June 1, 2022 • 30 mins
The biggest names in Hollywood and Broadway recorded for AFRS during the war years, The American Forces Network can trace its origins back to May 26, 1942, when the War Department established the Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS). The U.S. Army began broadcasting from London during World War II, using equipment and studio facilities borrowed from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The first transmission to U.S. troops began at 5:45 p.m. on July 4, 1943, and included less than five hours of recorded shows, a BBC news and sports broadcast. That day, Corporal Syl Binkin became the first U.S. Military broadcasters heard over the air. The signal was sent from London via telephone lines to five regional transmitters to reach U.S. troops in the United Kingdom as they prepared for the inevitable invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. Fearing competition for civilian audiences the BBC initially tried to impose restrictions on AFN broadcasts within Britain (transmissions were only allowed from American Bases outside London and were limited to 50 watts of transmission power) and a minimum quota of British produced programming had to be carried. Nevertheless AFN programmes were widely enjoyed by the British civilian listeners who could receive them and once AFN operations transferred to continental Europe (shortly after D-Day) AFN were able to broadcast with little restriction with programmes available to civilian audiences across most of Europe (including Britain) after dark. As D-Day approached, the network joined with the BBC and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to develop programs especially for the Allied Expeditionary Forces. Mobile stations, complete with personnel, broadcasting equipment, and a record library were deployed to broadcast music and news to troops in the field. The mobile stations reported on front line activities and fed the news reports back to studio locations in London.
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:00):
The Science Magazine of the Air.Your Science Magazine of the Air brings you
another story from the Human Adventure titledAll Your Baby Grows. Fred Darling,
(00:41):
I don't know where you are today, since the only address the Army
gave me is care of Postmaster,San Francisco. But wherever you are,
I know you remembered a very specialday last week, remembered us as we
thought of you that day, andevery day do your has come of age
three whole delicious years. The youngmother, your wife, writes a letter,
(01:06):
and as you read it, yourmind goes back to that day three
years ago. The corridors of thehospital are quiet, faintly lit by the
dim light of lamps which finger thewalls with splashes of shadow. You walk
(01:27):
down the corridor in your nervous hand, a slip of paper from the nurse's
desk. Your drawn, tired eyesscan the numbers of the rooms, Room
twenty nine. This is it,I guess, Shelly, Elly, honey,
(01:51):
Delly, it's me, Fred,Hello, Darley, Gee, honey,
how do you feel a little tired? You look wonderful, do I?
Fred? Really? Boy of me? You're just about the most beautiful
person I've ever seen. That's sweet, Elly, Yes, ye Elly,
I saw the baby through the glassthe doctor showed me. How does he
(02:14):
look? Well, Gosh, Idon't know. Does he look like you,
darling? You look like well,you certainly look worried. I guess
he looks like you. There heweighs eight pounds and four ounces. That's
pretty good, Ellie. He justabout the best baby anybody ever had.
He'll always be the best baby,darling. Just you wait until we get
(02:36):
him home and he starts to growup. Just you wait until we get
him home and he starts to growup. Then begins the greatest of all
human adventures, the growth and developmentof a child. Now your host on
(03:07):
the human adventure, mister Stephen M. Corey of the Encyclopedia Britannica and the
University of Chicago. Today, despitethe uncertainties of life itself in war time,
more babies are being born in Americathan at any period in our history,
and every new parent wants his childto grow up in a healthy and
(03:28):
normal manner. But what is healthyand what is normal can be decided only
after exhaustive scientific study. To doctorArnold Gazelle, director of the Clinic of
Child Development of Yale University. Perhapsmore than to any other man, we
owe our advanced knowledge of the healthyand the normal in a child's development.
(03:50):
Doctor Gazelle has scientifically observed hundreds ofAmerican infants and children during more than twenty
years of study at Yale University,probing into the life adventures of human beings,
utilizing a psychiatric division, Departments ofPsychology and Anthropology, and the Clinic
of Child Development. The story youwill hear today is the growth of your
(04:15):
child. Another exciting chapter from thenote Books of Science on the human adventure.
A husband and wife choose each other, but they cannot choose their children.
That is the great adventure of life. The newborn infant is an individual
(04:39):
in his own right and must beaccepted as such. This, then,
is the biography of one such infant, Fred Junior. He's left the hospital
now and so to bed in hispalace, his crib at home, at
the age of one month. Alook, elly, he's smiling at me.
That's no smile. Probably got theburp up you go. I'm on
(05:03):
his shoulder now at the day.Hey, helly luck, he's starting right
at me. He recognizes his oldpop, Hi Junior he sees you,
but I doubt whether he knows you'rehis father. Oh that's gratitude for you.
But he's looking at me right inthe eye. Oh what did I
(05:25):
do? Now? You talk toloud? He doesn't like loud. Noisers,
she will. He's always crying,not always only when he's hungry or
wet. Look when he's not hungryor wet, and he's always sleeping.
Take the diapers off the rocker,Fred, so I can sit down and
quiet him. Please, But Iheard you ain't supposed to rock up baby.
