Cop 16: Incendios Forestales

Episode Transcript
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(00:04):
Sciences, informas, farchadita and welldone. This is informal. I think
we all know that Colombia is oneof the most biodiverse countries in the world,
because we have a very large territory, with varieties of temperatures and varieties
of soils. Besides, we havea big relief. The reality is that
in Colombia there are more than twenty- four zero species of plants. That

(00:27):
is why we are among the thirdor second country with the most plant diversity.
We' re only outnumbered by Braziland China. And today we are
going to talk precisely about this,about the biodiversity of plants in Colombia and
the problems and situations surrounding it.For that, today we received two invited
professors from the University of Rosario.First Adriana Sánchez, who has participated in

(00:49):
projects related to functional ecology, plantbiodiversity, effect of the climate field,
in high mountain ecosystems, among manyothers. And Sergio Estrada villegas experts in
tropical biology, forest conservation and regeneration. Adriano and Sergio welcome to informally hello
Ana. Thank you so much forhaving us here that' s a good

(01:10):
invitation. Good morning, ana.Thank you very much. Let' s
start with our first section, whichis for all netizens to understand exactly what
we' re talking about, whyit' s important, without using difficult
words or terms, but in away that we all understand. This is
it, twin bara slow down.Preperebere bar twin more in passing, already

(01:32):
entering into matter what I am tellingyou sounds very nice, not that we
are not that we have plants andthat we are recognized for our biodiversity.
But what' s behind this,why Colombian biodiversity has declined by 18 percent.
Besides, we have about 1,200 threatened species. So, tell
us, teachers, what' shappening to our ecosystems, why we'

(01:53):
re losing or at risk of losingso many species. Well, I think
that, in more words less,it is deforestation, that is, that
it involves deforestation implies the accelerated cuttingof the different types of forests and the
transformation of different ecosystems that we havein Colombia. An example, and the

(02:17):
forests of the department Encaquetada, departmentof Puto Mayo, or the forests in
the departments of Norte Santander have undergoneprofound transformations, which transformations is to cut
massively and exchange the forest for anothertype of land use. So it'
s that speed of transformation, thatspeed at which we' re cutting the

(02:42):
forests and turning them into farms,especially for cattle. And I think that,
in a second measure, it isalready the pressure that you believe in,
that is, we have all theindividuals of Colombia, of other countries
in the world, in this senseor of wanting more things, of feeding

(03:04):
ourselves in different ways. And thennot only do we have pressure on individuals
in Colombia for our own ecosystems,but we understand that there is global pressure
on tropical ecosystems. So E,if all the people in the world want
to eat certain meat and if thatmeat comes from transformed ecosystems, from forests
that have been cut down to havepastures, to have meat, then this

(03:30):
pressure, from this loss of diversity, comes substantially. And this is through
e, as you mentioned, ie we have many climates in Colombia,
right, and in all these climatesthere are deep transformations where em is just
going to get there, start totake out certain species or carve massively burn

(03:52):
and it is therefore, maybe tosow or not simply to create pots to
have and livestock. Then in words, more words less and slowing down.
It is a subject above all ofthe transformation of ecosystems for some ends in
almost all agriculture, that is tosay, and transform the forest to have

(04:13):
farms and to have livestock. Ithink it would be. I do not
know if to anything adriana, Iwould say that we also have a problem
of lack of presence of the Statein many regions of the country, which
carries what Sergio also says as oneto a use of land that does not
have as rules truth that anyone canto some extent manage to own a land.

