June 17, 2023 • 16 mins
Aliens, Seti, And The Legacy Of Frank Drake: 1930-2022 Remembering Frank Drake, who transformed the search for alien life & extraterrestrial intelligence into a full-fledged scientific endeavor.
Key Takeaways
Key Takeaways
- Perhaps the biggest question we've ever asked about existence is whether we're alone or not: are there any other intelligent, technologically advanced civilizations out there besides us?
- Where might the aliens be? Are they just unwilling to contact us? Do they even exist? The only way to truly find out is to scientifically search for the true answer, whatever it may be.
- The person who transformed the search for extraterrestrial life and intelligence into a science was Frank Drake. He passed away on September 2, 2022 at the age of 92. Here's what he left behind.
Mark as Played
Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:00):
The following in Foecast is a presentationof the Xloon Broadcast Network, Xoon TV
Channel and Roma McConnell Media Company,broadcasting from Canada to the world and beyond.
Throughout human history, each time we'velooked upward toward the night skies,
(00:20):
glittering canopy of planets, stars,the Milky Way, and more, we
haven't been able to stop ourselves fromwondering just what might be out there.
Were there other stars like the Sun, other worlds like the Earth, and
other living, intelligent, self awarebeings, perhaps not so different from humans
in this vast universe we inhabit asAstronomy and astrophysics developed as sciences over the
(00:46):
centuries and millennia. Our knowledge ofwhat's out there has increased tremendously, but
our wonder at the possibility of lifebeyond Earth has never waned. In nineteen
fifty, famed physicist Enrico Fermi wonderedaloud, but where is everybody? In
twenty twenty two, this question,now known as the Fermi paradox, still
(01:07):
weighs on our collective minds without adefinitive answer. But less than a decade
after Fermi posed his question, scientistFrank Drake set about to transform this question
from a philosophical one into a scientificone. He became the first person to
begin searching for signals of technologically advancedalien life, pioneered the search for extraterrestrial
(01:30):
intelligence. Setti designed the first messageto be broadcast from humanity to any curious
aliens who might be listening, andput forth the first method for estimating the
number of intelligent alien civilizations that mightbe out there right now for us to
communicate, with the Drake equation.On September second, twenty twenty two,
(01:53):
Frank Drake died at the age ofninety two, after a glorious career that
revolutionized his field, but with humanitystill yet to make our first discovery of
life beyond Earth. His legacy willremain with us for generations to come,
and will all have him to thinkwhen we first do discover extraterrestrial life or
(02:14):
even extraterrestrial intelligence for the very firsttime. Drake was the first to realize
the power of radio astronomy for interstellarcommunications between intelligent civilizations. Of all,
the signals that propagate through the universenon travel faster than photons, The massless
(02:34):
particles that compose all the forms oflight in the universe traveling at the speed
of light in a vacuum, andinterstellar slash. Intergalactic space is the best
vacuum in the known universe. Theonly means of communication that are comparably fast
are gravitational waves and cosmic neutrinos,both of which are far more difficult to
(02:54):
detect. Light comes in many differentwavelengths, not just the visible light our
eyes are well adapted to. CThere are shorter wavelengths ultraviolet, X ray,
and gamma ray light, all ofwhich possess greater amounts of energy per
photon than visible light does. Onthe longer wavelength side, there's infrared,
(03:16):
microwave, and radio waves, withlonger wavelengths corresponding to lower energies per photon.
In the case of radio waves,you can create over one million photons
in that frequency range for the sameamount of energy it would cost you to
create a single visible light photon.It's possible to encode a tremendous amount of
(03:38):
information in radio signals by expending verylittle energy relative to every other option.
