The Peralta Grant and the Baron of Arizona

In the 1880s, James Reavis launched one of the most ambitious fraud schemes of all time when he claimed a huge part of the Arizona Territory as his own. He forged and planted evidence to back up his claim and came to be called the Baron of Arizona. Here's a link to the show notes.

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how
Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Polly Fry and I'm Tracy B. Wilson, and today
we're going to talk about what might have been the
greatest fraud scheme of all time. It was certainly incredibly ambitious.

(00:23):
And I have to credit our listener from Twitter who
goes by shark Jack for this one, because I had
never heard of the Baron of Arizona, which is hilarious
because I was born in Arizona. Well. And and when
he asked about it, I gave the same answer that
I always give, which is, you know, we get a
whole lot of listener suggestions, so I couldn't tell you.
And then within thirty minutes it was like, oh wait,

(00:44):
now Holly's really excited about us. Well, because then I
looked it up and I saw this is so like
in my niche but that there was in nineteen fifty
Vincent Price movie about it, and I love Vincent Price. Uh.
And then it apparently was one of Vincent Price's favorite roles.
But somehow I had missed it because I've always focused
on his horror career. Uh. And then Edward worked as
an extra on it, so I was like, this is fascinating,

(01:05):
but clearly it was a fictionalized account. So then I
looked up the real story and then I was completely
fished in because it's insane and sort of a fun
wild ride. UH. And we'd have to give a brief
bit of background on how this whole thing could have
played out, because it's a pretty massive flim flam scheme. UH.
So in eighteen forty eight, the Mexican more ended with

(01:28):
the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and according to the terms
of that treaty, Mexico gave up most of what had
been Northern Mexico. In an exchange, the United States agreed
to honor existing property rights UH that were owned by
Mexican and Spanish citizens in the newly acquired territory. In
in eighteen fifty three, the Gadsden Purchase added to this

(01:49):
expanse of land and UH the agreement was maintained the
Property Rights Agreement UH, and this combined territory would eventually
become Arizona and New Mexico and Utah, UH, Colorado and Wyoming.
And as you might imagine, there was some difficulties sorting
out who owned what in this huge expanse of land.

(02:10):
So there had been tracts of land that were granted
to families or individuals by Spanish and Mexican authorities over
decades and even centuries, and it had to be figured
out who actually had rights to different parcels of land
UH and often the supporting paperwork that would determine this
was sometimes an ocean away. And it took decades to
sort out all of this legal UH landholding issue. And

(02:34):
during that time there were plenty of shady land grabs
that were made by opportunistic fraudsters that wanted to profit
from this real estate confusion that was going on. But
none of these fraudsters were as aggressive or ambitious or
as globe trottingly thorough as James Addison Reta Revus, who
launched a really spectacular fraud attempt. Start with a little

(02:57):
background on him. James was born May tenth, eighteen forty three,
near Clinton, Missouri. This was five years before in the
Northern Mexico was seeded to the United States. His mother
was named Maria and she was part Spanish, and when
he was eighteen, Rivas served in the Confederate Army in
the Hunter's Eighth Division of the Missouri State Guard. While

(03:18):
in the Army, he became a skilled forger, and he
falsified documents for passes to get out of the service
after it did not live up to his expectations. Yeah,
he was still technically enlisted, but he would have these
magical passes to go do other things and not actually
do the duties that he was assigned. Uh. However, as
he realized the Confederate Army was losing, he also switched
sides to join the Union Army. A little bit of

(03:42):
a flim flamer kind of from the beginning. Yeah, he
had a botched forgery attempt that set him on the
run to Brazil in eighteen sixty five. He returned to
Missouri a year later and worked in a number of
different jobs, from street car conductors, traveling salesman to store
clerk before he finally landed in the real state business
in St. Louis And. On May fifth of eighteen seventy four,

(04:04):
James Addison Revs. Married Ada Pope, who was a woman
he had known since he was a teen. Uh. And
that's just we're giving you the very brief background on
him because the juicy part of his story is so
big and full of details that we couldn't do the
full long bio. So then we'll get right to things
that happened in the Arizona territory, which we're crazy. Yes.

