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May 8, 2021 32 mins

This 2016 episode covers a piece of Scottish and English history that's often simultaneously romanticized and oversimplified. It's a great deal more complicated than any one event, and is instead the result of many contributing factors.

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Speaker 1 (00:02):
Happy Saturday. This week, in our six Impossible episodes about
mother Goose Rhymes, we talked about some nursery rhymes that
are purportedly about events that we have covered on the
show before. One of those, Rockabye Baby, is sometimes interpreted
as being about the birth of James Francis Edward Stewart.
Our episode on this was from way back on July,

(00:23):
so we thought we would bring it out for a
Saturday classic. It's the Jacobite Rising of set. And of
course we talked about Outlander a bit on this episode,
and naturally, at this point, almost five years later, the
TV show Outlander has moved on to other things out
Dare they so enjoy? Welcome to Stuff you missed in

(00:49):
History Class A production of I Heart Radio. Hello, and
welcome to the Pie Cast. I am Tracy Wilson and
I'm Holly Frying. Largely thanks to the Outlander books and
TV show, we have gotten so many requests to talk

(01:09):
about today's topic in so many different forms. I'm not exaggerating.
This goes all the way back to when we very
very first started on the show. Bonnie Prince Charlie is
number eleven on our hundreds and hundreds of suggestions long
uh listeners, suggestions document. I'm not kidding when I say
hundreds and hundreds. There are at least six hundred things

(01:31):
on there, but I haven't updated in a while, so
if I update from what's in our email, it's probably
closer to almost a thousand. Uh. And then in addition
to Bonnie Prince Charlie being number eleven, the Jacobite Rebellion
and the Battle of Collodon are both all on there
as well, like within the top tent of suggestions, ordered chronologically,

(01:55):
and they just the hits just keep coming. I had
to laugh because last night Tracy sent me the outline
for this in an email, and like seconds later an
email came in asking for this very topic. Yes, I've
answered that this morning and say, coincidentally, we're recording that today.
I don't get to do that very often. So portrayals

(02:16):
of this piece of Scottish and English history are often
simultaneously heavily romanticized and just phenomenally oversimplified. I thought this
episode was going to be a lot easier than it was, frankly,
before I really got into it. Um and a lot
of times these sort of historical fictionisque depictions play out

(02:39):
with Highland Scotts as these sort of noble savages and
they're fighting to put a scott back on the throne
of the of of Great Britain. And then, while the
Scottish Highlands were definitely home to a unique culture and
a unique social system, and the House of Stuart did
originate as a Scottish royal house, as is so often

(03:00):
the case, it is just way more complicated than that.
I sound a little tired because it has taken me
two and a half weeks to understand it. And you
could mark the beginning of this story at so many
places in the history of the British Isles. We're going
to start with the Glorious Revolution of sixteen eight to
sixteen eighty nine, more than fifty years before the uprising itself.

(03:23):
At that time, King James the seventh of Scotland and
second of England lost the throne to William of Orange,
stadholder of the Netherlands. William of Orange was both James's
nephew and his son in law thanks to his marriage
to marry the second James's daughter. James was Catholic, and
some of his pro Catholic policies, along with policies that

(03:44):
promoted tolerance of Protestant dissenters had really alienated a lot
of England's Protestant population. The birth of James's son, James
Francis Edwards Stewart, on June tenth of six meant that
the Catholic king would have a Catholic air, and this
was actually such a big deal that it spawned a
whole conspiracy theory. This conspiracy theory was that the infant James,

(04:07):
also known as the Old Pretender, was really an impostor
baby who had been sneaked into his mother's bed to
ensure that there would be a Catholic line of succession.
I don't know why imposture baby is the best phrase, like,
it's just witty. After the birth of James Edward, several

(04:27):
Protestant politicians went to William of Orange, also a Protestant,
inviting him to come to England, bring an army and
set things right. William was enemies with France, and French
power in Europe had been growing for decades. He thought
that if he was able to draw on the resources
of both Britain and the Netherlands, he'd be better able

(04:48):
to resist France's advances. After a series of desertions within
James's army and failed negotiations, the Stewarts eventually fled to France,
and with James gone, William of Orange and his wife
Mary took his place. A parliament was assembled, which ultimately
agreed to treat James's flight to France as an abdication

