DEBUNKING: Anglo-Saxon diversity: Updown Girl

Anglo-Saxon England was racially diverse according to a new genetics paper 'West African ancestry in seventh-century England: two individuals from Kent and Dorset published in Antiquity journal. But is Duncan Sayer misrepresenting the evidence? How significant are two skeletons with 1/4 black ancestry and have they failed to notice middle eastern ancestry in Updown Girl?

Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:01):
Whoa, whoa, up down girl. I'm not going to see
the rest of it. That would be excessive, but that's
a topic of the day's video. It's me Tom Raussel.
I'm back again to debunk yet another example of distortion
of the history of British people. This time it's Anglo

(00:24):
Saxon England. There's a new paper out, well, two new
papers out this year. One of them deals with two
Anglo Saxon skeletons specifically, and the other deals with one
of those same two in more detail. Neither of these
skeletons are new, neither of the analysis is particularly new,

(00:47):
and one of them has a slightly newer aspect, which
is the one from Dorset, one from Kent. One's from Dorset.
The reason for making this paper then is questionable, isn't it?
Because back in twenty twenty two a wonderful paper came
out which I did stream about or a video about,

(01:08):
which was by Gretzinger and colleagues. It was the largest
study of Anglo Saxon DNA ever conducted. It included four
hundred and sixty Northwest European samples less skeletons dug up,
which is a very big study for any genetics paper FYI,
and those four hundred and sixty relevant to the actual

(01:33):
period of the Anglo Saxons were also contrasted with one
hundreds and hundreds of others. I think in total about
two thousand samples from previous and following eras to get
like some context. But having four hundred and sixty mostly
new samples means it's a very big and conclusive study,
and I found it wonderful because it confirmed what we
know about the Anglo Saxons. But buried in the supplements

(01:56):
was something that some of the media got excited about,
but it didn't make a really big splack. But some
of the Wok media tried to make a splash on it,
which was that one of the girls discovered therein and
one of the skeletons was of a girl. In the
seventh century Kent, just at the time roughly that the
kingdom became Christian. The Kingdom of Kent was the first

(02:17):
Anglo Saxon kingdom, where the king Erchembert had declared that
the idols of the old gods had to be destroyed
and that people should be Christian. Erchembert of Kent ruled
from six forty to six sixty four, and that is
roughly the time that the skeleton from the cemetery, one

(02:38):
of the many cemeteries at Eastrie is dated to that
skeleton from that cemetery. And this skeleton was so important
because she had some black ancestry. And if you're not aware,
in Britain, archaeologists and historians have been going crazy for
decades trying to find evidence that there have always been

(02:58):
black people here to justify the kind of things the
BBC pushes on children, saying the blacks have always been here.
To date, there has never been a single sample of
a black person sequence like Who's pure black? From ancient Britain.
Beachy Head was declared black. Beachy Head Lady, she was
declared back she was from Sussex, and then when they

(03:21):
did her DNA it showed that she didn't have any
black ancestry. Ivory Bangle Lady, also a Roman era woman,
was declared black based on the shape of her skull,
same as bet Heead Lady. But they sequenced her DNA
in Sweden and then went very quiet, and they've been
sitting on the DNA results for a couple of years

(03:42):
at least and they won't. The Ponto Scogland Lab have
not released the results, probably because Ivory Bangal Lady is
not black either. But as part of this study of
Anglo Saxon DNA, of the hundreds of more than four
hundred samples that they took of two thousand samples from

(04:02):
Britain and the surrounding areas of the time, they found
one which had about a quarter of black ancestry, although
they misreported it in that twenty twenty two paper as
being more and the archaeologist who had provided that sample
had been involved in providing that sample to the geneticis

(04:23):
for study. Duncancer got very excited and declared on Twitter
that he was going to make sure that there was
another paper all about updown girl. So I knew this
was coming, because that's what this new paper is. Basically,
it's just dunk and say pushing for a focus on
this girl to like show what's going on. And you know,

(04:44):
in his defense, it's a pretty unusual thing to see
anywhere in medieval anywhere in the seventh century Europe, anyone
to have black ancestry, as far as I know, it's
pretty much unheard of. It would be more likely less
surprising if it was in Spain, but even there it
would be surprising. But what made it really really shocking

(05:06):
to me is that the way it was reported initially
and that they're basically still trying to report on it,
is that this is a girl who is like mostly
Anglo Saxon and then part Black West African sub Saharan African.
They use the proxy to measure the black ancestry as Euroba,

(05:27):
which is a tribal grouping or from West Africa and
that place like Nigeria, and it's quite a typical genetic
profile for West African, so it's fine as a proxy
for not just Euroba people, but Igbo, whatever, anything any
from from anyone from West Africa. Basically it'll be a
suitable proxy for that DNA. But they're mismodeling it, and

(05:50):
a lot of other people looking at their DNA and
have come to other conclusions. So I'm going to go
over some of this in today's video, and I'm going
to say what they show in the paper and what
they're claiming it shows how the media are going to
try and push this to say, you know, the Anglo
Saxons were black and diverse and blah, blah blah, which
is not what it's showing at all. And I was
going to say what the new paper by Sayer and

(06:13):
colleagues is proposing as an explanation for why there's a
girl who's like a quarter black in Anglo Saxon, England,
because that's interesting, and also I'm going to say why
I think she's there, and it's not the same as
what they think. So let's get on with it first.

(06:38):
Let's just have a bit of background. The Anglo Saxon
invasion occurred mostly in the fifth century, and that is
an introduction of Germanic DNA from Denmark and Germany, which
the geneticists term in these papers CNE, meaning Continental North European.
This people came and mixed with gradually the people of

(07:00):
the British Isles and British DNA indigenous iron Age. British
DNA is labeled by these genesticists wb I, which means
Western British are British and Irish. So when they say
in the papers British and Irish DNA, they don't mean
that the people are a mixture of British and Irish.
They just mean they're British. But they the term for
that group is British and Irish. Because British and Irish

(07:23):
was so similar. Irish people were probably not happy to
hear that, But it's true. Now. There were no black
people in the Germanic world at that time in the
fifth century, and there were pretty much hardly any black
people in Europe. In Europe actually, but there were some
because of the Roman Empire. Roman empires started to pull
back from the north northern territories around four oh six AD,

(07:48):
and that's what allowed the Anglo Saxons later as they
pulled out of England for ten to take over Britain
and then mix together to form the English People. But
because there were black Africans, sometimes rarely among Ethiopians and
stuff in the Roman army, there was people speculating about

