June 19, 2025 • 33 mins
Cancer treatments and cures may come from studies done in space. Scientists are taking the mystery out of the sun's poles. Scientists have a new look at the tiny glass beads found on the Moon during the Apollo era. A new study has given us information about the Milky Way's galactic center.
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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
Warning. The following podcast contains an entertaining look at astronomy, physics,
and space news throughout the known universe. Listeners have been
known to learn about astronomical phenomenon, the scientific method, and
expanded vocabulary to include terms like quasar asterism and uranus. Listen,
that's your own risk.
Speaker 2 (00:16):
Go ahead.
Speaker 3 (00:22):
When made of stars, made them stars, made sizes. When
made of stars, you could be from high they would
New Mexicomus, where all stars?
Speaker 4 (00:43):
When we are made of stars.
Speaker 5 (00:55):
I'm Wes Carol, joined by my good friend doctor Sean
Cruising from Columbus State Universities, Coca Cola Space Science Center.
Morning Shawn, Good morning Wes.
Speaker 2 (01:04):
We have some really interesting topics to discuss this morning.
Speaker 4 (01:08):
We're gonna get a little deep.
Speaker 5 (01:09):
Like with some shows we do, it's very science y.
Some shows we do is kind of more like, here's
what's going on in you know, kind of a commercial
space aspect. We dip into those. Sometimes we hit into
these very deep, deep sciencey ones. This one goes a
little more sciencey. So for folks that enjoy that, this
is going to be your kind of show. If you
(01:30):
want to hear us talking about you know, Elon musk
a lot. You're probably not going to hear his name
a whole lot. That may be the only one for
the for the show.
Speaker 4 (01:37):
I don't know.
Speaker 5 (01:37):
He may come up again at some point, but.
Speaker 2 (01:39):
We have some just all be honest with you, I
just hope not.
Speaker 5 (01:44):
It's just nice to get a little break from some
of that every now and then. The only thing really
that we should in any way address about him is that,
you know, we talked about the fact that he and
the President had their spat and then they kind of unspatted.
Who knows what the current status of things is. That's
kind of as diplomatic as we can be about it.
(02:04):
We don't know what's going on with that. What we
do know though, is as we get into the actual
show is that this is a really cool story as
it relates to medicine in space. And we have talked
about this before. We just recently did the show where
(02:24):
we talked about fruitflies. We talked about DNA of fruitflies
and some experiments and things that will I guess eventually
be happening as it relates to fruitflies and things like
that similar DNA with humans. But our first story today
from space dot Com is actually about studying cancer cells
(02:44):
in space, So before we can.
Speaker 2 (02:49):
Have that wonderful conversation, because wouldn't it be great if
we could help move toward curing cancer simply by having
a space program. Let us not forget the Currently, the
International Space Station is scheduled to be deorbited in twenty
thirty and there are you know, famous owners of rocket
(03:10):
companies who come out recently saying they should deorbit it
even faster. So okay, so let's let's take that factoid,
put it in our back pocket, sit on it where
it belongs, and we'll move on with the story, which
is this that researchers are now beginning to understand that
(03:31):
the low gravity environment provided by the International Space Station
is a fantastic place to work on potential cancer tests
and treatments, perhaps even being able to cure cancer someday
based on the research taking place in the space environment.
Space may be the perfect place to study and even
(03:56):
treat cancer, so says space dot com, And so says
a group of researchers both out of Wake Forest University
and the University of Notre Dame. So these are two
fairly high powered institutions. So tumors grown in the laboratory
(04:17):
on Earth are heading up for the International Space Station
as part of a new research project to use artificial
organs for testing the way that cancer grows in space. Okay, now,
why do we have to do all that in space?
Why can't we just do that in the lab here?
(04:37):
Why are we wasting all that money on rockets? Why
are all these billionaires going to space? It's because, friends,
that once you take the tumor out of the human body,
it is no longer in an environment of hydrostatic equilibrium.
In other words, a cancer tumor and its associated cells
outside the human body can't grow the they do inside
(05:01):
the human body because you don't have all of the
structures in place and the dynamic pressures in place that
you do inside the human body that give it a
hydrostatic equilibrium environment. In other words, gravity smashes them flat.
How about that? Is that Is that the sinct enough?
Speaker 6 (05:20):
Yeah?
Speaker 5 (05:20):
No, it makes sense, I'm following you.
Speaker 4 (05:22):
Yep, yep, yep.
Speaker 2 (05:23):
So then once you take them to space and you
put them in a microgravity environment, it turns out that
research there has shown that all of these kinds of
materials like the squishy, sloshy cell clusters that make up
cancer cells or cancer tumors just form bubbles like grapes.
Speaker 5 (05:47):
Like like water, like liquids do.
Speaker 2 (05:50):
In yeah, like many people have seen those videos of
astronuts playing either with juice or water or hopefully something
that has a non sticky characteristic, and they let the
liquid loose and it just pulls itself round because the
only pressure or the only forces acting on the liquid
are the surface tensions which pull inward on those water
(06:11):
droplets and pull them into spheres. Now, because you don't
have gravity.
Speaker 5 (06:15):
Now, it's a common question people ask, I know you
guys at the Cocola Space sit Center. Sorry this is
a little tangent, but they'll ask about astronauts using the
bathroom in space on the International Space Station. Let the
liquid loose, I think should be what they say whenever
they're using it, or in the.
Speaker 2 (06:32):
Case of you know, bodily functions, don't let the liquid loose.
Contain that liquid, friends, We got to contain it. We
use a vacuum system and a very tight fitting, if
you know what I'm saying, in order to curtail the
spread of certain bodily fluids so they don't turn into
little floating spheres and float all over the space station
(06:53):
like you know, some kind of sentient being shaped like
a grape anyway. So so yeah, if you have that
picture in mind, now imagine kind of the fatty, slushy
characteristic of a cancer tumor and it pulling itself round
like those balls of water let's say in space that
you've seen the astronauts experimenting with. And now you have
(07:17):
the cancer cell in an environment that is more similar
to the net pressures and forces it experiences inside the
human body. So that's why you want to grow cancer
cells in space. Now. The other thing is that because
it's in that environment, it also grows substantially faster than
(07:38):
cancer cells do in the laboratories of Earth. So if
you're wanting to study a specific tumor or a specific
cancerous sample, if you take it to space, it's going
to develop much more quickly and you'll be able to
tell how it's growing in a much short time than
(08:00):
you would be able to hear on the Earth. Again,
says the experts at Notre Dame Wake Forest and the
International Space Station National Laboratory. So David Moroda is the
program director for in space Biomanufacturing at the International Space
(08:20):
Station National Laboratory, and David has this comment, micro gravity
is an accelerator of conditions, every disease, every phenotype, everything
we want to study can happen faster and in less time.