(05:09):
of the throne and to formally offer the crown to
William and Mary together. This, in a nutshell, is the
Glorious Revolution. During and after all of this, the Jacobites
were James's supporters, named after the Latin form of his name,
and there were lots of reasons people joined the Jacobite cause.
In Ireland, Religion was a big factor, since Catholicism was

(05:32):
the primary religion in most of Ireland and the Stewarts
were Catholic. In England, which didn't have a large Catholic population,
many Jacobites were Anglican but thought this parliamentary interference in
the line of royal succession was wrong. The Royal House
of Stewart itself hailed from Scotland, while the House of
Orange was Dutch, so the idea of restoring a Scottish

(05:54):
house to the throne was one of many roots of
Jacobite support in Scotland. The Laious Revolution is often described
as bloodless, but this was really only true in England.
Beginning almost immediately and continuing over the next six decades,
there were multiple violent attempts made, primarily from Scotland and Ireland,

(06:15):
to overthrow William and Mary and their successors and to
put James and his successors back on the throne. The
william Might War in Ireland, with the Jacobites on one
side and the william Mights on the other, began in
sixteen eighty nine and went on for two years, including
the July one Battle of the Boy in which both
William and James were present as monarchs on opposite sides.

(06:39):
Another organized rebellion, known as the Jacobite Rebellion of seventeen fifteen,
the fifteen Rebellion or Mars Rebellion, also played out unsuccessfully,
mainly in the Highlands of Scotland. It followed the death
of Queen Anne. Anne was Mary's sister and, apart from
James Edwards Stewart was the last of the House of

(07:00):
we were living at the time. Yeah The Stewart's yet
to come in the story had not been born yet.
There had actually been some discussion over the years of
restoring the House of Stewart to the throne under the
condition that they abandoned their Catholic religion, and that of
course had not flown so before Anne's death, her successor

(07:21):
had been established in the English Parliament's Act of Settlement
in seventeen o one, which also specified that the monarch
had to be Anglican. Per the terms of that Act,
the new monarch would come from the German Royal House
of Hanover. That first Hanover monarch was George the first
So the Jacobite Rebellion of seventeen fifteen tried and failed

(07:43):
to put James Francis Edward on the throne in spite
of the criteria outlined in the Act of Settlement. The
Williammite War and the fifteen Rebellion are just two examples.
When seventeen forty five rolled around, bringing with it the
most famous Jacobite rebellion, unsuccessful attempts to bring back the
Stewarts had been going on for decades, especially in Scotland

(08:06):
and Ireland. Some of these had been backed by France,
and in their wake, exiled Jacobite leaders had established communities
of sympathetic supporters on the mainland of Europe. By the
time the Jacobite Uprising of seventeen forty five occurred, the
Jacobite cause had advocated first for James the seventh and Second,
who died in seventeen oh one, and then for his

(08:27):
son James Edward, who was at this point still living.
A big player in the seventeen forty five uprising was
James Edwards son Charles Edwards Stewart, also known as Bonnie
Prince Charlie or the Young Pretender. We'll talk more about
Bonnie Prince Charlie and how the seventeen forty five rebellion
came about after a brief spotsor break to get act

(09:00):
the life of Bonnie Prince Charlie. Charles Stewart was born
on December thirty one, seventeen twenty, just before Charles turned twenty.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles the sixth died, and this destabilized
parts of Europe as his daughter Maria Teresa struggled to
retain the throne in what became known as the War
of Austrian Succession. France saw this chaos as an opportunity

(09:25):
to once again support the Jacobite cause and restore the
Stewart line to the throne. Although following the failure of
the fifteen rebellion that we discussed before the break, France
was reluctant to actually commit any troops to this endeavor.
It was a bit of a game of international will
they or won't they over the next five years, until finally,

(09:47):
in late seventeen forty four, James Edward, who was now
in his fifties, sent his son Charles from Rome to
Scotland in secret with the hope of rallying support for
the Jacobite cause. Charles went by way of France with
the hope of securing direct French support, and he did
actually get it, but things did not go according to plan.