(04:25):
In the spring of eighteen eighty three and Tucson, Holly's birthplace,
uh he was, he officially filed a claim for a
massive chunk of Arizona territory. As validation of his claim,
he submitted papers indicating that the land had been acquired
by George Willing and that he revis now had the

(04:46):
rights to it, having been a partner with Willings. He
also produced two trunk's worth of the documentation, allegedly from
the Spanish and Mexican archives, detailing the claims history all
the way back to seventeen fifty eight. Ye he kind
of opted to overwhelm them with paperwork, and Rivas asserted
that a seventeen fifty eight grant from King Charles the

(05:07):
Third of Spain to Don Miguel Nemicia Silva de Peralta
de la Cordoba, who he referred to as the first
Baron of Arizona, included a tract of land of more
than eighteen thousand square miles in the Arizona Territory, and
that he, Revas, was entitled to it. This space extended
from west of Phoenix to the outskirts of Silver City,

(05:28):
New Mexico, and about fifty miles north of present day Oracle.
And Rivas had a massed in these trunks of documents
the history of the claims ownership through the Peralta family,
then to George Willing, and then to himself. And the documents,
all of which were forgeries, included wills. There were family
papers and letters. There were Peralta family portraits. Uh, this

(05:52):
first baron of Arizona was a complete fiction. He had
just made this person up and developed a really extensive
backstory for him. As soon as this land claim was filed,
Revas started setting up a home for himself and making
arrangements to manage his new land, even though the claim
hadn't been validated. He started posting bills throughout the area

(06:13):
instructing residents to arrange a meeting with his attorneys they
could establish terms of rental agreements or negotiate offers of
quick claims. Yeah, he just swooped right in and tried
to steal the land right out from under people's feet.
It reminds me of a cat I used to have.
He was basically like, I live here now, I think

(06:34):
all this is aline. Uh. Initially, the farmers, ranchers, and
other settlers in the area were understandably skeptical about Rivas's claim,
but then new spread that the Silver King Mine had
paid Revas twenty five thousand dollars for a quick claim deed,
and that the Southern Pacific Railroad had also agreed on
a deal with him. So he was convincing some pretty

(06:56):
high level people that he was in fact legitimate. And
this atmosphere and attitudes about him started to shift, and
the skepticism about him quickly turned to outright fear. To
help support his position, Revas even created stone markers and
had them placed all around the land as sort of
a scheme to prove to the Spanish court had surveyed

(07:17):
the territory that he claimed as his own. So frightened
settlers had started paying Revas thinking that they were his tenants.
Now and there were still a lot of people who
believed him to be a fraud, and we're trying to
expose him as a swindler. One of these skeptics was
Royal Ad Johnson, who had become Surveyor General of Arizona
while the claim was being reviewed. So his predecessor had

(07:40):
been convinced by Vas's theatrics, but Johnson felt that the
validity of the claim had not been thoroughly examined. He
found discrepancies between some of Rivas's evidence and independently sought
duplicate documentation from the archives in Mexico City. And meanwhile,
while the claim was being reviewed and he was still
acting tenant fees, Revus was also dealing with two lawsuits.

(08:04):
One of those was filed on behalf of George Willings family,
and another was filed by Territory Territorial Attorney General Clark
Churchill and was related to his land holdings which were
being affected by Revs's claim. The Willing family's efforts to
regain some of their lost fortune sort of fell apart.
They ran out of money and weren't able to continue it,
and the court ended up ruling in favor of Churchill

(08:27):
in the second suit in eight five. Rivers's blossom. The
Churchill case spurred on his critics and skeptics. The tide
of public opinion against him was further fueled by the
Surveyor General's contention that Rivers's claim could not be validated.
So it would seem like his claim to this huge
swath of the southwest was dying out. But he had

(08:51):
a backup plan, he really did. Uh. So Reva's actually
put together a second claim uh and filed it in
eighteen eighty seven. And the second claim he was advancing
on behalf of a woman named Sophia Loretta Michaela de
Peralta de la Cordoba, the great granddaughter and sole heir

(09:11):
of the original grantee. Uh. Sophia was conveniently also married
at this point to James Rivers and Rivas to support
his his claim and sort of you know, build ground
swell started going by the name j A Peralta Rieves.
So remember he already had a wife. Yeah, he didn't
remember her. She Ada was actually granted a divorce in

(09:35):
eighteen eighty three, citing her husband's apparent desertion as grounds
to sever their legal union. Yeah, he seemed to not
factor her in at all. He kind of left her
and never went back. Uh. And to substantiat all of
this new information in his new claim, Rivas had traveled
to Spain, and he brought back a new important information

(09:57):
and documentation about the Peralta claim. There were a additional
dramatic tales of this orphan lost Peralta who eventually became
his wife, and of course a slew of newly unearthed documents,
all of which were of course forgeries. Well, and then
then there's the part where it's just awfully convenient that
he happens to have found this air in air quotes.