The quote continues, Instead of waiting ten months, you can
(08:40):
go up to space and grow the same sample in
ten days to see the same biological effects that you
would see in Earth based laboratories in just a much
shorter time. So these researchers actually imagine a time that
a doc could find out that you have cancer, could
(09:01):
take a sample, could send it to space, and within
something less than two weeks, know exactly what kind of
cancer you're facing, have a really good signature of the
DNA of that cancer and how it's replicating, and use
that very specific information about your cancer, not just that
(09:23):
kind of cancer in general, but the cancer growing actually
in your body to go attack those cancer cells specifically.
So why do we study science in outer space? Why
is a space based laboratory and that kind of a
research platform important. Well, there are many, many, many reasons, friends,
(09:46):
but this is just one more of them.
Speaker 5 (09:49):
And this is a big one. You're talking about a
ten Basically, what nine eight month head start, almost eight
and a half month had start or so on being
able to know quickly what that progression might be as
far as cancer and being able to get treatment started
for it. I anyone I think that's encountered cancer up close,
(10:15):
they understand time is important. And most everyone has obviously
had someone in their life who's been in in this fight,
been in this struggle, and yes, getting an eight month
head start on treatment would be incredible in so many cases. So, yeah,
it's kind of important that we have something up there,
isn't it.
Speaker 1 (10:36):
Yeah.
Speaker 2 (10:37):
So I'm not making the case that hey, we should
go to space just so that we can cure cancer,
but I'm not not making the point that was a
double negative. But I think it's an important consideration among many, yeah,
of all of the reasons why we should be experimenting
in the space environment and in the microgravity environment provided
(11:01):
by an orbiting laboratory platform like the International Space Station.
As we get better at doing a diagnosing cancers here
on Earth and we have access to that microgravity environment
of that laboratory in space, why should we not use
it for these kinds of purposes? And why should we
(11:21):
not continue our space presence so that we can get
better at taking care of ourselves, of our planet and
of the shall we say, orbital environment.
Speaker 5 (11:32):
And I just approached it from the perspective of treating individuals,
which is important, but also here on Earth we've been
for a very long time looking for cures. I mean,
this is all part of that sort of research. There's
a lot to be learned from all of this, and
time being such an important aspect of it.
Speaker 2 (11:55):
Why wouldn't you want this exactly? So, the University of
Notre Dame there specific research. They're working on an in
space cancer test that will tell them all the things
like this that they need to know about your specific
cancer that only requires a single drop of blood. So
if they can just get so well, imagine this, If
(12:16):
it's only a single drop of blood per patient. How
many samples of patients could they send up on just
one dragon capsule, just one dragon capsule, and I'm talking
about the cargo one, not the human rated one. Just
one cargo vehicle, one dragon capsule through the International Space Station.
How many cancer cells could we send up there or
(12:37):
how many drops of blood to do cancer tests could
we send up there? And how many people could be saved?
Because we get very specific information very quickly about individual
cases of cancer.
Speaker 5 (12:51):
Let's talk about the Sun. We often talk about the
Sun with sunspots, we talk about solar activity, we talk
about oh my god, we got things blasting our way.
One of the things that's been an ongoing thing relating
to the Sun is the Sun's poles, not something that
we can see from Earth, but we now have a
(13:12):
little bit better understanding about the Sun's poles.
Speaker 2 (13:15):
Yeah, So, just to be clear, there are rotational poles
on the Sun, kind of like our Earth's north and
south pole. We have a north and south pole on
the Earth because our planet is rotating and those are
the semi stationary points in that rotation. Right, So we
(13:35):
also have a magnetic pole on the Earth, a north
and south pole, and that has to do with a
generated magnetic field inside the Earth that more or less
aligns with the rotational poles, not exactly. Well, the Sun
has a similar thing, right, so near its rotational axes,
(13:56):
that's the headquarters for the Sun's northern pole, north and
south pole of its magnetic field. Except the Sun's magnetic
field frends is so complicated because it goes it's first
of all, It's not a solid, right, It's not a
solid like the Earth, or even with a solid liquid
core like the Earth. It is a plasma. And so
(14:17):
this plasma is very complicated, and because of that complicated
magnetohydrodynamic set of processes that take place in the plasma
of the Sun, you get weird things that happen. And
one of the weird things that happens on the Sun
is every eleven years, you get the field of the Sun,
the magnetic field of the Sun, just absolutely losing its mind,
(14:41):
coming apart, becoming unstable, forming all kinds of sun spots,
generating all kinds of solar flares, coronal mass ejections, massive
storms on the Sun as that Sun's magnetic field breaks
down into some kind of incoherence. Wait, how often does
(15:02):
that happen again? Every eleven years? Wait, so where are
we right now? We are at solar maximum. In other words,
right now we are at a period of time very
close to the maximum amount of chaos in that magnetic
field of the Sun. And right when that was happening,
(15:23):
the European Space Agency has a spacecraft called the Solar
Orbiter that, through a set of interactions with the planet
Venus received some gravity assyst to take it out of
a orbit that's kind of in the equator of the
Sun and down toward a more tilted orbit where it
(15:44):
can see the poles of the Sun, the North pole
and the South pole. And what it did first is
image the south pole. Now, these pictures have just come
back here very recently, and they're out there all over
the internet. And I've had at least two or three
friends tell me, yeah, I saw those pictures of the sun.
All pull of the Sun looks just exactly like the
rest of the Sun. It's pretty hard to argue that
(16:06):
that's the case or that's not the case. It looks
exactly like I mean, it's hard. You don't see like,
you know, Santa and reindeer, and you know, there's the
Antarctic and you don't see any of that stuff.
Speaker 5 (16:17):
There's summer stripe pole on both sides, is what you're
barber poles, nothing like that.
Speaker 2 (16:23):
That's right, but so okay, So, but that's just taking pictures,
and which they certainly did, and they released those pictures
and they said, here's the first pictures of the cell
poll of the Sun. All my friends who love to
make fun of me because I'm a science geek, which
I appreciate them, by the way, because somebody's got to
keep me in check anyway. So as they have all
made fun of me, I've said, yeah, you're right, pretty
(16:44):
much looks like the rest of the Sun. But here's
what I have to tell for you people. You you
all are the insiders. You're the you're the the next
level geeks that are listening to a podcast about space.