Well, he was rocking around insideof me for a long time,
(05:46):
so I guess a little more rockingwon't give him any bad habits. Yes,
you can rock him. He won'tfall apart. He's not as limp
(06:08):
as he was at birth. He'sa whole month old feeling. There's tone
in his muscles that tighten intension.As you pick him up. He's asleep.
Now lay him down easy. Listento him. Breathe now deeper,
more regular, no gasps, nochoking or sneezing, just the easy,
(06:29):
peaceful breathing of life of a baby. One month old old enough to love
life. Now he knows what itis the snugness of a nest of blankets,
of being surely held. But lookat his eyes as he wakes up
from his nap. Pull up theshade and let the light end easily.
Look his eyes reach for the light. They're opening. Now they rule less
(06:55):
aimlessly than at birth. The twelvetiny vital muscles of the eye are firmly
in control, spotting a new worldwith courage and fascination. A baby is
never complete. He's always in themaking, low in complete. He's always
(07:16):
charged with promise, and that promise, that future of a baby is a
matter of real concern to you,as it is to every parent. Now,
let us imagine that your wife istaking your child to doctor Gazelle's clinic
at Yale University. Nor Your childis not sick. He's a normal child.
But perhaps like most anxious young parentswho have not seen a child grow
(07:39):
before, you may think the thingshe does are abnormal. Well, now
your wife is in doctor Gazelle's office. He sits across from her, a
six footer with snow white hair,a rather reserved manner, yet easy to
talk to. Professor Gazelle. Ijust had a baby about a month ago.
Well, that's small work for you, and you too, I thank
(08:00):
you to tell me what to expect. I mean, how will he grow
in a zig zag pattern? Theproblem is to keep your child psychologically as
normal as he is likely to bephysically. What do you mean? There
are many more children who are psychologicallyinjured from parental mismanagement and lack of understanding
than are injured physically by accident orhereditary disabilities. That, really, missus,
(08:22):
Allen, is why we set upthis child clinice. We wish to
learn more about the nature and thepsychological needs of babies and young children,
so we decided to chart the developmentof the baby's mind from the time of
birth through the first five years oflife. Come along, I'll show you
now in part how this was done. Entering the laboratory, they see before
(08:56):
them a dome like room. Inshape, it resembles an Eskimo igler,
but it is flooded with soft,warm light. This is the photographic dome
for observing and recording the baby's behavior. Oh, he's dark. Your wife
is filled with a happy smile atthe baby basking in his crib in the
center of the dome. The babydoesn't see her because The dome is encased
(09:16):
in a specially constructed one way visionscreen, which provides walls that are transparent
for her but not for him.The motion picture cameras over there. Oh,
where doctor's there? I don't seeit. Well, that's part of
the idea. But look see there? Oh? Yes, the camera is
focused on the child and records hisevery movement and what movement they're fascinating.
(09:39):
Records down alize seeing the baby's mindgrowing month by months, developing new patterns
of behavior, patterns of behavior.Does that sound dominous little if you're a
new mother? Oh, the patternsimply proves that no, two children are
exactly alife. Thank goodness for theirno, thank nature. Despite the difference,
(10:00):
they all nevertheless follow a similar patternof growth. Well, after you
collect all of your movies, thenwhat do you do? Well, after
a careful analysis of the photographic andstenographic records, we set up norms of
development, that is, standards ofmaturity for each advancing age. And what
do these norms reveal? They showus what to expect at different ages in
(10:22):
the baby's mind and personality. Ican hardly wait to see what happens to
my little Freddie when he begins togrow. Well, there's no time like
the presenters there. Let's get backto your baby and observe what happens to
him step by step. What isthe mind of a four weeks old baby
(10:48):
like? He can't tell us,and you and I can't recall what it
was like. Nevertheless, we cangain a just and useful picture of the
psychology of a baby, even atthe ten age of four weeks, if
we examine the different kinds of behaviorof which he is capable. His behavior
patterns, his behavior traits, tellus what he really is. Why he's
(11:11):
really a mature guy, don't besilly. Why he's a million times more
mature than he was as a kid. Yes, you're right, even if
it is news to you, thefour week old baby is more mature than
a newborn baby. Multimillions of nervefibers from millions of nerve cells have made
new connections with each other, andwith these results, now mommialby he enjoys
(11:37):
the massive warmth and tingle of thebath. You're there, you can't have
that, no, no, Buthe reacts to negatively, to frustrations and
denials. That's a personality growing up, not just a bundle of reflexes.
Fair butch, here's a rattle.Hey, he doesn't want it. How
(11:58):
do you know that his eyes hadLet's look at that guinea love. He
reaches with his eyes because the eyestake the lead in the organization of his
growing brain. But the point ishe's growing. He lets you know about
his simple demands. He responds witha kind of comprehension to rattles and things,
and he lets you know what helikes and doesn't like. From four
(12:28):
weeks old. A four months oldis a big jump in a baby's life.
