Arach-did-you-know??

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:02):
This is Twists. This Week in Science episode number oney nineteen,
recorded on Wednesday, June eighteenth, twenty twenty five. Arak did
you know? Hi everyone, I'm Blair Basdrich and today we
will fill your head with spiders, dog poop and cat poop.

Speaker 2 (00:23):
But first, thanks to our amazing Patreon sponsors for their
generous support of Twists. You can become a part of
the Patreon community at patreon dot com. Slash This Week in.

Speaker 3 (00:34):
Science declaimer disclaimer disclaimer. When wandering through the world of humans,
a few words of advice. Never take advice from strangers
who look like they never take advice. Always be on
the side you prefer when burning bridges, and whenever you
have a chance learn more about the world than you

(00:56):
need to ask questions, be the person who knows things
the uncogged mind. And when you are hungry for more,
when the knowledge you have found is not enough, when
the wandering world of humans begins to bore, wander on
without them. With this Week in Science coming up, Neck,

(01:21):
I've got that kind of mine. I can't get enough.
I want to learn everything.

Speaker 4 (01:25):
I want to fill it all up with new discoveries
that happen every day of this week.

Speaker 3 (01:31):
There's only one place to go to find the knowledge
to seek.

Speaker 5 (01:35):
I want to.

Speaker 1 (01:35):
Know what.

Speaker 3 (01:40):
This week in science has happened? This week in science? Science?
Do you? Blair? Welcome everyone to another episode of This
Week in Science? Boy? Have we got a show for

(02:01):
you today? How does before?

Speaker 1 (02:06):
That's right? So let's see what did what did you bring? Justin?

Speaker 3 (02:11):
I brought stories about science? Great this week? I've got
Oh what have I got? Hang on? Oh no, I
got some good ones. Oh the White Sands footprints they
got looked at again? Are they still twenty thousand years old?
We'll know in a minute. And then I got stories

(02:33):
about I have a whole bunch of weight loss stories
at the end that just they just sort of all
coalesced of what to do, what not to do, and
how it doesn't matter, and and a toxic plasmosis breakthrough story.

Speaker 1 (02:52):
Awesome.

Speaker 3 (02:53):
What did you What did you bring to the show? Blair?

Speaker 1 (02:56):
Yeah? I brought the story about dog poop. I didn't
bring dog poop. I brought the story about dog poop.
And I'm also in the animal corner. I have all
spiders tonight. So that's why it's called arec Did you know?
As I was I had a very spider full week

(03:18):
doing my research. So that's that's what we're up to.
As we jump into the show, I want to remind
you that subscribing to Twists as a podcast through your
favorite podcast catcher, podcatcher, podcast platform, video or audio, YouTube, Facebook, Twitch, Spotify, Apple, whatever,

(03:43):
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So let people know about us. If you like us,
and if you subscribe, you will find out right away

(04:05):
as soon as our new episodes are published. So you
can find us by searching for this weekend Science wherever,
or you can visit twists dot org and click on
the appropriate logo. Now it's time for science justin Why
don't you go first?

Speaker 3 (04:23):
Okay, what did I say that I was going to
talk about? I forgot right.

Speaker 1 (04:26):
Oh?

Speaker 3 (04:26):
Yes, the white seeds footprints yes in New Mexico have
been dated using a different technique than the controversial seeds
that were carbon dated for the original study. In the
original dating, the footprints were placed around twenty one to
twenty three thousand years old, which is a good ten

(04:48):
thousand years before the previous consensus on human evidence in
the Americas. There are some non consensus sites that have
been arguing for much older as well, but the consensus
was still the Clovis around eleven or twelve thirteen thousand

(05:11):
years ago something like this. Okay, So the radiocarbon dating
that they used was of these Rupia kirhosa seeds found
within the footprints. I think these were these might have
been something that got chewed on or spit out. Anyway,
they ended up down in the footprints and they gave
the twenty one thousand plus year old age. Critics pointed

(05:34):
out that the ancient seeds used to date the footprints
were unreliable markers. They were very tricky because of all
sorts of different factors. The origional authors were very clear
that they knew they were unreliable and that they had
taken countermeasures to eliminate air, making them a reliable source

(05:56):
for carbon dating. But that controversy is sort of lingered
out there, in part because there's not a good consensus
on other really old sites around this age, so you've
got basically still an outlier by over ten thousand years,
and it's so it's remained kind of controversial to begin with. Again,

(06:21):
there's other sites, there's other sites that have pressed for
much older dating, but this is the best evidence, is
the White Sands footprints, and it's still been debatable whether
or not it's actually good enough evidence. Okay, So there's

(06:43):
a new study published in Science Advances. They rely down
a different method to date the mud itself. A long
story made shorter except for the part where I tell
you that I'm shortening the story inadvertently making it longer.
The mud layer that formed was dated with this new technique,

(07:07):
and it formed twenty thousand, seven hundred to twenty two thousand,
four hundred years ago. So two research groups, now, three
different labs, one of them completely independent from the researchers,
and the original study is being confirmed with a total
of fifty five separate radiocarbon dates, putting it in that

(07:29):
twenty one twenty two thousand year old category. Controversy.

Speaker 1 (07:34):
That's a pretty tight band of time.

Speaker 3 (07:38):
Yeah. Yeah, And so there's all sorts of techniques and
looking at the carbon when this was exposed, when the
mud would have formed, because certain things get locked in
so there's all this, but now we have we have
multiple sources for the data, which is always important. And yeah,
White Sands footprints in New Mexico were made more than

(08:00):
twenty thousand years ago. Humans confirmed in the America's much
earlier than the previous consensus. Now we stopped to wait
now because this just came out for a whole bunch
of people to go, Okay, now I'm convinced, or no,
I'm still not convinced. They'll never be convinced. Whatever, But

(08:24):
this is a really really nice separate validation that didn't
use the controversial controversial seeds is its core so very cool?

Speaker 1 (08:38):
Nice love when dating works out?

Speaker 3 (08:43):
Yay? I mean I wouldn't know.

Speaker 1 (08:50):
Oh justin should I just do a hard pivot into
dog poop from that very sad joke.

Speaker 3 (08:58):
I think that's a I think that inappropriate.

Speaker 1 (09:01):
Okay, So I want to talk about dog poop and
specifically diarrhea. Now I know that that word grosses a
lot of people out, So I'm going to talk about
soft stewol. Is that better?

Speaker 3 (09:18):
It makes it worse?