(08:08):
earlier black presence in the British Isles, but all of
that's been pretty much made up and exaggerated by for
political reasons. There hasn't been any solid sources showing that
there were any black people. But anyway, even if there
were black people stationed and Roman soldiers stationed during Roman Britain,
there was no legacy of DNA from the Romans left

(08:30):
in Britain, so it's quite irrelevant. After the Romans left,
Britain's genetic state was pretty much the same as it
had been before the Romans arrived, which is just what
people term these days Celtic, which means like what the
geneticists are calling WBI West British and Irish whatever. So
that was basically the state are in the year like

(08:53):
five hundred and then six hundred even later you're talking
about the people in England are just going to be
a mixture of those two groups, and they were pagan
because the English coming in did not worship Jesus like
the Britons did. The Britons had adopted the religion of
the late Roman Empire, Christianity, but the English coming in

(09:14):
were from northern far north, beyond the limits of the
Roman Empire and have retained an indigenous European religion worshiping
gods like Woden, and many of the British seem to
have adopted the religion of the English and given up
Christ for Woden, because we can see a transition in
burial from Christian to Pagan the western part of England,

(09:37):
and this is what the twenty twenty two paper was
reinforcing remained more British and less English, and the eastern
part more English and less British. And therefore the eastern
part was more pagan and more genetically Nordic, and the
western part was more genetically Celtic and more Christian. But
then there was a blending together gradually, with the modern

(10:00):
England now having a gradient with more Germanic ancestry in
the east and more Brafonic ancestry in the west. And
by the time the English got all the way to
the western edge, you know, towards Cornwall, they were a
Christian people as well, which is and the Christianization of
England took place mostly during the seventh century and was
completed in the eighth century. Now this is very interesting

(10:22):
because Updown Girl is from a Christian burial, and she
is dating to the mid sixth mid seventh century, so
six fifties or something, and in the Kingdom of Kent,
just at the time when Etchenbert has ordered Christians everyone
to be Christian and to destroy the idols. So that's

(10:46):
really interesting for the context because if I go back
again just to give the content before I go into
the paper, I want to give some context about why
a black person would be in Europe. As the Roman
Empire was falling to pieces, Christianity was like the new
glue of late Antiquity. Christianity was the religion of late

(11:07):
Romans as it was falling to pieces, and that includes
all the immigrants who made up Imperial Rome was no
longer very Italian. It was all full of Middle Easterners.
You had Libyans and Syrians, Egyptians and Jews and all
kinds of people mingling together in Italy and other parts
of the Empire. Very diverse, and Christianity was a good
religion for this sort of mixed Mediterranean people to be

(11:29):
united under because they no longer all believed in the
foundations of Rome and the Vestal cult and all the
things that had built rowing up. Instead they had this
new cult. There's a sort of provided by Raul McLaughlin
about the Garamantes, which refers to black slaves. Garamantes appear

(11:49):
as possible slaves in two Latin texts, but these were
written in late Antiquity, around the time the Western Empire
was in its final decline. An anonymous poem evokes imagery
associated with filth and the underworld to disparage a dark
skinned character. The first verse reads, this Garamansian filth has
just entered our space. This black man, born to be

(12:10):
a slave, is even proud of his pitch black skin.
But this short poem finishes with references to mythology and
the claim Hades's house should have him as a guard.
In that way, they were trying to associate the black
skin with the underworld, which is also something in the
Demanic world where hell's skin is used as an insult
for people with darker skin, because the underworld in the

(12:30):
Pagan religions associated with darkness and also dead bodies had
darker skin as a process of decomposition. So people in
this period in history seeing other people, like when white
people saw people with darker skin, they naturally associated them
with corpses and sort of compared them to corpses, which
ironically is exactly what dark dark skinned people did to
white people when they saw them. They often associated them

(12:52):
with ghosts because they thought their light skin made associated
them with the dead, So it was a two way
street in that respect. Continuing from the quote, a sixth
century so named Luxurius. Luxurius criticized a Roman named Muro
for pursuing dart skinned prostitutes who were low status and
possible slaves. He writes, admitted Muro, a Pontic girl doesn't

(13:14):
do it for you, but a Garamanchian does. The poet
therefore contrasts the palest skinned women from the Caucuses and
Step with those with the darkest complexions. Garamansions this is
possible evidence for large scale trade in African slaves in
late antiquity. There hasn't been a conclusive study to prove

(13:35):
that there was a widespread trade of black slaves during
that period like there was in you know, later colonial
history of the Transatlantic trade. But there is evidence for
some black slaves, but it certainly, if not evidence for that,
it's evidence that in late antiquity there was still a
concern with the darker skinned people as representing something very,
very foreign. And you can go back hundreds of years

(13:57):
earlier to Septimius Severus, the Roman emperor who in Britain
encountered an Ethiopian soldier and was shocked by that site.
But I don't want to go too much back to
the rain has set to me as Severus, because that's
much much earlier. We're talking now about late Antiquity and
early Medieval Europe, so the focus is there obviously. Actually,

(14:19):
in earlier periods of Roman history there were a lot
more like use of Africans, but the general I think
towards late Antiquity, German slaves were preferred. A lot of
Germanic people were enslaved in those times, so you wouldn't
expect to see so many African slaves. So to return
to these papers, the old one from twenty twenty two
mentioned a lot about these two samples in question. There's

(14:45):
a ten year old girl from Eastrian, Kent, that said,
and in the last like Eastreet in Kent, there's loads
of Anglo Saxons cemeteries, most of them are from the
Pagan period. The last one has all Christian burials, mostly
Christian burial sorry, and that one dates to the seventh century.
And in this last cemetery there is a that's where

(15:09):
the grave of up Down girl is and she's about
ten years old. Ten year old girl, they estimated based
on her skeleton. One newspaper reporting on her previously described
her as affluent and her family as affluent, which is
a bit of a stretch. She's buried with a spoon,
which is something that you see in Christian burials. It's

(15:31):
just a kind of some kind of association with Byzantium
and Syria, like in the Near East, and the Christianity
of Byzantium. For some reason, spoons are a thing for them.
So it's not a hugely high status item, but it
does reveal definitely like a Christian connection to this girl
with a quarter of black ancestry. She was buried with

(15:52):
three relatives that could be traced. One was her aunt,
her maternal aunt or her mother's sister. The other was
her mother's mother, and that would be her grandmother. And
her grandmother was buried on the side of a barrow,
so the barrow is an old high status pagan grave,
and her grandmother was not high state status enough to

(16:17):
have a barrow, but to be allowed to be buried
next to a barrow, indicating some kind of affiliation with
the great Man within the barrow and was quite quite
high status. Her grandmother was, but her grave is not
that high status. It's a Christian just as playing Christian grave.
She's got a pot, a spoon, and a knife. Everyone