But let's make it anyway. Fourscore and seven years ago, our
fathers brought forth upon this continent anew nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated
to the proposition that ah man couldbe. But on the other hand,
(12:48):
she wore so glove. The worldare you doing with that baby? Just
a little conversation, kind of heavystuff. Ah he's smart. Besides,
it says here in the book quoteat sixteen weeks he likes to have people
pay attention to him, sing tohim, So I'm talking, but why
not trying his language? Okay,oh Elly, I think he's gonna go.
(13:16):
Is that what he said? Oh? He's staffer did take him.
I'll put him down on the couchwith pleasure. Oh, look how he
likes it here in the living room. He likes the change of scenery.
Yeah, something new one stood ofthat old nursery. Oh, Fred,
Fred, Look what's the matter.Well, for the first time, he's
beginning to hold his head up allby himself. That's growth for you.
(13:45):
Holding his head up. Now.I'll prop him up against the pillow on
the davenport. Your four months baby, he likes it. Watch his eyes
widened, feel his pulse strengthen,his breathing quickened. He's got a mind
to leave the horizontal behind. He'sstretching for the vertical, stretching for the
sky. At four months old,your baby fingered his fingers. That's past
(14:13):
tense. He's at the half yearmark now, and his fingers are after
his toes. He's discovering himself andthe size and the weight and the shape
of things. Hand him a clothespinand watch him hold it and mouth it.
That close pin is a hunk ofthe outside world of him. But
let's show him a bit more ofthis planet Earth. How about taking him
to the doctor's office. It's agood place for the half year checkup.
(14:43):
You may come in now, misslesalum, oh good, he was getting
restless. Well well, and howersthe big fella todayn No one's going to
hurt your m He's always so good. But as soon, yeah, as
as soon as you're getting before acompany, he hollers, I'm a shame.
(15:05):
Well, most babies cry at thedoctor. We poke him all.
I've been doing some poking at himmyself with a spoon. In another six
months, he'll put a spoon ina cup two years in his mouth.
Does he eat all right now?Well, he has the ups and downs.
I don't think he eats enough,never mind what you think. Does
(15:28):
he think he eats enough? Buthe doesn't know. Baby, He's got
his own stomach and his own brainthat tells him when he's had enough.
You're feeding him as much as youthink you are, to weak. But
he's got his own standards. ButI'm only following the schedule. Schedules are
scientific, but babies are human.You can't always stick to schedules, you
(15:50):
home, No, I found thatout. He sleeps when he should be
eating, He cries when he shouldbe sleeping. He's even hungry. Sometimes
when he ought to be satisfied.Your schedule looks pretty sick to me,
but your baby looks pretty healthy.He never will do anything out of sheer,
obstinacy, or deviltry, or nonsenseor just plain meanness. Everything he
(16:12):
does is all part of a naturalprocess. It's growth. Do you remember
if he cried much in the pastfew weeks. Well, yes, he
was kind of sensitive to sudden changes, yelled his head off when someone he
was looking at suddenly disappeared out ofthe room. But he doesn't do that
anymore. No, look at himpretty friendly, eh? Well, doctor,
(16:36):
stay next month, and the monthand the years after. Can you
really tell how he'll behave well,growth is never smooth or progressive. Now,
at six months he's content. Amonth from now he'll fear strangers again
like he did a couple of monthsago. Probably at about nine months,
he'll be thrilled of being able topull himself up to a standing position.
(16:57):
You'll also be happy to play own, and a month after that, tim
it again. A year sociable.At twenty one month, she may have
tempers and tantrums. Then I shouldn'tblame it on my in laws. Oh
no, No, no blame iton, Junior wrote his awful top on
a kid the first birthday. Quitean occasion. Come to the party,
(17:36):
kids, Jimmy, the two yearold guy from next door is here.
I'm de trace, Bobby Damon,the toe haired kid who recites poems.
Twank Up Twinkle, little Star,Little Sadie and her mom who made the
key nothing really, and Uncle Joeeven he came for the ice cream.
(17:57):
Timmy, the tough kid whose bigbreath blew out the candles. Quite an
occasion, Yes, quite an occasion. But Marko of the twelfth month is
(18:21):
merely midstream. Stroll him out inhis carriage at fifteen months and celebrate another
occasion. Oh, we'll take himout of the carriage and what I'm on
the nice grass? Oh don't youthink the ground is too damn Ah,
He hardly touches the ground. See, he walks like a spider on his
hands and the soles of his feet. He hardly ever did crawl. What's
(18:42):
the idea for you? Junior hasnow come to the station in life where
he must assume the possession of apithacanthropus erectus. Okay, Junior, up
your goal. I'll go on myhand, easy bread, he'll fall,
could be, but I think you'llwalk first. Watch Some will walk at
(19:12):
eight months, some at twelve,some not until fifteen months. But they'll
all get up on their hind legsone of these days and walk. He's
tough. Now you're fifteen month Hestrains at the leash. He'll wear you
out when you try to dress him. But wait, your discoverer has found
another great new world. First withhis eyes he reached out. Now with
(19:33):
his hands, he's learning the greatpower of release, neatly enough to build
one block upon another, and withequal amazing dexterity, he can drop a
marble into a bottle. Translated meansthere, I doed it. And he
(19:53):
has the maturing power to release aball for a harmless to and fro game
gently. But at eighteen months,watch out. At eighteen months old,
he'll hurl the ball through the roomthrough space. Oh well, junior,
(20:14):
mommy's pretty vase. Ah, don'tyell at him. Even primitive man was
once awkward at throwing stones. It'lltake years of neuromuscular organization before he can
hurl a ball over home plate.Yeah, this is the age at eighteen
months the age at which you say, Oh, Fred Junior tires me out.
