December 19, 2025 • 30 mins
This week—December 17th—marks the anniversary of the Wright Brothers’ first flight, 121 years ago. Manny discussed how they pulled it off and just how far aviation has come with Nick Engler—an author, pilot, flight historian, and director of the Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company. AND, one of the things that can help anyone turn their life around is gaining a better understanding of how to manage money. Manny learned about a group helping Americans do just that from Kevin Boucher, Director of HOPE Global Forums for Operation HOPE.
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to iHeartRadio Communities, a public affairs special focusing on
the biggest issues in facting you. This week.
Speaker 2 (00:09):
Here's many munios.
Speaker 3 (00:11):
And welcome to another edition of Iheartradios Communities. As you heard,
I am Manny Muno's and I would love a follow
from you on Instagram at iod Manny is my handle
at iodma Ny. This week, December seventeenth marks the one
hundred and twenty first anniversary of the Wright Brothers first flight.
(00:34):
Think about how far we've come in that time. Let's
discuss it with Nick Engler. He's an author of pilot Craftsman,
flight historian, and director of the Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company. Nick,
I appreciate the.
Speaker 4 (00:46):
Time, Thank you, Thank you very much.
Speaker 3 (00:48):
As someone who has rebuilt and flown even some of
these early aircraft, it's hard to imagine where we would
be without this first historic flight.
Speaker 4 (01:00):
That's true. It changed the world in ways that we
never anticipated when it first appeared.
Speaker 3 (01:08):
When when rebuilding some of these early planes, is there
anything that surprises you about the engineering challenges that they
faced one hundred and twenty something years ago.
Speaker 4 (01:21):
Absolutely, the the the first of all they had to
make these things as as light as possible, and at
the time that they were doing this engineering, the standard,
the standard way to make something stronger was just to
add more of it. You need some you just you
(01:41):
just can't do that to an airplane. So they they
their their grandfather was a wagon maker carriages, and carriages
pioneered that light but strong construction. So they weren't completely
working from scratch. They took carriage making and they just
took it to a new level.
Speaker 2 (02:03):
What was it about? What how they did?
Speaker 3 (02:06):
They went Obviously, gliders were the first thing, kind of
you know many of us making paper airplanes when we're
in school. They tested thousands of those, I guess before
they started even considering the idea of powered flight.
Speaker 4 (02:19):
Correct, that's well, that's that's true. They they probably did
hundreds of kites at first, they did just three gliders,
but there their belief when they got into this. You see, Langley,
who was then the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, got
(02:43):
fifty thousand dollars, which is like millions of dollars in
today's money, from the United States Department of War. It
was called war back then. It's called defense now or
war depending on who you who's political beliefs, you sure,
but anyway, but the Department of War gave him fifty
(03:05):
thousand dollars to take an airplane that he it was
an unmanned aircraft, and to scale it up and make
it fly so that they could use it for scouting purposes.
The Right brothers, the Right brothers were very familiar with
language designed for this airplane and knew that it had
(03:28):
absolutely no controls. It was stable, but it could not
be navigated. And they realized that an airplane would be
with a pilot of the board would be useless and
it couldn't be navigated and dangerous as well. So they
got into this believing that all they had to do
was figure out a way to direct the aircraft around
(03:49):
the sky. And they thought originally that they could do
this with They watched birds and they thought, well, we
can do this the way birds do. They can warp
their wings, uh, twist them this way and that to roll,
and they've got an elevator in the back to pitch
up and down.
Speaker 1 (04:09):
Uh.
Speaker 4 (04:09):
They they tried their first two gliders had roll control
that the wings warped and pitch control. There was an
elevator in front rather than him back because they believed
it would be more more useful or they could actually
see what they were doing, h you know, you know
behind them, they they wouldn't know whether they were pitched
(04:31):
up or down. But they they tried this and found
that they couldn't control it until they finally added a rudder.
Birds actually have a rudder in their tail, but they
twist their tail, and the right at this time, there
wasn't you know, the only way you could examine a
bird was to kill it, and people didn't realize that
(04:55):
the birds twisted their tails when they fly. So the
Right Brothers, the Right Brothers a three years added a
rudder to one of their one of their gliders, and
finally found out that that was a navigation. So the
next thing they did is they expected Langley. They expected
(05:16):
Langley when they first got into the expected Langley to
fly before them. Langley was given this money during the
Spanish American War, and he was supposed to have this
thing ready to go for the Spanish American War, which is,
if you remember, was in the last part of the
of the nineteenth century. But he hit all sorts of
(05:38):
problems with this, mainly because he was concentrating on the
engine more than anything else that didn't. And so he
didn't get his man carrying aerodram off the ground until
till nineteen oh three. He was he was contracted by
the Department of War to fly it. Inineteen oh one,
(06:02):
the Wright brothers discovered the navigation system roll, pitch and yaw,
in other words, rudder elevator and wing warping or ailerons
they discovered. They discovered that in in in nineteen o two,
and really and they also were had their ears to
(06:25):
the ground and they realized that the Department of War
was really pressuring Langley to get his thing off, his
airplane off the ground, and he would be uh uh
or they would they would demand the money back, and
Langley had had it spent, so you know, you know,
so they they suddenly realized that if they could put
(06:50):
an engine on this, on this this controllable navigable glider
that they had, they could be the first to fly
uh this. They never even thought about this until nineteen
oh two. And then and so nineteen oh three becomes
a whirl wind of activity as they first look for
(07:10):
an engine, decide there's no engine available that they can use,
so they build their own Wilbert comes up with some
mathematical formulas that allow him to build and carve efficient propellers.
The propellers were actually extremely efficient even by today's standards.
(07:32):
They converted seventy five percent of the energy that we'll
put it into them into thrust, and which is, you know.
Speaker 2 (07:41):
Staggering when you think about it.
Speaker 3 (07:42):
The materials that they had and the math and lack
of technology really that they had, that's it's hard to
imagine that they were able to do that so well?
Speaker 2 (07:52):
Did they? Did?
Speaker 3 (07:53):
They look at this and end up essentially becoming one
of the first government contractors.
Speaker 4 (07:59):
They certainly weren't the first government contractors. I mean, we
had we have government contractors way back in the in
the seventeen nineties ships for US. But but but but
as far as as aircraft were concerned, yes, yes, they
the first. The first contract for a navigable a navigable
(08:25):
airplane was given first to Langley and then to the
Right Brothers.