Thank you for listening, by the way. For you, I
have this treasure. They also have a magnetometer on board.
In other words, they also have instruments that can in
(17:05):
great detail measure the magnet and measure and map the
magnetic field of the Sun. And they pointed that at
the south pole of the Sun. And here's what they
found out. That there is no clean magnetic south pole
of the Sun. There are dozens of south magnetic polarity locations.
(17:27):
There are also dozens of north magnetic polarity locations at
the south pole, which means friends that the Sun's magnetic
field is currently heading toward chaos, which is exactly what
we would expect as we move toward solar max because
the whole global magnetic field of the Sun is going
to break down. It flips polarity. The Sun does not
(17:51):
flip over, don't hear what I'm not saying. The magnetic
field reversus polarity and then re establishes itself with a
relatively clean magnetic field. After solar maximum, we are nearing
the time of the pole flips. So within just a
few short months we're probably gonna be seeing the time
(18:14):
of the pole flip and the end of this particular
period of solar max moving toward the next solar cycle.
So we have pictures now of the magnetic field of
the Sun and all of its behaviors right at this
time of maximum activity, which is going to give scientists
a very good idea about the behavior of the magnetic
(18:34):
field of the Sun in a place where we've never
been able to look before. That's the important part. Check
out the story on astronomy dot com, by the way,
but it's out there in lots of places.
Speaker 5 (18:45):
Coming up after a quick break, we're gonna revisit something
that goes back to the Apollo missions.
Speaker 6 (18:51):
We'll get to that next, all right.
Speaker 5 (19:11):
We go back to the Apollo missions. We go to
human beings walking around on the Moon, and you know,
there were certain things I guess that were expected, and
there were some things that weren't necessarily expected when they
got there. One of the things that wasn't expected was
to find little glass beads on the surface of the Moon.
(19:32):
And I guess now there's a little bit better opportunity
for scientists to examine those and get a little bit
better understanding. But these things are, you know, billions of
years old.
Speaker 2 (19:42):
Yeah, this is an interesting story. First of all, I
would like to just make this analogy. If you share
your home with another human being, I'm sure that you've
had this conversation at one point, Like they look in
the closet and they say, why are we saving this
bar of stuff? You're the one that put this stuff
(20:03):
in the box. You stuffed This has been in this
closet for fifteen years, or maybe longer thirty five years,
or maybe longer, in the case of the Apollo glass
beads from the Moon, fifty years. For fifty years, the
stuff's been in the closet. What are we gonna use
this for? Someday that's gonna come in handy. Someday I'm
(20:24):
gonna need that stuff, and I'm gonna get into that box,
and I'm gonna pull that stuff out and it's gonna
be important. Can imagine having these conversations at a place
like the Johnson Space Center in Houston.
Speaker 5 (20:36):
Yeah, by the way, just this a side note. Something
in my collection of things I get asked about regularly
is something that I've intended to give you for about
ten years. So I get asked, like, what are you
doing with this? Exactly? It's for Sean. I'll give it
to him. Just give me time. So anyway, by the way,
just you know, maybe next time we're gonna definitely be
(20:57):
in the same room together. Remind me, hey that you
were telling me that Jill's been bugging you about.
Speaker 1 (21:03):
You'll like it.
Speaker 4 (21:04):
I know you'll like it.
Speaker 5 (21:05):
I've had it for you, I mean seriously, for a decade.
So anyway.
Speaker 2 (21:09):
See, I'm one of those kinds of people that puts
things in boxes and hides them in the closet. It's
why during a recent show, like a whole cascade of
things fell over in my office while we were actually
recording the podcast. And I know, Wes, if you've got
something for me, the time's gonna be right, it's gonna
be Don't give me that thing before the time's right,
you go ahead and wait, however many years you need
(21:30):
to until the time is right.
Speaker 5 (21:31):
When that stuff fell in your office, I remember thinking,
maybe it's just as well I haven't given it to
you yet, because it sounds like you might be at
max capacity off.
Speaker 2 (21:42):
Well, somewhere in the hollowed halls of the Johnson Space
that or somebody went, hey, what is all this stuff
over here? What are all these little tiny orange and
black beads? Oh, don't throw those out. Those those are
gonna be important someday. Well, today's the day, friends, check
out the article on Universe today dot com because NASA
(22:04):
finally broke out the little bag of orange and black
glass beads and they gave them to scientists at the
University of Washington and Saint Louis. Why. Because the scientists
at the University of Washington Saint Louis have access to
advanced microscopic techniques that didn't exist during the Apollo era.
(22:24):
They have cutting edge imaging tools like high energy ion
beams and electron microscopy that they could actually analyze those beads. Now.
They couldn't do it all that long long years ago,
back in the nineteen sixties and seventies, so a big
sample of little, tiny, brilliant orange and black glass beads
(22:49):
that were found glittering on the surface of the Moon
by Apollo astronauts. These beads are somewhere on the order
of one millimeter in size, so like the head of
a pin. But apparently they were there in great abundance
on the Moon, and scientists have estimated before this time
that they probably formed three point six billion years ago,
(23:14):
because that's when the volcanoes on the Moon were very active.
And this is little bits of volcanic glass. So all
of this stuff, if it had an atmosphere on the Moon,
the stuff would have eroded long ago or would have
weathered away. But because the Moon has no atmosphere or
no erosion processes, these tiny glass spheres have survived there
(23:37):
for over three billion years and they give us a
way to sample the geological process is taking place on
the surface of the Moon three point six billion years ago.
And what they have found is that these little glass
beads were not deposited just in one big volcano or
even one series of big volcanoes, but they were deposited
(24:01):
over time by waves of volcanic activity, and the different
waves of volcanic activity created different kinds of beads, little
different color, little different chemistry, all of these kinds of things.
Ryan Ogliore, an associate professor of physics at Washington University
of Saint Louis, has this quote, They're some of the
(24:24):
most amazing extraterrestrial samples we have. The beads are tiny,
pristine capsules of the lunar interior interior. It's like reading
the journal of an ancient lunar volcanologist unquote, so says
Ryan Ogliore, associate professor of Physics, University of Washington at
(24:44):
Saint Louis. That's why you keep glass beads in boxes
in your closet for fifty years. Friends, That's why you
do it.
Speaker 5 (24:51):
Right there, by the way, the thing that I have
to give you not orange and black, but it's orange
and dark navy. If that gives you any hint what
it might be or what it might be related to,
I figure that might give at least part of it away.