He's into everything, everything is right, since one has he taken to
(20:34):
reading the Encyclopedia Britannica. I didn'tknow he had. Well, look who
took the whole darn set off ofthe shelves to build a bridge of books
into the bathtub? Oh? Ican't do a thing with him. He
opens drawers and closes drawers. Heputs things in, he pulls things out.
He drops things in the toilet.And where do you see the plumber's
bill? I wonder what happened tomy shaving ball? The plumber found it.
(20:55):
It's just got me Fred. Heclimbs upstairs and then downstairs. He's
always hiding and scaring the daylights outof me. He walks backwards instead of
forward. He won't stay in thecarriage. He wants to push it.
He follows me all over the house. He sweeps the dusty he mimics,
He tears magazines and wallpapers. Hepicks of things, He sticks things into
the light plugs, He pulls outall the pots and pans like Jimmy Durandy
(21:17):
says, what an experience? Junior? Come here? Ah ah, oh,
I'll look at that, ellie.How can I bawl him out?
It brought my slippers, thank you. It talks, Yes, it talks.
(21:41):
Just bone up on your encyclopedia.It won't be long before it starts
asking questions. Yep. Give himtime. He's learning, he's immersed in
the immediate. Give him time.The push of growth will soon lift him
(22:06):
out of the immediate and head himfor the future. At eighteen months,
your child may attend a nursery schoolone hour a week in the School of
Medicine. Yale University is set upone of the foremost scientific nursery schools in
the United States. It is morethan a nursery school. It is a
(22:30):
research laboratory observing the growth of allkinds of children. Your growing child is
too. Now come behind the screenin the nursery school with one of the
staff of the clinic. This isparents' day to watch baby's day at the
nursery. Love Miss Smith. Howquiet junior he is. He must be
(23:03):
sick. Look how he dawdles andjust looks around. Oh he cut his
last nook tee. No, he'sall right, I think, But he
used to be such a dynamo.He'd wear me out with his shifting and
darting and dashing around. How oldwas he when he did that? About
eighteen months? Well, he's twonow. He's not lazy. He's just
taking his time to absorb a coupleof new experiences. He's past splitting around.
(23:29):
Oh, getting kind of conservative,he'd be, Why shall hear?
You don't expect him to be thoroughyet. He still can't keep his mind
on things very long. But heknows lots of words. He used to
know only how to say baby.Now he can say man, lady,
even boy and girl. Not tomention his own name. Yes, he's
a regular forsaurus of words, JuniorShakespeare. Oh, now I'll look at
(23:52):
him. He's on the rocking chair, rocking boy. And now he's still
wandering, still acting in snatches.Always got a wooden hammer now and banging
away. And now he gave thatup. I'll have to write his father
all about this. Always be gonefor a while. He's in the army.
(24:18):
They were just kind of getting toknow each other. And even Junior
now is beginning to appreciate what aman means around the house. Fred's gone
(24:47):
a year now, a year ofa kid growing a year of a man
fighting for a right to let akid grow. Ellie writes a letter to
Fred Fred Darling. I don't knowwhere you are today, since the only
address the Army gave me is careof Postmaster, San Francisco. But wherever
(25:08):
you are, I know you remembereda very special day last week, remembered
us as we thought of you thatday and every day. Junior has come
of age three whole delicious years.We had a party just for two hours.
(25:30):
Your son is quite a conversationalist now. Favorite topics One tell me mommy,
how was I when I was ababy? Did I cry? And
the other stories I tell him aboutyou. He loves people, real keen
interest kind of adults. How hewatches their facial expressions, trying to find
(25:56):
out what their faces are saying.It frightens me a little because I can't
tell him what goes on in theirfaces. How can you tell a healthy
human being who is growing up streetsabout how cock eyed the world is?
Even though Junior has a sense oftime now, a sense of the future.
(26:19):
Remember how he couldn't wait for thingswhen he was a baby. Now
he can hold himself in anticipation andyou can even put him off with it.
But I hope we won't have toput him off too long, my
girl, I pray you'll soon bewith it. I love your friend always,
(26:41):
Ellie, and now your host onthe Human Adventure, mister Stephen M.