Speaker 3 (08:28):
A couple more minutes here with Nick Engler, author pilot craftsman,
and he's the director of the Right Brothers Aeroplane Company.
Did they did the Right Brothers view themselves as the
inventor of the airplane because they manage to put it
all together where Langley hadn't.
Speaker 4 (08:45):
No, no, they did not. They never advertised themselves as
the inventor. In fact, if I had them here for
you to interview, they would argue that they never did anything.
Speaker 3 (08:57):
Tell me about the two brothers. I mean, we know
the names, but we don't know anything about them. Could
you just briefly tell me about them? Where they came
from and this interest in in flight?
Speaker 4 (09:08):
Well, they were they they were both born in uh
in Indiana, and they well I think I think Orb
was born here. But their their father was a minister
and uh uh he moved around a lot, mostly in
the Midwest, but uh he he ministered as far west
(09:28):
as Oregon sometimes and dragged his family along along with
him as far as Iowa. But they but when uh,
when he ended up becoming uh the minister of his
own church, it ended up here in Dayton, Ohio. He
was always a forceful and opinionated man. But he he,
(09:54):
he he wanted he wanted his children to be uh individuals,
you know, also also able to express their own ideas.
And he would he would give their he would he
would give them time off from school he would he
would overlook the fact when they played hooky as long
as they spent doing productive things. So Oral and Wilburg
(10:18):
grew up. Wilbur especially just into everything.
Speaker 1 (10:22):
You know.
Speaker 4 (10:23):
They they they they investigated things. They were they were
extremely interested in tools, their grandfather being a wagon maker
and uh uh. They they made their own printing presses
at some point. I don't know if you've ever actually printed. Yeah,
well if you don't know if you're printed using the
(10:46):
type of technology that they had. But printing is a
lot like making things. You have all these little pieces
that you have to put together to form the words
and then the paragraphs and then the printing plate itself.
So it was it was a lot of handwork and
they were very very good at it, good enough to
start their own newspaper at that point. They were also
(11:08):
because of the fact that I think that they were
so intelligent, they also got bored. I mean they went
from printing to newspapers to bicycles, you know, they they
were and they made a business out of each of
these things that they became interested in, not because they
wanted to make money, but because they were interested in well,
one of the things that they were that they got
(11:30):
into when they were doing newspapers, is they they got
into the news itself, especially the aviation news in the
eighteen nineties, the aviation news was I mean, you were
just on tenderhooks. It was like it was it was
like that air that time, right before we landed on
the Moon. We knew it were going to do it,
(11:51):
but nobody knew. Nobody knew whether it would be US
or Russia. And uh, the Wright brothers were part of
that part of that group that knew sooner or later
we were going to we were going to fly a
person in a mechanical contraption, right, mechanical flying machine, but
nobody knew who it was going to be. And the
(12:12):
Wright brothers never never, But they also would have believed
that once it was done that they could build flying.
Speaker 3 (12:18):
Let me ask you about that, just a couple of
final questions here in the last minute and a half
or so that we have. I think it was thirty
nine or forty years after that first flight that the
first rocket was launched into space, and then I think
it was like sixty six or sixty seven years after
the first flight that we put a man on the
moon and returned him safely to Earth. What do you
(12:39):
what do you think about how that all happened so
quickly and the technology or lack thereof it was accomplished
where that's when you stop and think about it.
Speaker 2 (12:49):
It's absolutely jaw dropping, is it not?
Speaker 4 (12:52):
Oh well, it is, but look at it in the
bigger in the bigger context, you can you can say
that about every scientist, think and technological adventure that mankind
has ever been on from the nineteenth century to the
twentieth century to the twenty first century has just been
a whirlwind. We went from we went from barely having
batteries in the eighteen twenties to having computers run our
(13:16):
lives in the twenty twenties. It's just that it's two
hundred years nothing, nothing, We've been on this We've been
on this planet as a species for at least a
million years and in the lack of come.
Speaker 2 (13:31):
Yeah, that's fascinating.
Speaker 3 (13:33):
To commemorate the anniversary, Is there anything that our listeners
can go check out the Secret of Flight program or
something like that.
Speaker 2 (13:41):
Is there a website?
Speaker 4 (13:42):
Yes, you can. You can go to the Right Brothers,
the Right Brothers website.
Speaker 3 (13:48):
Right Brothers dot Org, wr Ight Dash Brothers dot oorg.
Speaker 2 (13:56):
Nick, I really appreciate the time.
Speaker 4 (13:57):
Thanks so much, best of luck, well, thank you and
have a good December the seventeenth.
Speaker 3 (14:03):
Just a reminder, if you have any questions or comments,
you could follow me on Instagram at iod Manny as
my handle at iodma n Y. One of the things
that can help turn any life around is helping people
better understand how to manage their money, no matter how
much or how little they have, discuss with the ideas
(14:25):
we bring in. Kevin Bouchet is Director of Hope for
Global Forums for Operation Hope. Kevin, I appreciate the time,
thanks for joining us, Thank.
Speaker 1 (14:33):
You Manny, appreciate you having on and thanks for all
your years of service to the Miami community and helping
us talk at each talk with each other, not at
each other. I appreciate it.
Speaker 2 (14:41):
I sincerely appreciate that.
Speaker 3 (14:42):
Let's start off by asking you what is Operation Hope
and how did they come to be about?
Speaker 1 (14:50):
Sure? Absolutely so. Operation Hope is now currently the largest
financial education organization nonprofit in the country. We came out
of the nineteen ninety two to civil unrest that followed
the acquittals and the Rodney King beating trials in Los Angeles,
and really it was about watching. You know, there was
those of us who lived through that in Los Angeles
watched our city burn. Our founder was from south central
(15:13):
Los Angeles and said, you know, why are we burning
down our own communities? And the apparition was that because
we don't own anything in our own community, so there's
no skin in the game, there's no stakeholders. So our
original idea is if we could create stakeholders, we could
build stakeholder communities and that could thrive. But what we
learned is you can give people tools, but as we
(15:35):
all know what the old saying, you got to teach
them how to fish right. And what we discovered was,
you know, even today, there's thousands of apps and programs
and learning learning tools out there for finance, but much
like physical fitness. You know, we all know McDonald's isn't
good for us, right, but fast food is a thriving
business in this country. It's really about mindset and finding
(15:55):
the strength and the hope and the aspiration that you
can achieve what you wanted to achieve, and there's a
pathway for you forward.