Speaker 1 (09:18):
No, it's worse, all right, diarrhea it is. I'm gonna
talk about diarrhea. I'm probably gonna say it twenty times
over the next few minutes, So apologies if you're eating. Okay.
So there's a reason I wanted to talk about this study,
and I think it'll become apparent really quickly. But a
new study out of the UK has decided that approximately
one in every twelve dogs in the UK has diarrhea okay,

(09:44):
and some breeds are more susceptible than others. The way
that they got this data was they analyzed health records
of more than two million dogs brought to the vet
in UK in twenty nineteen. And that is my problem.

Speaker 3 (10:02):
Do you know why justin the selection?

Speaker 1 (10:06):
Yes, So I'm gonna tell you what the study says,
and then I want to get into my problem with
this data.

Speaker 3 (10:14):
So a part of the study of dogs that are
having a problem is they look right.

Speaker 1 (10:19):
So they looked at the health records of more than
two million dogs brought to the vet in twenty nineteen.
They found that six breeds Multese, miniature poodle, Kava Pooh,
German Shepherd, Yorkshire Terrier and cocka poo were significantly more
likely to be diagnosed with diarrhea than generic dogs that

(10:39):
are some sort of multi breed or mutt or something
like that. Just two breeds that were purebred jack Russell
terrier and chihuahua were less likely to be diagnosed with
diarrhea than a mutt, so they think that this could
lead to the possibility of identifying that the first group
has higher prediss position to diarrhea the second group has

(11:02):
lower predisposition to diarrhea. They also speculated that potentially different
breeds could have different diets and exercise habits, which in
turn leads to their different proponent, like amount of diarrhea
that they have or how many of individuals have it.
They also found an age difference. Dogs who are three

(11:24):
years old and younger were more likely to have it,
nine and over were more likely to have it, so
four to eight year olds were least likely to have it. Also,
many of the dogs of diarrhea were diagnosed with other
conditions at the same time. About forty four percent had vomiting,
twenty eight percent had reduced appetite, twenty four percent or lethargic,

(11:47):
and twenty nine percent were classified as hemorrhagic or bloody diarrhea.
They also found that around thirty eight percent of all
diarrhea cases were treated with antibiotics, which is interesting because
the recommendation is not to address simple diarrhea with antibiotics
because of all the reasons we know that we don't

(12:09):
want to enter antibiotics into the resistance and all that stuff. Now,
I'm a dog owner. I've own a few dogs throughout
my lifetime. I can tell you that I had a
dog that always had like very hard, sturdy pooh, and
if she had diarrhea, I'd be like, something is wrong

(12:30):
with you, and I'd take her to the vet. My
current dog has loose stool or diarrhea like four times
a week. I don't take her to the vet for that.
So I actually think, first of all, I've never met
a Chihuahuah that doesn't have diarrhea, and I've never met

(12:51):
a Jack Russell that doesn't have diarrhea. And those are
the two breeds that they said didn't go to the
vet for this. So I truly think this is what
I think about when I when I think about survivorship bias. Right, So, like,
do you know what that is? It's it's I love this.
It's it's the bias where you have the airplane and

(13:17):
this is where airplanes that returned from battle always had
holes and gunshots, right, and so they reinforced those areas
of the airplane. But in reality they should have reinforced
the areas that didn't have bullet holes, and that's because
those were the yes exactly. So Similarly, they are saying

(13:42):
that the dogs that go to the vet for diarrhea
are disposed to have diarrhea, but I think in actuality
the ones who never go in for diarrhea are the
ones who have it all the time. That makes so
this should have been a synthesis of records with in
companion with a survey of pet owners and if they match.

(14:09):
They tried to match up that data, I think they
would find it didn't match at all. Also, dogs who
are younger under three years old, owners are less experienced
with that individual, more likely to get concerned. Also, young dogs,
you're like, you're supposed to be healthy. You're a young dog.

(14:29):
Old dogs nine and over, you're getting into geriatric territory.
You're getting into concerns about end of life. Middle aged dogs.

Speaker 3 (14:39):
You're fine.

Speaker 1 (14:40):
There's other stuff going Also, all these comorbidities they're talking about, vomiting,
reduced appetite, lethargy, those are the reasons to bring them
into the vet. If you just have any stool, you're like,
it'll blow over. But if there's blood in there, you're like,
take them to the vet. So of course you're likely
to have all these other things was going on. So

(15:01):
I think it's very interesting that they surveyed vet records
to try to make these correlations and conclusions. But I
really think there's a flaw in that because you're not
vets are also extremely expensive. You do not bring your
pet into the vet. Lightly you bring your pet to

(15:24):
the vet, you're spending at least three hundred dollars before
you walk out the door. There's I think it is
an extremely flawed study with all sorts of weird bias.
And I just thought it was a really interesting case
of like who designed this? Are they pet owners? Have
they owned pets for a long time? Where did this

(15:47):
come from? So I don't know. That's my two cents
on this. That's my little rant.

Speaker 3 (15:55):
So that it's a good point and a lot of
a lot of why these studies are designed, I'm finding
tends to be because they have access to data, right
and they're finding out what can they discover from a
large data set? Not necessarily going in with a like

(16:16):
you said, the full the full intent of an investigation.
I think that's it's planned out. But like what, we
have a big chunk of data. Let's sort it around
until we find something.

Speaker 5 (16:30):
Yeah.

Speaker 3 (16:30):
No, I think the survivorship biases is a brilliant observation
for that one.

Speaker 1 (16:35):
It was the first thing I thought of. It was like,
it's the airplanes anyway, What do World War two airplanes
and dog poop have in common? Tonight on this weekend?

Speaker 5 (16:50):
Sign?

Speaker 1 (16:50):
What else do you have for me?

Speaker 3 (16:52):
Justin Also, the chat room has pointed out that, you know,
it could also just be too much access to British food.

Speaker 1 (17:00):
But Superland isn't that the.

Speaker 3 (17:03):
Whole but they but they also like the fish and chips.
It's a lot of fried stuff.

Speaker 1 (17:09):
You don't feed fish dogs what they do.

Speaker 3 (17:14):
I'm sure they do lots of beans. M hm. They're
really into their beans over there. They like put it aside.

Speaker 1 (17:21):
Of every dogs. Oh goodness, gracious, will tell me about
cat poop?