(16:38):
had knife in those days. You can't live without a knife.
You cut everything with it, you eat with it, you
keep it. The spoon is some kind of Christian symbol.
The pot is a bit more interesting because it's a
Frankish pottery type, and that shows she had some connections
to Frankier Frank's that in those days a lot of
them could speak a language that was very like English.
Old Frankish, an Old Germanic language that originates in northern Germany,

(17:02):
same as English does, so some of them would have
been able to speak with that. And also because many
of Christians there would have some of them were spoke
with Latin. So there was an easy like connection between
Kent and France at that time because there were language connections.
It's the Kent is the closest part of England to France,
and Kent became Christian in that century, which opened up

(17:25):
sort of a wider opportunities for cultural exchange with France
because of that, and I think this part shows that
quite clear. And also what we know, we could see
that although we don't have her mum's DNA, we assume
that her mum is the same as her sister right,
pretty much the same. Her maternal family is pretty much

(17:47):
all Nordic it's like majority Nordic ancestry with a bit
of British and a little bit of Frankish, but mostly
like North Germanic, but Nordic Germanic. But from the fact
that she has a bit more Frankish than any of
she's got more Frankish DNA than any of her relatives

(18:08):
in the grave, which means that the absent relative her father,
her absent father, her paternal line is missing, but her
father must have more Frankish DNA. In fact, she doesn't
have enough Anglo Saxon DNA for there to be any
Anglo Saxon DNA on her father's side, so all of
her Anglo Saxon DNA comes from her mother's mother. Her

(18:28):
father therefore must have been a mixture of Black, African
and frank and also Middle East, which is something none
of them media reported on previously. No one mentioned it
in the twenty twenty two paper, and this new paper,
the new one, which is going over the same stuff,

(18:49):
it mentions Middle Eastern and North African DNA. North African
and Middle East and DNA are very similar, so you know,
it mentions North Africa eight times, but it never ever
mentions that updown girl has North African DNA, which is
why I got so confused, because the root for African
sub Saharan black African DNA to get into Europe had
to be via North Africa, and you would expect that

(19:11):
to be like Black African DNA mixing with North Africans
and then some North Africans going into Spain and then
maybe some Spain coming up. So you'd expect to see
like the presence of like the whole chain of DNA
going from France, Spain, North Africa, Subsharan Africa. But in
this one, it's they were claiming it was just Nordic

(19:32):
DNA and Black African DNA and nothing else. And I
was like, how could that happen? How could that possibly happen? Well,
it didn't happen, that's what that's what. They just got
it wrong, and they're publishing a mistake. There is no
like her father didn't have any Anglo Saxon DNA, and
he did have North African DNA and frank and French DNA,
so he's a mixed He was probably like her dad

(19:54):
was probably half French and half sort of black Middle
Eastern mix. So yeah, I'll go into that a bit
more later. The twenty twenty two paper also mentioned another
skeleton with a bit of black ancestry from Worth matt
Rivers on Matravers in sort of west not almost the

(20:15):
West Country, but not quite its Dorset is on the
in the western part of Britain, but it's in the
far east part of the West part, so it's not
that far west really, but it's away from the center
of the Anglo Saxon region of the east of England
and moving towards the more British areas. But it's sort
of halfway. Actually, it's about halfway along the coast from
the east to west. So the paper is trying to

(20:35):
make out like this is way away from it's actually
about halfway. But this individual also had a quarter black
ancestry roughly, and it's a male. And it's said in
twenty twenty two paper that present day Africans like yeah,
similar amounts are measured in present day Africans from Algeria

(20:56):
and Mozabites as well of this Euroba like DNA from
West Africa. However, those populations also carry high amounts of
North African, Middle East and component, which is minimal in
this sample. It is therefore more likely that the sample
the product is the product of recent admixture between a
Northern European and a West African source, whilst small amounts
of sub Saharan African ancestry might be the result of

(21:18):
low coverage and or contamination. There's no reason to assume
this for this sample, right, So basically for this other
one from worth Man Trevor's this is again I'm just
talking about the small like notes on these two paper,
these two samples that were in this big paper in
twenty twenty two. They're trying to make the same argument
as for updown God is that the both are quarter
black roughly from a direct mixing with Nordic Germanic people

(21:42):
or Nordic Celtic Nordic Celtic mixed people with West Africans.
So these two samples are the focus of this new
paper now, and they're just expanding on that little stuff
that was in twenty twenty two. The Worth Matravers sample
gets its own paper by Foodia. All FOODI and colleagues

(22:06):
called ancient genomes reveal cosmopolitan ancestry and maternal kinship patterns
at post Roman Worth Matravers dorse it, whereas The other paper,
which goes moreover the like both of them, but with
a focus on updown Girl, is called West African ancestry
in seventh century England to individuals from Kent and Dorset,

(22:30):
and they basically just reinforced the same claims that were
made in the supplements of the twenty two paper, without
adding any decent evidence to reinforce it, and without doing
like addressing many of the things that like other amateur
geneticists and enthusiasts have noted about the sample that once

(22:51):
it was made public, so I'll have to do that
now instead. And of course the whole thing is being
geared up to sort of show that there was more
diversity than we imagined, and that this is challenging our
notions of what it is to be English, and that
England was always multicultural and blah blah blah blah blah,

(23:12):
not really actually what's being shown. I should remind you
that a study of ethnicity in modern day America shows
that people who are less than twenty five percent black
don't usually identify as black. So in America North America,
at least, people who call themselves black are usually people

(23:32):
with more than a quarter black ancestry not always so.
And also I can say, like, for example, like what
would they look like these people? Would they look black?
Because in the paper they actually are quoting a wote
kind of a black activist who is saying how it's

(23:55):
hard for black people to have like black hair and
racism whatever it says. The black British artist Jade Montserrat
notes that a woman's hair is deeply rooted in her
identity and heritage, referring to the fashion of straightening hair
in line with European aesthetics. And the reason they included
this completely irrelevant quote from a person who has absolutely

(24:19):
nothing to do with many of England, a black racial
activist person, basically is that there was a comb in
the burial, and combs are also a very normal grave
good of the time. There's nothing unusual about this comb.
It's not as Afro comb like you know, like black
people have special Afro combs. And they got this big
art black art in the scientific paper which says her

(24:41):
hair like history is flattened, ironed and erased. There is
nothing in the grave to indicate that she flattened or
ironed her hair, or that she would ever have to.
There's a comb, a normal comb that any white person
would use for their hair in England at the time.
To give you an idea, what might updown goir have
looked like. She's probably I mean, this is a picture

(25:04):
I'm showing on screen now of Brittany Venti, who is
an influencer who and her DNA has show she's about
thirty percent African, which is around the same region that
we're talking for Updown girl. Now, Britney venty just has
normal white people hair, she has colored eyes, She has
some phenotypical traits that you can tell that she has

(25:26):
substarran black ancestry. You wouldn't stare at her as like
a black person in medieval England might be stared at
for like being looking so different. It's not that different.
She just has some slight traits. So the likelihood is
that this girl was not especially racially different phenotypically from

(25:48):
her the people around her. She might have had some
She probably did have some traits that would be recognizably African,
perhaps the nose or the teeth, or that might She
might have had curly hair as well. We don't know.
They haven't got the analysis of her phenotype in the paper,
but there's no reason to think that she was like
black black. She wasn't that black. She was mostly white.
So and none of her black relatives are in the cemetery.