But ah, one more quick break, and when we come back,
we're going to talk about the Milky Way and the
(25:11):
significance of where we are after this, all right, So
(25:35):
there's so many things as it pertains to life for us,
our Goldilock zone where we are having a moon that
is where it is and its size, and there's a
lot of things that come into play for us being
here for life. And it turns out it's also a
good spot for us in the Milky Way, like we're
where we need to be for life. Let's talk about that.
Speaker 2 (26:00):
Yeah, So, certainly the elements that were available to form
the Sun and our solar system had to have components
in them that made life possible on our planet. And
if you're in a part of the Milky Way where
you don't have access to those kinds of elements, you're
(26:22):
probably not going to form a solar system that can
support life. That's the idea, right, Okay, Well, here's a
new study. By the way, again an article on Universe
today dot com. A couple of a great week for
Universe Today. By the way, go out and read that
website often. They have great news stories there. A new
study shows that the Milky Way's galactic center struggles to
(26:42):
form massive stars. Now our part of the Milky Way,
we're about two thirds of the way from the center
out toward the edge. We live in a place that
has no trouble forming massive stars. We look out at
kind of the our diameter of the galaxy and in
the spiral arms, and we see all manner of big
star forming regions and star clusters that have the most
(27:04):
massive kinds of stars in them. But scientists from the
Seti Institute who have conducted a study looking for places
in the solar system, sorry in the galaxy rather where
life might be preferentially found, have found that toward the
center of the Milky Way galaxy, you just don't have
as many big stars. And if you don't have as
(27:27):
many big stars, then you don't have the kind of
chemical production that can come from the most massive stars.
And if you don't have that chemical production, you don't
have the abundance of the kinds of elements that are
necessary to form solar systems in which life can be supported.
All right, So that's the quick version of the story.
(27:47):
For some reason, very few massive stars are found to
be forming toward the giant molecular clouds or the giant
hydrogen two regions that are near the center of the
We call those H two regions, by the way. So
H two is just a quick way to say, there's
a lot of ionized hydrogen down there, and so H
(28:08):
two regions are places where we find big stars forming.
A very famous H two region that many people know
about is the Great Nebula of Orion. You can just
go out in the backyard and see that with your
naked eye, but if you have a backyard telescope, it
shows it as a beautiful cloud of space gas being
lit up by some brand new baby stars that were formed.
(28:30):
And those bouncing baby stars are among the largest kinds
of stars we can find anywhere in the universe. They're
called O and B stars, and that has to do
with a classification system for stellar types. Well, O and
B two letters of the alphabet O and B. Those
types of stars are the largest known stars. We can
(28:52):
find them in the Milky Way in places like the
Orion Cluster, but we do not see them down toward
the center of the Milky Way galaxy. And that fact
was just confirmed and reaffirmed by a group of scientists
from the Carl Sagan Research Center at the SETI Institute.
(29:14):
They have their lead author. His name is James. I
don't know James, so I don't know exactly how he
pronounces his last name, but I'm gonna go ahead and
just say it as w Z. It's w Z. James
Mwza from the Carl Sagan Center for Research at the
SETI Institute had this to say, quote surveying the giant
(29:36):
H two regions of the Milky Way with Sophia. Side note,
Sophia is a infrared instrument that is born on an airplane. Okay,
back to the quote. The galactic center regions of Sagittarius
B one, Sagittaries B two, and Sagittarius C. These giant
H two regions are home to some extremely massive young
(29:59):
stars form O and B clusters, but they contain a
significant fraction of most of the massive stars in the
galaxy and therefore can dominate a galaxy's thermal emission. So
some of these things have big OB clusters in them,
but most of them do not, and so it's good
to study these these stars, these in these in these
(30:20):
massive clusters. It's interesting that there are some of those
big stars towards the center of the Milky Way, but
most of the giant stars that have the ability to
produce the heaviest elements and therefore life bearing planets appear
to be at a paucity toward the center of the
Milky Way, which means we just don't find them there. Right,
So it appears that the galactic center may not be
(30:43):
the best place to look for life after all. Again.
Read more about this interesting story at Universe today dot com.
Speaker 5 (30:51):
Why can't it just be James Debuser? I mean, you
know you maybe you're overthinking it, that's all, speaking as
a professional name reader. Maybe you're over you know.
Speaker 2 (31:01):
I mean, I don't know how he pronounces. That was
my point.
Speaker 5 (31:05):
I like Debuseiah, That's probably what I would have gone with.
Speaker 6 (31:08):
All right.
Speaker 5 (31:08):
Let's talk about a little bit easier name to say
an astronaut's name, David Scott. Let's talk about that.
Speaker 2 (31:16):
His name's Dave.
Speaker 5 (31:18):
That's easy, there's no overthinking it.
Speaker 2 (31:21):
I don't think I've stumbled over the word.
Speaker 5 (31:23):
Dave or Scott, So those are both easy, both easy.
Speaker 2 (31:28):
David Scott was the commander of APAOLLA fifteen. Friends and
David Scott's brother, Tom lived right here in the city
of Columbus for a number of years. We got to
be very good friends with Tom. Tom has arranged for
the donation of several pieces of memorabilia and a few
space artifacts to the Coca Cola Space Science Center, so
many in fact, that we don't have room to put
(31:49):
them all on display. So this summer and this summer only,
we have a collaboration with the very good friends of
ours at the bo Bartlett Center for Art, which is
just down the street here at Columbus State University from
the Coca Cola Space Science Center. We share the same neighborhood,
almost the same address, Front Avenue, Columbus, Georgia, but they're
(32:09):
just down the street from us. They have on display
twenty one pieces from the David Scott collection that were
just so many we didn't have room to put them
on display here. If you would like to see these
artifacts and pieces of memorabilia on display, check it out
at the bo Bartlett Center this summer. On display from
June third through August second, twenty twenty five. The bo
(32:32):
Bartlett Center is open from eleven am to four pm
Tuesday through Saturday. You can check out more information here
at the website for the Space Science Center on this
really amazing opportunity to see these artifacts and memorabilia from
the collection of David Scott himself on display. The rest
of the summer. Check out our website www dot cc
(32:54):
SSC dot org. Charlie Charlie SamSam Charlie dot.