(10:20):
While Rivers once again attempted to set himself up and
behave as though this claim had already been certified, this
time he met a lot of resistance, and once again
Royal A. Johnson, who had briefly been out of the
office of Surveyor General of Arizona but then had returned,
was ready to inspect the claim with a fine tooth comb.

(10:40):
So Johnson, in eighteen ninety made a full report on
the alleged Peralta grant, and in the introduction to this
report he states, in my report, I shall maintain first
that the King never recommended the grant as alleged by
the claimants. Second that no such grant as the alleged
pearl the grant was ever made by the Viceroy of

(11:02):
New Spain. Third that, admitting the legality of the alleged grant,
there are no legal claimants before this office, and none
in existence so far as the records show. Fourth that,
again admitting its legality, it is absolutely impossible to establish
its boundaries, the alleged grant having never having been bounded
or surveyed, and without identified boundaries, it fails. Yeah, so

(11:26):
he said he was going to maintain all that, and
he really really did that. He so did so in
a move that would win over any history lover's heart.
He made this incredibly detailed study of particularly the oldest
documents that Rivas had submitted, and then compared them wherever
possible to similar documents of the Spanish court at the time.
He also had a tracing made of Carlos the Third

(11:49):
of Spain's signature from seventeen fifty nine sent to him
via the Interior and State Departments, and he found a
discrepancy when comparing it to the signature that was found
on the Rivas doc mints. He goes on to note
differences in the shaping and placements of the letter s
throughout the throughout the documents, and the suspicious consistency of

(12:11):
the use of the same pen being used for multiple
offices signatures on documents. That's my favorite part, and that
the pen is in fact modern to their time and
like the inks were not appropriate. Uh. Some people, even
when they talk about the Royal Johnson's report and his research,
talk about it as sort of like proto forensics, that
he just got into such nitty gritty of the whole thing.

(12:33):
The following passage points out the logic flaw in many
of Rivas's document copies, and to quote next in order
considering this document comes three pages of written matter in
the same handwriting. It purports to be a copy of
the report of the Inquisition on the grant proposed to
be given to Peralta, and also a copy of the

(12:54):
grant actually made by the Viceroy of New Spain, as
well as a lame description of the locusts of the grant.
The original report of the inquisition and the original grant
of the Viceroy, made about the middle and last century,
are not produced and unquestionably have not been found, but
in lieu of the original papers so very important in

(13:15):
considering these case. These poor substitutes are produced, why the
locus of the original cannot be established when correct copies
can be made from them? I am at a loss
to understand. The reason dictates that if bona fide copies
from originals on file can be produced, there ought to
be no trouble in locating the place of deposit in

(13:36):
such original originals. When we stop and reflect on the
learned body of men comprising the Holy Inquisition, this alleged
copy is but a sorry exhibit of their handiwork at
producing certified records. It lacks every appearance, with the possible
exception of old age, that would naturally be expected in
a certified record of such important documents by such an

(13:59):
education aided body of men. I love this whole report.
It's long, but you can read it in its entirety
on archive dot org, and will link to that in
the show notes. But he basically goes through all of
Revas's supporting documentation page by page, like we're talking trunks
and trunks by this point of papers and documents, and

(14:20):
he breaks down why each of them is false and
cannot be verified. He also uses some pretty impressive historical
research to disprove various elements of the case, including learning
about some various legal protocols that would have been in
place throughout the land grant's journey that are in no
way evidenced in the documentation. It is really super impressive.

