December 30, 2019 • 31 mins
It’s time for the end-of-the-year edition of Unearthed! Today we have episode updates, books and letters, shipwrecks, and animal finds, among a few other categories. Next time we’ll have the edibles and potables, clothing and accessories, and exhumations, among others.
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Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, the production
of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome
to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry.
It's time for Unearthed. Here at the end of the year.
Our most recent previous installment of Unearthed left off approximately
(00:25):
in August, so for folks that are new to the show,
this is the time of year when we talk about
things that were literally or figuratively unearthed over the past
however many months, and in this case to day, it's
from approximately September until mid December, or at least that's
when we found out about them. I think this episode
is coming out at the very end of December beginning
(00:47):
of January, so there's going to be just a week
and a half or so gap between when we record
and when it's actually coming out. If any gigantic news
breaks and that time, it'll just go on the next
one to late to like to get in there. So
today we have a lot of different stuff, including updates
(01:07):
to previous episodes, some books and letters, shipwrecks which are
a big favorite, and some animal finds, along with some
a few other categories. And then next time, we will
have the edibles and potables and the clothing and accessories
and the exclamations as examples of what we'll have next time.
So first up, we're gonna talk about some episode updates,
starting with a recent headline. On December sixteenth, officials in
(01:31):
Oklahoma announced the results of ground penetrating radar scans that
were used to look for signs of mass graves associated
with the massacre in Greenwood, also known as the Tulsa
Race Riot. The team had focused on areas that were
mentioned as possible mass grave sites in the two thousand
one report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa
(01:52):
Race Riot, and this included Oaklawn Cemetery, New Block Park,
and an area near the Arkansas River known as the Canes.
So nothing is official yet from this survey. This was
one of those things that they were doing to see
where they should look closer, and they did find two
areas in Oaklawn Cemetery and one in the Canes that
(02:12):
they said, we're consistent with a possible mass burial site
on these sites warranted a closer look. Negotiations are also
still ongoing with another cemetery that had been mentioned in
that report that cemetery hadn't yet given permission for the
work to take place, and this announcement was made just
a couple of days before we recorded this episode, so
this is still ongoing. I was driving back on a
(02:36):
road trip from Florida to Atlanta when this news broke
and my phone would not stop going off. Our episode
on the Tulsa Massacre came out in and we re
aired it as a Saturday Classic in November of this year,
after it was featured in the opening episode of the
HBO show Watchman. Yeah, if you have not watched the
(02:56):
show Watchman, it sort of becomes uh part of the
whole thread of the season, which I thought was really interesting. Um.
This is also one where I first heard that the
announcement was coming before the announcement had actually been made.
But the article that I was reading about it made
it sound like it wasn't coming out until the following Monday,
(03:18):
rather than the Monday that it came out on, and
I was like, Oh, I really wish we could talk
about this, And then it turned out it was exactly
the right time to get it into the episode. Previous
hosts of our show to move on to something else
talked about the Bayou Tapestry in July and that tapestry
tells the story of the Norman conquest of England, but
there's been some debate about where exactly it was made,
(03:40):
who made it, and who they made it for. According
to research published in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association,
the Baioux Tapestry was specifically designed to be displayed in
the Baiou Cathedral in Normandy, France, on the north, south,
and west walls of the cathedral's nave. We already knew
that's where it hung in the fifteenth century, but according
to this research, that wasn't just a place that someone
(04:03):
figured out to put it where it would fit. That
is where it was always supposed to go. So this
doesn't answer ongoing questions about who exactly commissioned or made
this piece, but it does suggest that whoever designed it
and planned out its construction had at least visited this
cathedral and either took measurements or had access to the
dimensions of the nave. The cathedral as it stands today
(04:26):
is very different from the way it looked when the
Biou Tapestry was created, so this research required Christopher Norton
from the University of York to figure out the naves
earlier dimensions, including where the choir screen would have gone
based on written documents and surviving architectural features, and another find.