Speaker 5 (32:58):
Org, Sean and I thank you for listening, and we'll
do this again next weeks. Overhead Door Company of Columbus
has all of your garage door needs covered. Residential and
commercial service and repairs. If you need a new garage door,
or you're just looking to upgrade or repair your current door,
(33:21):
Overhead Door Company of Columbus has you covered. Plus they've
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com
Warning. The following podcast contains an entertaining look at astronomy, physics,
and space news throughout the known universe. Listeners have been
known to learn about astronomical phenomenon, the scientific method, and
expanded vocabulary to include terms like quasar asterism and uranus. Listen,
that's your own risk.
Speaker 2 (00:16):
Go ahead.
Speaker 3 (00:22):
When made of stars, made them stars, made sizes. When
made of stars, you could be from high they would
New Mexicomus, where all stars?
Speaker 4 (00:43):
When we are made of stars.
Speaker 5 (00:55):
I'm Wes Carol, joined by my good friend doctor Sean
Cruising from Columbus State Universities, Coca Cola Space Science Center.
Morning Shawn, Good morning Wes.
Speaker 2 (01:04):
We have some really interesting topics to discuss this morning.
Speaker 4 (01:08):
We're gonna get a little deep.
Speaker 5 (01:09):
Like with some shows we do, it's very science y.
Some shows we do is kind of more like, here's
what's going on in you know, kind of a commercial
space aspect. We dip into those. Sometimes we hit into
these very deep, deep sciencey ones. This one goes a
little more sciencey. So for folks that enjoy that, this
is going to be your kind of show. If you
(01:30):
want to hear us talking about you know, Elon musk
a lot. You're probably not going to hear his name
a whole lot. That may be the only one for
the for the show.
Speaker 4 (01:37):
I don't know.
Speaker 5 (01:37):
He may come up again at some point, but.
Speaker 2 (01:39):
We have some just all be honest with you, I
just hope not.
Speaker 5 (01:44):
It's just nice to get a little break from some
of that every now and then. The only thing really
that we should in any way address about him is that,
you know, we talked about the fact that he and
the President had their spat and then they kind of unspatted.
Who knows what the current status of things is. That's
kind of as diplomatic as we can be about it.
(02:04):
We don't know what's going on with that. What we
do know though, is as we get into the actual
show is that this is a really cool story as
it relates to medicine in space. And we have talked
about this before. We just recently did the show where
(02:24):
we talked about fruitflies. We talked about DNA of fruitflies
and some experiments and things that will I guess eventually
be happening as it relates to fruitflies and things like
that similar DNA with humans. But our first story today
from space dot Com is actually about studying cancer cells
(02:44):
in space, So before we can.
Speaker 2 (02:49):
Have that wonderful conversation, because wouldn't it be great if
we could help move toward curing cancer simply by having
a space program. Let us not forget the Currently, the
International Space Station is scheduled to be deorbited in twenty
thirty and there are you know, famous owners of rocket
(03:10):
companies who come out recently saying they should deorbit it
even faster. So okay, so let's let's take that factoid,
put it in our back pocket, sit on it where
it belongs, and we'll move on with the story, which
is this that researchers are now beginning to understand that
(03:31):
the low gravity environment provided by the International Space Station
is a fantastic place to work on potential cancer tests
and treatments, perhaps even being able to cure cancer someday
based on the research taking place in the space environment.
Space may be the perfect place to study and even
(03:56):
treat cancer, so says space dot com, And so says
a group of researchers both out of Wake Forest University
and the University of Notre Dame. So these are two
fairly high powered institutions. So tumors grown in the laboratory
(04:17):
on Earth are heading up for the International Space Station
as part of a new research project to use artificial
organs for testing the way that cancer grows in space. Okay, now,
why do we have to do all that in space?
Why can't we just do that in the lab here?
(04:37):
Why are we wasting all that money on rockets? Why
are all these billionaires going to space? It's because, friends,
that once you take the tumor out of the human body,
it is no longer in an environment of hydrostatic equilibrium.
In other words, a cancer tumor and its associated cells
outside the human body can't grow the they do inside
(05:01):
the human body because you don't have all of the
structures in place and the dynamic pressures in place that
you do inside the human body that give it a
hydrostatic equilibrium environment. In other words, gravity smashes them flat.
How about that? Is that Is that the sinct enough?
Speaker 6 (05:20):
Yeah?
Speaker 5 (05:20):
No, it makes sense, I'm following you.
Speaker 4 (05:22):
Yep, yep, yep.
Speaker 2 (05:23):
So then once you take them to space and you
put them in a microgravity environment, it turns out that
research there has shown that all of these kinds of
materials like the squishy, sloshy cell clusters that make up
cancer cells or cancer tumors just form bubbles like grapes.
Speaker 5 (05:47):
Like like water, like liquids do.
Speaker 2 (05:50):
In yeah, like many people have seen those videos of
astronuts playing either with juice or water or hopefully something
that has a non sticky characteristic, and they let the
liquid loose and it just pulls itself round because the
only pressure or the only forces acting on the liquid
are the surface tensions which pull inward on those water
(06:11):
droplets and pull them into spheres. Now, because you don't
have gravity.
Speaker 5 (06:15):
Now, it's a common question people ask, I know you
guys at the Cocola Space sit Center. Sorry this is
a little tangent, but they'll ask about astronauts using the
bathroom in space on the International Space Station. Let the
liquid loose, I think should be what they say whenever
they're using it, or in the.
Speaker 2 (06:32):
Case of you know, bodily functions, don't let the liquid loose.
Contain that liquid, friends, We got to contain it. We
use a vacuum system and a very tight fitting, if
you know what I'm saying, in order to curtail the
spread of certain bodily fluids so they don't turn into
little floating spheres and float all over the space station
(06:53):
like you know, some kind of sentient being shaped like
a grape anyway. So so yeah, if you have that
picture in mind, now imagine kind of the fatty, slushy
characteristic of a cancer tumor and it pulling itself round
like those balls of water let's say in space that
you've seen the astronauts experimenting with. And now you have
(07:17):
the cancer cell in an environment that is more similar
to the net pressures and forces it experiences inside the
human body. So that's why you want to grow cancer
cells in space. Now. The other thing is that because
it's in that environment, it also grows substantially faster than
(07:38):
cancer cells do in the laboratories of Earth. So if
you're wanting to study a specific tumor or a specific
cancerous sample, if you take it to space, it's going
to develop much more quickly and you'll be able to
tell how it's growing in a much short time than
(08:00):
you would be able to hear on the Earth. Again,
says the experts at Notre Dame Wake Forest and the
International Space Station National Laboratory. So David Moroda is the
program director for in space Biomanufacturing at the International Space
(08:20):
Station National Laboratory, and David has this comment, micro gravity
is an accelerator of conditions, every disease, every phenotype, everything
we want to study can happen faster and in less time.