(14:42):
It also brought Johnson much acclaim and appreciation. As you
can well imagine, his diligent research finally outed a suspected
fraudster who had been swindling settlers and companies out of
money for more than a decade at this point. So
when he submitted this report and he had carefully documented
all of the ways that Revis's documentation was in correct,
it was like you probably could hear a cheer throughout

(15:02):
the Southwest. I'm imagining there are people who still believed
believed him, because that is how it would be today.
There would be people who were insisting that the entire
inquest was wrong. Well, Rivas certainly was. You would think
that he would slink away in shame at this point,
but now you would be wrong. Rivas filed a lawsuit

(15:22):
against the United States and Claims Court, saying that their
land had been wrongfully taken from them. He sought eleven
million dollars in damages. Yeah, and he drummed up all
kinds of witnesses to back up his claims about his
wife Sophia's lineage and that she was in fact a
real peralta, and he uh seemed to feel like his

(15:43):
claims were supported by all of his evidence. A government
investigator sent to Spain discovered evidence that Rivas had been
to the government archives in Seville. Speaking with archives staff,
it appeared that Rivas had likely planted documents there and
he was wanted by the authorities. There's a whole wacky
story about how he was working with an archivist to

(16:03):
try to find a thing and they couldn't find it together,
and then suddenly it showed up, and they got really
suspicious of him, and uh, one of the the managers
of the archives made them number all the documents really
carefully and catalog them before Revas could come back in.
But suddenly he had another document that was not numbered
and was folded differently than everything else, and was trying

(16:24):
to say that he had found it in a box,
like it's a whole crazy this thing is like the
best telenovella ever. Well, and I was just thinking, just
happened on the Good Wife? And then evidence was also
uncovered that witnesses that Revas had a arranged that we're
going to vouch for his wife's lineage, had in fact
been paid large sums of money for their testimony. Not

(16:45):
looking good at this point. Shall we take a moment
from all of his drama, though, and have a word
from our sponsor? That sounds grand? Alright? So back to
the wild story of James Revis so in e. T.
Ninety Ford. While the government was compiling its evidence in
this case, Revas wrote a letter to one of his attorneys,

(17:07):
James O. Broadhead, the sort of I think he's trying
to establish the validity of why all of these wild
twists and turns of his stories were completely natural and it.
The first thing he does is outlines the acquisition of
the Willing papers, beginning with how he met Dr Willing,
who claimed to be related to a man Revas had

(17:28):
known and trusted. So in this tale, Revas writes that
Willing came to him as a real estate agent in St. Louis,
and that Willing had purchased a large tract of land
in the Arizona Territory from Miguel Peralta, the son of
the owner, for about twenty thous dollars in gold dust
and mules with pack saddles, And according to the Revas letter,

(17:49):
Willing had told him quote when the trade was made,
I had no paper on which to write the deed.
So I scoured the camp and found a sheet of greasy,
pencil marked camp paper upon which I wrote the d
And as there were no justices nor notaries present, I
had it acknowledged before witnesses. And I shall take you
with me and show you the deed because I have
it in a safe in Mr Hall's office, he being

(18:10):
a friend of mine whom I can trust. Every part
of this is so funny to me, because there is
always like a lot of layers of drama. And well,
I didn't have a real deed because I just bought
it off this guy and his elderly father was there
and very old, and I traded mules and I we
didn't have a paper, so I just wrote it on
like a scrap of paper, And everybody said that was cool.

(18:36):
Like people keep saying, you can tell who's lying because
they're giving you too much detail. And Revas is a
master of detail. Yeah. He goes on at length about
how he was initially not sure that any worthwhile enterprise
could come out of this property. But then he became convinced,
and so he offered to join Willing and his enterprise
if Willing would make Vas an equal partner and ownership.

(18:57):
Rivus goes on to say that while he and Willing
were traveling to Arizona separately, Rivas was detained due to
ill health, and at that point Willing arrived in Arizona,
but then died, and Willing supposedly had all the pertinent
documents of ownership with him, and after initially exhausting other
means of obtaining verification of his rights to the property,

(19:19):
Rivas claims to have made a contract with Willing's widow
entitling him to the same portion of the estate that
he had bargained with her late husband for, and then
he eventually bought out her interest. As all good soap
operas go, there's a twist at this point in Revas's story.
While investigating the matter of doctor Willing, he discovered that
there was a charge of fraud against Willing. Rivas's letter

(19:43):
goes on to say that the rightful heir was in
the person of a child, one of a pair of
twins born near Los Angeles, California, who was then supposed
to be living in northern California, and who bore the
name of the mother then dead, who would, if living,
be the only lineal descendant of the round grantee. Then

(20:03):
the most perfect happenstance. Reva's claims to have bumped into
this girl in question, who was fourteen at the time,
on a train car what luck, and he fell in
love with her, which was also very handy, although they
did not marry until she was older, so just too
he was many things, but apparently waited for her to
be kind of a more mature age before he married her.