A team at Yama Gotta University in Japan studied the
(04:47):
Nasca Lines between eighteen and in November of this year,
they announced their findings, which included the presence of a
hundred and forty three previously undocumented petroglyphs on the west
inside of the Nasca plateau. One of them was detected
through artificial intelligence and then confirmed by a human that
particular petroglyph is about five meters tall and seems to
(05:10):
represent a person. In addition to these discoveries, the team
used artificial intelligence to analyze aerial footage and in the
process they spotted at least another five hundred potential petroglyphs,
which need to be evaluated by a human being before
they can be confirmed. Our episode on the Nasca Lines
came out in September, and there have been a few
(05:31):
Unearthed episode updates on the line since then. In an
update to a previous unearthed in the autumn of this year,
and onearthed we talked about new evidence about the extent
of the plague of Justinian, also called the justiniac plague,
and according to research that was published in the December
second issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
(05:53):
it turns out that plague might not have been such
a big deal. Actually, Researchers from the University of Maryland's
nash nl Socio Environmental Synthesis Center concluded that reports of
the plague's effects might have been exaggerated. Basically, it's long
been described as a pandemic that killed between a third
and a half of the population of the Mediterranean, but
(06:14):
there's no evidence of that scale of death. For example,
such a huge death toll would have affected agricultural output,
which would have affected pollen levels, but that doesn't seem
to be reflected in the physical records. They also couldn't
see any shifts in burial practices, which often come about
after a plague because of the huge numbers of bodies
that need to be buried. So between these two uh
(06:38):
findings that we've talked about, it seems like maybe this
plague reached farther than was previously believed, but might not
have been as lethal as it has been reported. According
to a different paper in the journal Current Biology, DNA
research has confirmed that the Carolina parakeet became extinct due
to human activity. Researchers sequenced the parakeets full genome along
(07:03):
with the DNA of the sun parakeet, which is a
related bird that still lives today, and they wanted to
figure out when these two species diverged from each other
and also look for evidence of what caused the Carolina
parakeets extinction. When they sequenced the Carolina parakeets DNA, they
didn't find evidence of inbreeding or population decline that would
(07:24):
be expected if the bird had been threatened or endangered
for some time before going extinct, so they concluded that
the extinction was sudden and abrupt, which means it was
probably caused by humans. We talked about the Carolina parakeet
and its extinction in our episode on end Lings, and
then to finish out the updates just last week, we
(07:46):
talked about Ethiopia's rock hewn churches and the introduction of
Christianity to Ethiopia during the time of the Oxymite Empire,
and then the exact same day as we recorded that episode,
a paper was published in the journal Antiquity that detail
the excavation of the oximate town of Beta Somati. I
feel like sometimes all we need to invoke a study
(08:06):
publishing is to record an episode about a topic that
does feel that way sometimes. Uh. This excavation unearthed a
part of the city that showed signs of both domestic
life and commercial activities like manufacturing and trade. It also
on earth a basilica that shows evidence of both religious
and administrative activities, along with some blending of pagan and
(08:27):
early Christian traditions. Various items at the basilica date back
to between the years two d fifty eight and sixty five,
and archaeologists who worked on the excavation believe that it
may be one of the first churches constructed outside the
capital of Axum after the introduction of Christianity. Another notable
find at this site is a gold and Carnelian ring.
(08:49):
The rings design is described as really Roman, but the
insignia that is carved into it is a bull's head
that looks a lot more African. This paper was published,
as Tracy had said, in the journal Antiquity, and the
authors noted that there is still a lot more research
to be done at the site, but that so far
it suggests a lot of blending and overlap between Oxomite
(09:10):
and Preoxomite culture and pagan and Christian religions, rather than
a sudden shift that followed changes in the ruling dynasty
of the region. To move on to the books and
letters in this edition of Unearthed, Murasaki Shikibu's eleventh century
The Tale of Ganji is a classic in Japanese literature,
but there aren't any copies of it that date back
(09:31):
to her lifetime. The oldest and most complete surviving version
of it that we have today is called the Aobyoshiban
or Blue Cover Book, and that has become the standard
text for most translations of her work. Four of its
chapters are confirmed to have been handwritten by the man
who compiled it in the thirteenth century. That was the
(09:52):
poet Fujiwara no Taka. Now there is a fifth chapter
thanks to a newly unearthed manuscript. Apart from so minor
copying errors, the other four chapters seemed to be identical
to previously known copies, and this newly confirmed fifth chapter
details Genji's meeting his future wife, a character named Mourasaki.
The manuscript that this chapter was found in had been
(10:15):
passed down through the Okochee family, who were descended from
a Japanese feudal lord. This manuscript had been in the
family's possession since seventeen forty three, so the manuscript itself
wasn't something that was previously unknown. In April, though, the
family asked for experts to evaluate the manuscript, and the
announcement that it contained this fifth chapter of the Tale
(10:36):
of Genji came in October. So if you're thinking I
wish I knew more about this Murasaki Shikibu person and
the Tale of Genji, just stay tuned. Yeah, stay tuned
pretty soon. Actually. Uh. Chris Rolston at the Columbian College
of Arts and Sciences at George Washington University to move
on to another story, is using advanced imaging to study
(10:59):
notes that were on two thousand year old pottery fragments.