Although natural radio signals are copious throughoutthe universe, Drake realized that a technologically
advanced alien civilization could deliberately create anunambiguous signal that announced we are here and
we are not. Natural things likemathematically recognizable pulse patterns, video or audio
(04:04):
signals, and other types of encodedinformation could be teased out of any received
radio signal, limited only by theimaginations and technological limitations of the alien species
that chooses to make such a broadcast. Drake became the first to recommend and
conduct a systematic survey of objects ofinterest in the sky searching for such intelligent
(04:27):
alien signals. Although numerous candidates haveemerged over time, none remain that cannot
be explained through natural astrophysical processes.Today, endeavors such as the Search for
Extraterrestrial Intelligence SETI continued Drake's legacy,scouring the full suite of radio data from
the Milky Way galaxy and beyond forany signals that might emerge as deliberate intelligent
(04:53):
creations. Drake also envisioned the possibilitythat, perhaps after thousands or millions of
years years or even longer periods oftime spent announcing their presence to the universe,
intelligent aliens within the Milky Way hadsimply given up on the possibility that
anyone was out there. Perhaps itwas even possible that our terrestrial civilization here
(05:15):
on Earth was the most advanced speciesat the moment. If so, he
realized it would be up to usto be the first to announce our presence
to others. Engaging in an effortknown as either active SETTI or METTI messaging
extraterrestrial intelligence, Drake realized that anincredible amount of power, at least relative
(05:39):
to the power typically used for radiobroadcasts on Earth, would be needed to
create a message that could be receivedby a civilization lying across the vast interstellar
expanse. When the Aircibo telescope inPuerto Rico was completed, Drake designed what's
now known as the air Sibo Message, a simple signal containing only a couple
(06:00):
of hundreds of bytes of information,but one that was unmistakably intelligent in nature,
filled with information about who, what, and where we were, along
with a mathematical code of instructions forunderstanding this message. It was the first
time we ever deliberately broadcasted a messageintended for an intelligent extraterrestrial observer, but
(06:23):
arguably the most enduring contribution Drake evermade to the field of science was through
the equation that now bears his name, the Drake equation. The question of
firmi but where is everybody? Carrieswith it three assumptions that aliens are not
and have never been present on Earth. That if intelligent life is common throughout
(06:45):
the galaxy, then it should onlybe a matter of time before one civilization
technologically advances to the point where they'veexplored the entire galaxy and should have made
contact with us by this point.And therefore something is wrong or at least
puzzling about our line of thinking,and the conclusions were drawing. Where was
the flaw in this argument? Isintelligent life exceedingly uncommon? Perhaps? Could
(07:12):
life be intelligent? But the challengesof interstellar exploration are simply too great,
regardless of technology, given the constraintsimposed by the laws of physics? Are
humans simply too primitive, too uninteresting, or too flawed for any one to
want to make contact with us?Both before and after Drake, ideas such
(07:33):
as this were floated as possible resolutionsto the Fermi paradox. Drake's approach was
revolutionary. To simply ask where areall the aliens? Is too detached from
something we can hope to measure todaywith current technology. Instead, Drake took
the approach of breaking such a complexquestion up into smaller, more digestible components.
(07:59):
Each one of those smaller questions couldpotentially be answered in a scientific fashion,
but each answer would inchest closer tothe overall goal of understanding why our
expectations ought to be for formulating anaccurate estimate for the number of civilizations that
are out there right now for usto communicate with. Drake's breakdown stated that
(08:20):
if you multiplied the star formation ratenumber of new stars formed per year,
which he assumed was constant by thefractions of stars overall that possessed planets,
by the number of earthlike ie potentiallyhabitable planets around each planet possessing star,
by the fraction of those planets wherelife actually does arise, by the fraction
(08:43):
of living planets where intelligent life arises, by the fraction of intelligent life having
planets which reach the level of technologynecessary to receive and send interstellar communications and
which engage in that endeavor, bythe amount of time that such a civilization
exists on average before going extinct,you'd wind up with a number that reflected
(09:07):
how many intelligent civilizations were out thereright now for humanity to communicate with.
The remarkable advance of this approach iseasy to see. Yes, it's true
that in the absence of knowledge ofevery single one of these terms, it's
impossible to make a precise, accurateestimate for how many intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations are
(09:31):
out there. But by breaking alarge, complex problem into smaller, more
digestible components, the Drake equation gaveus a systematic way to begin investigating the
various factors that influence how many extraterrestrialcivilizations are out there, as well as
how many partial successes there are outthere. For each such step along the
(09:52):
way, there should, for example, be many planets out there around stars
with conditions could have led them tobe potentially earthlike, where the raw ingredients
and plausible conditions for life to emergeare present, something we could uncover through
the endeavor of astronomy alone. Thereshould be many instances of inhabited planets out
(10:15):
there in the galaxy and the universewhere life emerged from non life, irrespective
of how complex, differentiated or intelligentthat life ever became, and even if
there are only a few intelligent civilizations, may be even as few as one
around in today's milky Way. Theremay have been many others in the past
(10:35):
who have simply gone extinct through eithernatural means or due to self destruction.