Speaker 3 (17:31):
Okay, so we we. If you're a long time listener
of the show, you've heard me rant about toxic plasma
Gandhi I more than a few times. Uh, this is
a parasite that it pretty much only completes its life
cycle and reproduces in cats. And so the way that

(17:55):
toxic plasma GANDHI, this little parasite gets out into the
world is through cat poop, and when it gets out,
it gets out with millions of these parasites. It's just
an explosion. And wherever the cat was digging down and
doing its best to hide its poops, those paws carry

(18:17):
those parasites everywhere the cat goes. This is the reason
you have the warnings on cat litter for pregnant women.
It's not because there's anything in cat litter that is
dangerous to pregnancy. It is because exposure to cat feces
is dangerous for an unborn fetus because the parasite can

(18:41):
cause typically it's a blindness is one of the main
things that can happen there. But also when it gets
into a human it has these weird effects. It's been
tied to a portion of the spectrum that is schizophrenia
that when people had curative measures to reduce toxoplasma MOS disinfection,

(19:05):
it also cured or removed the symptoms of their schizophrenia.
It is linked to all sorts of weird things like
increased car accidents through slight cognitive delays or I think
it's it gives Women tend to get guilt tissues if
they have it. Men tend to have some sort of

(19:27):
novelty fascination. It has behavioral changes. And it's not like
a small parasite, right, this is this is any outdoor cat. Really,
they can pick it up from another cat in the
places that cats congregate. So the current estimates, and they're
just estimates, are somewhere between ten to thirty percent of

(19:49):
the world's population has been exposed to toxico plasma gandia And
it's one of those things that once it's in you,
you could stay there. It is really where the So
basically it's also in the cat. The parasite is going
to reproduce and it's looking for this, you know, basically

(20:11):
a cat and test and lacks one enzyme that all
other animals have, and if that enzyme is not present,
then it reproduces. If not, it just goes a wandering
and it well, it's still the eggs, the little eggy
oh what are they called anyway, the tiny toxic plasma

(20:33):
gandhi ice spore egg things go traveling and they wind
up in the brain and there they cause problems, right,
but we don't know we don't know why, like how
they're causing the problem. And that's where this study uh

(20:54):
jumps in and fills in some information. So this is
a team of scientists University of California, Riverside. They are
explaining how in close Pathogens Public Library of Science, Pathogens Journal,
how toxpausbi gandi GUI significantly disrupts brain function even by

(21:16):
infecting only a small number of neurons. They found that
the parasite interferes with essential communication between these brain cells.
By affecting the infected neural neurons release fewer extracellular vesicles evs,
these tiny membrane bound packets that the cells basically send

(21:41):
off and communicate with their neighboring cells to exchange information.
This is a quote from Emma H. Wilson, a professor
of biomedical sciences at UC Riverside School of Medicine, leader
of the research team. We found this disruption and EV
signaling can interfere with how neurons and glial cells, especially astrocytes,

(22:02):
maintain a healthy brain environment. Even a handful of infected
neurons can shift the brain's new chemical balance. This suggests
that communication between neurons and supporting glial cells is not
only critical but also vulnerable to hijacking by parasites. So mechanism,

(22:24):
one of those things that's kind of been lacking is
a mechanism for the behavioral effects that we've.

Speaker 1 (22:30):
I always feel like that's reduced the kind of the
impact of the argument is outside cats make you crazy? Well,
how I don't know, trusts me?

Speaker 3 (22:43):
So yeah, Well, we've known that the We known that
the parasite makes its way to the the or the
unmature eggs of the parasite make your way to the brain.
We've known that for a long time, and we know
that had an effect. It was mucking up stuff. Right
now we have like the mechanism of what's going on,
or maybe once it's there is it's reducing communication. And

(23:03):
if one thing that we've learned about the brain from
listening to Kiki over these years is that it's all connected. Yeah,
like you're not. You don't have just a little computer
chip here that runs everything that it needs to do
and it's separate from everything else. Everything is in communication
in some level. So in this, it's hitting I guess

(23:26):
junctions of that communication making them less communicative communicative, but
there must also be something a little bit more specific
to where it's drawn that needs to get sussed out later,
because they have seen very specific trends in behavioral changes
and how they affect by genders, even uh people. Like

(23:50):
the classic example is the cat lady, right, the crazy
cat lady that's been in probably it's been in the Simpsons,
has been in every kind of cartoons. Everyone's always saying, oh,
it's the lady. It's this lady who's mad and she's
got you know, eighty cats living with her, and you
see it in the news once in a while, women
found with new record number of cats. And so if

(24:12):
you have exposure to these cats that have this parasite
and it's getting into your brain and you're getting guilt
issues where you're going to express that guilt and how
not taking care of more cats? And it's also nature's
way of attempting to overcome the odds of taking down
a human. I think, because the only way the parasite

(24:33):
gets back into cats is if they eat something that's
off target, right, they go out and they well, they
can they can pick it up from from the ground,
I suppose, and then it gets on their fur and
they can lick it and take it in that way.
But also if if a rat or something like this
is infected with the parasite, it becomes less afraid of cats.

Speaker 1 (24:54):
Basically runs into the cat's open mouth.

Speaker 3 (24:58):
There was one it said that they not only made
them less afraid of cats, but it made them attracted
to the scent of cat urine. So you know, the
parasites polland levers that seem to have a larger strategy

(25:19):
or just happenstance, right, So, so yeah, when neurons infected
with Toxoplasma gandia I stopped sending the right ev signals,
This regulation breaks down, and the regulation system breaks down.
The result is elevated gluemate levels, which can lead to seizures,
neural damage, and altered brain connectivity. This parasite may play

(25:42):
a larger role in neurological and behavioral conditions than we
previously thought. Well, we've known, I think I think we've
known it plays a pretty good role. At least listeners
on this show. We've been tracking it. We've been tracking
for a while. This might explain a lot of why
society are the way they are.

Speaker 1 (26:02):
It's all down to cats.

Speaker 3 (26:04):
It's all down to cats. Look at the cat States
versus the dog States, and I'm sure there's probably a
red blue thing in there. You look at what nations
have more cats than others, you'll probably see an uptick
in novelty and guilty. You know, there's probably all sorts
of things on a large humanity scale that we can attribute.

Speaker 1 (26:24):
Well, there's a weird bias set there too, because I
feel like you're more likely to have an indoor cat
in urban areas and you're more likely to have an
outdoor cat in suburban areas, and those also have certain
implications for the your leanings. I don't know, yeah, consider.

Speaker 3 (26:50):
But then also like you can also say stuff like, ah,
but if you're on an eighth floor apartment, maybe you
change the cat litter less often, maybe coming contact with
neighborhood pests. Like there's all sorts.

Speaker 1 (27:03):
Of yeah, yeah, huh.