(26:13):
They're all absent. The only people in the cemetery to
whom she's related are her mother's on her mother's side,
who were all Nordic Germanic. None of her French ancestry
recent French ancestors are there either. So what's happening? Then, Well,
I have my theories. I'll get into them later. So
the new paper about the two Black samples that says

(26:37):
the following the discovery of recent Sub Saharan ancestry for
two individuals who died and were buried as ostensibly typical
members of their communities around the middle of the seventh
century at separate sites in southern England, adds a new
dimension to data on long distance movement and demographic interaction
involving Britain. It also contributes to our understanding of extensive

(26:58):
economic and political relationships through around the Mediterranean in the
sixth and seventh centuries. North Africa has been a key
region for the Roman Empire, particularly for the grain and
oil it could supply. Roman imperial rule had itself succeeded
earlier states in Egypt and Carthage, and the Roman army
recruited African barbarian troops from the western provinces of Mauritania

(27:19):
and Numidia who served and could eventually settle across the Empire,
Mauritania being where the Berbers come from. A cantalyzing contemporary
story of a ship laden with grain sailing from Alexania
to Britain in the early seventh century and returning with
a load of tin turned miraculously into silver implies that

(27:39):
this was an exceptional voyage rather than a regular trade
route that comes from Leontius of Neapolis the Life of
John the Almsgiver. Yet there is abundant evidence of pathways
by which individuals of recent West African ancestry could have
traveled to mid seventh century southern Britain. It is significant
that it is human DNA and therefore the movement of

(28:00):
people that now expands our awareness of the range of
long distance interaction further south to Subsharan Africa. There was
substantial trans Saharan slave trading to the Caliphate by the
nineteen tenth centuries, but there is no reason to believe
that black Africans were falling victim to large scale enslavement
and trafficking as early as AD six hundred, although such
behavior is possible in any historical circumstances. So they're trying

(28:23):
to say, we don't think this is a slave. They
don't want it to be a slave. I've noticed for
a lot of people on Twitter, right wing people saying
they think it's probably a slave. Actually, I don't think
it's a slave. I know that's what everyone is kind
of leaning towards. It's possible, but I'll go into more
after a second. In the two cases discuss here, the
eventual outcome of opportunistic movement along important trade routes is

(28:46):
the more plausible scenario. The paper basically tries to argue
that there was an important trade of gold from subs
Are in Africa, and that this movement of DNA probably
was carried along merchant of gold traders. That's not unreasonable
in the sense that if there was gold in Europe,
but there isn't any much African gold in England. The

(29:08):
gold in England is mostly Anglo Saxon like style artifacts
with some Byzantine coins, and it's thought that a lot
of the Anglo Saxon gold was melted down coins from
Byzantium or whatever, but some of it was just from Britain,
because Britain had gold. There were gold mines and bronzes
and stuff, and so there were gold artifacts around. Old

(29:28):
Celtic artifacts from Britain could be melted down as well
when they were found. So I'm not aware of any
evidence of like specifically West African gold in England. And
this grave has no Notitherbold these graves have any gold
in so they're not associated with gold. These graves, they're
not associated with gold merchants in any way. One of them,

(29:49):
the updown girl, the focus on her, is associated with
the Franks and with Christianity. Both of these graves are
associated with Christianity. So my tendency is to associate these
the African DNA in these graves, in these skeletons with
Christianity as well, which was then a new religion for

(30:12):
the English, not for the Britain's further west. But the
English had only one Christian kingdom at the time Kent,
where she was buried. The rest of England was still
pretty much all pagan and there are no blacks in
the pagan part of England. None so or there are
no blacks in any part of England. There's just two
people with a quarter black ancestry, which is not the

(30:35):
same thing as being black, but anyway, it's interesting. The
conclusion begins with a quote from the Anglo Saxon translation
of the Bible Exodus story, which they translated as easily
found Then was the African maiden on the ocean shore
adorned with gold? That passage in question isn't in the

(30:56):
original Bible, so it has raised eyebrows about why the
Anglo Saxons added it in. Basically, the Jews fleeing from
the Egyptians or whatever, were joined by. In the Anglo
Saxon version people referred to as Africans, meaning someone other
than Egyptians presumably, and this means some kind of other

(31:18):
slaves of the Egyptians beside the Jews. The Jews in
the Anglo Saxon version of Exodus are written as if
they were Anglo Saxons, so the Anglo Saxon pagans are
encouraged to think of Jews as being like them. I
did a video all about the way that that propaganda
was used to like make Jews in the Bible seem
more like Saxons to try and convince people to convert

(31:39):
to this religion. So and also they're intigating this maiden
who was adorned with gold, and the authors of this
paper are trying to somehow connect the Anglo Saxon knowledge
of Africans covered in gold with the presence of African
DNA of a woman and then then make this link
with the gold trade. It's a big rate, a big reach,

(32:00):
far reach. There's no gold here, there's no reason to
associate with gold. I mean, it's not I mean they
have to reach for straws because we don't really know
why they're there. But I think part of the reason
they're reaching so much is because they've misinterpreted the genetic evidence.
So let's have a deeper look at that. So in

(32:20):
their own analysis of the DNA, which I'm showing here
on this in this two graphs, like there's a PCR
on the right and you can see the two red
squares and EA S zero zero three that's updown girl
and I eleven five seven zero is the guy from
Worth Betraevers and they are both plotting just like North Africans.

(32:46):
So if you didn't know about their admixture analysis. You
just say these aren't Moroccans because they've plot like Moroccans.
But then they're not. They're not, we're not. On the left,
you can see the two samples laid. The arrows are
pointing a little bit too far down. They're not the
correct too, but the two so you can see, both
of them are mostly blue, which is Northern European color.