The quote continues, Instead of waiting ten months, you can
(08:40):
go up to space and grow the same sample in
ten days to see the same biological effects that you
would see in Earth based laboratories in just a much
shorter time. So these researchers actually imagine a time that
a doc could find out that you have cancer, could
(09:01):
take a sample, could send it to space, and within
something less than two weeks, know exactly what kind of
cancer you're facing, have a really good signature of the
DNA of that cancer and how it's replicating, and use
that very specific information about your cancer, not just that
(09:23):
kind of cancer in general, but the cancer growing actually
in your body to go attack those cancer cells specifically.
So why do we study science in outer space? Why
is a space based laboratory and that kind of a
research platform important. Well, there are many, many, many reasons, friends,
(09:46):
but this is just one more of them.
Speaker 5 (09:49):
And this is a big one. You're talking about a
ten Basically, what nine eight month head start, almost eight
and a half month had start or so on being
able to know quickly what that progression might be as
far as cancer and being able to get treatment started
for it. I anyone I think that's encountered cancer up close,
(10:15):
they understand time is important. And most everyone has obviously
had someone in their life who's been in in this fight,
been in this struggle, and yes, getting an eight month
head start on treatment would be incredible in so many cases. So, yeah,
it's kind of important that we have something up there,
isn't it.
Speaker 1 (10:36):
Yeah.
Speaker 2 (10:37):
So I'm not making the case that hey, we should
go to space just so that we can cure cancer,
but I'm not not making the point that was a
double negative. But I think it's an important consideration among many, yeah,
of all of the reasons why we should be experimenting
in the space environment and in the microgravity environment provided
(11:01):
by an orbiting laboratory platform like the International Space Station.
As we get better at doing a diagnosing cancers here
on Earth and we have access to that microgravity environment
of that laboratory in space, why should we not use
it for these kinds of purposes? And why should we
(11:21):
not continue our space presence so that we can get
better at taking care of ourselves, of our planet and
of the shall we say, orbital environment.
Speaker 5 (11:32):
And I just approached it from the perspective of treating individuals,
which is important, but also here on Earth we've been
for a very long time looking for cures. I mean,
this is all part of that sort of research. There's
a lot to be learned from all of this, and
time being such an important aspect of it.
Speaker 2 (11:55):
Why wouldn't you want this exactly? So, the University of
Notre Dame there specific research. They're working on an in
space cancer test that will tell them all the things
like this that they need to know about your specific
cancer that only requires a single drop of blood. So
if they can just get so well, imagine this, If
(12:16):
it's only a single drop of blood per patient. How
many samples of patients could they send up on just
one dragon capsule, just one dragon capsule, and I'm talking
about the cargo one, not the human rated one. Just
one cargo vehicle, one dragon capsule through the International Space Station.
How many cancer cells could we send up there or
(12:37):
how many drops of blood to do cancer tests could
we send up there? And how many people could be saved?
Because we get very specific information very quickly about individual
cases of cancer.
Speaker 5 (12:51):
Let's talk about the Sun. We often talk about the
Sun with sunspots, we talk about solar activity, we talk
about oh my god, we got things blasting our way.
One of the things that's been an ongoing thing relating
to the Sun is the Sun's poles, not something that
we can see from Earth, but we now have a
(13:12):
little bit better understanding about the Sun's poles.
Speaker 2 (13:15):
Yeah, So, just to be clear, there are rotational poles
on the Sun, kind of like our Earth's north and
south pole. We have a north and south pole on
the Earth because our planet is rotating and those are
the semi stationary points in that rotation. Right, So we
(13:35):
also have a magnetic pole on the Earth, a north
and south pole, and that has to do with a
generated magnetic field inside the Earth that more or less
aligns with the rotational poles, not exactly. Well, the Sun
has a similar thing, right, so near its rotational axes,
(13:56):
that's the headquarters for the Sun's northern pole, north and
south pole of its magnetic field. Except the Sun's magnetic
field frends is so complicated because it goes it's first
of all, It's not a solid, right, It's not a
solid like the Earth, or even with a solid liquid
core like the Earth. It is a plasma. And so
(14:17):
this plasma is very complicated, and because of that complicated
magnetohydrodynamic set of processes that take place in the plasma
of the Sun, you get weird things that happen. And
one of the weird things that happens on the Sun
is every eleven years, you get the field of the Sun,
the magnetic field of the Sun, just absolutely losing its mind,
(14:41):
coming apart, becoming unstable, forming all kinds of sun spots,
generating all kinds of solar flares, coronal mass ejections, massive
storms on the Sun as that Sun's magnetic field breaks
down into some kind of incoherence. Wait, how often does
(15:02):
that happen again? Every eleven years? Wait, so where are
we right now? We are at solar maximum. In other words,
right now we are at a period of time very
close to the maximum amount of chaos in that magnetic
field of the Sun. And right when that was happening,
(15:23):
the European Space Agency has a spacecraft called the Solar
Orbiter that, through a set of interactions with the planet
Venus received some gravity assyst to take it out of
a orbit that's kind of in the equator of the
Sun and down toward a more tilted orbit where it
(15:44):
can see the poles of the Sun, the North pole
and the South pole. And what it did first is
image the south pole. Now, these pictures have just come
back here very recently, and they're out there all over
the internet. And I've had at least two or three
friends tell me, yeah, I saw those pictures of the sun.
All pull of the Sun looks just exactly like the
rest of the Sun. It's pretty hard to argue that
(16:06):
that's the case or that's not the case. It looks
exactly like I mean, it's hard. You don't see like,
you know, Santa and reindeer, and you know, there's the
Antarctic and you don't see any of that stuff.
Speaker 5 (16:17):
There's summer stripe pole on both sides, is what you're
barber poles, nothing like that.
Speaker 2 (16:23):
That's right, but so okay, So, but that's just taking pictures,
and which they certainly did, and they released those pictures
and they said, here's the first pictures of the cell
poll of the Sun. All my friends who love to
make fun of me because I'm a science geek, which
I appreciate them, by the way, because somebody's got to
keep me in check anyway. So as they have all
made fun of me, I've said, yeah, you're right, pretty
(16:44):
much looks like the rest of the Sun. But here's
what I have to tell for you people. You you
all are the insiders. You're the you're the the next
level geeks that are listening to a podcast about space.
Thank you for listening, by the way. For you, I
have this treasure. They also have a magnetometer on board.