Sure, it's easy to point outnumerous flaws and oversights in the Drake equation
given today's understanding of the universe.For example, the star formation rate changes
over the universe's history, as doesthe fraction of stars that form with planets
(10:56):
around them. This is inevitable ina universe began with a hot Big Bang
a finite amount of time ago andcame into existence without the heavy elements needed
to form rocky planets like Earth orthe raw ingredients for life. But Drake
had no way of knowing this whenhe first formulated his equation. The critical
(11:16):
evidence supporting the hot Big Bang asthe preferred idea for our cosmic origins,
the cosmic microwave background had not yetbeen discovered. Today, we can make
much better estimates of the number ofpotentially earthlike planets that are out there,
and we can be more granular aboutit. How many of them are around
(11:37):
stars of each of the various sizesmasses, lifetimes, and metallicities, i
e. With specific fractions of heavyelements relative to the amount we have in
our own solar system that stars andstellar systems come in. Today, these
numbers are calculable. The idea andthe approach recommended by Drake, however,
(12:00):
have endured, even if some ofthe specifics that he put forth have since
evolved. Today scientists are taking athree pronged approach in their attempts to reach
the one milestone Drake always dreamed wewould some day attain, but never live
to see the discovery of alien lifebeyond Earth exploration of the worlds in our
(12:20):
solar system? Is there dormant orfossilized life on a once wet Mars?
Does life exist high in the earthlikeconditions found in Venus cloud decks? Could
there be life around the hydrothermal ventsat the bottoms of subsurface oceans on moons
like Europa or Enceladus. If lifeis common in the universe, interplanetary paleontology
(12:43):
might lead to its discovery. Searchesfor biosignatures on exoplanets. Visible signatures exist
that Earth is inhabited. The continentsgreen and brown with the seasons. Co
two levels rise and fall annually.Our oxygen rich atmosphere was created by life.
(13:03):
The presence of chlorofluor carbons reveal humanity'spresence. With advances occurring in the
astronomical fields of transit spectroscopy and directplanetary imaging, this is perhaps our best
hope for finding alien life in thecoming decades. Continued searching for extraterrestrial intelligence,
and yet SETTI could still succeed ifsignals from intelligent aliens are out there,
(13:28):
are either via radio signals or fromany other method of communication. We
remain open to the possibility of findingsomething spectacular so long as we continue pushing
the frontiers of how and where andwhen we monitor the universe. Although it
hasn't happened yet, the possibilities forsuccess are continuously increasing with each and every
(13:50):
scientific and technological advance we make onevery one of these fronts. Today,
thousands of scientists worldwide are active inthe hunt for straterrestrial life and extraterrestrial intelligence.
Although we cannot know how or whenit will happen, the day will
no doubt come in the not toodistant future where we discover the presence of
(14:11):
life beyond planet Earth for the veryfirst time. Perhaps it will be primitive
and rare found on a world ora fragment of a world here in our
own Solar system. Perhaps there willbe overwhelming indirect evidence arriving from an exoplanet
orbiting a star many light years fromour own, or perhaps well detected because
we looked at, or listened to, or put a message out into the
(14:35):
universe in just the right way anddiscovered that we weren't alone as intelligent,
technologically advanced life forms after all.One thing, however, is certain.
We're no longer reliant on aliens comingto Earth and announcing their presence to us
if we hope to discover them.Instead, the search for life beyond our
(14:56):
planet, including intelligent life, isnow for only a scientific endeavor, And
Frank Drake was the person who broughtthat transformative leap to our civilization. May
we honor his legacy by bringing hisultimate dream to fruition and continue to search
for the answer to perhaps the biggestexistential question of all, Who else is
(15:18):
out there in the universe. Tolisten to all the shows on the x
Zone Broadcast Network, visit www dotXZBN dot net to watch the x Zone
TV channel exclusive to Similtv. Visitwww dot similtv dot com channel thirty two.
