Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:03):
You're listening to Why we do what we do. Welcome
to Why we do what we do Mini. I'm your
host Abraham and I'm Shane. We are a psychology podcast.
We talk about all of the things. Oh my gosh,
(00:25):
words this morning, we talked about the things that humans
and non human animals do. And we release these short
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the end of our full length discussions. But our minis
(01:07):
we just we just get in that topic and then
we get out of there, and I think that's all
the preamble I need before we get started.
Speaker 2 (01:13):
Yeah, I think that covers it great.
Speaker 1 (01:15):
Well. This episode is about fake news. The episode itself
is not fake news, although I gotta say it is
very truly serendipitous that this is published right before April
Fool's Day, which is like the day of fake news.
Speaker 2 (01:30):
Yeah yeah, yeah, absolutely, like what good timing. And we've
been talking about doing something like this for a while,
but it just feels like the right time to cover
this topic.
Speaker 1 (01:38):
Yeah. Yeah, this has been on the list, I think
since we started making a list of topics for minis. Yeah,
finally just sort of got around to it. So, as
I said, this is going to be called fake news
because that's what we're talking about. You could also call
this The Dictator's Guide to Destroy the World, Chapter one.
It's also kind of like a basic premer on misinformation disinformation,
(02:01):
and I do think, particularly after like assembling the notes
and thoughts for this, this is really worth a full discussion.
It's a pretty complex and nuanced issue. We could break
down the distinction between misinformation, disinformation, propaganda, and fake news,
but we will do our best to sort of unpack
a Cliff's Notes version of the idea fake news in
(02:23):
this discussion today.
Speaker 2 (02:25):
Yeah yeah, yeah, So I mean let's just go ahead
and just dive into it. I think we've got a
lot to unpack here. We do fake news, alternative facts, misinformation, disinformation, propaganda.
There are a lot of terms that sort of broadly
fit into this category of techniques to manipulate people. But
it's really important to remember that knowledge is power, and
one way to gain, protect or expand power is to
(02:46):
control and even dictate what constitutes knowledge.
Speaker 1 (02:50):
So fake news, as we're talking about it here, this
is content that is presented as news as information and
that it is supposed to communicate some information or knowledge,
but it is fabricated in part or in whole and
lacks verifiable sources, quotes, or evidence.
Speaker 2 (03:10):
Right. So, for instance, Donald Trump claimed that Ukraine started
the war with Russia. This is one false. It is
demonstrably incorrect, right, It could not be more wrong. It
is the opposite of correct, because of course Russia started
the war, the fact that no one disputed until this bizarre,
belligerent claim emerged from thin air.
Speaker 1 (03:29):
Yes. Now, fake news, interestingly is kind of a triple threat.
It can do a lot of bad very quickly. It's
very efficient at doing bad things. First, bad actors will
intentionally spread and proliferate fake news because they can do
this to influence public opinion, like opinion and attitudes, which
(03:51):
and what I'm saying is like they make it up
completely or again it could there could be a like
a kernel of truth, a nugget of truth in there,
but they twist it and pipulate it so that it's wrong,
and they specifically put that information out there.
Speaker 2 (04:05):
Right. They also call real news fake news to buias
people against legitimate reporting. So it gets people kind of
questioning the sources, questioning legitimate information, questioning consensus even in
a lot of different places.
Speaker 1 (04:18):
And the third prong of this approach is that in
the ensuing chaos of lacking any coherent source upon which
we can all agree, what can happen is that people
start accepting any source that they are biased toward as
the real information and all else as being fake, and
so then they it's easier to implement and use propaganda
(04:43):
when you have discredited people who are highly reputable and
believable and trustworthy, but you've made it so that people
no longer trust them or believe them. Then you can
sort of just put out all the information you want
that whether or not it's accurate, will get some people
leaving it because they know don't know what to believe.
Speaker 2 (05:02):
Right, And so this is kind of how it works
dictators dictators in general. This is like, this is like
dictators for dummies, Dictators one oh one. This is the
intro class for dictators.
Speaker 1 (05:12):
Yeah, chapter one.