Speaker 3 (16:04):
You talk about one of the things I see here
is moving from civil rights to silver rights. What does
that mean in terms of what operation Hope does?
Speaker 1 (16:13):
Sure? Absolutely so. Again going back to that mindset piece
is where you know, effectively most folks and particularly black
Americans have been locked out, effectively locked out of the
free enterprise system. They never got the memo on how
to participate. So Abraham Lincoln tried after the pre reconstruction
with creation the Freedman's Bank, which was founded just to
(16:35):
teach free slaves how to handle money and how to
operate in commerce and free enterprise that was obviously undermined.
So civil rights, it was really about legislative victories in
a sense. It was about codifying into laws certain rights
and privileges right who exist as a citizen to have
equity in housing and in voting and in opening bank
(16:57):
accounts and so on, silver rights, as we call it.
At that next step, which was actually doctor King's final movement,
he called it the Poor People's Campaign prior to his assassination,
where it was about economic equity and economic participation, but
really about having economic opportunity. Right. If you're in a
redline neighborhood, it doesn't matter how good your credit score
(17:18):
is or how much down payment you have, you're effectively
locked out of certain neighborhoods in order to prosper, thrive
and grows your intergenerational progress, your access to the American dream,
you're effectively shut out of. And that's no longer just
black Americans as Latino Americans. That's women, that's poor, poor
or rural and urban Americans. It's everybody who's living paycheck
(17:39):
to paycheck and doesn't have the opportunity to fully thrive
in today's economy.
Speaker 3 (17:44):
One thing is teaching people, I guess, what we would
call financial literacy, and another is actually them being able
because of their circumstances to get from here to there.
Speaker 2 (17:56):
How do you bridge those two divides?
Speaker 1 (17:59):
Absolutely? So one part is there's two parts of that really.
So the first part is the tools, right, it's the
act actually taking steps to do that. So if you've
got a five hundred and eighty credit score, you are
effectively locked out. As I spoke to earlier, you're not
going to get a mortgage. If you can get a car,
you're going to be dealing with a predatory situation which
(18:21):
is going to put you in a cycle of debt
and repossession and just make a bad situation worse if
you can get up to six eighty. On the other hand,
now you've unlocked all kinds of opportunity, lower interest rate,
it's better loan terms, the opportunity to own a home,
which is really the great last piece of social mobility
and achieving the American dream. Here that's open to most people.
(18:43):
So just that credit score alone transforms your life. It's
not sexy work, you know what I mean, But it's
a lot of what our financial coaches do, and we're
in three hundred and fifty cities around the country offering
a no charge our services. It starts usually with getting
folks their credit score up. Then we help people fulfill
their aspirations, right, So we're turning renters and homeowners and
(19:06):
small business streamers into entrepreneurs that are thriving. And then
credit invisibles the folks who are unbankable into actual bankable,
bankable clients and customers. And so that's who we're creating
win wins for our partners because we're taking unbankable folks
and turning them into actual thriving consumers. So it starts
with a credit card. So it's really about people don't
want a mortgage they want a home, right, they don't
(19:27):
want capital, they want a business. So it's creating those
pathways and making them believe that they can do it
and that they have the opportunity.
Speaker 3 (19:35):
There have a few more minutes here with Kevin Bouchet
is Director of Hope for Global Forums for Operation Hope.
The website, by the way, is Operation Hoope dot org,
Operation Hope dot o.
Speaker 2 (19:48):
Rg Uh.
Speaker 3 (19:49):
How do you get the word out to people that
you are available to them?
Speaker 1 (19:55):
Sure? Absolutely, great question, Manny. So obviously doing shows like
this and thank you for the opportunity, ready to be
here and sharing our details. It's we advertise through promotions
events are our founders out kind of carrying the message.
But really we have this network of like I said,
three hundred and fifty cities serving fifteen hundred locations. Most
(20:17):
of them are underwritten by different partners. We're in the
community and all our services are free. And our coaches,
as we call them, are like a personal trainer for
your finance, just like a personal trainer for your physical fitness.
We're going to set your goals, get under the hood,
stick with you when you're wanting to fall off all
of that, and work with you so you're done, and
we're an honest broker. We don't sell any products or services.
(20:39):
Everything is at no charge. It's underwritten by our partners.
And we're also in We went from being on the
ground brick and mortar community, which we still have obviously
digital which you can access anyone in the world can
access at no charge through operational dot org. And also
we're in workforce. Workplaces now live in paycheck. The paycheck,
like I said, as an American problem. So we're serving
companies like Delta and Walmart and ups and churches and
(21:04):
school districts and police departments and fire departments all over
America where companies are seeing this as a benefit to
invest in the financial wellbeing of their employees and they
get a return with better productivity, much like healthcare was.
It was a benefit came to the forefront fifty sixty
years ago.
Speaker 2 (21:19):
Yeah, you mentioned school districts.
Speaker 3 (21:21):
It strikes me that in this day and age, I'm
not sure how much financial literacy is even.
Speaker 2 (21:27):
Taught in schools anymore.
Speaker 3 (21:29):
I remember a long time ago, forty fifty years ago,
when I was in school, we had to learn how
to balance a checkbook and write a check and budget ourselves.
I'm not sure those things are taught, but that's probably
the time. Why how when you want to affect people,
isn't it?
Speaker 1 (21:44):
Absolutely? Absolutely, And we've actually started a program. We do
a lot of initiatives too, so we lent to move
minds people and people in the community. We also kind
of move parts, so we work in with initiatives. And
one of the things we have with the Atlanta School
District is child Savings accounts, so every the garden that
comes into the Atlanta School District is set up can
opt into a child Savings account from the minute they
(22:06):
get in. We offer financial education for the teachers, for
the parents, and for the students all across their journey
so that they leave hopefully with a fully vested account
upon graduation that will support them in college, support them
in starting a business, or support them in buying a
home and also learning the financial education along the way.
And we have another initiative called Financial Literacy for All
(22:27):
that we co founded with the CEO Walmart, Doug McMillan,
and a whole bunch of big brands like Disney in
the NFL and Nike, etc. Who are lending their reach
and marketing skill to driving a movement around bringing financial
literacy back into schools. There's a lot of other orgs
involved as well. They've been leading the charge. So just
even in the last five years, there was only twenty
(22:48):
three schools mandating financial education in the country. It's now
up to getting close to forty. So there is progresses
and bringing that back, and people are seeing the urgency.