(10:09):
Charles's disappearance from Rome did not go unnoticed, and England
pretty quickly intuited that an invasion was imminent, so it
positioned a fleet of ships to defend itself from a
French attack. So this fleet was large enough that when
the French troop transports caught sight of it, they turned
back and went back to France, where unusually stormy weather

(10:32):
destroyed or damaged most of them. This meant that once
Charles did actually get to England, he was basically on
his own without the fifteen thousand French troops that he
had been promised. He did, however, get a bit of
a boost on April thirtieth, seventeen forty five, when France
defeated British, Dutch, Austrian and Hanoverian forces at the Battle

(10:54):
of Fontinois, part of the ongoing War of Austrian Succession.
The English defeat boosted Jacobite morale and people began to
hope that they might see a similar victory on British soil.
Hoping that this victory would bolster his support in the
Highlands of Scotland, Charles made his way there. He had

(11:15):
a small entourage that sail for the western coast of Scotland,
dodging English vessels the whole way, and he arrived there
on July set. At this point, the Highlands of Scotland
were home to tight Ennit clans, which rolled family, civic, government,
and economic ties all into one unit. The clan system

(11:35):
had been in place for centuries, and it was a
sort of semi feudal system that both drew from an
influenced family relationships, communities and the region's economy. Members of
each clan lived together in communities that operated like joint
tenancy farms. The clan system was also quite militaristic, with
each clan maintaining a fighting force to both defend itself

(11:58):
from neighboring clans and to rate its neighbors for goods
and resources. So to rally a fighting force in the
highlands of Scotland, Charles had to convince clan leaders to
join him, and where they went their clans and their
clans fighting forces would also follow. And this at first
he really faced huge resistance. The clan leaders that he

(12:20):
met with were all unwilling to support him unless he
could provide actual troops to back him up. They all
remembered pretty well what had happened the last time the
Jacobites had tried to rebel, and he couldn't at that
point and offer them any actual troops support. He also
couldn't try to just go back to Rome because there

(12:40):
were English warships at every route of escape keeping him
from doing that exact thing. So, with the odds heavily
stacked against him, he started trying to win the support
of Donald Cameron of Lochiel, chief of Clan Cameron. Several
other clans sympathetic to the Jacobite cause had said they
would join if Lochiale did. Charles's argument was that while

(13:03):
he did not have the aid of foreign troops, nearly
the entire British military was occupied elsewhere due to the
War of Austrian Succession, so if the clans rallied their
forces at this point, they would have superior numbers, and
once France saw what the Jacobites could do with those numbers,
France would also send aid. Lachielle ultimately agreed, and as

(13:25):
they said they would, other clans began to commit their troops.
This is where I realized how much of this had
literally nothing to do with who was on the throne
of Great Britain. The whole lot of it was like, well,
we gotta, we gotta take advantage of the War of
Austrian Succession. Like France had its own motives, everybody, there

(13:47):
was a whole lot going on here that had other
motivations besides the straight up question of who was on
the throne. Uh Because Bonnie Prince Charlie knew that part
of his appeal in Sky Scotland was the idea of
restoring a Scottish house to the throne. He started adopting
traditional Highland dress, Saint Tartan and Kilts, and learning Scott's Gaelic.

(14:10):
By mid August, more than twelve hundred Highland Scotts had
joined the cause, including two hundred and eighty from the
Stewarts of Appen, three hundred from the McDonald's of Clan
Reynald or Clan Ranald, we were not certain on pronunciation there,
two hundred and fifty from Clan Cameron, and four hundred
from a combined force of the McDonald's of Glengarry and
the Grants of Glenn Morriston. Meanwhile, news of Charles's arrival

(14:34):
and his muster of clan forces in the highlands of
scott Scotland reached Edinburgh, and Sir John Cope, Commander in
chief of the regular forces in Scotland, started assembling a response.
Although Bonnie Prince Charlie had found support in the Highlands,
this support was actually far from universal. The leadership of
Clan Campbell in particular was loyal to George the Second,

(14:55):
and consequently the clan supported the king as well, whether
it was out of loyal to the monarch or to
the clan itself. There's also some argument to be made
that some of Clan Campbell's loyalties were influenced by seeing
this as an opportunity to get back at other clans
they had grievances with, including Clan Cameron. So the support

(15:16):
on the government side, which is how we're going to
refer to that UH, that force that sometimes was made
up of, you know, not only people from the lowlands
of Scotland which didn't have quite as much emotional ties
to what was going on UH and clan forces that
were supportive of the current reigning monarch. Through the summer