(33:10):
The Northern European color is blue on the on these
bar charts. And each of these is one sample, and
they're not one hundred percent accurate. For example, they think
the Algerian's got some blue or whatever, like I guess
it's just mixing up some other that's a pretty poor model.
But anyway, they're both showing green in the in there

(33:31):
you look at all the like Northern European samples at
the bottom, only two have any green, and that's these
two samples. And that green if you see at the
very top, is the same as EUROBA. It was one
hundred percent green. So EUROBA is the West African the
West African DNA, so yes, they have West African DNA.
But if you look closely at a at the east
updown girl. She also has orange and yellow, so the

(33:54):
yellow section is North Africa and Middle Eastern DNA. As
you can see on the PCA, the colors correspond and
the oranges East African DNA and East Africans are a
mixture of Middle Eastern and subs are An African anyway,
so you're getting mixed that kind of thing. So yes,
she does have it, and they never ever this is

(34:14):
their analysis. They can see that she has North African
DNA Middle Eastern DNA, but they don't mention that in
either twenty twenty two paper or of his paper. And
you can see that the other sample from Dorset that
worth Matreever's sample has a purple which is actually an

(34:37):
Asia or kind of Asian or East Asian or something
like that, maybe South Asian. But that's a mistake, but
it probably shows that. I mean, we know that that
means he's not got Asian DNA, but what's that means
the sample is wrong? They've got that not the sample
that the model is wrong. There is something that is
neither European nor African, and the model is trying to

(35:00):
fix it by adding in an East Asian component. You
can see that that they've got that in the Turkish
which is probably correct because they do have some East
Asian DNA, but they've also got it in like Palestinians
and Yemeni, where they probably don't have strictly speaking East
Asian DNA. But this model is not great. But it's
probably the case that the worth matravers man is of

(35:23):
has mixed Byzantine heritage from the West Asia. That's what
this East Asian DNA is. Actually some West Asian component
that's been conflated, and also black African ancestry from the
aforementioned black slaves who are being traded in Byzantium. So
I think he can be you can explain that like
a black slave in Byzantium got mixed with uh with

(35:45):
native Turk were not Turkish, you know, like pre Turkish
Greeks or Anatolia get that West Asian DNA. I'm guessing
it's gonna if we look at if we've got that
sample and analysa properly, it would show that he had
ancestry from the West Mediterranean, from the East Mediterranean, which
is West Asia, mixed with black back ancestry, and then
that Christian infrastructure allowed a person with black ancestry from

(36:07):
Anatolia to move into Western Europe and up into Britain.
And that grave in Worth Betravers is he's sharing a grave.
This quarter black guy. I think he's less than a
quarter black because I think he's got a lot of
West ancestry as well as being mixed up with it.
And the other guy is just a British guy who's

(36:28):
buried with an anchor under his head because he's a
sailor and he's sharing a grave with a sailor, which
is weird. Why is he's sharing a grave? Well, they
say in the paper, the other paper, which is just
about the work of travers Man, that's possible that that
he was a slave or a servant or something like that.
So I think what you've got here is a Christian
Britain is basically he's a sailor and he travels and

(36:52):
trades with regions associated with Byzantium goods, Byzantine goods, and
he's picked up this servant or whatever he is of
some point and he's like, this guy also has British
ancestry too, by the way, this mixed guy so or
maybe his dad was a servant who picks up somewhere

(37:13):
or maybe he was a preacher or something, and he's
come to Britain mixed with a British woman. And then
the child is this or grandson as the product who
is now a servant in a sailing vessel that comes
shore near Dorset. That would explain him her I think
something else is going on. The girl from Kent is

(37:35):
obviously her ancestry is mixed with Nlesan and they're trying
not to talk about it. Same for him as well.
But look that I just wanted to show their crummy
model first, to show that it's in their model and
not being made up. Here are some I'm going to
show you now some other people models done not by

(37:55):
the authors of the paper, but by genetic enthusiasts who
are in many cases more right than the people behind
the papers, but not always, but they can have some
excellent insights. So when these models using software like the
Haaduo and other kinds of software that allow you to
try and figure out the ancestry of an individual skeleton

(38:18):
by taking a bunch of other skeletons that you think
could be from ancestral populations and then putting them into
the model, and then it will say, if it can
build a similar genetic profile of the subject in question
from the samples you've provided, then it will be a
good fit, and if it can't, then it'll be a

(38:39):
bad fit. And the better the fit, the lower a distance.
So you can see, the best fit of the four
in this presentation would be forty nine point two percent
early medieval Saxon, which is basically what we know that
this person has. She has that she's half English, eighteen
point two percent Congo related protostoric, like an ancient Congo

(39:04):
black black. In other words, so eighteen percent black, and
then seventeen percent Moroccan and fifteen percent Libyan, so North African.
The actual best fit for this using in this particular
model gives the girl more North African ancestry than Black ancestry.
So it may be that the authors of the paper

(39:26):
have mismodeled her to the extent that they've inflated her
black ancestry that it doesn't show any North African ancestry,
which is there in every even in their own analysis.
As I've showed here, you can see four attempts at
modeling her. None of them are very good. All of
them use one black sample and one Anglo Saxon sample

(39:49):
and if you were if they were right to say
that she was just part black and part Anglo Saxon,
you would get a good fit. But that like six percent,
nine percent, eight percent. I say, like a good fit
should be like one percent or less or something like,
you know, or at least two percent. But this is
too this is not These are not working. And yeah,

(40:13):
your rubber is six If they use Euroba or Congo,
they get down to six percent, so it works better
than that. They use an East African sauce like Ethiopian,
but it's still not good enough really to explain, because
there's something missing. It's you can't model this girl with
just Anglo Saxon and black. It doesn't work. There's something else.