Speaker 3 (22:56):
Of that progress as slow as it may be, but
there is progress, saying you're saying there's a chance, Kevin. Absolutely,
you talked about the fact that Operation Hope doesn't sell anything.
You're really just trying to inform and uplift people. But
you do need to, you know, to pay the bill somehow.
You have I imagine partnerships that help you with all
(23:19):
of this because you're a nonprofit, you.
Speaker 1 (23:21):
Bet, so our partners are typically underwrite our delivery model,
which is these coaches in the community, and I can
give you a quick, full circle example of how that
helps everybody win. So these are win wins for everyone,
including our partners. Right. So, Fulton Bank, which is kind
of a mini regional bank out of the Newark, Philly area,
(23:42):
is a partner of ours. So they're specifically focused on
home ownership. They want to put people in the homes,
and there's what's called LMI designation's Low and Modern income communities.
Those are some of the most entrenched, hard to crack,
impoverished communities in the nation. The Census Bureau designates that
and banks are direct to help support capital into those communities.
(24:03):
So we're helping a bank fulfill its promise. And in
five years with Fulton Bank, we've been able to write
over one point two billion with a B billion dollars
in mortgages. And this is not Chase or Bank of America.
This is Fulton Bank, a great bank by the way,
but it's a small regional bank. One point two billion
in mortgages for LMI communities. Those are families Low and
Modern Income designated communities in Philadelphia and Newark. That's helped
(24:26):
over five thousand families get into homes. And that's inner
generational wealth. So when the win there is every time
they pay that note, they're getting equity in their home,
and then when they you know, die or sell, they
can pass that out to their children. So now you're
creating stakeholders. When I back to my initial conversation and
remarks about stakeholder communities. Now you're creating that.
Speaker 5 (24:46):
At scale, and these are some of the lowest income
areas in Philadelphia and Newer and over in ten years
that the equity in those homes we worth roughly three
billion dollars, So I mean it's really that's.
Speaker 1 (24:58):
In wealth of states inside the community. That's how and
then the bank is obviously getting customers and we're helping
people and the communities are thriving. So it's kind of
that win win for everyone.
Speaker 3 (25:10):
What would a corporate leader, business owner that wanted to
get involved, likes the idea of what Operation Hope does,
how would they go about finding how they can be
part of it?
Speaker 1 (25:21):
They can go to Operational dot org and as a
partnership info section, or they can write me directly at
Kevin dot Bouchet looks like Boucher Bias and boyou chgr
at Operationhope dot org and I'll be happy to get
anyone connected in the right place. So we work with NGOs,
faith based organizations, federal, state and local government officials. Is
(25:43):
a police departments, fire departments. There's a role for everybody
to help. We consider this a movement. The economic opportunity
for everyone is what's going to keep this country great
and everybody deserves a chance. That's why everyone still wants
to come to America. Right in spite of all the
things that we're dealing with regularly, Folks still want to
come here because this is where opportunity happens and where
opportunity matters. And we want to help bring any NC
(26:07):
and any organization together a partner to figure out how
we can improve lives and provide opportunity for anyone who
wants it.
Speaker 3 (26:13):
Are you are you able to track the outcomes? For example,
somebody comes to you, you help them understand financial literacy,
how to budget themselves. You help them improve their credit scores.
Do you know how well they're doing two years, five
years down the line.
Speaker 1 (26:31):
Absolutely. So we have our own internal measurement department that
Hope Research and Impact Institute. So every single client that
comes in, we track their entire journey so we can
tell you where how they're doing, where they're doing it
by partner, by city, by zip code, all of that
so we can measure on average. Just to give you
the stats, roughly, our average client within six months improves
(26:54):
their credit score by forty points.
Speaker 2 (26:56):
Wow.
Speaker 1 (26:56):
The average client reduces debt by just under two thousand,
and increases savings might just under three thousand dollars. So
that that's the generalized metrics and impact that we make.
That varies obviously by partner and partner community community. But yes,
every single person that comes in our door, it's anonymized,
of course, but we track their entire progress and report
(27:17):
that out on a lifetime basis.
Speaker 2 (27:19):
That's fascinating.
Speaker 3 (27:20):
Last thing for you, we're living really in a new
world of finance and the economy and everything else have
you is part of the plan and the program that
you offer people. Does it take AI, for example, into
account artificial intelligence or or crypto and some of this
kind of stuff that is just really blowing up right now?
Speaker 1 (27:41):
You bet. Actually, we're quite proud to be at the
forefront of both. When the whole Game Meme Stock thing
was happening three years back, we used our whole Global
Forms which is our convening and fought leadership platform, to
have a special edition crypto edition. We took we actually
sat down the crypto industry and the federal regulatory and
got them literally at the table for the first time ever,
(28:03):
instead of talking against each other or at each other,
talking with each other and formed an investor Bill of
Wrights that Robinhood was an original signatory on. And what
we found out and what everyone found out, was the
industry really wanted some regulatory clarity because their business model
depended on figuring out how to operate, and the government
obviously was willing to lean in and make sure that
consumers were protected. And we've been at the forefront of
(28:26):
AI as well. We just announced the whole new initiative
at the Forum last week called Hope AI, which is
a way with partners like Van Jones and dream Works
and the United Arab Emirates Minister of AI having a
global movement of take how do we scale what we
do using technology to reach even more people? And our
goal is to have fifteen thousand locations using our networks,
(28:48):
and we have Big Brothers and Big Sisters on board
and a whole bunch of other nonprofits and governmental organizations
and the tech industry to help distribute this at scale.
Using AI to help reach more people never removed the
human factor, which I like to say is our secret sauce,
that kind of personal trainer for your own finance. But
how do we use AI and technology and partnerships public
(29:09):
and private to leverage that to scale.
Speaker 3 (29:11):
Operation Hope dot org is the website you could go to.
Operation Hope dot org. Kevin Bouschet has been director is
Director of Hope Global Forms for Operation Hope. Really appreciate
the time, best in luck with all of this. It
is absolutely fascinating.
Speaker 1 (29:29):
Have a happy holiday, thanks, man, I appreciate you. Happy
holidays to you and thanks for having us on.
Speaker 3 (29:34):
As always, I'd love a follow on Instagram and I
follow back at IOD.