Speaker 3 (27:06):
But but the takeaway here is finally have kind of
a mechanism for for how, how these how and why
these behavioral changes are taking place. It's also one of
those things like I feel like they should be mass
screening for anyone who's having a neurological effort or neurological

(27:30):
disease to see if taxoplasma isn't there, because if it's
hitting ten to thirty percent, and we know it creates
behavioral changes, like, that's a huge, that's a pandemic y
scale event. That isies just didn't know it has nothing,

(27:50):
but it's the parasite. Since the parasite has convinced you
it's the cat, it's not. But we do, we do
need to get rid of all cats, obviously is the
first step.

Speaker 1 (28:03):
Honestly, it feels like almost weekly now their stories being
released about animals, local animals, native animals being slowly eradicated
by cats. So the research is piling up. Yeah, yeah,
pretty tough.

Speaker 3 (28:21):
Yeah.

Speaker 1 (28:22):
The whole experiment with letting these small predators just able
to wander the streets is not working out great for us.
I have to see its causing a lot of problems.

Speaker 3 (28:36):
So and this is this is this has nothing to
do with this story specifically, but oddly I was I
took a wrong turn the other day and I was
on the backside of some buildings in this that actually
borders believed or not the dog park and there were

(28:59):
like fifty feral cats. It's this weird. It's this weird,
one of those gray area I under underutilized portions of
the of the town, where like then nobody has a
reason to go there except me because I made the
wrong turn and I ended up going down this road
that nobody uses. And I'm like fifty far like we're

(29:23):
just like running everywhere. Some were watching, some were like scared,
some were like interested, but they were like everywhere. I
was like, oh, they found me. It's an ambush. They know,
they know what I've been advocating. But then I'm just
it occurs to me like this is there's good probably
pockets of feral cats in every town somewhere running a

(29:45):
mug that are outdoor, probably passing this infection back and forth,
big vectors and yeah, killing the birds, killing all the squirrels.

Speaker 1 (30:00):
I don't know if you remember, but when I lived
in Israel, I talked about how the feral cat population
there is insane. I feel like every single dumpster had
forty cats that lived in and around it, and they
were brought by the British when the British were hanging
out and they were like, let's release some cats to

(30:20):
deal with all these rodents that are in our tents
and stuff. And yeah, didn't work out great overall. I
mean the British kind of messed up generally in that space.
I would have to say the cats are a special
piece of the puzzle.

Speaker 5 (30:39):
I think.

Speaker 3 (30:42):
So, yeah, not the worst thing British contributed to the situation.

Speaker 1 (30:47):
But yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah yeah.

Speaker 3 (30:48):
But in California, whenever they find a distressed sick melinourished
California seal, very high chance almost all of them have
a taxoplasma infection. How does it? How does a seam
animal get this?

Speaker 1 (31:09):
You say, oh, litter down the toilet. Yeah, the I
remember I did a story I think when I was
traveling through Europe. Actually I kind of remember it being
like three in the morning. I did a story on
river otters and how uh they were catching toxoplasmosis and

(31:31):
it was actually shrinking their vaculum, just like the weird
the weird side impact of it.

Speaker 3 (31:39):
So in in so neurono u changes, cellular changes, lack
of communication, especially in development. I mean we see it
as in humans depending on how aggressive. Apparently Brazil has
very aggressive taxoplasmosis strains and it's the leading cause of

(32:00):
outed blindness there.

Speaker 1 (32:01):
Yikes.

Speaker 3 (32:03):
So so there's going to be like everything, everything about
this parasite is off target. All it wants to do
is reproduce. Yeah, and it and it shows up in
it's GPS is telling it to take a left, and
that's a dead end street, and so it takes a right,
and it keeps going, keeps looking, and it moves around

(32:23):
and it's finding off target everything because it's not where
it's supposed to be because there's one enzyme, just one
enzyme that cats don't make that every everything else has
or maybe maybe the other big cats, maybe big cats too,
I don't know, Maybe it's all all fee line.

Speaker 1 (32:42):
I think so, I think I think large cats can get.

Speaker 3 (32:45):
Them to But it's this one uh lineal oil converting
enzyme that I've forgotten, long forgotten the name of that
they whatever reason, they don't make.

Speaker 1 (32:55):
It, and that would kill the toxoplasmosis that prevent it
from reproducing.

Speaker 3 (33:02):
It would prevent it from reproducing because it's looking I
think what it was is it might be the lineal
oil whatever it was, lipids, whatever they are, that it's
looking for to trigger the reproduction process. And because cats

(33:23):
don't break it down. It's there because everything else breaks
it down into something else. It's not there in the digestive.

Speaker 1 (33:28):
System, right, m so mm hmmmm hmm.

Speaker 3 (33:33):
So it's it's not that the because the nzyety enzyme. Well,
it's because of the thing that's left that the enzyme
didn't knock down. I'm telling you here's the other solution.
This is a billion dollar idea everyone out there. We
add the enzyme to cat food. One digestive enzyme to
the cat food that prevents it from u it breaks

(33:57):
down the that one lipid or and maybe that does
it knock down pandemic.

Speaker 1 (34:04):
Yes, this is an excellent idea.

Speaker 3 (34:06):
It's it a penny, two cents worth of two cents
worth of enzyme and every cat meal.

Speaker 1 (34:16):
And put that in your fancy feast.

Speaker 3 (34:20):
Yeah. And it's a multi billion dollar capitalist idea. Go
make the money people knock out a global behavioral parasite
that's blinding babies. I mean, you have such a good
sales pitch, o Patrick, you start that business. I'm not

(34:41):
a business person's gonna I'm gonna show up to that
loan meeting and being like I like a lot of money.
It just fixed a big problem. Never mind, like I
don't have the business acumen too.

Speaker 1 (34:56):
Cats, cats are the problem? Like, sir, would the.

Speaker 3 (35:00):
Cats or hear me out? Two cents a day enzyme
in the cat food? Perfect?

Speaker 1 (35:11):
Nice? Well, I love it. We solved it here on
This Week in Science.

Speaker 3 (35:15):
Done.

Speaker 1 (35:16):
If you just tuned in, you're listening to This Week
in Science. Normally that'd be with doctor Keekey, Justin Jackson,
and Blair basterrich Tonight it's just Justin and Blair. Hey,
do you want to help us grow? Get a friend
to subscribe today? Tell them about this show, grab their
phone when they're not looking, and subscribe them. I don't
know your business.

Speaker 3 (35:37):
Hey, if you're only subscribed on one platform, trying.

Speaker 1 (35:41):
Hard, come on subscribe?