(20:25):
His tale goes on to include this full cast of characters,
each of whom gives him some piece of vital information
to the Peralta land puzzle, and then magically mysteriously disappears.
One such instance involves a woman who tells him all
about the surviving twin and that the Miguel Peralta who
sold that willing the land was a fraud, and Revas

(20:46):
claims to have drawn a picture of her, being artistic
in my nature, and writing her name in his notebook,
But then he accidentally lost the notebook in which he
did that. Whoops, so he can't remember her name because
he lost that notebook even though he took copious notes.
There's a lot of that throughout this letter. And the
letter is UH linked in our show notes. It's in

(21:07):
uh an part of an article that another scholar has
written about that particular letter, so you can read the
whole wacky thing, and it really is. It reads like
a you know, threepenny opera sort of situation. Historians dismissed
this letter is largely fiction, and you know, point out
that it's an ornate web that's woven to justify Revis's

(21:28):
first claim involving Dr Willing and his deeds and then
how he kind of back pedaled and switched horses to
you know, being married to the Peralta family and how
this worked out, and of course most people are of
the group opinion that he kind of plucked this orphan
out of nowhere and then told the people caring for her, no, no,

(21:49):
she's actually royalty, and they believed him because he was
a master flim flam man, and then she was kind
of raised from that point on as a baroness and
then he married her and so they believed it. At
that point, and we're willing to really dig in and
assert the truth of his claims. Oh, so many people involved.
And George or you know, also known as Doc Willing

(22:13):
was really a real person who had been a doctor
and then turned to prospecting. He likely sought out Revas,
who was a real estate agent because of his reputation
for forgery. Willing really did die suddenly right after filing
his claim in Arizona, and his death was never investigated,
but was likely the result of foul play. It was
not the first time that he had been part of

(22:35):
a nefarious deal. No, he was definitely one of you know,
the people who saw this whole kind of weird trying
to sort out the land and who really owned it
as an opportunity. So this was not the first time
he had made a land grab their odds where somebody
was angry at him and killed him. So the revous

(22:57):
civil trial over this documentation and his rights or not
to the land started on June third of eighteen. But
although the United States District Court's challenged to Revas's claims
had actually been on the U. S. Land Claims Court
docket for two years, at that point, it had been
filed initially in February one of eighteen ninety three, and
then they were working on their case the whole time,

(23:17):
which is also the point at which Revas wrote this
letter to his attorney. Once the case went before the court,
Reva's not only lost it, but found himself being indicted
on criminal charges, and on June seven, eighteen ninety six,
James Rivers's criminal trial began and he was convicted of
attempting to defraud the U. S. Government, and he was

(23:38):
sentenced to two years in prison and find five thousand dollars.
He was incarcerated in the Santa Fe Penitentiary, although on
April nineteenth of eighteen ninety eight, he was released three
months early for good behavior. At this point, Sophia was
living and working in Colorado and had the couple's twins
with her. After traveling the country trying to get investors

(23:59):
interested and development plans for Arizona, James finally settled for
a while with the family, but they wound up getting
divorced in nineteen o two, and on November twenty, nineteen fourteen,
Rivas died of bronchitis in Denver, Colorado. He was seventy
one at the time, and he was buried in a
pauper's grave, and he had spent some time in the
poorhouse various points in between his divorce in nineteen o

(24:22):
two and the twelve years before he passed away. So
he really went from being kind of this man living
a grand life too barely scraping by. On February fourteenth,
nineteen twelve, Arizona became United States the state. Yeah, not
a barony at all. Uh. And there are some historical

(24:43):
footnotes that actually say he never claimed himself to have
the title Baron of Arizona, although he did refer to
his wife Sophia as the Baroness, so he kind of
gets that name more by historians than of his zone, accord.
But he certainly claimed to own the whole thing. And
I'll is my mind in a way, it doesn't blow