Speaker 2 (29:39):
Manny is my handle at IOD, M A and n Y.
Speaker 3 (29:45):
And that'll do it for another edition of Iheartradios Communities.
Speaker 2 (29:49):
I'm Manny Muno's Until next time, m
Welcome to iHeartRadio Communities, a public affairs special focusing on
the biggest issues in facting you. This week.
Speaker 2 (00:09):
Here's many munios.
Speaker 3 (00:11):
And welcome to another edition of Iheartradios Communities. As you heard,
I am Manny Muno's and I would love a follow
from you on Instagram at iod Manny is my handle
at iodma Ny. This week, December seventeenth marks the one
hundred and twenty first anniversary of the Wright Brothers first flight.
(00:34):
Think about how far we've come in that time. Let's
discuss it with Nick Engler. He's an author of pilot Craftsman,
flight historian, and director of the Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company. Nick,
I appreciate the.
Speaker 4 (00:46):
Time, Thank you, Thank you very much.
Speaker 3 (00:48):
As someone who has rebuilt and flown even some of
these early aircraft, it's hard to imagine where we would
be without this first historic flight.
Speaker 4 (01:00):
That's true. It changed the world in ways that we
never anticipated when it first appeared.
Speaker 3 (01:08):
When when rebuilding some of these early planes, is there
anything that surprises you about the engineering challenges that they
faced one hundred and twenty something years ago.
Speaker 4 (01:21):
Absolutely, the the the first of all they had to
make these things as as light as possible, and at
the time that they were doing this engineering, the standard,
the standard way to make something stronger was just to
add more of it. You need some you just you
(01:41):
just can't do that to an airplane. So they they
their their grandfather was a wagon maker carriages, and carriages
pioneered that light but strong construction. So they weren't completely
working from scratch. They took carriage making and they just
took it to a new level.
Speaker 2 (02:03):
What was it about? What how they did?
Speaker 3 (02:06):
They went Obviously, gliders were the first thing, kind of
you know many of us making paper airplanes when we're
in school. They tested thousands of those, I guess before
they started even considering the idea of powered flight.
Speaker 4 (02:19):
Correct, that's well, that's that's true. They they probably did
hundreds of kites at first, they did just three gliders,
but there their belief when they got into this. You see, Langley,
who was then the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, got
(02:43):
fifty thousand dollars, which is like millions of dollars in
today's money, from the United States Department of War. It
was called war back then. It's called defense now or
war depending on who you who's political beliefs, you sure,
but anyway, but the Department of War gave him fifty
(03:05):
thousand dollars to take an airplane that he it was
an unmanned aircraft, and to scale it up and make
it fly so that they could use it for scouting purposes.
The Right brothers, the Right brothers were very familiar with
language designed for this airplane and knew that it had
(03:28):
absolutely no controls. It was stable, but it could not
be navigated. And they realized that an airplane would be
with a pilot of the board would be useless and
it couldn't be navigated and dangerous as well. So they
got into this believing that all they had to do
was figure out a way to direct the aircraft around
(03:49):
the sky. And they thought originally that they could do
this with They watched birds and they thought, well, we
can do this the way birds do. They can warp
their wings, uh, twist them this way and that to roll,
and they've got an elevator in the back to pitch
up and down.
Speaker 1 (04:09):
Uh.
Speaker 4 (04:09):
They they tried their first two gliders had roll control
that the wings warped and pitch control. There was an
elevator in front rather than him back because they believed
it would be more more useful or they could actually
see what they were doing, h you know, you know
behind them, they they wouldn't know whether they were pitched
(04:31):
up or down. But they they tried this and found
that they couldn't control it until they finally added a rudder.
Birds actually have a rudder in their tail, but they
twist their tail, and the right at this time, there
wasn't you know, the only way you could examine a
bird was to kill it, and people didn't realize that
(04:55):
the birds twisted their tails when they fly. So the
Right Brothers, the Right Brothers a three years added a
rudder to one of their one of their gliders, and
finally found out that that was a navigation. So the
next thing they did is they expected Langley. They expected
(05:16):
Langley when they first got into the expected Langley to
fly before them. Langley was given this money during the
Spanish American War, and he was supposed to have this
thing ready to go for the Spanish American War, which is,
if you remember, was in the last part of the
of the nineteenth century. But he hit all sorts of
(05:38):
problems with this, mainly because he was concentrating on the
engine more than anything else that didn't. And so he
didn't get his man carrying aerodram off the ground until
till nineteen oh three. He was he was contracted by
the Department of War to fly it. Inineteen oh one,
(06:02):
the Wright brothers discovered the navigation system roll, pitch and yaw,
in other words, rudder elevator and wing warping or ailerons
they discovered. They discovered that in in in nineteen o two,
and really and they also were had their ears to
(06:25):
the ground and they realized that the Department of War
was really pressuring Langley to get his thing off, his
airplane off the ground, and he would be uh uh
or they would they would demand the money back, and
Langley had had it spent, so you know, you know,
so they they suddenly realized that if they could put
(06:50):
an engine on this, on this this controllable navigable glider
that they had, they could be the first to fly
uh this. They never even thought about this until nineteen
oh two. And then and so nineteen oh three becomes
a whirl wind of activity as they first look for
(07:10):
an engine, decide there's no engine available that they can use,
so they build their own Wilbert comes up with some
mathematical formulas that allow him to build and carve efficient propellers.
The propellers were actually extremely efficient even by today's standards.
(07:32):
They converted seventy five percent of the energy that we'll
put it into them into thrust, and which is, you know.
Speaker 2 (07:41):
Staggering when you think about it.
Speaker 3 (07:42):
The materials that they had and the math and lack
of technology really that they had, that's it's hard to
imagine that they were able to do that so well?
Speaker 2 (07:52):
Did they? Did?
Speaker 3 (07:53):
They look at this and end up essentially becoming one
of the first government contractors.
Speaker 4 (07:59):
They certainly weren't the first government contractors. I mean, we
had we have government contractors way back in the in
the seventeen nineties ships for US. But but but but
as far as as aircraft were concerned, yes, yes, they
the first. The first contract for a navigable a navigable
(08:25):
airplane was given first to Langley and then to the
Right Brothers.
Speaker 3 (08:28):
A couple more minutes here with Nick Engler, author pilot craftsman,
and he's the director of the Right Brothers Aeroplane Company.
Did they did the Right Brothers view themselves as the
inventor of the airplane because they manage to put it
all together where Langley hadn't.