Speaker 6 (35:44):
Yeah mm hm, so you know, just just help find
us in all of our various places and subscribe, like
spread the word, share.

Speaker 1 (35:55):
Et cetera.

Speaker 3 (35:55):
I still feel like this show is that episode of
is it South Park with the Homes? Step one still
underwh Yes? Step three make profit?

Speaker 1 (36:05):
Yeahs are we trying to make profit? I think we're
doing it wrong. We're just trying to talk about science
speaking of Thank you for listening. All of you are
the reason that we do this. We do not do
it for this mysterious profit. We do it to spread
the science to all of you. We like to bring

(36:26):
you up to date down to Earth videos or views
on science discoveries, up to date down to Earth, and
with your help we could do more. So help us
bring a perspective of sanity to the world full of
misinformation that we live in. Go to twist dot org
right now, click on the Patreon link and you can

(36:48):
support us monetarily at the level of your choice. Be
part of bringing sanity and science to more people today
twist dot org. Click on the page tree on link.
All right, do you know what time it is?

Speaker 7 (37:06):
Uh?

Speaker 5 (37:06):
Oh?

Speaker 3 (37:06):
Is it time for Blair's Animal Corner with Blair She
loves Talk.

Speaker 1 (37:14):
Creature by ped fill head Nod if you want to
hear about animals.

Speaker 3 (37:24):
Except more giant pa Gop Blair.

Speaker 1 (37:34):
We have two spider stories for you tonight. To start
with the feather legged spider and a very special way
that they dispatch their prey. This is a feather legged

(37:58):
lace weaver and a long time ago, ninety four years
ago a paper was published looking at the feather legged
lacing lace weaver spider and they suggested potentially that this
spider had an unusual way of hunting prey. This ninety

(38:22):
four year old paper posited that perhaps the spider regurgitated
a toxin onto silk after it was spun, and then
used that silk covered in what is essentially spider barb,
to kill its prey. So the very particular kind of
asphyxiation with a topical application of a toxin as opposed

(38:48):
to an injected venom. So researchers went to the field.
They went to plant shops and greenhouses where you would
find these spiders that hang out in plants, and they
captured specimens of this spider. They looked at them under
the microscope. They found that they did not have venom
glands in the head that you would usually see in

(39:10):
a spider. Instead, they saw some weird muscles in their place.
They also found fangs without ducts for injecting venom. Normally,
when an animal injects venom into your body, it's because
there's some sort of whole delivery system from the fang
directly into your body. The genes that it coated for

(39:33):
toxins were expressed in the mid gut, so they were
pumping toxins into their gut. When they tested that toxin,
they also showed it was different from the one that
is usually found via spider fang, but if they injected
it into fruitflies, it was just as deadly, so it

(39:53):
still did the job. So next they took those those
spiders and they put them under a microscope and then
they observed as they killed prey. And so what they
did is they didn't Indeed, they they covered their prey

(40:21):
with silk that was already covered and regurgitated toxic. So
this ninety four year old paper was accurate. So they
regurgitated this toxin, they wet their silk after it was spun,
and then they wrapped their prey in it until they
asphyxiated or died of toxicity or both. So pretty wild.

(40:55):
This this gives us a new idea at spider evolution,
Like there's a whole new there's a whole new kind
of methodology of dispatching prey that we haven't seen before.
And it also the really important thing, I think, and
the thing that really is going to lead to some
future study, is that these toxins are unique, and so

(41:18):
this can pave the way towards medical research. Because when
we have new toxins, we might actually have new painkillers
or other new medicine based on those toxins. So a
really weird behavior that in the end could result in
some really good medical science that we could benefit from.

(41:45):
Here's the spider in question. There you go, the amount
of ads that's crazy. Okay, feather leg spider.

Speaker 3 (42:03):
It's also just so evolutionarily fascinating that it's like, all
the other spiders have toxins, I want one. Like it
still is essentially using a chemical warfare mm hmm to
get the prey, but lacks like all of the evolution

(42:25):
for the venom, for the delivery system for the like
missing all of it, still comes up with the same
general strategy. Mm hmm. That's kind of that's kind of amazing.

Speaker 1 (42:41):
Yeah, so whole new way of doing it as a spider.
And then from these very small, delicate spiders, let's talk
about tarantulas. Tarantulas are like the big fuzzy puppies of
the spider world. Is suppose there they're they're walkers. They're a

(43:04):
lot less kind of hanging from from web. They're more
clomping around on the ground usually, and spiders also will
molt their entire exoskeleton, which includes their legs, and without
getting on a whole tangent about their legs, spider legs
are really weird because since they have an exoskeleton and
they don't have bones, they don't have like muscles exactly

(43:27):
like we have muscles. They don't have ligaments like we
have ligaments. Their their legs act more like they act
more like hydraulics with like air pressure their legs. It's crazy.

Speaker 3 (43:40):
Yeah, And it reminded me of that the hydraulic gripper
spider that they made for no reason.

Speaker 1 (43:45):
Yes, okay, so I'm glad you brought that up because
I want to talk about the study that potentially has
some pretty grim scientific methods, but not the grimmest you've
ever talked about with spider research. Maybe because people think
spiders are gross or scary, they don't mind doing some

(44:06):
pretty crazy things with spiders in the lab. I know
that Brian, my husband, will never forgive me for the
study that you brought up because it felt so macab
to him, and he thought it was so cruel what
they did to those spiders to turn them into little
hydraulic grabbers for no reason. But spiders, they have this exoskeleton,

(44:31):
they have these legs. When they molt their exoskeleton, they
basically get a brand new set of legs. So that
also means if a leg gets caught and gets pulled off,
if a leg gets eaten, if a leg gets injured,
when they molt, they get a brand new leg. But
until they molt, they are a leg short. And now

(44:53):
we know there are insects that walk with six legs,
and we see how they walk, and then spiders have
eight legs and we see how they walk and it
is not the same. And so researchers wanted to know
when they lose their legs, do they change their walking strategy?

(45:15):
Do they walk like a six legged insect? And so
that's what this study is all about. When they're young.
It's important for me to tell you this. When spiders
are young, when tarantulas are young, it takes about a
month for them to molt and have a new leg. Okay, so.

Speaker 3 (45:41):
Get their legs back. Is that what I'm hearing?

Speaker 1 (45:45):
Yes? Sure, yeah, you're not gonna like what I have
to tell you. So researchers looked at Guatemala and tiger
rump tarantulas and then I wanted to see what happened
when they were relieved of two limbs.

Speaker 3 (46:04):
It's their lang wage, oh relief, oh gosh, oh thank you,
thank you so much. I was having to carry two
extra unnecessary legs everything.