(15:41):
Our motto is dare to believe Thereto be heard the x Zone searching
for answers, demanding the truth.Do you have any comments, suggestions,
show ideas Send them to admin atrellheifenma dot com for Realma Connel Media Company
in London, England. I amBrook McGuire.
The following in Foecast is a presentationof the Xloon Broadcast Network, Xoon TV
Channel and Roma McConnell Media Company,broadcasting from Canada to the world and beyond.
Throughout human history, each time we'velooked upward toward the night skies,
(00:20):
glittering canopy of planets, stars,the Milky Way, and more, we
haven't been able to stop ourselves fromwondering just what might be out there.
Were there other stars like the Sun, other worlds like the Earth, and
other living, intelligent, self awarebeings, perhaps not so different from humans
in this vast universe we inhabit asAstronomy and astrophysics developed as sciences over the
(00:46):
centuries and millennia. Our knowledge ofwhat's out there has increased tremendously, but
our wonder at the possibility of lifebeyond Earth has never waned. In nineteen
fifty, famed physicist Enrico Fermi wonderedaloud, but where is everybody? In
twenty twenty two, this question,now known as the Fermi paradox, still
(01:07):
weighs on our collective minds without adefinitive answer. But less than a decade
after Fermi posed his question, scientistFrank Drake set about to transform this question
from a philosophical one into a scientificone. He became the first person to
begin searching for signals of technologically advancedalien life, pioneered the search for extraterrestrial
(01:30):
intelligence. Setti designed the first messageto be broadcast from humanity to any curious
aliens who might be listening, andput forth the first method for estimating the
number of intelligent alien civilizations that mightbe out there right now for us to
communicate, with the Drake equation.On September second, twenty twenty two,
(01:53):
Frank Drake died at the age ofninety two, after a glorious career that
revolutionized his field, but with humanitystill yet to make our first discovery of
life beyond Earth. His legacy willremain with us for generations to come,
and will all have him to thinkwhen we first do discover extraterrestrial life or
(02:14):
even extraterrestrial intelligence for the very firsttime. Drake was the first to realize
the power of radio astronomy for interstellarcommunications between intelligent civilizations. Of all,
the signals that propagate through the universenon travel faster than photons, The massless
(02:34):
particles that compose all the forms oflight in the universe traveling at the speed
of light in a vacuum, andinterstellar slash. Intergalactic space is the best
vacuum in the known universe. Theonly means of communication that are comparably fast
are gravitational waves and cosmic neutrinos,both of which are far more difficult to
(02:54):
detect. Light comes in many differentwavelengths, not just the visible light our
eyes are well adapted to. CThere are shorter wavelengths ultraviolet, X ray,
and gamma ray light, all ofwhich possess greater amounts of energy per
photon than visible light does. Onthe longer wavelength side, there's infrared,
(03:16):
microwave, and radio waves, withlonger wavelengths corresponding to lower energies per photon.
In the case of radio waves,you can create over one million photons
in that frequency range for the sameamount of energy it would cost you to
create a single visible light photon.It's possible to encode a tremendous amount of
(03:38):
information in radio signals by expending verylittle energy relative to every other option.