Speaker 4 (08:45):
No, no, they did not. They never advertised themselves as
the inventor. In fact, if I had them here for
you to interview, they would argue that they never did anything.
Speaker 3 (08:57):
Tell me about the two brothers. I mean, we know
the names, but we don't know anything about them. Could
you just briefly tell me about them? Where they came
from and this interest in in flight?
Speaker 4 (09:08):
Well, they were they they were both born in uh
in Indiana, and they well I think I think Orb
was born here. But their their father was a minister
and uh uh he moved around a lot, mostly in
the Midwest, but uh he he ministered as far west
(09:28):
as Oregon sometimes and dragged his family along along with
him as far as Iowa. But they but when uh,
when he ended up becoming uh the minister of his
own church, it ended up here in Dayton, Ohio. He
was always a forceful and opinionated man. But he he,
(09:54):
he he wanted he wanted his children to be uh individuals,
you know, also also able to express their own ideas.
And he would he would give their he would he
would give them time off from school he would he
would overlook the fact when they played hooky as long
as they spent doing productive things. So Oral and Wilburg
(10:18):
grew up. Wilbur especially just into everything.
Speaker 1 (10:22):
You know.
Speaker 4 (10:23):
They they they they investigated things. They were they were
extremely interested in tools, their grandfather being a wagon maker
and uh uh. They they made their own printing presses
at some point. I don't know if you've ever actually printed. Yeah,
well if you don't know if you're printed using the
(10:46):
type of technology that they had. But printing is a
lot like making things. You have all these little pieces
that you have to put together to form the words
and then the paragraphs and then the printing plate itself.
So it was it was a lot of handwork and
they were very very good at it, good enough to
start their own newspaper at that point. They were also
(11:08):
because of the fact that I think that they were
so intelligent, they also got bored. I mean they went
from printing to newspapers to bicycles, you know, they they
were and they made a business out of each of
these things that they became interested in, not because they
wanted to make money, but because they were interested in well,
one of the things that they were that they got
(11:30):
into when they were doing newspapers, is they they got
into the news itself, especially the aviation news in the
eighteen nineties, the aviation news was I mean, you were
just on tenderhooks. It was like it was it was
like that air that time, right before we landed on
the Moon. We knew it were going to do it,
(11:51):
but nobody knew. Nobody knew whether it would be US
or Russia. And uh, the Wright brothers were part of
that part of that group that knew sooner or later
we were going to we were going to fly a
person in a mechanical contraption, right, mechanical flying machine, but
nobody knew who it was going to be. And the
(12:12):
Wright brothers never never, But they also would have believed
that once it was done that they could build flying.
Speaker 3 (12:18):
Let me ask you about that, just a couple of
final questions here in the last minute and a half
or so that we have. I think it was thirty
nine or forty years after that first flight that the
first rocket was launched into space, and then I think
it was like sixty six or sixty seven years after
the first flight that we put a man on the
moon and returned him safely to Earth. What do you
(12:39):
what do you think about how that all happened so
quickly and the technology or lack thereof it was accomplished
where that's when you stop and think about it.
Speaker 2 (12:49):
It's absolutely jaw dropping, is it not?
Speaker 4 (12:52):
Oh well, it is, but look at it in the
bigger in the bigger context, you can you can say
that about every scientist, think and technological adventure that mankind
has ever been on from the nineteenth century to the
twentieth century to the twenty first century has just been
a whirlwind. We went from we went from barely having
batteries in the eighteen twenties to having computers run our
(13:16):
lives in the twenty twenties. It's just that it's two
hundred years nothing, nothing, We've been on this We've been
on this planet as a species for at least a
million years and in the lack of come.
Speaker 2 (13:31):
Yeah, that's fascinating.
Speaker 3 (13:33):
To commemorate the anniversary, Is there anything that our listeners
can go check out the Secret of Flight program or
something like that.
Speaker 2 (13:41):
Is there a website?
Speaker 4 (13:42):
Yes, you can. You can go to the Right Brothers,
the Right Brothers website.
Speaker 3 (13:48):
Right Brothers dot Org, wr Ight Dash Brothers dot oorg.
Speaker 2 (13:56):
Nick, I really appreciate the time.
Speaker 4 (13:57):
Thanks so much, best of luck, well, thank you and
have a good December the seventeenth.
Speaker 3 (14:03):
Just a reminder, if you have any questions or comments,
you could follow me on Instagram at iod Manny as
my handle at iodma n Y. One of the things
that can help turn any life around is helping people
better understand how to manage their money, no matter how
much or how little they have, discuss with the ideas
(14:25):
we bring in. Kevin Bouchet is Director of Hope for
Global Forums for Operation Hope. Kevin, I appreciate the time,
thanks for joining us, Thank.
Speaker 1 (14:33):
You Manny, appreciate you having on and thanks for all
your years of service to the Miami community and helping
us talk at each talk with each other, not at
each other. I appreciate it.
Speaker 2 (14:41):
I sincerely appreciate that.
Speaker 3 (14:42):
Let's start off by asking you what is Operation Hope
and how did they come to be about?
Speaker 1 (14:50):
Sure? Absolutely so. Operation Hope is now currently the largest
financial education organization nonprofit in the country. We came out
of the nineteen ninety two to civil unrest that followed
the acquittals and the Rodney King beating trials in Los Angeles,
and really it was about watching. You know, there was
those of us who lived through that in Los Angeles
watched our city burn. Our founder was from south central
(15:13):
Los Angeles and said, you know, why are we burning
down our own communities? And the apparition was that because
we don't own anything in our own community, so there's
no skin in the game, there's no stakeholders. So our
original idea is if we could create stakeholders, we could
build stakeholder communities and that could thrive. But what we
learned is you can give people tools, but as we
(15:35):
all know what the old saying, you got to teach
them how to fish right. And what we discovered was,
you know, even today, there's thousands of apps and programs
and learning learning tools out there for finance, but much
like physical fitness. You know, we all know McDonald's isn't
good for us, right, but fast food is a thriving
business in this country. It's really about mindset and finding
(15:55):
the strength and the hope and the aspiration that you
can achieve what you wanted to achieve, and there's a
pathway for you forward.
Speaker 3 (16:04):
You talk about one of the things I see here
is moving from civil rights to silver rights. What does
that mean in terms of what operation Hope does?