Speaker 2 (05:13):
Yeah, what they do is they often start by criticizing
the media as biased, fake or propaganda. Simultaneously, they will
start publishing actual fake news propaganda and call it legitimate.
And people who have authoritarian leanings tend to accept the
narrative being pushed by the dictators, who are nearly universally
right wing, because their preference is for that form of
social control.
Speaker 1 (05:33):
Yes, so like they're they're more likely to go ahead
and be persuaded by that because they already have tendencies
in that direction, much like you might we might have
tendencies toward or away from ads. We're back. We've been
(05:54):
just unpacking sort of what fake news is. Let's get
into why this happens, Like what are the motives for
people here? But it's important to remember that this is complicated.
There are a lot of reasons and there's a lot
of nuance. But here here's someone some to consider. There
are very common ways that this appears and what it's
doing and why.
Speaker 2 (06:14):
Right, So, first you've got satire or parody, and The
Onion does this beautifully if you are like a punk
in the punk and hardcore scene. Then the hard Times
dot net also does a really good job of this
nice where it's like it seems like it's real enough,
but like it's also meant to be silly. And Toby
Morse as well does a really good job of setting
up parity websites for current politicians and they are so
(06:35):
mad about it.
Speaker 1 (06:37):
Yeah nice. Mad Magazine was another one that I think
did a lot of this, where they would sort of
do like intentionally funny satirical pieces.
Speaker 2 (06:46):
Yeah, yeah, exactly.
Speaker 1 (06:47):
Another way this shows up is impersonating real sources. This
is a bad actor who is trying to bias people
against a source of information by pretending to be a
part of that source or representing that source and then
doing it very poorly and making it look bad. So
this would be like if Tucker Carlson started saying that
he worked for Fox News or I worked for CNN
(07:08):
or something and was spouting a bunch of crap. Then
people might be like, wow, CNN is full of it,
like they're really even though he is not even remotely
related to any of their operation right exactly.
Speaker 2 (07:19):
It can also be misleading, and this can be used
to control the narrative by leaving out key pieces of
information or presenting a heavily biased version of the information,
so they might report the actual event and then twist
it or change it or alter some factor, not even
alter it, but like just leave out something really important
about whatever that event was.
Speaker 1 (07:37):
Yes, there is also, of course fabricating. This is a
narrative that has completely made up, that is based on nothing.
It is almost always used to try and persuade people.
Sometimes it is to stoke fear about something. Sometimes it
is to cast doubt on something. But it is whatever
it is, It has no it is completely baseless, It
is not grounded in reality at all.
Speaker 2 (08:00):
Yes, there's also manipulated content, and this is when genuine
information has been manipulated to deceive the audience. It might
be like a snippet or a SoundBite of a particular event,
or a circumstance or something that somebody said, like Howard
Dean during his presidential election campaign, that snippet of him
yelling in front of the crowd was manipulated content because
(08:20):
he was yelling, the crowd was yelling at all stuff, But
they elevated the vocals on him and they only included
that snippet of him yelling and they called it the
Dean Scream or something like that, and it ruined his
entire political career.
Speaker 1 (08:31):
Wow. Yeah, yeah, that is definitely a strategy. There is
also false associations. So I'm gonna this one needs a
little bit of context to help unpack it here. This
is supplemental content that doesn't actually support the presented content,
but is intended to mislead. So like it's often like
a picture that goes along with the headline, Well that
(08:51):
picture is not actually the thing that's in the headline,
but it is meant to be evocative and sort of
just push your emotions a little bit. So there's a
specific instance that occurred not that long ago. Fox News
did this when they were presenting on There was this
huge winter storm that hit Texas a couple of years ago,
and that resulted in these major power outages with people
(09:12):
like didn't have heat or didn't have cooling, or they
did you know, their houses flooded what was happening during
this huge freeze. They showed images of these windmills that
were completely frozen over, and then they blamed the power
outages on wind power. However, the images that they showed
were actually from a totally different country, Like they were
not only not from Texas, they were not even from
(09:33):
the United States. And ironically, in this case, it was
the wind power that was more operational than the traditional
coal powered plants that were failing in this storm. So
they were trying to essentially push this agenda that it
was green energy was to blame for the power outage,
even though the green energy what was working more. And
the image that they presented the false association was a
(09:55):
picture that was not even of the windmills in their
own like local area. Yeah.