(40:34):
Now here's another four models, and these ones are quite good.
They're getting much smaller, like distance and one of the
best ones here it uses Anglo Saxon and then Berber
Algerian Berber, which is what I think is I think

(40:55):
this is correct. And then Ethiopia Congo is getting mixed
up there. I don't think he's got any if Theopian ancestry,
I think, but you're going to see it would be
something like Euroba and Berber Algeria or something would be
a better fit. But Tunisian Berber. Actually I say that,
but then belief that you've got Berber and Euroba and
Anglo Saxon and that's only a two percent fit, two

(41:18):
point six seven percent fit. So yeah, it works better
when you add in an East African source for some reason.
But also it works quite well here with the Canary
Islands Granche, which is a very unusual population with high

(41:39):
native Northwest African ancestry, which is neither Arab, nor Black
nor European. It's a Paleo African ancestry from north northwestern
Africa that survived on the Canary Islands among a people
called the Guanche. This probably doesn't mean that that this
girl has Guanche ancestors, but it just means that there's
a component in her ancestry that is related to the

(42:02):
Canary Islanders. In other words, Berber some kind of Berber population,
because the Berbers have similar ancestry origins to the Granche people,
who are extinct by the way. So and then they've
used Congo Congo, Canary Islander and Anglo Saxon to get
a quite good fit, quite good fit. I think you

(42:22):
can agree if you look at the paper's actual modeling
shows her North African ancestry, and then all these independent
analysis show that the best fits are not just Black
plus Nordic Saxon, but you have to add in a
Northern African component, something relating to Berbers in order to
get the right fit. Then we can start to actually

(42:46):
say who this person is, and I will now tell
you what I think that is. In the seventh century,
when she was alive, there was a known Berber in
Anglo Saxon English, a famous one called Hadrian or Adrian,
the African oh Aka Adrian of Canterbury. He was a

(43:10):
famous Christian scholar and the abbott of Saint Peter's and
Saint Paul's Church in Canterbury in eastern England. And he
was originally a Berber, but he ended up in Naples

(43:31):
in Italy. Now you may all think of North Africa
and the Berbers as Muslims, and that's right. They've been
Muslims since the islam the Arab conquest of North Africa,
which took place in the seventh century. In the mid
seventh century at the time Updown Girl was alive. Now

(43:52):
before the Muslims. Islam was a brand new, fresh religion
at the time, and it was spreading across North Africa
in the seventh century very quickly by the sword. It
was spread by the sword. But before that, because of
the influence of the Vandals and the Romans in North Africa,
the region was mostly Christian, well, at least there were
Christians there. There were some people practicing odd local pagan

(44:15):
religions too, but it was a lot of Christians. So
Adrian was probably a Christian when he was born in
North Africa. And I think there were a lot of
Berber Christians in the first part of the seventh century,
and by the end of the seventh century, I think
the Berber Christians had all converted to Islam or fled.

(44:36):
Another paper on Spanish DNA shows that the North African
DNA entered Spain not in the eighth century, just in
the eighth century when the Muslims invade from North Africa
into Spain and bring Islam there, but in the preceding
century when and that's because Christian North Africans were running

(44:56):
away from the Muslims and into Spain, and so the
influx of North African DNA was coming then, and many
Berbers then and now have black ancestry because Berbers you
trade black slaves. Blacks were used as slaves for you know,
right back into history. And also they were right on
the border of their you know, there were black kingdoms

(45:18):
to their south and they were mixing with them sometimes.
So all I think all Berbers today have some black ancestry,
but back then not all of them did, but some
of them did. I don't know if Adrian of Canterbury
had black ancestry, probably didn't, because most depictions of him
show them looking very white, and a lot of Berbers

(45:38):
would have looked very white actually because they weren't. They
have like relations to Near Eastern like Arab populations, but
they're actually a different population. And they also have ancestry
for Neolithic Europeans, so some of them end up looking
quite European, even having ginger hair and things like that. Now,
therefore Adrian the African could have looked he could have

(45:59):
been or he could have been white. But go into this.
Michael Wood, the famous British historian, pop historian from television
and stuff like that. You've probably seen some of his documentaries.
In Michael Wood's fact cheat about Hadrian the African. He
says Harian was born in North Africa in the six
twenties and died in Canterbury on January the ninth, seven

(46:23):
nine or seven ten. He was of African race. Vir
Nazione afir So Bede and Hadrian were alive till Bede
was in his thirties. Beide is one of our main
sources on Hadrian the African, and they were alive at
the same time. The use of this term by the

(46:44):
likes of Virgil, Marshal and Statius. It is often specifically
used by Latin poets to refer to a native of
Libya that means not a black person, because the Libyans
and that they were not black. Maybe then he was
a Berber or Amazig, possibly probably as a fluent Greek speaker.
He was from the Greek speaking part of North Africa.

(47:05):
I e. Cynaica. I don't know how to pronounce that, sorry,
but where exactly we don't know. In the electro notes
taken down by his students in Canterbury, Hadrian mentions the
exotic birds in a North African palace from his personal
experience in Libya. So he spent time in a region
that was then called Libya. By the way, the word

(47:26):
Libya now refers to a country called Libya. In those days,
Libya was a term more broadly used for parts of
North Africa that aren't part of what we now call Libya.
Could this be the impressive colonnaded palace excavated at Apollonia,
the main center of Byzantine Christianity in the region up
until six forty five, when the Arabs probably took it down.

(47:50):
Is even his name a clue? Hadrianopolis is nearby close
to Benghazi. For a useful book he recognized matter about
that on Haydrin said. Ethnicity professor David Gant suggests to
me that a face in an illuminated initial in the
famous Sala burg Assualta, now in Berlin, but written in

(48:10):
eighth century Northumbria is intended to depict a black person.
Leslie Webster, former head of the Early Medieval department at
the British Museum, considers it a unique image. Now I
find that very amusing. As an aside, this is the
capital I think he's talking about, and they're trying to

(48:31):
claim that this is a black person. I don't know
if they're saying it actually represents Hadrian himself. But this
is in Northumbria, in Northern Anglo Saxon, England. That it
was made in the seven hundreds, so one hundred years
or so after Updown Girl was buried the same century
Adrian died in but he died at the beginning of
the century. But that is not a black man. You

(48:52):
can see he's got colored hair, and yes, the face
is dark. But that I thought everyone would know, especially
an expert like Michael Wood. That is the discoloration of
the metals used in the pigments of the paints. You
can see around the eyelids they're still white, and also
around the hairline. The skin is still white, but it's

(49:12):
where the metal has been tainted over time, it's made
the color change to a darker hue. Now, obviously, if
it was meant to depict a black person, they wouldn't
have given it red hair and red lips like that,
and white eyelids and white hair, white skin underneath the hair.
It's obvious. I find it actually absurd that anyone expert

(49:34):
would ever suggest that was intended to depict a subs
are an African person. But that just shows you the
general climate in academia, in the museums, in the media,
when talking about Anger Saxon, England, they're very ready, very
very very ready to accept something might be black, even
though it's very obvious they're not. Now, the only reason

(49:56):
I mentioned Hadrian is because how did this guy, this
African who probably wasn't black. I don't think he was black,
but he was a Berber. How did this Berber end
up in Anglo Saxon, England. Well we know how because
he was sent there by the Church. Hadrian was sent
to Britain because he was familiar with the roads to Gaul,