So pottery fragments that contain some kind of inscriptions are
writing on them are called ostrica, and these ostrica in
particular were excavated in Jordan's in Night, but they were
thought to have been subsequently lost until more recently in
Ralston's own words. These were like the post it notes
(11:20):
of antiquity. When a useful pot or vessel broke, people
would keep the pieces and then use them to jot
down things they needed to remember temporarily, like ancient shopping
lists or reminders of errands that they needed to run.
The notes on these fragments were made with an ash
based ink that is largely faded now, so multi spectral
imaging is being used to try to get a better look.
(11:41):
Even though these fragments of pottery don't contain what we
might really think of as important information, there's still a
potential source of new knowledge about the past, so called
important official documents. At the time, we're mostly written down
on things like papyrus and animal skin, so thanks to
climate conditions and the passage of time, a lot of
them have not survived until the present. The site where
(12:03):
the fragments were found is also associated with a lot
of historical figures like King Herod and John the Baptists,
so who knows. It may turn out that even though
these are sort of jotted down personal notes, they may
actually wind up containing some references to people or events
that are still more known about today. Moving on, Dr
John Mark Philo, an honorary fellow in English Studies at
(12:23):
the University of East Anglia, has unearthed Queen Elizabeth the
first translations of the Annals of the Roman historian Tacitus.
At least there is a lot of evidence to suggest
that that's what he found. It's written on paper that
Elizabeth's secretaries were fond of using, and it has corrections
in what looks to be the Queen's handwriting and Filo's
(12:43):
words quote. The corrections made to the translation are a
match for Elizabeth's late hand which was, to put it
mildly idiosyncratic. The higher you are in the social hierarchy
of Tutor England, the messier you can let your handwriting become.
For the queen. Comprehension is somebody else's problem. A paper
published on November twenty nine in the Review of English
(13:04):
Studies details some other clues as to why this is
believed to be Elizabeth's work. This includes water marks in
the paper and some comparisons to the handwriting of people
who were known to have worked as scribes for the Queen.
And after we take a quick sponsor break, we're gonna
move on to shipwrecks. And there are a lot of them,
(13:30):
so to move on to the shipwrecks. The remains of
the schooner's Pestigo and St. Andrew's have been found in
northern Lake Michigan. These two vessels collided and sank in
eighteen seventy eight. They were basically headed in opposite directions,
with the Pastigo loaded with coal and the St. Andrew's
loaded with corn, and the two of them apparently collided
(13:51):
due to misunderstood torch signals. Bernie Hellstrom first spotted the
find in June using a bottom sounder and then took
pictures of it with a submersible camera, but it wasn't
immediately clear what vessels these were because they were about
fifty miles from where the Pestigo and the St. Andrews
were believed to have collided. Divers has since been to
the site with cameras and the schooners are described as
(14:14):
being in an amazing state of preservation. In other news,
maritime archaeologists in Sweden have discovered two wrecks that they
think date back to the seventeenth century. Both of them
are warships, and one of them maybe the sister ship
to the Vassa which sank on its maiden voyage and
was also covered in our previous episode More Shipwrecked Stories Battleships.
(14:35):
Back in twleven, three four hundred year old shipwrecks have
been unearthed in central Gothenburg, Sweden, during construction work on
a new railway line. It wasn't an altogether surprising find.
The area that they were discovered used to be a
harbor in the sixteen hundreds, but it was filled in
in the eighteen hundreds. What is not known is whether
these ships were wrecked accidentally or if they were deliberately
(14:58):
scuttled for some reason. They were made of oak and
measured fifteen to twenty meters in length, and based on
their size, they are believed to have been cargo ships.