(04:34):
This is also happening in many nationalparks and because we do not have
a good presence of the State.And I, for this reason, would
not want people to believe that thenfill the national parks with military, let
alone, but that there is apresence in schools, in the prosecution offices,

(04:55):
in legal offices, hospitals that reallyfeel eh that if there is something
n a problem, you can gotalk to a nearby urban center that is,
that has a good presence of thestate, right. So I think
that many of the parties, asSergio mentioned, who are more distant,
a little remote, do not havebecause as this is what should be Colombian,

(05:19):
which is to be part of asovereign State and to be able to
access e the rights that any citizenhas to be part of a sovereign State
of a country. So I thinkthat vacuum and it' s given up
for a lot of what Sergio mentioned. Yes, I think that many times
we do not take into account whatour actions cause, because to a certain

(05:42):
extent, because you do not eatmeat and you think everything that entails really
very interesting what you mention and asyou know, because this is going to
be part of a special on Cop16 and for that reason, since we
are talking about the Conference of theParties on Biological Diversity and one of the
main objectives we know is to reachagreements where all countries can take action to
stop the loss of biodiversity. Iwant to ask you what challenges Colombia faces

(06:06):
in implementing effective policies and actions forthe conservation of ready flora. I agree
with what I have just said aboutthe State, which looks very good in
this context, indeed, as thepresence of the State and also as a
question. We are in a globalgame of the economy, also another,
emphasizing what Sergio said, then weexport cows and export all these products and

(06:30):
that gives us money to maintain oureconomy and let' s say that this
is not a problem. But ifhow far we want to go with this,
what are the limits, what arethey worth growing indefinitely an economy at
the cost of transforming all ecosystems.What is the limit of transformation, because
this is a never- ending game. Right, we all want products.

(06:55):
You' ll want the best meatin the world over there in China,
or you' ll want the bestcoffee in the world everywhere and ready.
We can provide many of those things. But if that involves transforming all ecosystems
for I don' t know,for different crops, the different ones are
that in English they call them coditis, not this. What is the limit,

(07:17):
what is our country, what areour rules of play and I think
that it is worth taking into account, how to have a framework like up
to here we arrive which percentage ofuse of certain ecosystems, we will allow
that type of use is mass transformationor is transformation in which it can be

(07:39):
as agro- ecologous agro- ecology, if it can be used, but
respecting the nature more integrated with nature. So, if I think we have
to have a discussion as a countryand also in a global framework, about
which are the limits, like noteverything is for sale and I think it

(08:01):
is adriana, what he mentions ison a global scale of the interconnection that
we have with other countries, withthe markets, with the world economy.
And then I feel that, inthe stress of these conversations, we,
as individuals, are left as alost means, that is, we don
' t see our impact as individualsand our relationship with family, with my

(08:22):
friends, with Adriana' s friends, with you, with those who are
listening to us. Maybe they saythat' s the states, that'
s the corporations, that' sthat way. That is not for me
and I believe that one thing toemphasize is that all this is to transverse
it at all levels. One thingis at those macro levels, but the
micro level has a profound impact inthe sense that when you go to a

(08:43):
supermarket and choose what to buy you' re already taking a choice. So
here you come as an individual.How well do you know, how well
informed are you? In saying readyI, for example, do not eat
meat in restaurants and never buy ittrue or rarely consumption. But when I
see a hippo, which pasta Ilike best. And then I give myself

(09:07):
a peel and I say that Ilike this Italian pasta better. So I
have to start creating a discussion inmy mind that I think many people don
' t do because we don't know, we don' t care.
I don' t have much timeat the supermarket to make decisions.
But all these questions of my decisionsas an individual and what I consume have

(09:28):
a direct impact on how ecosystems aretransformed and how we lose plants. Not
because we came from there, notfrom Colombia' s flora. We have
this diversity, we have these problemsof loss of afforestation and in the long
run it is how I, asan individual, make responsible decisions to understand

(09:48):
how what I am doing in theday- to- day, true,
has consequences at the level, atthe local level, at the level of
the farm, at the level So, for example, many people say it
is not that I do not havetime to go to the market for supplies.
Then I' d rather go somewhereelse where they sell me a potato
that' s imported. Very wellwe compare imported potato, but that also
has the time to go and buythe potato buoyaca or grass, because why

(10:11):
not do it. Right, sothere are a lot of decisions that,
like other individuals, scale up tothese levels, that Adriana mentions from as
far as we go as individuals,or to make decisions and how do states
have to make decisions for what impacton everyone? And I believe that it
is precisely how everything is related,because precisely the limits of the same state