Corey at the University of Chicago andthe Encyclopedia of Britannica. The men
(27:02):
who return from war to their childrenwill justly demand that the blood of their
sons shall not be spent on abattlefield. And they may realize this hope
if in the changing world that willfollow this war, man will enrich and
increase and protect the development of hischild. It is to the child that
we must dedicate all our understanding andresources. And it is the great contribution
(27:26):
of doctor Gazelle, Scholar of YaleUniversity, that he has advanced more perhaps
than any other man, our knowledgeof the growth and development of children.
Yet doctor Gazelle would be the firstto state that his work is only a
beginning. There is much about themysteries of the young human in growth that
(27:47):
we do not yet know. Itis the research of scientists which give us
the promise for better citizens, ora better tomorrow, and that is The
Human Adventure. Your science magazine ofthe Air has presented another fascinating chapter from
(29:00):
The Human Adventure titled How Your BabyGrow. This is the Armed Forces Radio's
(29:44):
Earth Last of w
The Science Magazine of the Air.Your Science Magazine of the Air brings you
another story from the Human Adventure titledAll Your Baby Grows. Fred Darling,
(00:41):
I don't know where you are today, since the only address the Army
gave me is care of Postmaster,San Francisco. But wherever you are,
I know you remembered a very specialday last week, remembered us as we
thought of you that day, andevery day do your has come of age
three whole delicious years. The youngmother, your wife, writes a letter,
(01:06):
and as you read it, yourmind goes back to that day three
years ago. The corridors of thehospital are quiet, faintly lit by the
dim light of lamps which finger thewalls with splashes of shadow. You walk
(01:27):
down the corridor in your nervous hand, a slip of paper from the nurse's
desk. Your drawn, tired eyesscan the numbers of the rooms, Room
twenty nine. This is it,I guess, Shelly, Elly, honey,
(01:51):
Delly, it's me, Fred,Hello, Darley, Gee, honey,
how do you feel a little tired? You look wonderful, do I?
Fred? Really? Boy of me? You're just about the most beautiful
person I've ever seen. That's sweet, Elly, Yes, ye Elly,
I saw the baby through the glassthe doctor showed me. How does he
(02:14):
look? Well, Gosh, Idon't know. Does he look like you,
darling? You look like well,you certainly look worried. I guess
he looks like you. There heweighs eight pounds and four ounces. That's
pretty good, Ellie. He justabout the best baby anybody ever had.
He'll always be the best baby,darling. Just you wait until we get
(02:36):
him home and he starts to growup. Just you wait until we get
him home and he starts to growup. Then begins the greatest of all
human adventures, the growth and developmentof a child. Now your host on
(03:07):
the human adventure, mister Stephen M. Corey of the Encyclopedia Britannica and the
University of Chicago. Today, despitethe uncertainties of life itself in war time,
more babies are being born in Americathan at any period in our history,
and every new parent wants his childto grow up in a healthy and
(03:28):
normal manner. But what is healthyand what is normal can be decided only
after exhaustive scientific study. To doctorArnold Gazelle, director of the Clinic of
Child Development of Yale University. Perhapsmore than to any other man, we
owe our advanced knowledge of the healthyand the normal in a child's development.
(03:50):
Doctor Gazelle has scientifically observed hundreds ofAmerican infants and children during more than twenty
years of study at Yale University,probing into the life adventures of human beings,
utilizing a psychiatric division, Departments ofPsychology and Anthropology, and the Clinic
of Child Development. The story youwill hear today is the growth of your
(04:15):
child. Another exciting chapter from thenote Books of Science on the human adventure.
A husband and wife choose each other, but they cannot choose their children.
That is the great adventure of life. The newborn infant is an individual
(04:39):
in his own right and must beaccepted as such. This, then,
is the biography of one such infant, Fred Junior. He's left the hospital
now and so to bed in hispalace, his crib at home, at
the age of one month. Alook, elly, he's smiling at me.
That's no smile. Probably got theburp up you go. I'm on
(05:03):
his shoulder now at the day.Hey, helly luck, he's starting right
at me. He recognizes his oldpop, Hi Junior he sees you,
but I doubt whether he knows you'rehis father. Oh that's gratitude for you.
But he's looking at me right inthe eye. Oh what did I
(05:25):
do? Now? You talk toloud? He doesn't like loud. Noisers,
she will. He's always crying,not always only when he's hungry or
wet. Look when he's not hungryor wet, and he's always sleeping.
Take the diapers off the rocker,Fred, so I can sit down and
quiet him. Please, But Iheard you ain't supposed to rock up baby.
Well, he was rocking around insideof me for a long time,
(05:46):
so I guess a little more rockingwon't give him any bad habits. Yes,
you can rock him. He won'tfall apart. He's not as limp
(06:08):
as he was at birth. He'sa whole month old feeling. There's tone
in his muscles that tighten intension.As you pick him up. He's asleep.
Now lay him down easy. Listento him. Breathe now deeper,
more regular, no gasps, nochoking or sneezing, just the easy,
(06:29):
peaceful breathing of life of a baby. One month old old enough to love
life. Now he knows what itis the snugness of a nest of blankets,
of being surely held. But lookat his eyes as he wakes up
from his nap. Pull up theshade and let the light end easily.