Although natural radio signals are copious throughoutthe universe, Drake realized that a technologically
advanced alien civilization could deliberately create anunambiguous signal that announced we are here and
we are not. Natural things likemathematically recognizable pulse patterns, video or audio
(04:04):
signals, and other types of encodedinformation could be teased out of any received
radio signal, limited only by theimaginations and technological limitations of the alien species
that chooses to make such a broadcast. Drake became the first to recommend and
conduct a systematic survey of objects ofinterest in the sky searching for such intelligent
(04:27):
alien signals. Although numerous candidates haveemerged over time, none remain that cannot
be explained through natural astrophysical processes.Today, endeavors such as the Search for
Extraterrestrial Intelligence SETI continued Drake's legacy,scouring the full suite of radio data from
the Milky Way galaxy and beyond forany signals that might emerge as deliberate intelligent
(04:53):
creations. Drake also envisioned the possibilitythat, perhaps after thousands or millions of
years years or even longer periods oftime spent announcing their presence to the universe,
intelligent aliens within the Milky Way hadsimply given up on the possibility that
anyone was out there. Perhaps itwas even possible that our terrestrial civilization here
(05:15):
on Earth was the most advanced speciesat the moment. If so, he
realized it would be up to usto be the first to announce our presence
to others. Engaging in an effortknown as either active SETTI or METTI messaging
extraterrestrial intelligence, Drake realized that anincredible amount of power, at least relative
(05:39):
to the power typically used for radiobroadcasts on Earth, would be needed to
create a message that could be receivedby a civilization lying across the vast interstellar
expanse. When the Aircibo telescope inPuerto Rico was completed, Drake designed what's
now known as the air Sibo Message, a simple signal containing only a couple
(06:00):
of hundreds of bytes of information,but one that was unmistakably intelligent in nature,
filled with information about who, what, and where we were, along
with a mathematical code of instructions forunderstanding this message. It was the first
time we ever deliberately broadcasted a messageintended for an intelligent extraterrestrial observer, but
(06:23):
arguably the most enduring contribution Drake evermade to the field of science was through
the equation that now bears his name, the Drake equation. The question of
firmi but where is everybody? Carrieswith it three assumptions that aliens are not
and have never been present on Earth. That if intelligent life is common throughout
(06:45):
the galaxy, then it should onlybe a matter of time before one civilization
technologically advances to the point where they'veexplored the entire galaxy and should have made
contact with us by this point.And therefore something is wrong or at least
puzzling about our line of thinking,and the conclusions were drawing. Where was
the flaw in this argument? Isintelligent life exceedingly uncommon? Perhaps? Could
(07:12):
life be intelligent? But the challengesof interstellar exploration are simply too great,
regardless of technology, given the constraintsimposed by the laws of physics? Are
humans simply too primitive, too uninteresting, or too flawed for any one to
want to make contact with us?Both before and after Drake, ideas such
(07:33):
as this were floated as possible resolutionsto the Fermi paradox. Drake's approach was
revolutionary. To simply ask where areall the aliens? Is too detached from
something we can hope to measure todaywith current technology. Instead, Drake took
the approach of breaking such a complexquestion up into smaller, more digestible components.
(07:59):
Each one of those smaller questions couldpotentially be answered in a scientific fashion,
but each answer would inchest closer tothe overall goal of understanding why our
expectations ought to be for formulating anaccurate estimate for the number of civilizations that
are out there right now for usto communicate with. Drake's breakdown stated that
(08:20):
if you multiplied the star formation ratenumber of new stars formed per year,
which he assumed was constant by thefractions of stars overall that possessed planets,
by the number of earthlike ie potentiallyhabitable planets around each planet possessing star,
by the fraction of those planets wherelife actually does arise, by the fraction
(08:43):
of living planets where intelligent life arises, by the fraction of intelligent life having
planets which reach the level of technologynecessary to receive and send interstellar communications and
which engage in that endeavor, bythe amount of time that such a civilization
exists on average before going extinct,you'd wind up with a number that reflected
(09:07):
how many intelligent civilizations were out thereright now for humanity to communicate with.
The remarkable advance of this approach iseasy to see. Yes, it's true
that in the absence of knowledge ofevery single one of these terms, it's
impossible to make a precise, accurateestimate for how many intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations are
(09:31):
out there. But by breaking alarge, complex problem into smaller, more
digestible components, the Drake equation gaveus a systematic way to begin investigating the
various factors that influence how many extraterrestrialcivilizations are out there, as well as
how many partial successes there are outthere. For each such step along the
(09:52):
way, there should, for example, be many planets out there around stars
with conditions could have led them tobe potentially earthlike, where the raw ingredients
and plausible conditions for life to emergeare present, something we could uncover through
the endeavor of astronomy alone. Thereshould be many instances of inhabited planets out
(10:15):
there in the galaxy and the universewhere life emerged from non life, irrespective
of how complex, differentiated or intelligentthat life ever became, and even if
there are only a few intelligent civilizations, may be even as few as one
around in today's milky Way. Theremay have been many others in the past
(10:35):
who have simply gone extinct through eithernatural means or due to self destruction.