In other news, four Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk at
the Battle of Midway in nineteen forty two, and in
October it was announced that two of them have been found,
the Kaga and the Akagi. Until this point, the only
(15:22):
sunken vessel from the Battle of Midway to be discovered
was the Yorktown, which was found in nine and as
was the case with some of the other shipwrecks we
have talked about, on the show. The Kaga and the
Akagi were found by researchers using the research vessel Petrol,
which was owned by the late Paul Allen, and they
were working in conjunction with the U. S. Navy. Uh,
it seems like we somehow missed this one, But the
(15:44):
r V Petrol also found the wreck of the USS
Hornet in late January. The Hornet was part of the
Doolittle Raid, which we talked about on the show in
February of sixteen, and it sank during the Battle of
Santa Cruz Island in nineteen forty two. When we were
on tour in Texas, one of my lift drivers asked
me about this fine, and I felt silly because I
didn't know what to tell him. Yeah, it's like I
(16:07):
don't recall, but that doesn't mean anything. Yeah, we have
a lot of different ways of trying to keep track
with all of these different fines during the year. But
I really think we somehow just missed this one, Maybe
because it was in January and there's kind of a
lot going on at the very start of the year.
I don't know. Yeah, that was a case where I
had mentioned to this driver. I don't even know how
(16:29):
we got on it that I had grown up in
northwest Florida for part of my life, and we talked
about Hurlbert Field and he said, oh, and then he
wanted to talk about Jimmy Doolittle a lot, and that's
how we landed. So Ken, should you be listening? Thank you?
That was a lovely riding conversation. Oh good. Another nineteen
forty two shipwrecks the HMS Urge, which was part of
(16:51):
the British tenth submarine Floortill. It departed from Malta on
April seven, nineteen forty two, but then it never made
it to Alexandria, Egypt, and its fate was unknown until
this year's discovery. Off the coast of Malta. They found
the Urge in about four hundred feet of water. That
discovery was announced in November, and it appears that the
vessel was sunk by a mine. In a somewhat similar mystery,
(17:15):
the USS gray Back left Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on January
for a combat patrol, but it never made it back.
And before that point, the gray Back had been regarded
as one of the most successful submarines in the U. S. Navy,
based on Japanese war records. US officials thought they had
an approximate idea of where this vessel might have been sunk,
(17:36):
but it turned out that the translation of the longitude
and latitude in those Japanese documents wasn't correct. When officials
began going back through old records last year, they found
a reference to a Japanese bomber striking a submarine on February.
It turns out that this was the Gray Back, more
than one hundred miles from where the U s had
(17:58):
previously thought that it had gone down. Private explorers with
the Lost fifty two project, which was founded to try
to find missing US World War two submarines, made the discovery.
Based on that new information, a team from Bournemouth University
and the Marine Archaeology c Trust, supported by the National
Museum of the Royal Navy, has been excavating the wreck
(18:20):
of the h M S Invincible. This was originally a
French ship called Love on Ceb and it was captured
by the British Navy in seventeen forty seven before running
aground and sinking in seventeen fifty eight. Fines from this
excavation included a lot of objects that point to everyday
life on the ship, including wig curler's clay pipes, bottles,
(18:40):
and a mop head and bucket. Many of these items
will ultimately go on display at the National Museum of
the Royal Navy. The water level markers that had been
hand cut into the side of the ship are still
also visible more than two hundred sixty years after it
went down. And in our last shipwreck of this edition,
a team of divers from Sweden has salvaged hundreds of
(19:02):
bottles of liquor from a World War One era shipwreck.
The Cryos, was in route to Russia when it was
sunk by a German submarine in nineteen seventeen, carrying all
that liquor. The salvage group that did this work is
known as Ocean X and specializes in salvaging alcohol from shipwrecks.
It's a very niche career, uh. They brought up six
(19:22):
hundred bottles of Kognac and three hundred bottles of an
herbal liqueur known as benedictine. According to the rite up,
they planned to have the salvage tested to see if
it was still fit to drink. That amuses me because
sometimes we have updates where people there was. The test
was they tried to drink it de termined that it
was undrinkable. I'm I it's not an appeal for me,
(19:46):
which may surprise people since we do history for a living.