(15:40):
and early fall, the Jacobite and governmental forces followed one
another around a huge swath of the Scottish Highlands. First,
the Jacobite force fortified itself at kri Eric Pass with
the hope of meeting the Loyalist force there, but Cope,
having received intelligence of what Charles was planning, diverted his
force is to Inverness, hoping to meet the Jacobites on

(16:02):
more favorable ground. This plan might have given Cope the
upper hand if the Jacobite force had actually pursued him
to Inverness. Instead, Charles decided to take advantage of the
fact that the Scottish capital of Edinburgh was now virtually undefended,
and he decided to take over it, continuing to recruit
more troops and raised funds through taxation along the way

(16:24):
that Jacobites also occupied the city of Perth as they
made their way to Edinburgh. As Cope realized his error
in leaving Edinburgh undefended, he retreated back to it by sea,
hoping that he would arrive before Charles did, and he
did not. Edinburgh was defended by the city Guard only

(16:45):
uh and that meant only about six hundred troops, who
were commanded by an eighties seven year old man who
had to be carried on a stretcher. This is not
exactly a vital military force. After a couple of days
of negotiations with the city attempting to look much more
defended than it really was, a few hundred of the
Jacobite force basically forced their way in as a negotiator

(17:07):
tried to return to the city on September seventeenth, So
the Jacobites took control of Scotland's capital, with the exception
of Edinburgh Castle, with almost no effort at all. Although
the troops in the castle would pester the Jacobite force
for the whole time that they occupied the city. While
Charles's force was able to rally a little more support

(17:28):
from Edinburgh, giving him about two thousand, four hundred men total,
he still wasn't armed very well. Although they basically walked
into an essentially undefended Edinburgh, the City of Edinburgh had
had the sense to store all of their weapons in
the castle, which the Jacobite force couldn't get into. So
when Charles heard that Cope was headed toward the village

(17:49):
of Preston, he decided to follow suit with an army
that was bigger than it had been before, but not
necessarily better armed than what the loyalists or the governmental
side had. In late September, both forces converged on the
village of Preston Penns. Cope's force found a defensible position

(18:09):
near the neighboring village of Trenent. At first, the Jacobite
force took the high ground to the south and then
realized a marsh at the bottom of the hill would
keep them from actually reaching the governmental army. Cope, of course,
had not expected an attack from across a marsh and
had to redeploy his forces to face the ill placed
Jacobite army early in the morning of September one, partially

(18:32):
hidden by very misty weather. The Jacobite army used a
small footpath that one of the locals had told them
about to reach Cope's force. The Highland Force charged the
Loyalist army, which was basically hemmed in without enough room
to really maneuver maneuver. The governmental force was also pretty
much taken by surprise. They had been alerted to the

(18:52):
fact that something was going on by a barking dog,
but that really added more to the chaos than actually
allowing them to play in a response. In less than
ten minutes, Cope's army was effectively routed. There were about
thirty five deaths and seventy five injuries among the Jacobite force,
while cope sides saw about a hundred and fifty deaths
and at least one thousand taken. Prisoner Bonnie Prince Charlie

(19:17):
also took Cope's military chest, which contained between three thousand
and four thousand pounds. This whole incident was recently on
an episode of Outlander, doing more or less pretty much
what we just described here. Actually uh, and probably other
things we're going to talk about soon are going to
be in future episodes of Outlander that will have actually

(19:39):
come out by the time this episode comes out, so
that's a weird time travel for everyone. Anyway, Afterward, the
Jacobite force was exuberant. Not only had they outrun and
outmaneuvered the British Army, taken Perth and taken Edinburgh and
then soundly defeated the army on the battlefield that also
had the size of the opposing force. And then they
had come away with much better funding thanks to the

(20:02):
governmental war chest that they made away with. But this, however,
was not to last. So we're going to talk more
about how things progressed after we pause for a brief
word from one of our fantastic sponsors. Unsurprisingly, after the

(20:26):
Battle of Preston Pans, the Jacobites were a little bit overconfident.
They had hoped that the victory would rally foreign support
to their cause, and the victory had been decisive, So
for about six weeks, the Jacobites continued to occupy Edinburgh
and tried to get Louis to send real actual support