In other words, they also have instruments that can in
(17:05):
great detail measure the magnet and measure and map the
magnetic field of the Sun. And they pointed that at
the south pole of the Sun. And here's what they
found out. That there is no clean magnetic south pole
of the Sun. There are dozens of south magnetic polarity locations.
(17:27):
There are also dozens of north magnetic polarity locations at
the south pole, which means friends that the Sun's magnetic
field is currently heading toward chaos, which is exactly what
we would expect as we move toward solar max because
the whole global magnetic field of the Sun is going
to break down. It flips polarity. The Sun does not
(17:51):
flip over, don't hear what I'm not saying. The magnetic
field reversus polarity and then re establishes itself with a
relatively clean magnetic field. After solar maximum, we are nearing
the time of the pole flips. So within just a
few short months we're probably gonna be seeing the time
(18:14):
of the pole flip and the end of this particular
period of solar max moving toward the next solar cycle.
So we have pictures now of the magnetic field of
the Sun and all of its behaviors right at this
time of maximum activity, which is going to give scientists
a very good idea about the behavior of the magnetic
(18:34):
field of the Sun in a place where we've never
been able to look before. That's the important part. Check
out the story on astronomy dot com, by the way,
but it's out there in lots of places.
Speaker 5 (18:45):
Coming up after a quick break, we're gonna revisit something
that goes back to the Apollo missions.
Speaker 6 (18:51):
We'll get to that next, all right.
Speaker 5 (19:11):
We go back to the Apollo missions. We go to
human beings walking around on the Moon, and you know,
there were certain things I guess that were expected, and
there were some things that weren't necessarily expected when they
got there. One of the things that wasn't expected was
to find little glass beads on the surface of the Moon.
(19:32):
And I guess now there's a little bit better opportunity
for scientists to examine those and get a little bit
better understanding. But these things are, you know, billions of
years old.
Speaker 2 (19:42):
Yeah, this is an interesting story. First of all, I
would like to just make this analogy. If you share
your home with another human being, I'm sure that you've
had this conversation at one point, Like they look in
the closet and they say, why are we saving this
bar of stuff? You're the one that put this stuff
(20:03):
in the box. You stuffed This has been in this
closet for fifteen years, or maybe longer thirty five years,
or maybe longer, in the case of the Apollo glass
beads from the Moon, fifty years. For fifty years, the
stuff's been in the closet. What are we gonna use
this for? Someday that's gonna come in handy. Someday I'm
(20:24):
gonna need that stuff, and I'm gonna get into that box,
and I'm gonna pull that stuff out and it's gonna
be important. Can imagine having these conversations at a place
like the Johnson Space Center in Houston.
Speaker 5 (20:36):
Yeah, by the way, just this a side note. Something
in my collection of things I get asked about regularly
is something that I've intended to give you for about
ten years. So I get asked, like, what are you
doing with this? Exactly? It's for Sean. I'll give it
to him. Just give me time. So anyway, by the way,
just you know, maybe next time we're gonna definitely be
(20:57):
in the same room together. Remind me, hey that you
were telling me that Jill's been bugging you about.
Speaker 1 (21:03):
You'll like it.
Speaker 4 (21:04):
I know you'll like it.
Speaker 5 (21:05):
I've had it for you, I mean seriously, for a decade.
So anyway.
Speaker 2 (21:09):
See, I'm one of those kinds of people that puts
things in boxes and hides them in the closet. It's
why during a recent show, like a whole cascade of
things fell over in my office while we were actually
recording the podcast. And I know, Wes, if you've got
something for me, the time's gonna be right, it's gonna
be Don't give me that thing before the time's right,
you go ahead and wait, however many years you need
(21:30):
to until the time is right.
Speaker 5 (21:31):
When that stuff fell in your office, I remember thinking,
maybe it's just as well I haven't given it to
you yet, because it sounds like you might be at
max capacity off.
Speaker 2 (21:42):
Well, somewhere in the hollowed halls of the Johnson Space
that or somebody went, hey, what is all this stuff
over here? What are all these little tiny orange and
black beads? Oh, don't throw those out. Those those are
gonna be important someday. Well, today's the day, friends, check
out the article on Universe today dot com because NASA
(22:04):
finally broke out the little bag of orange and black
glass beads and they gave them to scientists at the
University of Washington and Saint Louis. Why. Because the scientists
at the University of Washington Saint Louis have access to
advanced microscopic techniques that didn't exist during the Apollo era.
(22:24):
They have cutting edge imaging tools like high energy ion
beams and electron microscopy that they could actually analyze those beads. Now.
They couldn't do it all that long long years ago,
back in the nineteen sixties and seventies, so a big
sample of little, tiny, brilliant orange and black glass beads
(22:49):
that were found glittering on the surface of the Moon
by Apollo astronauts. These beads are somewhere on the order
of one millimeter in size, so like the head of
a pin. But apparently they were there in great abundance
on the Moon, and scientists have estimated before this time
that they probably formed three point six billion years ago,
(23:14):
because that's when the volcanoes on the Moon were very active.
And this is little bits of volcanic glass. So all
of this stuff, if it had an atmosphere on the Moon,
the stuff would have eroded long ago or would have
weathered away. But because the Moon has no atmosphere or
no erosion processes, these tiny glass spheres have survived there
(23:37):
for over three billion years and they give us a
way to sample the geological process is taking place on
the surface of the Moon three point six billion years ago.
And what they have found is that these little glass
beads were not deposited just in one big volcano or
even one series of big volcanoes, but they were deposited
(24:01):
over time by waves of volcanic activity, and the different
waves of volcanic activity created different kinds of beads, little
different color, little different chemistry, all of these kinds of things.
Ryan Ogliore, an associate professor of physics at Washington University
of Saint Louis, has this quote, They're some of the
(24:24):
most amazing extraterrestrial samples we have. The beads are tiny,
pristine capsules of the lunar interior interior. It's like reading
the journal of an ancient lunar volcanologist unquote, so says
Ryan Ogliore, associate professor of Physics, University of Washington at
(24:44):
Saint Louis. That's why you keep glass beads in boxes
in your closet for fifty years. Friends, That's why you
do it.
Speaker 5 (24:51):
Right there, by the way, the thing that I have
to give you not orange and black, but it's orange
and dark navy. If that gives you any hint what
it might be or what it might be related to,
I figure that might give at least part of it away.
But ah, one more quick break, and when we come back,
we're going to talk about the Milky Way and the
(25:11):
significance of where we are after this, all right, So
(25:35):
there's so many things as it pertains to life for us,
our Goldilock zone where we are having a moon that
is where it is and its size, and there's a
lot of things that come into play for us being
here for life. And it turns out it's also a
good spot for us in the Milky Way, like we're
where we need to be for life. Let's talk about that.