Look his eyes reach for the light. They're opening. Now they rule less
(06:55):
aimlessly than at birth. The twelvetiny vital muscles of the eye are firmly
in control, spotting a new worldwith courage and fascination. A baby is
never complete. He's always in themaking, low in complete. He's always
(07:16):
charged with promise, and that promise, that future of a baby is a
matter of real concern to you,as it is to every parent. Now,
let us imagine that your wife istaking your child to doctor Gazelle's clinic
at Yale University. Nor Your childis not sick. He's a normal child.
But perhaps like most anxious young parentswho have not seen a child grow
(07:39):
before, you may think the thingshe does are abnormal. Well, now
your wife is in doctor Gazelle's office. He sits across from her, a
six footer with snow white hair,a rather reserved manner, yet easy to
talk to. Professor Gazelle. Ijust had a baby about a month ago.
Well, that's small work for you, and you too, I thank
(08:00):
you to tell me what to expect. I mean, how will he grow
in a zig zag pattern? Theproblem is to keep your child psychologically as
normal as he is likely to bephysically. What do you mean? There
are many more children who are psychologicallyinjured from parental mismanagement and lack of understanding
than are injured physically by accident orhereditary disabilities. That, really, missus,
(08:22):
Allen, is why we set upthis child clinice. We wish to
learn more about the nature and thepsychological needs of babies and young children,
so we decided to chart the developmentof the baby's mind from the time of
birth through the first five years oflife. Come along, I'll show you
now in part how this was done. Entering the laboratory, they see before
(08:56):
them a dome like room. Inshape, it resembles an Eskimo igler,
but it is flooded with soft,warm light. This is the photographic dome
for observing and recording the baby's behavior. Oh, he's dark. Your wife
is filled with a happy smile atthe baby basking in his crib in the
center of the dome. The babydoesn't see her because The dome is encased
(09:16):
in a specially constructed one way visionscreen, which provides walls that are transparent
for her but not for him.The motion picture cameras over there. Oh,
where doctor's there? I don't seeit. Well, that's part of
the idea. But look see there? Oh? Yes, the camera is
focused on the child and records hisevery movement and what movement they're fascinating.
(09:39):
Records down alize seeing the baby's mindgrowing month by months, developing new patterns
of behavior, patterns of behavior.Does that sound dominous little if you're a
new mother? Oh, the patternsimply proves that no, two children are
exactly alife. Thank goodness for theirno, thank nature. Despite the difference,
(10:00):
they all nevertheless follow a similar patternof growth. Well, after you
collect all of your movies, thenwhat do you do? Well, after
a careful analysis of the photographic andstenographic records, we set up norms of
development, that is, standards ofmaturity for each advancing age. And what
do these norms reveal? They showus what to expect at different ages in
(10:22):
the baby's mind and personality. Ican hardly wait to see what happens to
my little Freddie when he begins togrow. Well, there's no time like
the presenters there. Let's get backto your baby and observe what happens to
him step by step. What isthe mind of a four weeks old baby
(10:48):
like? He can't tell us,and you and I can't recall what it
was like. Nevertheless, we cangain a just and useful picture of the
psychology of a baby, even atthe ten age of four weeks, if
we examine the different kinds of behaviorof which he is capable. His behavior
patterns, his behavior traits, tellus what he really is. Why he's
(11:11):
really a mature guy, don't besilly. Why he's a million times more
mature than he was as a kid. Yes, you're right, even if
it is news to you, thefour week old baby is more mature than
a newborn baby. Multimillions of nervefibers from millions of nerve cells have made
new connections with each other, andwith these results, now mommialby he enjoys
(11:37):
the massive warmth and tingle of thebath. You're there, you can't have
that, no, no, Buthe reacts to negatively, to frustrations and
denials. That's a personality growing up, not just a bundle of reflexes.
Fair butch, here's a rattle.Hey, he doesn't want it. How
(11:58):
do you know that his eyes hadLet's look at that guinea love. He
reaches with his eyes because the eyestake the lead in the organization of his
growing brain. But the point ishe's growing. He lets you know about
his simple demands. He responds witha kind of comprehension to rattles and things,
and he lets you know what helikes and doesn't like. From four
(12:28):
weeks old. A four months oldis a big jump in a baby's life.
But let's make it anyway. Fourscore and seven years ago, our
fathers brought forth upon this continent anew nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated
to the proposition that ah man couldbe. But on the other hand,
(12:48):
she wore so glove. The worldare you doing with that baby? Just
a little conversation, kind of heavystuff. Ah he's smart. Besides,
it says here in the book quoteat sixteen weeks he likes to have people
pay attention to him, sing tohim, So I'm talking, but why
not trying his language? Okay,oh Elly, I think he's gonna go.
(13:16):
Is that what he said? Oh? He's staffer did take him.
I'll put him down on the couchwith pleasure. Oh, look how he
likes it here in the living room. He likes the change of scenery.
Yeah, something new one stood ofthat old nursery. Oh, Fred,
Fred, Look what's the matter.Well, for the first time, he's
beginning to hold his head up allby himself. That's growth for you.