(10:35):
propose is what one is going torespect as an individual. So I think
it' s very important that thesespaces are also Cop 16 as I really
think an informed individual is important tobe able to continue to combat all this
loss of biodiversity. And so Iresearched for this whole episode, because I
realized that the investigations really have somekind of line that they follow. There

(10:56):
really is a tendency to investigate somekind of plas, some kind of species.
And that' s why I wantto ask you what this term of
geographical biases and environmental biases that wesee as in these records, online that
are precisely those that represent the florain Colombia and this is problematic. So,
well this, I want to givethe recognition to the person who has

(11:18):
led this kind of study. Hisname is Carlos Vargas. He was a
PhD student at the university that Idirected and, because they do graduate this
year. So what Carlos had justthat same question. He is a botanist,
wants to know the biodiversity of Colombia, loves working with plants. He
said well, what do we knowabout Colombia, where the collections are.

(11:41):
There are other and researches in otherparts of the world that show that scientists
cannot go everywhere true. So,like he was very curious, well we
' re going to find him inColombia and then he realized that first and
not very surprisingly, the one hundredand two of us are comfortable and we
like to work near the house.So, many scientists that we saw in

(12:05):
Pogota, Mejin, Cal Barranquilla,Cartagena, the big cities where there are,
therefore, important educational centers, wewill do remove the house. We
take samples of the house because welike to sleep in the house and not
necessarily in camping gammaca, although thetwo of us do like it. But
the house is nearby. Not or, for example, about days. Ah

(12:26):
well, it is easier to parkthe car, get out of the car
and churo go to catch a veryhard plant return to the car such that
going walk ten fifteen hours. Herea mule dances. So clear paula,
then there' s an aggregate isthe main, our main knowledge. It
' s like very much around bigcities and big roads. So, that

(12:48):
' s a bias. True,we do not have all Colombia super well
represented, but there are some siteswe prefer. And also, for example,
we have seen that some scientists haveour favorite plants or our groups with
which we like to work and whichwe know. So, or charismatic groups.
Then people collect, then sample forfield and take more orchids or more

(13:13):
these plants, which are beautiful eye- catching, are easier to see.
Then there are also some biases inthe face of those things, which the
pastures draw our attention to. Almostnone of the studies, for example,
are difficult. So today, whowants to mess with the grasses no one
and then we tend to use charismaticgroups. And we have also seen then

(13:33):
that we also live in a countrywith a very harsh reality, where there
has been armed conflict for many years. There were a few years in which
this went down and other areas ofthe country that we didn' t know
before could be explored, but onceagain to rebound. So we can'
t go to every part of thecountry as much as we wanted, even
if we had the resources that parentheses. It is also very difficult to have

(13:56):
the money for these expeditions if wecould go to all of Colombia, because
in reality we cannot, because thereare places that are very dangerous. I
have stories of seeing it also besure that they have been run out of
places like go out without problems,so we don' t really have an
idea of all ecosystems and especially ecosystemsbelow 2, 000 meters. In very

(14:20):
rainy areas we have much to know. The moor in general we know it
much better than the low areas ofColombia laurino, which has lacked a very
moton em in the Orinoquia all theplains. It' s not the other
way to call it just in casewe em and we also have a difficulty.
What you found carlos in your articleis that national parks. Most national

(14:41):
parks are black boxes, which isamazing. They are the places where the
greatest conservation is true. But emand this is given by many complications of
different orders are inaccessible, which isdifficult. It has been historically difficult to
work with national parks. So yes, go and take samples and have permissions

(15:03):
and it' s been very complicated. So, basically, what he found
carlos is that in the places wherethere were parks, there was almost nothing
known. And imagine if those arethe best preserved places in the country.
Imagine the treasures that can exist inthese places, true, so many things