Speaker 2 (26:00):
Yeah, So, certainly the elements that were available to form
the Sun and our solar system had to have components
in them that made life possible on our planet. And
if you're in a part of the Milky Way where
you don't have access to those kinds of elements, you're
(26:22):
probably not going to form a solar system that can
support life. That's the idea, right, Okay, Well, here's a
new study. By the way, again an article on Universe
today dot com. A couple of a great week for
Universe Today. By the way, go out and read that
website often. They have great news stories there. A new
study shows that the Milky Way's galactic center struggles to
(26:42):
form massive stars. Now our part of the Milky Way,
we're about two thirds of the way from the center
out toward the edge. We live in a place that
has no trouble forming massive stars. We look out at
kind of the our diameter of the galaxy and in
the spiral arms, and we see all manner of big
star forming regions and star clusters that have the most
(27:04):
massive kinds of stars in them. But scientists from the
Seti Institute who have conducted a study looking for places
in the solar system, sorry in the galaxy rather where
life might be preferentially found, have found that toward the
center of the Milky Way galaxy, you just don't have
as many big stars. And if you don't have as
(27:27):
many big stars, then you don't have the kind of
chemical production that can come from the most massive stars.
And if you don't have that chemical production, you don't
have the abundance of the kinds of elements that are
necessary to form solar systems in which life can be supported.
All right, So that's the quick version of the story.
(27:47):
For some reason, very few massive stars are found to
be forming toward the giant molecular clouds or the giant
hydrogen two regions that are near the center of the
We call those H two regions, by the way. So
H two is just a quick way to say, there's
a lot of ionized hydrogen down there, and so H
(28:08):
two regions are places where we find big stars forming.
A very famous H two region that many people know
about is the Great Nebula of Orion. You can just
go out in the backyard and see that with your
naked eye, but if you have a backyard telescope, it
shows it as a beautiful cloud of space gas being
lit up by some brand new baby stars that were formed.
(28:30):
And those bouncing baby stars are among the largest kinds
of stars we can find anywhere in the universe. They're
called O and B stars, and that has to do
with a classification system for stellar types. Well, O and
B two letters of the alphabet O and B. Those
types of stars are the largest known stars. We can
(28:52):
find them in the Milky Way in places like the
Orion Cluster, but we do not see them down toward
the center of the Milky Way galaxy. And that fact
was just confirmed and reaffirmed by a group of scientists
from the Carl Sagan Research Center at the SETI Institute.
(29:14):
They have their lead author. His name is James. I
don't know James, so I don't know exactly how he
pronounces his last name, but I'm gonna go ahead and
just say it as w Z. It's w Z. James
Mwza from the Carl Sagan Center for Research at the
SETI Institute had this to say, quote surveying the giant
(29:36):
H two regions of the Milky Way with Sophia. Side note,
Sophia is a infrared instrument that is born on an airplane. Okay,
back to the quote. The galactic center regions of Sagittarius
B one, Sagittaries B two, and Sagittarius C. These giant
H two regions are home to some extremely massive young
(29:59):
stars form O and B clusters, but they contain a
significant fraction of most of the massive stars in the
galaxy and therefore can dominate a galaxy's thermal emission. So
some of these things have big OB clusters in them,
but most of them do not, and so it's good
to study these these stars, these in these in these
(30:20):
massive clusters. It's interesting that there are some of those
big stars towards the center of the Milky Way, but
most of the giant stars that have the ability to
produce the heaviest elements and therefore life bearing planets appear
to be at a paucity toward the center of the
Milky Way, which means we just don't find them there. Right,
So it appears that the galactic center may not be
(30:43):
the best place to look for life after all. Again.
Read more about this interesting story at Universe today dot com.
Speaker 5 (30:51):
Why can't it just be James Debuser? I mean, you
know you maybe you're overthinking it, that's all, speaking as
a professional name reader. Maybe you're over you know.
Speaker 2 (31:01):
I mean, I don't know how he pronounces. That was
my point.
Speaker 5 (31:05):
I like Debuseiah, That's probably what I would have gone with.
Speaker 6 (31:08):
All right.
Speaker 5 (31:08):
Let's talk about a little bit easier name to say
an astronaut's name, David Scott. Let's talk about that.
Speaker 2 (31:16):
His name's Dave.
Speaker 5 (31:18):
That's easy, there's no overthinking it.
Speaker 2 (31:21):
I don't think I've stumbled over the word.
Speaker 5 (31:23):
Dave or Scott, So those are both easy, both easy.
Speaker 2 (31:28):
David Scott was the commander of APAOLLA fifteen. Friends and
David Scott's brother, Tom lived right here in the city
of Columbus for a number of years. We got to
be very good friends with Tom. Tom has arranged for
the donation of several pieces of memorabilia and a few
space artifacts to the Coca Cola Space Science Center, so
many in fact, that we don't have room to put
(31:49):
them all on display. So this summer and this summer only,
we have a collaboration with the very good friends of
ours at the bo Bartlett Center for Art, which is
just down the street here at Columbus State University from
the Coca Cola Space Science Center. We share the same neighborhood,
almost the same address, Front Avenue, Columbus, Georgia, but they're
(32:09):
just down the street from us. They have on display
twenty one pieces from the David Scott collection that were
just so many we didn't have room to put them
on display here. If you would like to see these
artifacts and pieces of memorabilia on display, check it out
at the bo Bartlett Center this summer. On display from
June third through August second, twenty twenty five. The bo
(32:32):
Bartlett Center is open from eleven am to four pm
Tuesday through Saturday. You can check out more information here
at the website for the Space Science Center on this
really amazing opportunity to see these artifacts and memorabilia from
the collection of David Scott himself on display. The rest
of the summer. Check out our website www dot cc
(32:54):
SSC dot org. Charlie Charlie SamSam Charlie dot.
Speaker 5 (32:58):
Org, Sean and I thank you for listening, and we'll
do this again next weeks. Overhead Door Company of Columbus
has all of your garage door needs covered. Residential and
commercial service and repairs. If you need a new garage door,
or you're just looking to upgrade or repair your current door,
(33:21):
Overhead Door Company of Columbus has you covered. Plus they've
got your emergency repairs or service covered as well. Seven
oh six three five eight forty five hundred seven oh
six three five eight forty five hundred O Dccolumbus dot
com
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