Speaker 1 (16:13):
Sure? Absolutely so. Again going back to that mindset piece
is where you know, effectively most folks and particularly black
Americans have been locked out, effectively locked out of the
free enterprise system. They never got the memo on how
to participate. So Abraham Lincoln tried after the pre reconstruction
with creation the Freedman's Bank, which was founded just to
(16:35):
teach free slaves how to handle money and how to
operate in commerce and free enterprise that was obviously undermined.
So civil rights, it was really about legislative victories in
a sense. It was about codifying into laws certain rights
and privileges right who exist as a citizen to have
equity in housing and in voting and in opening bank
(16:57):
accounts and so on, silver rights, as we call it.
At that next step, which was actually doctor King's final movement,
he called it the Poor People's Campaign prior to his assassination,
where it was about economic equity and economic participation, but
really about having economic opportunity. Right. If you're in a
redline neighborhood, it doesn't matter how good your credit score
(17:18):
is or how much down payment you have, you're effectively
locked out of certain neighborhoods in order to prosper, thrive
and grows your intergenerational progress, your access to the American dream,
you're effectively shut out of. And that's no longer just
black Americans as Latino Americans. That's women, that's poor, poor
or rural and urban Americans. It's everybody who's living paycheck
(17:39):
to paycheck and doesn't have the opportunity to fully thrive
in today's economy.
Speaker 3 (17:44):
One thing is teaching people, I guess, what we would
call financial literacy, and another is actually them being able
because of their circumstances to get from here to there.
Speaker 2 (17:56):
How do you bridge those two divides?
Speaker 1 (17:59):
Absolutely? So one part is there's two parts of that really.
So the first part is the tools, right, it's the
act actually taking steps to do that. So if you've
got a five hundred and eighty credit score, you are
effectively locked out. As I spoke to earlier, you're not
going to get a mortgage. If you can get a car,
you're going to be dealing with a predatory situation which
(18:21):
is going to put you in a cycle of debt
and repossession and just make a bad situation worse if
you can get up to six eighty. On the other hand,
now you've unlocked all kinds of opportunity, lower interest rate,
it's better loan terms, the opportunity to own a home,
which is really the great last piece of social mobility
and achieving the American dream. Here that's open to most people.
(18:43):
So just that credit score alone transforms your life. It's
not sexy work, you know what I mean, But it's
a lot of what our financial coaches do, and we're
in three hundred and fifty cities around the country offering
a no charge our services. It starts usually with getting
folks their credit score up. Then we help people fulfill
their aspirations, right, So we're turning renters and homeowners and
(19:06):
small business streamers into entrepreneurs that are thriving. And then
credit invisibles the folks who are unbankable into actual bankable,
bankable clients and customers. And so that's who we're creating
win wins for our partners because we're taking unbankable folks
and turning them into actual thriving consumers. So it starts
with a credit card. So it's really about people don't
want a mortgage they want a home, right, they don't
(19:27):
want capital, they want a business. So it's creating those
pathways and making them believe that they can do it
and that they have the opportunity.
Speaker 3 (19:35):
There have a few more minutes here with Kevin Bouchet
is Director of Hope for Global Forums for Operation Hope.
The website, by the way, is Operation Hoope dot org,
Operation Hope dot o.
Speaker 2 (19:48):
Rg Uh.
Speaker 3 (19:49):
How do you get the word out to people that
you are available to them?
Speaker 1 (19:55):
Sure? Absolutely, great question, Manny. So obviously doing shows like
this and thank you for the opportunity, ready to be
here and sharing our details. It's we advertise through promotions
events are our founders out kind of carrying the message.
But really we have this network of like I said,
three hundred and fifty cities serving fifteen hundred locations. Most
(20:17):
of them are underwritten by different partners. We're in the
community and all our services are free. And our coaches,
as we call them, are like a personal trainer for
your finance, just like a personal trainer for your physical fitness.
We're going to set your goals, get under the hood,
stick with you when you're wanting to fall off all
of that, and work with you so you're done, and
we're an honest broker. We don't sell any products or services.
(20:39):
Everything is at no charge. It's underwritten by our partners.
And we're also in We went from being on the
ground brick and mortar community, which we still have obviously
digital which you can access anyone in the world can
access at no charge through operational dot org. And also
we're in workforce. Workplaces now live in paycheck. The paycheck,
like I said, as an American problem. So we're serving
companies like Delta and Walmart and ups and churches and
(21:04):
school districts and police departments and fire departments all over
America where companies are seeing this as a benefit to
invest in the financial wellbeing of their employees and they
get a return with better productivity, much like healthcare was.
It was a benefit came to the forefront fifty sixty
years ago.
Speaker 2 (21:19):
Yeah, you mentioned school districts.
Speaker 3 (21:21):
It strikes me that in this day and age, I'm
not sure how much financial literacy is even.
Speaker 2 (21:27):
Taught in schools anymore.
Speaker 3 (21:29):
I remember a long time ago, forty fifty years ago,
when I was in school, we had to learn how
to balance a checkbook and write a check and budget ourselves.
I'm not sure those things are taught, but that's probably
the time. Why how when you want to affect people,
isn't it?
Speaker 1 (21:44):
Absolutely? Absolutely, And we've actually started a program. We do
a lot of initiatives too, so we lent to move
minds people and people in the community. We also kind
of move parts, so we work in with initiatives. And
one of the things we have with the Atlanta School
District is child Savings accounts, so every the garden that
comes into the Atlanta School District is set up can
opt into a child Savings account from the minute they
(22:06):
get in. We offer financial education for the teachers, for
the parents, and for the students all across their journey
so that they leave hopefully with a fully vested account
upon graduation that will support them in college, support them
in starting a business, or support them in buying a
home and also learning the financial education along the way.
And we have another initiative called Financial Literacy for All
(22:27):
that we co founded with the CEO Walmart, Doug McMillan,
and a whole bunch of big brands like Disney in
the NFL and Nike, etc. Who are lending their reach
and marketing skill to driving a movement around bringing financial
literacy back into schools. There's a lot of other orgs
involved as well. They've been leading the charge. So just
even in the last five years, there was only twenty
(22:48):
three schools mandating financial education in the country. It's now
up to getting close to forty. So there is progresses
and bringing that back, and people are seeing the urgency.
Speaker 3 (22:56):
Of that progress as slow as it may be, but
there is progress, saying you're saying there's a chance, Kevin. Absolutely,
you talked about the fact that Operation Hope doesn't sell anything.