Speaker 2 (10:00):
Again easily easily and demonstrably false, Like you can find
that information so rapidly.
Speaker 1 (10:06):
Yeah.
Speaker 2 (10:06):
Another thing to do is a false context. This is
when actual information is shared but using false or incorrect context. So,
as an example, the White House released some immigration numbers
comparing rates during Biden's administration and Trump's, purporting that at
a ninety five percent decrease from between the two administrations. However,
the context was incorrect and misleading. The Biden numbers were
(10:28):
an average of a seven day period. Trump's numbers were
from the daily average a one day period, two different
data sets and two different measures. Really, Also, the two
data sets were aggregated, likely strategically from points that reflect
the desired summary, because immigration numbers EBB and flow, and
so the data aggregators seem to have selected a particularly
(10:49):
high sample window from of time for Biden and a
particularly low sample window for Trump. So they basically just
like manipulated the data and provided false context for all
these talking points.
Speaker 1 (11:00):
Yeah, so it was like there was a decrease. Even
if you were to like look at the daily average
from that seven day period, there was a decrease. But
they're like, but these EBB and flows happen all the time,
Like they all they had to do was pick a
period of time when it was during a flow period
and a time was during an eb period, and they
could have gotten basically the same numbers for Biden or
for Trump. Right, Instead, they're like, here's a total of
(11:21):
seven days or a total over a seven days for
Biden or a total over one day for Trump and
calling that a ninety five percent decrease, again with the
intention to mislead people. Right, Okay, there's so much, so
much to do, but a summary of all of that
to just get out, get out of here, and we're
just going to have to come back and do a
much deeper dive on this is that calling trustworthy, reputable
(11:43):
media fake news is a tactic to delegitimize good faith
reporting and to create confusion and so discord, to create
an opening to control the narrative, to essentially be able
to manipulate people by having them distrust those so that
are actually trustworthy.
Speaker 2 (12:02):
Right, and spreading deliberately incorrect, harmful, and misleading information further
eroads trust in reporting and can influence people who are
hoodwinked by it. It can actually change public opinion and
cause a lot of major major impacts on the communities
at large.
Speaker 1 (12:17):
And as far as what we can do about this, well,
one thing is to verify sources, so like fake news
that is fake can be found out because it lacks evidence,
it does not have credible or verifiable sources and it
can be fact checked, like you can go and find
the actual information and be like, oh, that's that's completely wrong.
So like it's a lot more work. And I know
(12:38):
that that's not something that a lot of people are
going to do, but I think that the people who
are committed to trying to help move things in the
right direction, these are things that they could be doing.
Is like to be able to point and Snopes, I
think is a really good example of this. Like that's
a website where they kind of all they do is
debunk false claims that exist out there, right, And so
(12:58):
that's a good a good source to potentially look at
and see is this credible? And they're also very good
at being i think, pretty unbiased and mater of fact.
I think they are much friendlier to some of the
people on the right than they need to be. They
do a pretty good job of just like unpacking any
claim whatsoever and then saying like there is no evidence
for this, or there.
Speaker 2 (13:17):
Is right exactly.
Speaker 1 (13:18):
All right, Well we went that's about a right amount
of time.
Speaker 2 (13:21):
I think, Yeah, it feels good.
Speaker 1 (13:22):
We're going to wrap up this discussion of on this
mini on fake news. Is there anything you'd like to
add or anything that I forgot before we close this
one out not the moment. Thank you all for listening.
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(13:46):
But we're at our time, so thank you all for listening.
Thank you for recording with me today, Shane, Thank you
to my team and this Abraham.
Speaker 2 (13:53):
This is Shane.
Speaker 1 (13:54):
So why we Do what we Do? Mini is out I.
Speaker 2 (13:58):
You've been listening to We Do What We Do? You
can learn more about this and other episodes by going
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Speaker 1 (14:06):
Podcast dot com.
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