(15:24):
that we do not yet know.I don' t know if you want
to complete anything. No. Ithink that also from a historical point of
view beyond our, our work habitsand the places where we go, I
also feel that there is and let' s say that this is a cliché,
but anyway, if there is oneto see I call it a social

(15:46):
disinterest and a lack of resources tosee the social disinterest. I mean this
story, and it' s thatfor a while I was riding the taxis
and asking the taxi drivers good you, what do you do, how many
taxi drivers are ready and I wastelling you I' m a biologist,

(16:08):
and a lot of taxi drivers weretelling me and that' s what it
' s for, and that's what you' re eating with.
Yeah, what does that taste like? So, I think there is a
historical inertia in Colombia where the biologist, the scientist, the botanist are not
valued enough. Then we boast andboast that we have a very high diversity,

(16:29):
true, but in spite of itand that we know it our listeners
know it. My mom knows.Your mom probably knows. But how this
translates into then having as a societyand a nation, an interest turned to
understand it, to keep it,to describe where things are and so on.
So that seems to me to bea social bias, yes, and

(16:51):
another is definitely a funding bias.Not to say sadly every time you see
that every government says so, wewill reduce x percentage amount to research and
public university and to the accessibility ofresources to investigate. True, and above
all I fully understand and share thatthere is a deep interest as a nation

(17:14):
and as a planet in investigating emergingdiseases, certain viruses, biotechnology, certain
medical applications of technology. But we' ve been saying science, it'
s been saying twenty- five,thirty years are plants and it' s
the biodiversia that can provide us witha lot of molecules that can cure us

(17:37):
from a lot of things. Andin that order of ideas, because as
a country, then we need toturn to more biology programs, more research
institutes, more funding available. Right, I mean, paradoxically, we were
telling each other last year an event. There are research institutes for the sea
and imbemar, There is a scienceinstitute for the Amazon, there is a

(18:00):
science institute for the Pacific, Thereis the Sander Boombol steritor, which we
say is of biodiversity completely for thewhole country, because we never think of
the research institute for the Llano,for the Orinoquía. So there' s
a lot of bias there that comesfrom a deep, historical and social bias
and that I think that translates intoa lack of resources so that let'

(18:22):
s say we shouldn' t haveone hundred and fifty students who want to
enroll by semester in all the universitiesand more universities with more programs. Yes,
I think that and that is preciselywhy it is problematic, because I
think that in the end resources aredevoted to other things and we have not
even finished seeing how our own country, our own diversity, and we are

(18:45):
already looking elsewhere for how we feastand in the meantime, we lose it.
Yeah, I mean, it's a complex thing. Yes,
of course, remember that if youwant to keep abreast of scientific deaths,
don' t forget to follow moreon our social networks as you do or
watch research and look for our hashtag, research or rosary children. We'
re done with this section. Thankyou very much, and now let'
s go with what the patch saysthat are basically questions from some of our

(19:11):
colleagues who are interested in biodiversity.Well, I find it very interesting also
to know how the government, howit has taken care as such of the
Amazon or how it is doing so, the care as such of our forests

(19:37):
over the biodiversity in Colombia, howit is being done for the preservation of
this and also with the liliations ithas, because the cop twenty- six
and then it is. I wouldlike to know if there is any site
or page to learn about plants ornatural diversity, but without it being so
academic or scientific or, rather,easy to understand. I think we have

(19:59):
two very interesting questions if you wantto, because we go with the first
one, which, basically I think, is like how the government helps as
well as diversity. And so it' s a little broad, because it
also talks about COP twenty- sixand this, but let' s not
take it both way. Let's take it for COP 26. Right.
So I think that the audience,as follows, the previous chapters,
understand a little what the, theinterest is that there is such a kind

(20:22):
of meeting of the parties of thecountries to reach agreements. True, and
these two agreements say that quotation marksforce true, they urge nations to take
actions that are measurable and that thenand the positive effect is observable, that
is, that citizens can simply downloada page, there is a satellite image