(13:45):
Holding his head up. Now.I'll prop him up against the pillow on
the davenport. Your four months baby, he likes it. Watch his eyes
widened, feel his pulse strengthen,his breathing quickened. He's got a mind
to leave the horizontal behind. He'sstretching for the vertical, stretching for the
sky. At four months old,your baby fingered his fingers. That's past
(14:13):
tense. He's at the half yearmark now, and his fingers are after
his toes. He's discovering himself andthe size and the weight and the shape
of things. Hand him a clothespinand watch him hold it and mouth it.
That close pin is a hunk ofthe outside world of him. But
let's show him a bit more ofthis planet Earth. How about taking him
to the doctor's office. It's agood place for the half year checkup.
(14:43):
You may come in now, misslesalum, oh good, he was getting
restless. Well well, and howersthe big fella todayn No one's going to
hurt your m He's always so good. But as soon, yeah, as
as soon as you're getting before acompany, he hollers, I'm a shame.
(15:05):
Well, most babies cry at thedoctor. We poke him all.
I've been doing some poking at himmyself with a spoon. In another six
months, he'll put a spoon ina cup two years in his mouth.
Does he eat all right now?Well, he has the ups and downs.
I don't think he eats enough,never mind what you think. Does
(15:28):
he think he eats enough? Buthe doesn't know. Baby, He's got
his own stomach and his own brainthat tells him when he's had enough.
You're feeding him as much as youthink you are, to weak. But
he's got his own standards. ButI'm only following the schedule. Schedules are
scientific, but babies are human.You can't always stick to schedules, you
(15:50):
home, No, I found thatout. He sleeps when he should be
eating, He cries when he shouldbe sleeping. He's even hungry. Sometimes
when he ought to be satisfied.Your schedule looks pretty sick to me,
but your baby looks pretty healthy.He never will do anything out of sheer,
obstinacy, or deviltry, or nonsenseor just plain meanness. Everything he
(16:12):
does is all part of a naturalprocess. It's growth. Do you remember
if he cried much in the pastfew weeks. Well, yes, he
was kind of sensitive to sudden changes, yelled his head off when someone he
was looking at suddenly disappeared out ofthe room. But he doesn't do that
anymore. No, look at himpretty friendly, eh? Well, doctor,
(16:36):
stay next month, and the monthand the years after. Can you
really tell how he'll behave well,growth is never smooth or progressive. Now,
at six months he's content. Amonth from now he'll fear strangers again
like he did a couple of monthsago. Probably at about nine months,
he'll be thrilled of being able topull himself up to a standing position.
(16:57):
You'll also be happy to play own, and a month after that, tim
it again. A year sociable.At twenty one month, she may have
tempers and tantrums. Then I shouldn'tblame it on my in laws. Oh
no, No, no blame iton, Junior wrote his awful top on
a kid the first birthday. Quitean occasion. Come to the party,
(17:36):
kids, Jimmy, the two yearold guy from next door is here.
I'm de trace, Bobby Damon,the toe haired kid who recites poems.
Twank Up Twinkle, little Star,Little Sadie and her mom who made the
key nothing really, and Uncle Joeeven he came for the ice cream.
(17:57):
Timmy, the tough kid whose bigbreath blew out the candles. Quite an
occasion, Yes, quite an occasion. But Marko of the twelfth month is
(18:21):
merely midstream. Stroll him out inhis carriage at fifteen months and celebrate another
occasion. Oh, we'll take himout of the carriage and what I'm on
the nice grass? Oh don't youthink the ground is too damn Ah,
He hardly touches the ground. See, he walks like a spider on his
hands and the soles of his feet. He hardly ever did crawl. What's
(18:42):
the idea for you? Junior hasnow come to the station in life where
he must assume the possession of apithacanthropus erectus. Okay, Junior, up
your goal. I'll go on myhand, easy bread, he'll fall,
could be, but I think you'llwalk first. Watch Some will walk at
(19:12):
eight months, some at twelve,some not until fifteen months. But they'll
all get up on their hind legsone of these days and walk. He's
tough. Now you're fifteen month Hestrains at the leash. He'll wear you
out when you try to dress him. But wait, your discoverer has found
another great new world. First withhis eyes he reached out. Now with
(19:33):
his hands, he's learning the greatpower of release, neatly enough to build
one block upon another, and withequal amazing dexterity, he can drop a
marble into a bottle. Translated meansthere, I doed it. And he
(19:53):
has the maturing power to release aball for a harmless to and fro game
gently. But at eighteen months,watch out. At eighteen months old,
he'll hurl the ball through the roomthrough space. Oh well, junior,
(20:14):
mommy's pretty vase. Ah, don'tyell at him. Even primitive man was
once awkward at throwing stones. It'lltake years of neuromuscular organization before he can
hurl a ball over home plate.Yeah, this is the age at eighteen
months the age at which you say, Oh, Fred Junior tires me out.