(50:18):
having previously been sent there, and he was specifically sent
to Kent, and he was arrived under the rule of
King Edgbert, who was the son of hir Conbert, the
first Christian king of Kent, who was probably ruling at
the time of Updown Girls. So these graphs show roughly

(50:39):
how old those samples are. So the worth Matravers one
is somewhere between six hundred and eight hundred. It was
quite a big sample, but I think we're talking about
overall probably late six hundreds, the late seventh century. Whereas
the one and the bottom the Updown grave is more

(51:03):
likely to be somewhere between six hundred and six fifty.
That's grade thirty four, and grade thirty four is not
up Down Girl's grave. That dating is not for her grave.
It's a grave right next to it which has the
pariscissors and the blade and such things in it. Grade
forty seven is Updown Girl. Grade thirty four is a relative,

(51:25):
I think, so we can say with some confidence Updown
Girl lived and died around the age of ten or
eleven in the mid six hundred's, the mid seventh century.
It's a time when Adrian of Canterbury was alive. Adrian
arrived in England around six sixty eight or six sixty nine.
It's a time when Erchembert had made the kingdom Christian

(51:51):
around six forty. So I mean she might not have
lived through all of these things, but Erichembert and Adrian
the Berber This is all going on Kent, where she
lived at the time of her life, roughly and around
the time her grandmother was a pagan. We know that
we can see that she's next to a barrow, as
I said earlier, But her aunt, I think is moving

(52:12):
is Christian, so her family became Christian. Now Berbers were
Christian as well in that time. So this Berber was
shown from the DNA, she's got Berber ancestry. The West
African ancestry that she has only comes via Berber's and

(52:35):
the Berber ancestry only enters England through Frankish contacts. And
they make that clear in the paper and in some
of the articles in the news that are going to
be talking about it. This region of Kent had a
special Frankish connection during that time, which increased after Etchenbert.

(52:56):
Except Christianity, the Franks were the first, like viciously Catholic
Germanic people, and there had been earlier goth who converted
to Arian Christianity, but those didn't really have much of
an impact on the rest of the Germanic world. The
Franks are the first Gemanic people to try and make

(53:17):
their other, you know, to try and make the Anglo
Saxons and later the Saxons on the continent. Charlemagne oppresses
them and tries to make other Germanic people follow the
Roman late Roman religion of Christianity. So this is what
I think happened. A Berber with a lot of black

(53:38):
ancestry was involved. Now we can see that it's on
her on thig B. On this model, we can see
that the maternal aunt of Updown Girl has about double
the Germanic CNE ancestry as her, which means that her
dad didn't have any. She didn't get it from her dad,

(53:59):
she got it from her mum. However, the CWE, which
is Continental West European which means Frankish in this context
is or could also mean some Spanish is enriched in
Updown Girl relative to her aunt, indicating her father was
approximately half Frankish. I'm not clear on the exact percentages,

(54:21):
but I think her father would have been a mixed
mixture of Black Berber, which is a mixture itself of
Berber and sub Saharan African Euroba like ancestry from West
Africa and Frankish. And then he was a Christian Frank,
her father who's not in the grave. So somehow this
Christian Frank would have come into England, probably on a

(54:47):
mission to help convert these people, because these people are
only just being converted in his time. So her mother
was probably a Christian. Her mother's not there either, but
her aunt was Christian and her grandmother there isn't, so
it seems to me that you know, it's her parents'
generation who are converting, probably under the rule of Eurchenbert,

(55:08):
and there are probably Franks involved in encouraging Kentish people
the Kingdom of Cantuera to convert. And because Berbers are
a Christian population in Frankia they are, and in Italy
such as Adrian and Canterbury, who's historically attested they were

(55:30):
sent to Kent just like Adrian was at the same
period to help make the Saxons Christian, to try and
bring them into this Mediterranean world of worshiping Holy Jew.
So and they were successful, at least in Kent at
that time. So if her father was part Francis, which

(55:50):
I think seems possible, although the models aren't the model,
the independent models aren't showing that, but the papers models
show in excess of Frankis ancestry and her which would
make me think that it was coming from the African line,
is bringing the Frankish DNA in, then I would say
that her paternal grandfather, the African, was a Berber who

(56:10):
left a North Africa and married a Frankish woman or
a Spanish woman or something like that. And then his
son is the half Frankish, half North Berber black Berber
person who then went into England to help convert the

(56:31):
Anglo Saxons. Had a child upon a Saxon woman but
was not buried with her family an absent black father
in the seventh century. Wow, that's what I call a tradition.
But he's Christian, so he's based. So that explains her.

(56:54):
But explaining Dorset is a bit difficult because they're trying
to portray this in another because they're trying to say, Okay, well,
that was the core Anglo Saxon region, which is sort
of not true exactly because they're buy their own admission.
Kent had a strong Frankish influence, whereas other parts of
Anglo Saxon England didn't, and so were more connected to

(57:14):
the Germanic world rather than to Frank's. Franks were Germanic
at the time, but they were the least Germanic of
the Germanics in a way, because they were very Christian
and they were very plugged into the Roman post Roman world.
But Dorset's a bit different because it's only marginally Anglo
Saxon at the time and very much more still part

(57:36):
of the post Roman Britain culture of Western Britain. I'll
quote the other paper that came out, the FOODI and
colleagues paper about the work Betrayor's individual which was found
near Bournemouth in a cemetery of they've got twenty individuals
from the graves, only one has any black ancestry. To

(57:57):
say that again that let's look at this, hundreds of
samples from Anglo Saxon in the hungdreds and hundreds and
all of them are white. So when we're saying they're diverse,
we're really saying is that all white except two who
are quarter black or something like that, which is not
really a big deal. I mean, it's not very diverse,
is it. But anyway, and this is the way they

(58:18):
will report on it. They'll try and make out like
the whole place was like nothing. Hill Carnival, it says
Worth Matreevas sits west of the distribution of early Anglo
Saxon furnished burials found in southern and eastern England and
did not become part of Anglo Saxon Wessex until the
mid seventh century, just before this sample was buried. Here

(58:41):
we present the combined archaeological and genetic analysis of early
medieval kinship blah blah blah blah blah. The combination of
maternal and paternal linage and genome wide ancestry patterns is
most likely the product of admixture between a European woman
and a West African man at the round grandparent level.
As this admixture was relatively recent, it is likely to
represent a relic from the Roman period, but instead suggests

(59:03):
an ongoing cosmopolitanism in the post Roman period that was
not limited to the influx of Northern continental ancestry. So
that's true. Actually, it's saying that, like the cosmopolitanism of
post Roman Britain was not limited to the influx of
Anglo Saxons, there was also this African signal, which is
obviously it's an obviously true statement based on that sample