(20:47):
and say ah yes here. So, with respect to previous years, there
is protection. So what do theydo? What our Government has been doing,
in particular, our Government for manyyears, has different ways of protecting,
a fact that is called area-based protection measures, and the one
we know best is the national parks, right, with their processes against far,

(21:10):
without funding, little research, complicatedpermits, bureaucracy, etc. But
there are other new ways to conservewhere they are directly involved, certainly,
in pomegranates. In this conservation thepeople who live there. Then there is
a new way and that is calledthe integrated management districts and we consist of

(21:30):
integrated and regional management. And thereare nationals. For example, one is
very famous is the managing district GradesSinaruco in Arauca, which is a new
commitment to conservation, where it isthe people who are in territory preserving their
culture, who do governance, whoare there preserving. True, it'
s not a person since you toldthem you have to do x already or

(21:51):
zeta, right, but it's you there exercising your sovereignty, doing
environmental governance, also having an educationaland concerted process. You guys over there
are doing something really good. Keepdoing it and we' ll support you.
So, these kinds of situations arebecoming increasingly common in Colombia from the
state point of view. Right,I think the student can also ask,

(22:14):
well, what else does the governmentdo, because for the Amazon we say,
I think it' s like thestudent' s angle. And there
it' s complex. It isvery complex, because the agricultural frontier,
what is called is the border wherethe Amazon is being deforested to create new
crops and especially new livestock. Thereis a complicated problem of the presence of

(22:38):
the State, which is what Adrianamentions. And there yes, then we,
as citizens, have to do veduríasand be watching very well and the
eyes of the world are right nowin Colombia for the Cop I find something
very important. I believe that thisGovernment and the following are in a high

(22:59):
degree of responsibility. So I'm like I' m really looking forward
to in three or four years andjournalists from international nationals wondering well about the
Cup in Colombia and Colombia said itwas going to be ex- hearing things
that are going to happen. So, if there' s one, if
there' s a trajectory and there' s positive inertia, sometimes it'
s not enough. Let' ssay we, as scientists, always think

(23:22):
it' s not enough. Em, but there' s definitely going to
be a compromise, and I'm really looking forward to what' s
going to happen. And I thinkwhat I' m saying is that I
' m betting on local initiatives.In recent years this has not been so
clearly seen, for example, wehave another initiative, which is the peasant

(23:44):
reserve areas, where the peasants organizeand propose their conservation plans, their plans
for the use of the territory.And there are some very interesting bets,
because in this country we have beenvery supportive of indigenous communities towards Afro,
which I find wonderful. But wecannot ignore that there are many other people
living in territory, like the peasants, who could have a great contribution to

(24:08):
conservation and have it if and haveit, but if we can recognize them,
organize empowerment for e, because inthe end they are those who are
in territory. We need people livingin the territory to be the people who
are proposing conservation actions. There arealso threats. For example, there is
much talk in the Amazon of theGarimpeiros who are these illegal miners, who

(24:33):
are very violent, have displaced indigenousand peasant communities in many parts of Brazil,
from Venezuela, now in Colombia,in Peru. And it is one
because illegal mining can be very aggressiveand very violent as a guerrilla level or
even worse em and it is howwe also protect our citizens, returning a

(24:57):
little to this presence of the Stateonly now with hospitals and all the other
infrastructure of the state of schools andso on. But what is the security
these citizens have of being able tolive in their territory without someone coming and
displacing them? We have always haddrug trafficking, but now we have this

(25:18):
illegal mining and mining that is beingvery strong in the Amazon. So E,
e, the government has to putmore energy into multilevel strategies like e,
for let' s say that howcommunities living in territory are empowered as
these communities are supported in territory,instead of continuing to fight against communities in

(25:38):
territory, as we empower them andmake them visible and support their pre-
conservation initiatives. And with regard tothe second question, I would suggest to
the good student first forgiveness. TheAlexanderbun Humboldt Institute, the Idea and the
Ministry of the Environment have created anumber of digital products that are, first

(26:04):
of all, very beautiful and veryaffordable for every public. I mean,
they' ve done a good jobof putting it down to technicality and scientific
jargon. Then I would invite thestudent to approach the pages of the Institute
to Extraerbo Humboldt, of the Ministry. Other NGOs also have excellent infographics.