Speaker 1 (46:20):
How they did this, now, my initial thought was like
they just pulled legs off of these spiders with tweezers.
That is not what they did. They did not cut
them off. You tell me if this is better or worse.
They adhered their front right and rear left legs to
a piece of card and they waited for the tarantulas

(46:41):
to just detach them on their own because they were stuck.
So like this is what one hundred and ninety seven
hours or whatever that is. That's basically what they did
is they were like, you're stuck, what are you gonna
do about it? And so they detached their own limbs
so they could be freed from this space.

Speaker 3 (47:04):
So it's not like they gave them a tiny hacksaw. Okay,
there's probably like a survivally mechanism.

Speaker 1 (47:14):
And yes, absolutely yes, they got caught between a couple
of rocks or if a predator was trying to eat
them and they grabbed onto the leg they would go
and they'd pop off the leg and they keep going right.

Speaker 3 (47:29):
So there is I'm actually relieved at their method.

Speaker 1 (47:36):
That's great. So so that's what they did. They recorded
their walking before that, and then they recorded their walking.
They they videoed their walking as they scapered away from
the trap and for a while after that. Then they

(47:58):
let the animals re grow their limbs. Then they filmed
them running with eight limbs again, and then quote encouraged
them to shed their limbs once more. So they did
it twice. So so they they kind of watched how

(48:24):
these spiders moved and they analyzed them. Here we go,
I'm going to share my video. Oops, pop up, d
KII does it so fast and so flawlessly, I just

(48:45):
don't understand. Okay, So here we go. Here's an ad.
Get out of here.

Speaker 5 (48:49):
Ad.

Speaker 1 (48:50):
Okay, So they had their juvenile spiders here here they
go all running and yes, correct control one. Then they
have the removal of the front left and back right

(49:17):
and they're running. Yeah. Now they have their second control.
They grew back their legs, they molted back to walking normal,

(49:39):
and then they're going to have their last one, their
last auta to me, and then you can see in
this video. If you go to twist dot org and
look at the show notes, you can click on the
link you can watch this video. They looked at how
they were moving. They had three gate clusters, so they

(49:59):
had the kind of what they called support polygons. They
had a certain number of legs always touching the ground,
and they had legs that moved in clusters. Then when
they moved the legs, removed the legs. Then they found

(50:24):
that they didn't kind of go immediately to any clear strategy.
They didn't completely change the way that they worked. They
it's very awkward if you're looking at it. They kind
of adjusted a little bit, but they they really were

(50:45):
walked the same way. They looked at eight hundred strides
over the course of this study, and they watched how
these spiders moved. And I'm gonna stop my screen share
so i can look at my notes.

Speaker 3 (51:00):
So yeah, it kind of looked like if you're just
looking at the back leg, because I can't track all
six or eight right at the same time, it looks
like it has the same motion pattern even though there's
only one back leg. Now it seems like it was.
It's just that you know, when you have eight legs

(51:21):
and you go down to six, it's still plenty of
legs to move. Yeah, they didn't switch to a six
legged walking pattern. I guess is the right exactly.

Speaker 1 (51:32):
So, so they had forty three thousand frames to analyze
eight hundred strides, so they needed help. They enlisted some physicists,
and the physicists analyze these strides. They found first of all,
that the reason they did two amputations is to see
if they remembered from the first time and adjusted quicker

(51:56):
the second time. They did not. They recovered their ability
to run the same amount of time after amputation both times,
so they weren't kind of learning how to run on
six legs and then retaining that knowledge for the next time.
They had the same adaptation time in both cases. They

(52:17):
splayed their legs wider, they twisted their body, but they
were still as mobile and so the full set of legs.
They alternated between having four feet in contact with the
ground at any time, so they were it wasn't that
different from I feel like the way that we walk
like they always had stuff touching the ground. It was

(52:39):
four and four six legged tarantulas. They figured they had
two options. They alternated between either they would alternate between
having four and two legs in contact with the ground,
so basically they're just like, oh, I'm limping around, I'm
missing two, or they would alternate between three touching the
floor at the same time, like an ant. So that's

(53:01):
how ants and other insects do it. They didn't do either.
They kind of just plopped around as best they could.
They In fact, the tarantulas with all eight legs didn't
follow those rules perfectly to begin with. Sometimes they would
leave a random leg lingering on the ground a little

(53:24):
bit longer, they would raise a fourth limb early, they
would leave just three in contact on the fourth wouldn't
touch the ground. So really, these eight legs are giving
them plasticity in their movement. That's how I would interpret
this is that the point of the eight legs is
to give them options. Am I climbing up a wall.
Am I grabbing something? Am I maneuvering around something? Am

(53:46):
I touching something that's moving? And I don't know if
I'm going to have to change my weight distribution or
did I lose some legs? And so all of those
eight legs contribute, but not in clear roles. And so
when they were down their two legs. They alternated randomly
between limping forward on two and running like an ant,

(54:10):
and then sometimes they would find mostly they favored the
hind legs, but overall it was just kind of all
over the place. They didn't follow any sort of rhyme
or reason to how they were moving. They just were
kind of getting by. And that's what it looked like
in the video. It looked like really awkward, right, So
they don't really relearn how to do anything. They just

(54:33):
bend the rules and stumble along as best they can.
And I would argue the reason they can do that
and they can start running almost immediately after they lose
their legs is just because they have so many. They're
just their beefing to go down.

Speaker 3 (54:48):
And also take them off like symmetrically, Like there's something
like unfair about this one frame.

Speaker 1 (54:57):
I think if you take them off symmetrically, it really
he throws off their center of gravity unless you take
from the center.

Speaker 3 (55:05):
Yeah, now we need to get I think that might be.

Speaker 1 (55:08):
Part of the study that they they did an oopsie's
and they started over as they're like, well, we took
the two fro ones off and he just kept face
planning over and wouldn't go anywhere. We took the back
ones off. They were dragging their boat the whole time.
So I don't know. I don't know why they did this.
I think it was all about weight distribution. I think

(55:29):
that was their intention. That would be my guess. But
an interesting study with an interesting design and interesting results.
Of course, I think this could help us figure out
how to program robots. I'm sure there's physics involved. There's
all sorts of cool kind of lessons to be learned

(55:50):
from this study, but also.

Speaker 3 (55:55):
How not to do it is what we learned. Like, yeah,
I'm just just start running like here, put in the
six legged runner pattern, like you know, robots are a
little easier to work with. It didn't take it. Yeah,
that's billions of years of evolution to figure out a
way to do it. Either. They can be a little
more flexible with that programming.