(20:47):
from France. They also tried to recruit more Scots to
their army, which they did, although most of this support
came from outside, not within Edinburgh. The population of Edinburgh
was kind of like, we'll let you be yere because
you have weapons, but we don't really care to join
your cause. Eventually, France, while still declining to send actual troops,

(21:10):
did send some weapons. Meanwhile, England got to work recovering
from the defeat at Preston Pans, including pressing people into
service and recalling forces that had been fighting elsewhere in Europe.
Field Marshal George Wade, who was actually responsible for the
construction for most of the military roads the armies were
traveling on, was in command of one force. William, Duke

(21:33):
of Cumberland, George the second third son, was recalled from
Holland to command another. Hearing about these forces, Charles started
pushing to move his army and try to strike before
the governmental forces got too big to be beaten. His advisers, though,
kept cautioning him to wait. They didn't think they were
going to be successful at that point, and he finally

(21:56):
wound up dividing his force into two columns to proceed
towards Carlisle in England. Basically, the idea was they were
going to keep pressing forward until they actually got to London.
Charles now had five thousand infantry and five cavalry, and
he was much better armed, rested, and trained than before
this several weeks stay in Edinburgh. While this is often

(22:19):
portrayed as Charles commanding an army of Highland Scott's, by
this point the army was really much broader than that.
There were thirteen Highland clan regiments plus five Lowland regiments.
They also had thirteen pieces of artillery, some sent from
France and some recovered from the field at Preston Pans,

(22:39):
although they did have some desertions along the way because
at this point the army was getting farther and farther
away from home. Both prongs of the Jacobite force did
reach Carlile's successfully and convinced the mayor to surrender both
the town and the castle, this time having learned from
having not had the castle when they were in Edinburgh
jack bites. The Jacobites availed themselves of the town supply

(23:03):
of gunpowder, ammunition, and muskets, along with a large number
of broadswords that had been confiscated from Jacobite rebels during
the fifteen rebellions. Those were still hanging around from the
last big Jacobite uprising, and this is where things started
to go a little arrive for the Jacobite Army. They
couldn't stay in Carlisle. If they did, the government force

(23:25):
might pen them in, and Charles said that he had
intelligence of more Jacobites support at other towns in the area.
So they left Carlisle, intending to gather that support as
they went. Support didn't really come, though. The towns they
were passing through didn't really care, or at least didn't
care enough to join them. It became clear that there

(23:46):
really wasn't a lot of Jacobite support to be rallied
in northern England, or at least not enough support to
justify the risks of staying in England. Eventually, Charles's Council
of War convinced him that retreating back to Scotland was
his only option, and that retreat began on December six
of seventeen forty five, and by this point the Jacobite

(24:08):
army was starting to show signs of strain. Quite a
bit of equipment was left behind in Derby, where the
army had been billeted, and many of them hadn't been
told they were going to Scotland, and they were furious
when they learned they were not actually in pursuit of
the Duke of Cumberland and then pressing on to London.
As their journey progressed back northward, the towns they passed

(24:30):
through went from being unimpressed by their efforts to actively hostile.
More than once since the Jacobite forest moved north in
early December, the towns they approached actually fired upon them.
They wound up reaching Scotland after a treacherous crossing of
the River Esk on December twenty. On January seventeen, seventeen

(24:51):
forty six, Jacobite and Governmental forces met at the Battle
of Falkirk, an overall chaotic and disorganized event in which
both sides claim to be the victors. Neither built upon
this supposed victory, though the Jacobite force continued to retreat
towards Inverness and the Hanoverian force, heavily slowed down by

(25:11):
their supply carts and other equipment, decided to wait out
the winter until travel conditions were better. So the winter
passed without a lot of organized action on either side,
but the winter itself was really hard. The Jacobite forest
lost a lot of men through desertions, and after the
winter their supplies were critically low. That also run out

(25:33):
of money, and even if they'd had money, the British
Navy had formed a blockade to keep them from eight
being able to resupply, so when it came to the
final battle on Colloden More, just a little ways away
from Inverness in April of seventeen forty six, the Jacobite
force was down from a peak of about eight thousand
men to less than five thousand infantry and a hundred

(25:55):
and fifty cavalry. Cumberland's army, on the other hand, had
more than nine end, some of whom were Highlanders that
were loyal to the Hanoverian succession. Cumberland's force was better
trained and better armed than the Jacobites. It's artillery volleys
are more effective. While many of the Jacobite force were
armed with swords and shields and charged in for hand