(26:26):
The WWF, LAWCS, Conservation InternationalTNC, of NAGE CONSERVANCY, are very
good chewing information and making a visualproduction very attractive and that has the information
summarized. And also to invite allour listeners to go to the museums,
that is, there is a deepwork from the museology to bring that information

(26:51):
and make it available to the public. Then, from the point of diversity,
since classic of the Museum of NaturalInstitutions at the National University, but
sometimes itinerant exhibitions are made beyond.It is for example, the Museum of
the Colombian Geological Institute is excellent andalready and getting closer and let' s
say a little more technical are thecollections. True to go and know the

(27:14):
collections, and for example that ofthe Alexander on Hombolt Institute in b en
via de Leiva. You can schedulevisits and then you can know the,
open the drawers and see specimens tounderstand and how scientists, then we use
these resources to understand. Then Ithink there' s some cool stuff out
there. I would also recommend thatyou go to botanical gardens that see the

(27:37):
flora, that you soak up fromit, that you know the plants that
there are and because many times wehave this that is called green blindness,
like that the plants are landscape andwe do not recognize them we do not
value them and the botanical gardens arebeautiful places to learn more about the flora
of the place where you are.The one in Bogotá is amazing. The

(27:59):
super- recommended tropics. Please visitand support these places and also if you
want to see a little more ofthe life of a botanist, I recommend
the documentary of homo botanists, whichis a very beautiful way to understand what
it implies. This discipline and thispassion is not always easy. I mean,
he' s in the middle ofthe mountain. Trying to get plants

(28:21):
out. It' s a longjob. You think there' s not
going to take a sample, aplant and then you leave. It is
not your task to treat them aftersampling these are hours and hours. One
hardly sleeps in the country. Then, it would be good if you knew
and perhaps you could value more whatthis work is. Yes, I find

(28:42):
it super interesting what they say,for example, in museums, because,
for example, since you see thechips, you see the specimen in all
this. And so that' sa very nice way to get closer as
to all our diversity and already tocontinue with our next section, which is
to disprove this one for me,because I' m going to ask you
as a question and you tell me, because if this is a reality or

(29:02):
if it' s a myth.That' s true, that' s
true. No. No, no, no, no, no, no,
no, no, no, no, no, no, no,
no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no,
no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no.
No, no, no, no, no, no, no,
no, no, no, no, no, no. No,
no, no, no, no, no. No, no, no,
no, no, no. No, no, no, no,
no, no. No, no, no, no, no, no,
no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no.
No, no, no, no, no, no, no,
no, no, no, no, no, no. No,
no, no, no, no, no. No, no, no,
no, no, no. No, no, no, no,
no, no. Well, yes, disprove this to me, for example,
many believe it is not true thatthe species we know that are in
danger really are, for example,the friars because, despite the fires and
the crisis that occurred, we seehundreds of these in the moor and,

(29:25):
for example, orchids, because inmany places they sell them, we see
them in the house. This istrue. Then I start with friars and
be going to talk about orchids.Then I have worked many years on the
moor and it is true. Thereare friars, tall shorts, fat leaves,
thin, silvery and you say ahall these trailers. I think there

(29:45):
may be some confusion here with whatwe call species. There may be thousands
of friars, but of which speciesthey are. So there are species that
have many more individuals true, thatare prolific, let' s say,
and there are others that are rarethat put there in nature a smaller density

(30:06):
of individuals. So, if thereare threatened species, not all friars,
because they are seen with their specialrosetic formite and leaves that fall into the
stem, not all are the same. And I think that keeping in mind
that not all species are the sameis important and that if there are some
that are harder to find in naturethan others, now and the friars do