(59:24):
having it. But I just don't believe that that sample's
right of it just being a European woman his grand
I don't think his grandpa was a pure African and
who met a pure Celtic woman. I just don't think
that happened. I think that the obvious reason I don't
think that I haven't seen the actual an independent analysis

(59:45):
of this sample like I have up Down Girl, but
because I don't think it's been made public yet. But
the way that their own analysis includes this asiatic component,
which I think they're trying to dismiss as you know,
a that mistake is happening because the model doesn't fit,
like there's something missing. There's another component which isn't accounted

(01:00:07):
for in the model, So they need a better model.
And my assumption would be that it's North African again
or as I said earlier, Byzantine, and that it's either
black slaves going via or black people. It's not having
to be slaves, it could be black merchants, but either
black slaves or black merchants are going via the Berbers

(01:00:27):
through Spain and up to France and then Britain, or
alternatively another route and more likely to be slave related
Black Africans taken to Anatolia to Byzantium and there they
integrate with Christendom and then spread out to other parts
of the Christendom. Byzantium Istanbul now is the capital of

(01:00:50):
Christendom in that period of Anglo Saxon England, so any
Christian in Kent would see Constantinople as his capital, spiritual
of the world as far as a Christian would be concerned.
And there were black slaves there for sure, so that's
a possible thing as well. I don't know which, but

(01:01:10):
they talk about there are there is evidence. I said,
I don't know about any evidence of black African gold
in England, although there might be, But there is some
elephant ivory in England that at the time that comes
from African elephants. But you know, that doesn't mean that
there was direct contact with Africans. And these people are
themselves not evidence of direct contact with Africans because these

(01:01:33):
mixed people. It's not even that their parents one of
their parents was a pure black person. Neither of them
have a pure black parent. It's grandparents. So it's two
generations ago. And those mixing events probably didn't occur in Britain.
I think they both occurred further south. And then what
you've got is like a half African person coming to

(01:01:55):
Britain and then producing quarter African children in Britain, we
have two to African children as a result. Despite his
genetic differences, It says KD zero one zero evidently received
similar treatment in death to other individuals at the site
and consumed a comparable diet during his lifetime. He was Notably, though,
the individual was buried in a double burial alongside an

(01:02:17):
older adult male with local genetic ancestry whose head was
resting on a Purbeck limestone anchor. This type of headdressed,
although recognized from Romana, British and early medieval periods, is
extremely rare, particularly in securely dated contexts. As there was
no close biological kin relationship between the two, their double
burial might suggest a possible work such as apprentice and

(01:02:42):
master or social kin relation. The presence of the anchor
further suggests an association with the sea, its size, implying
use on either a small vessel or as one of
multiple anchors on a larger boat. Both seafaring connections and
local coastal fishing are demonstrated in this area at that time.
So I really think like the association with this native

(01:03:03):
Britain pure native Britain, and the anchor is showing there's
a connection to something abroad. A Dorset, by the way,
is a coastal region. Is this burial is near the
coast an anchor in the grave. Something's going on here
that's not coming from Britain. So yes, are these either

(01:03:24):
of them representative of Anglo Saxon England. No, both of
them are peripheral to the Anglo Saxon world. One Kent,
which is the first Francified Christianized English kingdom. The other Dorset,
which is not fully Anglo Saxon. It's only just become
Anglo Saxon. It's very still influenced by the Celtic Christian

(01:03:46):
Romano British world, and it's got this specific maritime connection
evidenced by the anchor, showing that there's a foreign element
coming into this region. So both of them are not
representative of the region. Neither Rhythm are black. I don't
think I Rhythm would have black skin. They would probably

(01:04:06):
be somewhat African looking because of their sub Saharan African
black ancestry. But you know, as I said with Brittany Venti,
or indeed with the children of Megan Markle and Prince Harry,
their children are quite white looking. They're about a quarter

(01:04:29):
black as well, I expect, So people who have that
little black ancestry don't look like the woman I've put
in my Clickbaity thumbnail, which I've just done for a joke, Like,
I don't think they would be identify as black if
they lived in North America. If they lived in London today,
they probably would identify as black because they'd get more

(01:04:51):
grants and money for it. But yeah, the whole paper
is completely unnecessary because everything they're talking about is really
already covered. And Duncan Sayer, I think he's pushed for
this paper because he knew that it's a woke topic
that everyone, like a lot of people want to hear it,

(01:05:11):
and there's a big, big market for telling British people
that blacks have always been here and that we're not
really native and blah blah blah. I just want to
let you know for sure, like, what is the connection
between modern British people and these two quarter black people
in these grades? Nothing. That girl died at ten years old,
and she's the youngest in her family line on that cemetery.

(01:05:35):
She had no children because she was ten years old.
There are no younger burials and no burials of her
line afterwards. That was the end of her family. They're
the end of her line. Her pagan grandmother buried right
round the corner next to a barrow. Could never have
anticipated that within two generations, her religion would have been lost,
her children would have mixed with foreigners, and Kent would

(01:05:59):
have been unrocket recognizable already in its cultural direction within
just two generations. The rest of England at that time
was more like this girl's grandmother. There were pagan worshiped
woden like I do, and they were not mixed with Africans.
And modern English people do not have African ancestry, and

(01:06:21):
there's no like medieval African ancestry in the English gene pool.
It's just not there. The same can be said for
the guy in Dorset. There's no like the pre Saxon.
Britain's of West Country don't have African ad mixture. This
is just a one off. It's absolutely remarkable that these
two samples have been found, very interesting actually, and it's

(01:06:43):
been quite interesting to go over think about how on
Earth this Black ancestry got so far north, because we
don't even find it that like in this levels, even
in Spain at the time, where there's contact with the
burb much more contact with the Berbers, because the average
Berber didn't have Black ancestry only like they do now,
but back then the average one didn't only some of

(01:07:04):
them did, and the Moors in the following century in Spain,
the majority of the Moors didn't have black ancestry. Some
of them did after they became Muslim. There was maybe
a slight up increase in the amount of African slavery,
so they used more black slaves, so maybe more of
the mix with their black slaves. Gradually the Berber's got

(01:07:26):
more black admixture. But yeah, the Berbers, most of them
were not black at all. I don't think Adrian was black,
as I said, but Updown Girl, there's a lot of
parallels between Updown Girl and Adrian, Adrian of Canterbury. So yeah,
Britain was Anglo Saxon Britain black. No, that's all for today.

(01:07:48):
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