Speaker 1 (56:18):
Yep, all right, what else do you have justed?

Speaker 3 (56:22):
Okay, so now I'm gonna do my quick stories because
I always do my quick stories right at the end
where they're where they're supposed to be. Uh. I gotta
go find though, because I have, like I put too
many studies in there oh, okay. So first one sugar
substitute popular one apparently I had never heard of it before,

(56:42):
could kill you. This is uh a wreath with the
tall right, the right, the tall I don't even know.
Apparently it's got sixty eighty percent the sweetness of sugar,
but only a super small fraction of the energy. So
people are putting it into all sorts of low sugar

(57:08):
diet sweets so that it doesn't have the calorie but
still has still has that sweetness to it. And apparently
it has been linked to higher plasma concentrations with increased
cardiovascular and cerebrural vascular events, with pots of associations between

(57:31):
circulating erythritol and incidents of heart attack and stroke in
the US and European cohorts.

Speaker 1 (57:39):
So this study, I'm seeing it's often called monk fruit
sweetener monk in the grocery store. Just so people know
what we're talking about, it'll say monk fruit with erythritol.

Speaker 3 (57:52):
Okay, So there you go. So they did this one
in a lab. They cultured the monk fruits and exposed
exposed them to excuse me, cultured skin cells endothelial sklls
culture an exposed to amount of monk fruit equivalent to

(58:14):
consuming a typical beverage, and experimental conditions basically confirmed. Yes,
they're disrupting multiple mechanisms vital to maintaining cerebral endofelial health.
So these are results are limited to this lab condition,

(58:34):
but the findings align with previous sort of observational studies
where they're seeing the effects. Yeah. Anyway, basically, when you
mess with the vascular system of the brain, you have
increased risk of stroke. So sugar substitute could kill you.

Speaker 1 (59:00):
Yeah, So unless you have a reason to not, like
diabetes or something, just have your sugar, but have it
in moderation, yeah.

Speaker 3 (59:12):
Or don't. Hey, you could take a drug to lose
weight nowadays.

Speaker 5 (59:17):
Oh hey, so glue tie otherwise known as what is
it with govi ozempic ozempic, which now Weight Watchers gives
you along with their program, which is like, well, why
am I even doing the jazz.

Speaker 1 (59:34):
Or sing whoa.

Speaker 3 (59:37):
Yeah, yeah, which they were maybe not supposed to be doing.
And the FDA was like, hey, why are you why
are you distributing diabetes drug as a weight less drug
is part of your program? And then I think something
there was something changed in administrations and regulations thing anymore.

(01:00:01):
You can apparently soon buy your ozempic wagov and what
is it sem semaglutes glow tide, which is the basic
drug name of it, not the brand name online without insurance,

(01:00:23):
no pick cash online have it sent you? It's this
is it's a drug that was for diabetes control, that
also controlled weight, and now they've turned it into the
wonder weight loss drug. Well, these glucon like peptide one
receptor antagonists wegovi ozempic, they may increase even double the

(01:00:49):
risk of macular degeneration.

Speaker 1 (01:00:53):
Man.

Speaker 5 (01:00:55):
Yeah, so.

Speaker 1 (01:00:59):
Originally didn't you have to get regular blood tests if
you were doing ozempic?

Speaker 3 (01:01:04):
Oh? Probably on Yeah, everyone wanted to lose weight, so
it became a multi bazillion dollar blockbuster drug. And so
then a lot of the.

Speaker 1 (01:01:14):
Regulator, all the celebrities started taking it. They all started
looking sick.

Speaker 3 (01:01:19):
Well, yeah, there was a yeah, because while it's doing
weight loss throughout the body, it seemed to be affecting
the face a little bit more than people wanted to
lose their their baby fat in their face that was
keeping their facial structure together. So warnings Warning's first surface

(01:01:41):
from just that the diabetes trials where where there's uh
where the drug was linked to complications and in eyes,
optic nerve damage reports, that sort of thing. But these
were small laboratory studies, and occasionally these studies, I don't
know if they were I don't know if they were
industry studies or not, but occasionally these small lab studies

(01:02:07):
pointed the actual opposite direction, suggesting there was neuroprotection or
vascular benefits from the wegovi ozempics. So we got to
get to the bottom of this. Now, there's hundreds of
thousands of people doing this drug, you don't have to
do a small lab sample. They had. This was a
Canadian study three year long Canadian window of participants, one

(01:02:32):
hundred and thirty nine thousand plus adults among the cohor
Among them, forty six three hundred and thirty four had
used the GOLP one receptor antagonists, some who diedgovi ozempic
drug of many names, and yeah, the adjusted hazard ratio

(01:02:57):
when taking into account you know, reach, gender, smoking, whatever,
it just hazard ratio was two point two to one,
which makes basically a two hundred twenty one percent higher
risk of getting of having the macular degeneration. Now it's

(01:03:24):
the percentage of people who get this retinal idea problems
is small, but it's a it's you know, doubling the
risk of a small problem, which affects more people as
the age.

Speaker 1 (01:03:41):
Still do you want to be skinny but you might
lose your sight?

Speaker 3 (01:03:45):
Yeah, it's it's the I think the leading cause. It
says here, age related to macular degeneration blinds more older
adults in Western countries than any other retinal disease. So
of the things that make you go blind, this is
the leader, This is leading cause. And apparently taking will

(01:04:10):
go v And this is a short term study. This
hasn't even been available, Like, this isn't even a really
a long term study. It's three years. Doubles the risk. Okay,
not good, but I have I have good news. Yeah,

(01:04:30):
I have good news. There's a study here that says
that intermittent fasting appears to have similar benefits to calorie
restricted diets for weight loss. So hear me, can you
believe it? Eating less food what's found to be as

(01:04:54):
effective as eating foods that have of fake calories in them.

Speaker 1 (01:05:04):
So eating less mm hmm is.

Speaker 3 (01:05:09):
Just as effective as eating as much with.

Speaker 1 (01:05:15):
Calorie restrictions as often with less things, so you're still
eating the same amount throughout the day.

Speaker 3 (01:05:20):
Probably Basically, wonder diet has been discovered and it is
wait for it, eat less food.

Speaker 1 (01:05:30):
Either way, doesn't matter. Fast and then eat a big
meal or eat small meals all day. Just eat less food.

Speaker 3 (01:05:37):
Yeah, and then uh wrap amcin the anti aging drug
as it's being called, turns out that it will extend
life span of people even if they don't have dietary restriction.