(25:04):
my mind at all, because I know people who have
been defrauded of things and and and people. A lot
of people are, you know, our trusting souls that other
people take advantage of. But at the same time he
was putting fake markers all over the desert. I just

(25:25):
him floored by how devoted he was to this scheme
that he traveled all the way to Europe to plant
documents that would could later be found to support him.
Like he really, uh went to some great lengths to
try to Yeah, like he the fact that he found
a supposed air to get married to instead of just

(25:45):
like moving on to some different scheme. Yeah, he was
dug in at that point. And it makes me wonder
how much of his sort of fraud was planned out
ahead and how much of it he was kind of
making up as he went along because he was in
too deep at that point, but he didn't want to
back out of it. Uh, But it's quite astounding to
think about. Do you also have some listener mail? I do,

(26:08):
and this is from our listener Jackie, and she is
one of many that wrote us about this in the
Prince Sotto podcast, where I mentioned the discrepancies depending on
what piece of historical writing you're reading about Prince Sotto's
age when he got married. And I feel foolish because
this is a part of Asian culture that I, for
some reason, have never known about, even though it's quite

(26:29):
common well, and it's one that I knew about, but
it didn't occur to me that it would apply in
this case, which we'll talk about in a minute. Yeah.
So uh and Jackie, like I said, is one of
several people that wrote us, so I just plucked one
of the many out. She says, Dear ladies, I'm a
huge fan of the podcast as well as several others
from the House Stuff Works family. I just finished listening
to Your Prince Sotto podcast and wanted to mention something.

(26:51):
The confusion on his age is when he got married
could in part be explained by how Korea measures age.
Instead of starting at zero on the day a person
is born and then accumulating months and years, every person
starts out at one year old. For example, I was
born in nine, which means that I am twenty four
years old and Western standards. However, in Korea, I would
be twenty five years old. H I. Like I said,

(27:15):
I feel foolish that I never knew this, but also uh,
and I think some of our listeners that wrote about
it mentioned this as well. That your birthday is not
where your age changes. The new years where your age changes,
so that could account for things being sometimes one year
different sometimes two, depending on who did the math of subtraction,
who converted the ages to UH from like the Asian

(27:39):
stand the Korean standard to Western standards, and who didn't
write well. And I think when we were recording the episode,
I just assumed wrongly perhaps um that like often when
we get into the ages of people in the more
distant past, often there are inaccuracy. Just attributed it to

(28:01):
that being the way that it works sometimes because it
didn't really occur to me that if a if a
source were translating from Korean, that someone would change that
year without noting that they had done so, which I
don't know why I would think that that would automatically

(28:23):
be a thing, because it's clear that often UH, translations
and history books and things take liberties that they maybe
should not without noting that they've done that. Yeah, well,
and it's one of those things that sometimes, uh, to
them it seems so obvious. Of course I transliterated the
year to the to what the Westerners would think it was,

(28:44):
or vice versa, or I kept it exactly the same
and didn't notate that it's a different aging system. Just
kind of fascinating and cool and confusing confusing. Well, and
we I mean that's Tracy said. They're oftentimes where we're
looking up historical figures and there is some discrepancy just
because different records have fallen into different hands of people.

(29:06):
Different records may have been written with different penmanship that
isn't always legible, and so a best classes made. I mean,
there's so many different things that happen where especially the
further back you go, the more things get a little
wobbly in terms of exactness when it comes to dates.
But so that was cool. So thank you for all
of you that wrote in. And now I know a
new thing, all right. I love knowing new things. If

(29:27):
you would like to write us, you can do so
at History Podcast at Discovery dot com. We're also on
Facebook dot com, slash missed in History on Twitter at
missed in History, on Tumbler at missed in History dot
tumbler dot com, and you can find our Pinterest boards,
which are very very busy places these days. Just pinterest
dot com, slash missed in history. Uh. If you would

(29:48):
like to learn about a topic that is sort of
related to what we've talked about today, we can go
to our website and type in the word the words
con artists and you will get how con artists work.
We can all agree that Revas was quite a on
our you would like to learn about that or almost
anything else you can think of. Can you do that
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