He's into everything, everything is right, since one has he taken to
(20:34):
reading the Encyclopedia Britannica. I didn'tknow he had. Well, look who
took the whole darn set off ofthe shelves to build a bridge of books
into the bathtub? Oh? Ican't do a thing with him. He
opens drawers and closes drawers. Heputs things in, he pulls things out.
He drops things in the toilet.And where do you see the plumber's
bill? I wonder what happened tomy shaving ball? The plumber found it.
(20:55):
It's just got me Fred. Heclimbs upstairs and then downstairs. He's
always hiding and scaring the daylights outof me. He walks backwards instead of
forward. He won't stay in thecarriage. He wants to push it.
He follows me all over the house. He sweeps the dusty he mimics,
He tears magazines and wallpapers. Hepicks of things, He sticks things into
the light plugs, He pulls outall the pots and pans like Jimmy Durandy
(21:17):
says, what an experience? Junior? Come here? Ah ah, oh,
I'll look at that, ellie.How can I bawl him out?
It brought my slippers, thank you. It talks, Yes, it talks.
(21:41):
Just bone up on your encyclopedia.It won't be long before it starts
asking questions. Yep. Give himtime. He's learning, he's immersed in
the immediate. Give him time.The push of growth will soon lift him
(22:06):
out of the immediate and head himfor the future. At eighteen months,
your child may attend a nursery schoolone hour a week in the School of
Medicine. Yale University is set upone of the foremost scientific nursery schools in
the United States. It is morethan a nursery school. It is a
(22:30):
research laboratory observing the growth of allkinds of children. Your growing child is
too. Now come behind the screenin the nursery school with one of the
staff of the clinic. This isparents' day to watch baby's day at the
nursery. Love Miss Smith. Howquiet junior he is. He must be
(23:03):
sick. Look how he dawdles andjust looks around. Oh he cut his
last nook tee. No, he'sall right, I think, But he
used to be such a dynamo.He'd wear me out with his shifting and
darting and dashing around. How oldwas he when he did that? About
eighteen months? Well, he's twonow. He's not lazy. He's just
taking his time to absorb a coupleof new experiences. He's past splitting around.
(23:29):
Oh, getting kind of conservative,he'd be, Why shall hear?
You don't expect him to be thoroughyet. He still can't keep his mind
on things very long. But heknows lots of words. He used to
know only how to say baby.Now he can say man, lady,
even boy and girl. Not tomention his own name. Yes, he's
a regular forsaurus of words, JuniorShakespeare. Oh, now I'll look at
(23:52):
him. He's on the rocking chair, rocking boy. And now he's still
wandering, still acting in snatches.Always got a wooden hammer now and banging
away. And now he gave thatup. I'll have to write his father
all about this. Always be gonefor a while. He's in the army.
(24:18):
They were just kind of getting toknow each other. And even Junior
now is beginning to appreciate what aman means around the house. Fred's gone
(24:47):
a year now, a year ofa kid growing a year of a man
fighting for a right to let akid grow. Ellie writes a letter to
Fred Fred Darling. I don't knowwhere you are today, since the only
address the Army gave me is careof Postmaster, San Francisco. But wherever
(25:08):
you are, I know you remembereda very special day last week, remembered
us as we thought of you thatday and every day. Junior has come
of age three whole delicious years.We had a party just for two hours.
(25:30):
Your son is quite a conversationalist now. Favorite topics One tell me mommy,
how was I when I was ababy? Did I cry? And
the other stories I tell him aboutyou. He loves people, real keen
interest kind of adults. How hewatches their facial expressions, trying to find
(25:56):
out what their faces are saying.It frightens me a little because I can't
tell him what goes on in theirfaces. How can you tell a healthy
human being who is growing up streetsabout how cock eyed the world is?
Even though Junior has a sense oftime now, a sense of the future.
(26:19):
Remember how he couldn't wait for thingswhen he was a baby. Now
he can hold himself in anticipation andyou can even put him off with it.
But I hope we won't have toput him off too long, my
girl, I pray you'll soon bewith it. I love your friend always,
(26:41):
Ellie, and now your host onthe Human Adventure, mister Stephen M.
Corey at the University of Chicago andthe Encyclopedia of Britannica. The men
(27:02):
who return from war to their childrenwill justly demand that the blood of their
sons shall not be spent on abattlefield. And they may realize this hope
if in the changing world that willfollow this war, man will enrich and
increase and protect the development of hischild. It is to the child that
we must dedicate all our understanding andresources. And it is the great contribution
(27:26):
of doctor Gazelle, Scholar of YaleUniversity, that he has advanced more perhaps
than any other man, our knowledgeof the growth and development of children.
Yet doctor Gazelle would be the firstto state that his work is only a
beginning. There is much about themysteries of the young human in growth that
(27:47):
we do not yet know. Itis the research of scientists which give us
the promise for better citizens, ora better tomorrow, and that is The
Human Adventure. Your science magazine ofthe Air has presented another fascinating chapter from
(29:00):
The Human Adventure titled How Your BabyGrow. This is the Armed Forces Radio's
(29:44):
Earth Last of w
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