(01:06:03):
So here's what we come up with. We're gonna summarize. Uh,
the artificial sweetener is going to give you a heart
attack and you'll die early. The drug that makes you
skinny will blind you. Not eating as much food is
as effective as going on a diet where you eat

(01:06:26):
awful food. And then you can also take a drug
that allows you to eat whatever you want and you'll
still live longer despite not having calorie restricted yourself. That
seems like the winner to me, the one where you
can just eat what you want and still live longer. Okay, hmm, interest,

(01:06:51):
but you get to pick your poison. You know what
is it? Live fast, die young, make a pretty corpse.
That's an option that's one of them. Live a long
life and well into your older age and and eat
whatever you want. That's also an option.

Speaker 1 (01:07:10):
Mhm where you can take this drug.

Speaker 3 (01:07:15):
Apparently, take a couple of drugs. You can take both.
What happens if you take all of them happens if
you follow existence, follow all of the advice at once.

Speaker 1 (01:07:29):
The diet fairies will come take you.

Speaker 3 (01:07:31):
You do.

Speaker 1 (01:07:34):
In your sleep from your bed.

Speaker 3 (01:07:38):
I want to we need to do an episode one
day where I just get to I just get to
mock nutritionists. I want one episode.

Speaker 1 (01:07:47):
Yeah, that seems fair.

Speaker 3 (01:07:52):
Because there's so many you can go into. Well, I
guess you can't go into a bookstore anymore. Once upon
a time when I was here.

Speaker 1 (01:07:58):
When I was I was just in a bookstore a
few days ago.

Speaker 3 (01:08:03):
Well, you live in San Francisco. Yeah, it's different, but
there would be there are. It's a whole category of
eating right and health. The food advice you can get
in books and on the interwebs is full of food,
health idea advice, diet advice, all these sorts of things,

(01:08:26):
and they basically have something nutritionness and flat earthers. They're
basically using the same level of information and By the way,
it's not a don't make fun of the flat earthers.
They've updated. It's now a cube earth, which explains why
it looks flat in some places and it pokes up
other places and still around it. Yikes.

Speaker 1 (01:08:47):
It's a rounded cube and the and the edges are
really really rounded.

Speaker 3 (01:08:52):
It's like a twenty sided die. If you can picture
all the little.

Speaker 1 (01:08:57):
It's like a two hundred sided die, then I believe.

Speaker 3 (01:09:02):
It's just ya.

Speaker 1 (01:09:05):
Okay, sure, sure, well, anyway, I think that'll do it.
Do you have any other science you wanted to talk
about tonight?

Speaker 3 (01:09:14):
No, that was all of them I had.

Speaker 1 (01:09:17):
Well, I think we've we've got it. Thank you all
for listening. I hope you enjoyed the show. Shout out
Stafada for his help with social media and show notes,
Gord for manning the chat room, I Hadentity four for
recording the show. Rachel for Rachel, thank you really really
pulled your weight this week.

Speaker 3 (01:09:36):
Appreciate this is not even going out on the air.
If Rachel doesn't fix this.

Speaker 1 (01:09:42):
Just the beginning, I feel like we did mostly okay
for the rest really just the beating. So anyway, thank you, Rachel,
really appreciate your assistance in editing the show. I'd also
like to thank our Patreon sponsors. This is the second
week in a row that I will not be reading
out that list because I do not have access to
that list, but know that we love you so you

(01:10:02):
donate on Patreon. Thank you and a round of applause
for you.

Speaker 3 (01:10:07):
So I am going to read the list, although as
I read it, I may sound curiously like I'm doing
a Kirsten interpretation, and it will only be in the
podcast version. Thank you again.

Speaker 7 (01:10:23):
Rachel Oh, got it, Yeah, Robert Norland, Robert W. Farley,
Lauren Gifford, Dana Lewis, Eden Mandel, Ali Viola, Erin Anathama,
Arthur Kepler, Craig Potts, Marykers, Teresa Smith, Richard Badge, Bob Coles,
Kenton Northcote, George Chorus Here, Bellazar, John Rattnaswami, Chris wo
was the Actgager just At Donnaz Styles aka dun Styler,
Ali Coffin, Shechbert, Don Mannus, Pig, Stephen Alberon, Darryl Meishak,

(01:10:45):
Andrew Swanson, fretis one of fours, Guy Luke, Paulmronibus, Kevin Rearden, Noodles,
Jack Brian Carrington, davidy young Blood, chun Claar Slam, John McKee, Griggley,
Mark hesspluisteve Leasman, azy Ma, Ken Hayes, Howard, Dan, Christopher Rappin, Richard,
Brenda Minish, Jenny, Johnny Gridley, let Me Day, Geberton Latimore,
Flying Out, christopherd adm Greg Briggs, John Atwood, Rudy Garcia,
Rudne Lewis, Paul Flipshange, Lisson, Craig Landers, Sue Doster, Jason Olds,

(01:11:09):
Dave Neighbor, Eric Naplon, makes e oh Adamson, Kevin Parchan,
Bob Calder, Marjorie, Paul d Disney, pacerro Tony Steele.

Speaker 1 (01:11:17):
Thanks for that, Justin, Thanks for reading the list well,
you did it amazing. If you want to support us
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we will be back at eight pm Pacific time on

(01:11:39):
Wednesday to discuss science and hopefully Keith you will be
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(01:12:41):
a spider and then devoured.

Speaker 1 (01:12:44):
Yeah, and then we'll never read it. We look forward
to discussing science with you again next week. And if
you've learned anything from the show, remember it's all in
your head.

Speaker 3 (01:13:00):
Tweaking science.

Speaker 4 (01:13:03):
This week in science, This week in science, This week
in science, It's the end of the world, So I'm
setting up shop. Got my batter refurl It says the
scientist is in I'm going to sell my advice, show
them how to stop the robots with a simple device.

(01:13:24):
I'll reverse all the warming with a wave of my
hands and a little coffee is a couple of grass.

Speaker 3 (01:13:33):
Because this week's science.

Speaker 4 (01:13:35):
Is coming your way, So everybody listen to what I say.
I use the scientific method for all that.

Speaker 7 (01:13:42):
It's worth, and I'll broadcast.

Speaker 3 (01:13:44):
My opinion all overy.

Speaker 5 (01:13:49):
Go.

Speaker 4 (01:13:49):
It's this week in Science, This week in science, this
week in science, Yes, science, Science, This week in science,
this weekend Science, this week in science, This week in science,
This week in science, This week in science, This week
in science, This week in science,