the vaccine into a
wild animal population won't be easy, and they are now
calls for government funding to help inoculate at risk Koala populations.
A sixty seven year old man is still alive more
than six months after receiving a kidney from a genetically
(17:36):
butterfied pig. A report in the journal Nature claims it's
now the longest pig organ survival time in a living human.
The transplant surgeons say that passing the six month mark
is a sign that things have gone extremely well, as
this is the highest risk period for both the recipient
and the transplanted organ. And now it's time for our
silliest story of the week and claims of an alien
(17:58):
UFO base in a last mentioned in a declassified CIA
document of apparently fuel the surge in sightings. How is
Tim Mendum from the Strand Skeptics points out the CIA
has never confirmed the alien bases there. The document itself
dates back to the nineteen seventies, when a remote viewer
was given unknown targets then asked to describe what they perceived.
Speaker 6 (18:19):
This is an old document when talking back to in
the nineteen seventies, it's come to like fairly recently ish
and that it's now being promoted and publicized in the
media as a description of an alien based alien UFO
type base in what's called the Alaska Triangle. Now you
have to realize that every country has to have their triangle.
(18:40):
The MEA triangle started off as a Japan triangle, as
an Alaska triangle, if there's one in Yorkshire in the
UK triangle, I think if a country's not complete unless
they have some alien paranormal triangle.
Speaker 1 (18:50):
So Australia doesn't have one, that's right, and.
Speaker 6 (18:52):
I think it does. I'm trying to say, what's that
time we did? I think I think we're deprived. Why
a triangle? Why not a square or a rectangle or
a dodecahedron or something or a you know. I don't
know why a triangle is so important anyway. This is
a UFA boat based supposedly on a place called Mount
Hayes in the Alaska Try, and.
Speaker 1 (19:07):
Lots of sasquatch found there as well.
Speaker 6 (19:09):
Apparently there's lots of everything. Apparently. I would have thought
the sasquatch would be cold up in the left, but
never mind. But yes, it's was supposed to be a
remote viewer who's a psychic who can see things far
away and describe them. Apparently one of the pictures he
drew had a lot of something that looked like a mountain,
so then instantly becomes sort of a mountain in Alaska.
There's his alien creatures around he could see inside of,
et cetera. The CIA at that time was svestigating anything
(19:32):
and everything that might give them a military advantage, and
that included psychic powers and seers and remote viewers and
clairvoyants and all sorts of things, just to see if
there was anything there. And they ran with this for
a decade or so until they were probably eventually canceled
because there was nothing there worth bothering about. So therefore
this is just one guy who is a remote viewer
can see things from far away, said he found this
(19:53):
filed away in a finding cambent somewhere released again some
years later, sort of.
Speaker 1 (19:58):
Like, look at this the same sort of sill as
we had were the Lost Arc of the Covenant.
Speaker 6 (20:01):
That's rights exactly the same thing. But the clubs has
unproven they didn't find it. I don't know if they
did any investigation to find it. I don't know if
they believed him. I mean, I could say, I've had
a remain viewing of leprechauns in the bottom of my
guard and if that was it, would you say that true?
Or would you say probably not, or prove it? But
no one seems you're saying prove it to this one.
They just saying this fellow drew the results of his
remains viewing, therefore it must be true. This is an
(20:23):
old document that's been released a number of years ago,
and people have picked it up on all of this
is someone saying that they saw this and they wrote
it down. It's not even very detailed. It was never substantiated,
never investigated as far as I know, and there's no
evidence that what the person saw was ever real, and
yet people are now quoting it as a real document
that shows something real. Show me something better, please.
Speaker 1 (20:42):
That's timendum from Ustra in Skeptics, and that's the show
for now. Spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday
(21:05):
through Apple Podcasts, iTunes, Stitcher, Google podcast, pocker Casts, Spotify, Acast,
Amazon Music byites dot com, SoundCloud, YouTube, your favorite podcast
download provider, and from space Time with Stuart Gary dot com.
Space Time's also broadcast through the National Science Foundation, on
Science Own Radio and on both iHeartRadio and tune in Radio.
(21:30):
And you can help to support our show by visiting
the Spacetime Store for a range of promotional merchandising goodies,
or by becoming a Spacetime Patron, which gives you access
to triple episode commercial free versions of the show, as
well as lots of burnus audio content which doesn't go
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Just go to space Time with Stuart Gary dot com
(21:52):
for full details.
Speaker 2 (21:54):
You've been listening to space Time with Stuart Gary. This
has been another quality podcast action from bytes dot com
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