But like, there's plenty of perfectly fine alcohol if you
would like a cocktail available to you, Like, I don't
necessarily understand the draw of a historical liquor that may
or may not hurt you yet and also may or
may not be any good anymore. Um. Yeah, So to
(20:09):
move on to our next subject, we have lots of
fines related to animals. Thanks to a combination of DNA
analysis and carbon fourteen dating, an interdisciplinary team of scientists
in Iceland has confirmed that Iceland's now extinct population of
walruses was genetically distinct, and that they went extinct not
long after the North first settled Iceland. It was already known,
(20:33):
or at least strongly suggested that there were once walruses
in Iceland. Aside from the remains that were studied in
this research, the Icelandic sagas and other literature include references
to walrus hunting, and there are also places that are
named for walruses. In other news researchers in Junan Province,
China have looked at fishbones to determine that people there
(20:54):
have been practicing aquaculture for eight thousand years, specifically with
car farming dating all the way back to between sixty
two d and fifty hundred BC. There were already known
written references to carp farming going back to the first
millennium b C, but it wasn't clear how long before
that it had existed, and it is still unclear exactly
(21:15):
when and where aquaculture first started. For this research, the
team looked at fish remains, specifically the remains of five
hundred and eighty eight fish. They studied how old and
how large these carp were when they died, and their
findings suggested that the majority of them were at their
peak in terms of maturity, which would be a really
unusual age for them to have all died naturally in
(21:38):
the wild. They also found areas where the concentration of
carp versus other fish was a lot higher than would
occur naturally in the wild. After examining all of this,
an international team put together a three phase model of
the development of aquaculture in Hunan Province. First, people fished
in marshy areas during the carp spawning season. Then they
(22:01):
started digging channels and employing other water management techniques to
encourage the carp to spawn in certain places, and then
in the last phase, people started managing carp spawning from
beginning to end, with humans caring for both spawning beds
and ponds for growing fish or fish habitats in patty fields.
Researchers in Egypt have been studying the sacred mummified ibises
(22:24):
that are found in Egyptian catacombs, and there are a
lot of these mummified birds. That's led to questions about
how exactly Egyptians got so many of them. Some ancient
texts suggest that they might have been domesticated and raised
specifically so that they could be sacrificed and mummified, but
like that wasn't completely certain. According to DNA studies of
(22:45):
birds from six Egyptian catacombs, these mummified birds were really diverse,
far more diverse than might be expected from an ongoing
captive breeding population and comparable to what would be expected
in the wild. So it's possible at these birds were
captured rather than farmed, or that they were farmed for
brief periods when they were needed for these mummifications, and
(23:07):
in our last animal update, the ARC Center of Excellence
for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage has been trying to determine
what exactly caused Australia's mega fauna to go extinct. Their
research included mathematical models, climate research, fossil studies and archaeological records,
and their conclusion was that human activity was a big
(23:28):
part of this. Not all that surprisingly that comes up
a lot, but there was also probably a connection to
the reduced availability of drinking water because of a shifting climate.
The lead author of the paper noted that this is
particularly important work because this is one of the oldest
extinctions to begin after the spread of modern humans out
of Africa. We're gonna have a little bit more on Unearthed.
(23:49):
After we first paused for a little sponsor break. We
have a few a sort of random medieval era finds. Next. First,
the Archbishop of London has donated a handbell known as
(24:10):
the Naka Temple Handbell to the National Museum of Ireland.
That bell is believed to date back to the eighth
or ninth century, and it's been in possession of the
archdiocese since the nineteen twenties. It is not clear how
this bell came to be in the possession of the archdiocese,
but it's believed that a priest bought it at an auction.
In nineteen fifteen. Cormack Bork, a curator of medieval antiquities
(24:32):
at the Ulster Museum of Belfast, managed to track down
the bell by going through archival records. Once the archdiocese
released what they had, they offered to donate it. In
a totally different story, thieves broke into a medieval cathedral
in all Aron Samarine in southern France by tying a
log to the roof of their car and then ramming
(24:53):
the door with it. This cathedral was previously named a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. That happened in and the things
that the thieves stole from it included gold and silver
chalices and crosses, a Nativity scene, and a sixteenth century
cape that had been donated by King Francis the First
along with other artifacts. That makes me real mad. Yeah,
(25:14):
it made a lot of people really mad. Like I
saw so many outraged tweets about the ramming with the
log car. Yeah, that's just jerkery. We are moving on
to medieval Japan. Large parts of Shouty Castle in Okinawa
were destroyed in a fire in October. This complex of
buildings was actually a reconstruction, as the original fourteenth century
(25:36):
buildings had been destroyed in World War Two during the
Battle of Okinawa, but the reconstruction was determined to be
authentic enough that it was named a UNESCO World Heritage
Site in two thousand. As of the day of the fire,
the plan was to rebuild the site again. And our
last grouping of topics for this first part of Unearthed
(25:57):
is historical inequality. Several papers published over the last few
months have looked at the historical roots of social and
economic inequality, and we're going to just hit some of
the highlights. First up. Researchers from the Santa Fe Institute
are challenging the long held idea that social and economic
inequality started to evolve really as soon as societies started
(26:18):
transitioning from hunting and gathering to agriculture. In this research,
the team studied information from a hundred and fifty different
archaeological sites, and they looked at different types of wealth
across different societies. They concluded that economic inequality didn't really
develop until several millennia after the development of agriculture. They
concluded that the likely shift was the introduction of the
(26:41):
ox drawn plow, which was used mostly or exclusively for
plowing and similar work, rather than people cultivating their land
by hand with hose or occasionally by using a milk
cow or other cattle to try to plow. In addition
to the fact that only the more affluent could afford
the cost associated with an and a plow, the ox
(27:01):
also replaced human labor, and that made land more valuable
than the human labor that was needed to work it.