You're really just trying to inform and uplift people. But
you do need to, you know, to pay the bill somehow.
You have I imagine partnerships that help you with all
(23:19):
of this because you're a nonprofit, you.
Speaker 1 (23:21):
Bet, so our partners are typically underwrite our delivery model,
which is these coaches in the community, and I can
give you a quick, full circle example of how that
helps everybody win. So these are win wins for everyone,
including our partners. Right. So, Fulton Bank, which is kind
of a mini regional bank out of the Newark, Philly area,
(23:42):
is a partner of ours. So they're specifically focused on
home ownership. They want to put people in the homes,
and there's what's called LMI designation's Low and Modern income communities.
Those are some of the most entrenched, hard to crack,
impoverished communities in the nation. The Census Bureau designates that
and banks are direct to help support capital into those communities.
(24:03):
So we're helping a bank fulfill its promise. And in
five years with Fulton Bank, we've been able to write
over one point two billion with a B billion dollars
in mortgages. And this is not Chase or Bank of America.
This is Fulton Bank, a great bank by the way,
but it's a small regional bank. One point two billion
in mortgages for LMI communities. Those are families Low and
Modern Income designated communities in Philadelphia and Newark. That's helped
(24:26):
over five thousand families get into homes. And that's inner
generational wealth. So when the win there is every time
they pay that note, they're getting equity in their home,
and then when they you know, die or sell, they
can pass that out to their children. So now you're
creating stakeholders. When I back to my initial conversation and
remarks about stakeholder communities. Now you're creating that.
Speaker 5 (24:46):
At scale, and these are some of the lowest income
areas in Philadelphia and Newer and over in ten years
that the equity in those homes we worth roughly three
billion dollars, So I mean it's really that's.
Speaker 1 (24:58):
In wealth of states inside the community. That's how and
then the bank is obviously getting customers and we're helping
people and the communities are thriving. So it's kind of
that win win for everyone.
Speaker 3 (25:10):
What would a corporate leader, business owner that wanted to
get involved, likes the idea of what Operation Hope does,
how would they go about finding how they can be
part of it?
Speaker 1 (25:21):
They can go to Operational dot org and as a
partnership info section, or they can write me directly at
Kevin dot Bouchet looks like Boucher Bias and boyou chgr
at Operationhope dot org and I'll be happy to get
anyone connected in the right place. So we work with NGOs,
faith based organizations, federal, state and local government officials. Is
(25:43):
a police departments, fire departments. There's a role for everybody
to help. We consider this a movement. The economic opportunity
for everyone is what's going to keep this country great
and everybody deserves a chance. That's why everyone still wants
to come to America. Right in spite of all the
things that we're dealing with regularly, Folks still want to
come here because this is where opportunity happens and where
opportunity matters. And we want to help bring any NC
(26:07):
and any organization together a partner to figure out how
we can improve lives and provide opportunity for anyone who
wants it.
Speaker 3 (26:13):
Are you are you able to track the outcomes? For example,
somebody comes to you, you help them understand financial literacy,
how to budget themselves. You help them improve their credit scores.
Do you know how well they're doing two years, five
years down the line.
Speaker 1 (26:31):
Absolutely. So we have our own internal measurement department that
Hope Research and Impact Institute. So every single client that
comes in, we track their entire journey so we can
tell you where how they're doing, where they're doing it
by partner, by city, by zip code, all of that
so we can measure on average. Just to give you
the stats, roughly, our average client within six months improves
(26:54):
their credit score by forty points.
Speaker 2 (26:56):
Wow.
Speaker 1 (26:56):
The average client reduces debt by just under two thousand,
and increases savings might just under three thousand dollars. So
that that's the generalized metrics and impact that we make.
That varies obviously by partner and partner community community. But yes,
every single person that comes in our door, it's anonymized,
of course, but we track their entire progress and report
(27:17):
that out on a lifetime basis.
Speaker 2 (27:19):
That's fascinating.
Speaker 3 (27:20):
Last thing for you, we're living really in a new
world of finance and the economy and everything else have
you is part of the plan and the program that
you offer people. Does it take AI, for example, into
account artificial intelligence or or crypto and some of this
kind of stuff that is just really blowing up right now?
Speaker 1 (27:41):
You bet. Actually, we're quite proud to be at the
forefront of both. When the whole Game Meme Stock thing
was happening three years back, we used our whole Global
Forms which is our convening and fought leadership platform, to
have a special edition crypto edition. We took we actually
sat down the crypto industry and the federal regulatory and
got them literally at the table for the first time ever,
(28:03):
instead of talking against each other or at each other,
talking with each other and formed an investor Bill of
Wrights that Robinhood was an original signatory on. And what
we found out and what everyone found out, was the
industry really wanted some regulatory clarity because their business model
depended on figuring out how to operate, and the government
obviously was willing to lean in and make sure that
consumers were protected. And we've been at the forefront of
(28:26):
AI as well. We just announced the whole new initiative
at the Forum last week called Hope AI, which is
a way with partners like Van Jones and dream Works
and the United Arab Emirates Minister of AI having a
global movement of take how do we scale what we
do using technology to reach even more people? And our
goal is to have fifteen thousand locations using our networks,
(28:48):
and we have Big Brothers and Big Sisters on board
and a whole bunch of other nonprofits and governmental organizations
and the tech industry to help distribute this at scale.
Using AI to help reach more people never removed the
human factor, which I like to say is our secret sauce,
that kind of personal trainer for your own finance. But
how do we use AI and technology and partnerships public
(29:09):
and private to leverage that to scale.
Speaker 3 (29:11):
Operation Hope dot org is the website you could go to.
Operation Hope dot org. Kevin Bouschet has been director is
Director of Hope Global Forms for Operation Hope. Really appreciate
the time, best in luck with all of this. It
is absolutely fascinating.
Speaker 1 (29:29):
Have a happy holiday, thanks, man, I appreciate you. Happy
holidays to you and thanks for having us on.
Speaker 3 (29:34):
As always, I'd love a follow on Instagram and I
follow back at IOD.
Speaker 2 (29:39):
Manny is my handle at IOD, M A and n Y.
Speaker 3 (29:45):
And that'll do it for another edition of Iheartradios Communities.
Speaker 2 (29:49):
I'm Manny Muno's Until next time, m
Host
Manny Munoz
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