(30:30):
in the moor. It is anecosystem that has been subject to fire since
its origin. They are grassland andfire is an almost normal element in the
ecosystems that are grassland. Then,sometimes when we see a fire, especially

(30:51):
when those who were there were verydevastating, for if one is impressed and
see all these burned friars, butmany of these species have adaptations to come
back after the fires. So whata pity, because I know Steine already
talked about this, but I wouldlike to emphasize that fire is not necessarily
a bad agent em in ecosystems wherefire is an almost normal disturbance, or

(31:19):
that it has happened for thousands andthousands of years, then e, if
what we can' t do ishave too much recurrence or fires, so
calcite that burn all that, thatcan be too aggressive. But many of
these species that we saw burned fromfriars are coming back. But if there
are species that are threatened and notonly because there were fires, but climate

(31:42):
change, land use change, andif there are pest diseases, etcetera,
that we have with respect to orchids. I continue what Adriana says. I
think when you say see, I' ll be an example to see.
But I don' t know.When you say on a certain table,
you imagine a lot of types oftables, three- legged ones like this,

(32:06):
four- legged long, short,wide, wooden high, metal plastic.
All right, when you say orchids, right, one because imagine three
four types of orchids true our nationalflower, the catleya, the white,
which they sell in stores, inshopping centers, and that another list when
they say in three orchids. Wereally need to understand that orchids are one

(32:30):
of the most diverse groups in Colombiaand the world. This implies that then
there are some types of orchids orspecies of orchids that are very abundant.
True, those species are clearly notat risk. True, these species that
sell us in supermarkets or shopping malls. The vast majority, by far the
vast majority, are cultivated in nurseries, true and sold. What happens is

(32:55):
that there are species that are rare, that there are few individuals in nature,
that become special for people who likeorchids. In Colombia, in other
parts of the world and this iswhere the sinister door of illegal trafficking opens.
Okay, so there' s avery active, very lucrative trade.

(33:17):
True to go to the mountain,lie down trees, take out orchids,
in guacalarlas, put them in boxesand send them by boat or plane to
other countries. Why because other peoplein other countries want to grow them by
cute, by weird, by strange. Right, not necessarily. The ones
with the most eye- catching flowerscan be tiny flowers of half an inch.

(33:40):
They' re collectibles. Then,of course, we worry, they
tell us there are orchids in dangerof extinction. Let' s protect them
and I' ll see some orchidsin the supermarket and in the mall.
But as it is clear, thenit applies to some and it applies to
others. Then it is difficult totake the word orca, the word friar

(34:01):
and apply it to everything we seethat seems. Frailejono who is orchive for
is orchid and assume that they arenot, but they really are. Many
are, some are not, butin the case of orchids it is legal
traffic. Thank you very much.So, in conclusion, we don'
t have to feel guilty about havingorchids there in the house, that we
always see them in the malls andbecause everyone buys them. No And well,

(34:23):
that' s how this episode endsinformally is that it was under the
direction of Mara Brujes, coordinator ofscientific outreach and with the support of Nelson
Duarte in master control. To younetizens, thank you for sharing with us
another episode and learning Charladito and Parchadito, and to you, Adriano and Tergio,
thank you so much for receiving theinvitation and for teaching us about all

(34:45):
these things that we don' treally know. Thank you very much,
Ana wonderful experience. Yes, thankyou very much. Thank you very much,
and I hope we will find youagain tell us that you listen to
us with the hashtag informally if youwant to share or repeat this episode,
do not forget to search Spriaker orSpotify. I bid farewell from this space
led by the Directorate of Research andInnovation, with the support of the School

(35:07):
of Human Sciences and Bur Rosario RadioSoyano María Duque, a student of peridism
at the Universidad del Rosario and aconductor of this episode, who was supported
by Mario Castro, director in chargeof a radio rosary. I' ll
wait for you in the next issueof informally on our Cop Sixteen special.
This was informally an initiative of theDirectorate of Research and Innovation of the University

(35:30):
of Rosario with the support of theSchool of Human Sciences and Rosario Ordón

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