Sure, it's easy to point outnumerous flaws and oversights in the Drake equation
given today's understanding of the universe.For example, the star formation rate changes
over the universe's history, as doesthe fraction of stars that form with planets
(10:56):
around them. This is inevitable ina universe began with a hot Big Bang
a finite amount of time ago andcame into existence without the heavy elements needed
to form rocky planets like Earth orthe raw ingredients for life. But Drake
had no way of knowing this whenhe first formulated his equation. The critical
(11:16):
evidence supporting the hot Big Bang asthe preferred idea for our cosmic origins,
the cosmic microwave background had not yetbeen discovered. Today, we can make
much better estimates of the number ofpotentially earthlike planets that are out there,
and we can be more granular aboutit. How many of them are around
(11:37):
stars of each of the various sizesmasses, lifetimes, and metallicities, i
e. With specific fractions of heavyelements relative to the amount we have in
our own solar system that stars andstellar systems come in. Today, these
numbers are calculable. The idea andthe approach recommended by Drake, however,
(12:00):
have endured, even if some ofthe specifics that he put forth have since
evolved. Today scientists are taking athree pronged approach in their attempts to reach
the one milestone Drake always dreamed wewould some day attain, but never live
to see the discovery of alien lifebeyond Earth exploration of the worlds in our
(12:20):
solar system? Is there dormant orfossilized life on a once wet Mars?
Does life exist high in the earthlikeconditions found in Venus cloud decks? Could
there be life around the hydrothermal ventsat the bottoms of subsurface oceans on moons
like Europa or Enceladus. If lifeis common in the universe, interplanetary paleontology
(12:43):
might lead to its discovery. Searchesfor biosignatures on exoplanets. Visible signatures exist
that Earth is inhabited. The continentsgreen and brown with the seasons. Co
two levels rise and fall annually.Our oxygen rich atmosphere was created by life.
(13:03):
The presence of chlorofluor carbons reveal humanity'spresence. With advances occurring in the
astronomical fields of transit spectroscopy and directplanetary imaging, this is perhaps our best
hope for finding alien life in thecoming decades. Continued searching for extraterrestrial intelligence,
and yet SETTI could still succeed ifsignals from intelligent aliens are out there,
(13:28):
are either via radio signals or fromany other method of communication. We
remain open to the possibility of findingsomething spectacular so long as we continue pushing
the frontiers of how and where andwhen we monitor the universe. Although it
hasn't happened yet, the possibilities forsuccess are continuously increasing with each and every
(13:50):
scientific and technological advance we make onevery one of these fronts. Today,
thousands of scientists worldwide are active inthe hunt for straterrestrial life and extraterrestrial intelligence.
Although we cannot know how or whenit will happen, the day will
no doubt come in the not toodistant future where we discover the presence of
(14:11):
life beyond planet Earth for the veryfirst time. Perhaps it will be primitive
and rare found on a world ora fragment of a world here in our
own Solar system. Perhaps there willbe overwhelming indirect evidence arriving from an exoplanet
orbiting a star many light years fromour own, or perhaps well detected because
we looked at, or listened to, or put a message out into the
(14:35):
universe in just the right way anddiscovered that we weren't alone as intelligent,
technologically advanced life forms after all.One thing, however, is certain.
We're no longer reliant on aliens comingto Earth and announcing their presence to us
if we hope to discover them.Instead, the search for life beyond our
(14:56):
planet, including intelligent life, isnow for only a scientific endeavor, And
Frank Drake was the person who broughtthat transformative leap to our civilization. May
we honor his legacy by bringing hisultimate dream to fruition and continue to search
for the answer to perhaps the biggestexistential question of all, Who else is
(15:18):
out there in the universe. Tolisten to all the shows on the x
Zone Broadcast Network, visit www dotXZBN dot net to watch the x Zone
TV channel exclusive to Similtv. Visitwww dot similtv dot com channel thirty two.
(15:41):
Our motto is dare to believe Thereto be heard the x Zone searching
for answers, demanding the truth.Do you have any comments, suggestions,
show ideas Send them to admin atrellheifenma dot com for Realma Connel Media Company
in London, England. I amBrook McGuire.
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