(26:16):
to hand combat, Cumberland's force nearly all had muskets and
were able to shoot them down. One portion of the
Jacobite force actually got bogged down in Marshy ground and
never even reached Cumberland's lines before being killed. The Battle
of Colloden was over in just forty minutes. About two
thousand Jacobites were killed, wounded or taken prisoner. Cumberland, on

(26:39):
the other hand, had only about fifty dead and two
hundred and fifty wounded. Nearly all of the Jacobite deaths
were Highland Scots, as the Lowland regiments had been in
a second line to cover the retreat, while some of
the Jacobite force were ready to press on and find
some way to recover from their defeat at Colloden, Bonnie

(26:59):
Prey Charlie issued his final order as quote, let every
man seek his own safety as best he can. He
ultimately fled, went into hiding and escaped Scotland disguised as
a maid servant to a woman named Flora McDonald. The
consequences of the Jacobite uprising of seventeen forty five on
the Highlands of Scotland were devastating. Cumberland moved through the

(27:22):
area for several weeks on a campaign of destruction and retribution.
His force destroyed buildings, including Catholic and Episcopalian churches, as
well as homes and public buildings. He drove off cattle
and destroyed plows belonging to known or suspected Jacobite leaders.
The Highland Scots were ordered to surrender their arms, and

(27:45):
fugitives fleeing from Cumberland's force headed farther into the Highlands,
where many of them died of starvation. There were also
wanton and random shootings, as well as rapes. Jacobite leaders,
sympathizers and suspected sympathy asers were hanged, and several peers
known to have Jacobite leanings were beheaded. The people who

(28:06):
were tried were sentenced to death, but their sentences were
commuted to lifetime indentured labor and being transported elsewhere, and
many of the elements of Highland life that had made
the Regent's culture so distinctive were outlawed, including the wearing
of tartan and traditional Highland dress. The Highland clearances followed,
in which whole extended families were systematically evicted over the

(28:29):
course of a century. The clan system couldn't survive in
the face of all of this destruction and displacement, and
it was effectively wiped out. Yeah While the clans themselves
as families and family names and and you know, family
trees still exist. That system of government and economics doesn't
exist anymore and was wiped out basically immediately. This is

(28:52):
one of the reasons why the whole, the whole uprising
uh In in modern retellings is often treated in such
a romanticized way because of this idea that there was
a unique local culture that was effectively wiped out in retaliation. Afterward, Bonnie,
Prince Charlie went into exile on September six and he

(29:17):
never returned to Scotland. He died in Sight, having become
quite bitter and having developed problems with alcohol. And although
he had a brother, that brother died without an heir,
and that put an end to the House of Stewart.
That's kind of a downer ending, but everybody wanted it.

(29:38):
So many people wanted and if you watch Outlander, this
episode is coming out like towards the end of this
season of Outlander, and the season of Outlander has really
got a lot of this part of history as kind
of a backdrop and definitely has the the running theme
of the Highland culture is going to be destroyed if

(29:59):
the Battle of Load and doesn't go our way like
that's that's said and almost those exact words more than
one time. Um. The there is some arguments that we
made the at least some people in the Highlands of
Scotland who were in favor of a Stewart restoration to
the throne. We're hoping to preserve the clan system of life,

(30:23):
not so much just clans as families and relationships, but
like the clan system um as a social and economic system.
They were hoping that a Stewart restoration would preserve that
for a little while, because at this point the Lowlands
of Scotland had become much more urban and much more
similar to how things operated socially and economically in England

(30:44):
um and and a lot of the clans were really
reluctant to see that sort of change starting to already
happen in the Highlands before the Jacobite rebellions begans. They
were sort of hoping to stave off that change a
little longer, uh, none of which was unfortunately successful. Thanks

(31:11):
so much for joining us on this Saturday. Since this
episode is out of the archive, if you heard an
email address or Facebook U r L or something similar
over the course of the show that could be obsolete now.
Our current email address is History Podcast at i heart
radio dot com. Our old health stuff works email address
no longer works, and you can find us all over

(31:33):
social media at missed in History. And you can subscribe
to our show on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, the I
heart Radio app, and wherever else you listen to podcasts.
Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of
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(31:55):
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