Samuel Bowls, who co authored this study, compared neolithic oxen
to today's robots, saying quote the effect was the same
as today, growing economic disparities between those who owned the
robots and those who's worked the robots displaced moving on.
(27:22):
According to a paper published in the Journal of Political
Economy called the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution and the Origins of
Private Property, the establishment of private property may have been
connected to the rise of agriculture in Mesopotamia. The papers
authors cited a number of studies suggesting that the first
farmers actually had a harder time than hunter gatherers, with
(27:44):
a day's work in agriculture initially yielding fewer calories than
a day of hunting or foraging, So then why do it.
Their interpretation is that private property might have encouraged people
who had the means to have that private property to
make that ship. With the idea of private property established,
it was easier to also establish who had the right
(28:05):
to harvest and benefit from a cultivated crop, or who
had the rights to the meat, milk, and other products
from domestic animals that were raised on that property. A
paper published in the journal Science also looks at inequality,
this time within the same household. This team studied grave
goods in grave sites in southern Germany dating back to
(28:26):
about four thousand years ago. These were small burial areas
associated with single homesteads, and they found that the people
buried in each homestead often included three groups. Biologically related
people of a high social status, women who were not
related to that family, and we're not local to the area,
but we're also high status and local people also unrelated
(28:48):
to the family, who were not as well off. So
the team noted that they could only speculate as to
whether the households, unrelated people were servants or enslaved, but
that there was this path and of inequality within the households.
In the words of one of the authors of the paper,
quote wealth was correlated with either biological kinship or foreign origin.
(29:08):
The nuclear family passed on their property and status over generations,
but at every farm we also found poorly equipped people
of local origin. Based on the genetic analysis of more
than one skeletons, it also appears that these farms were
passed out through generations through the mail line, with adult
women leaving the household and the remaining men marrying women
(29:30):
who had moved in from elsewhere. So that's a wrap
on our first part of our two part Unearthed this
winter time. We'll have more next time. I also have
a little listener mail fabulous that is particularly apt as
related to Unearthed. This is actually a Facebook comment from
Tim tim is Uh. The comment was on our post
(29:54):
about um the episode about the Italian Hall disaster, and
Tim said thanks for mentioning the role that our theology
played in the process of installing the new monument and
improving the memorials landscape. Here are some articles and essays
about the survey. Please understand that the idea was to
map and identify the layers and features, but then to
avoid digging into them. We were essentially identifying the depth
(30:16):
of the soil and the sediment brought in to cover
the rubble after the building was demolished in the late
nineteen eighties. So thanks so much for that, Tim. If
you go to our Facebook page and you scroll down
until you get to the post that is um that
episode about the Italian Hall disaster, uh Tim provided us
with i think three different links to blog posts that
(30:37):
were all about this archaeology work, as well as a
video of a local newscast about it. So thanks so much, Tim.
If you would like to write to us about this
or any other podcast, we're at History Podcast at iHeart
radio dot com, and then we're all over social media
at miss in History. That's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest,
and Instagram, and you can subscribe to our show on Apple, podcast,
(31:00):
the I Heart Radio app, and anywhere else to get
your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a
production of I Heart Radio's How Stuff Works. For more
podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the heart Radio app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows,
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, the production
of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome
to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry.
It's time for Unearthed. Here at the end of the year.
Our most recent previous installment of Unearthed left off approximately
(00:25):
in August, so for folks that are new to the show,
this is the time of year when we talk about
things that were literally or figuratively unearthed over the past
however many months, and in this case to day, it's
from approximately September until mid December, or at least that's
when we found out about them. I think this episode
is coming out at the very end of December beginning
(00:47):
of January, so there's going to be just a week
and a half or so gap between when we record
and when it's actually coming out. If any gigantic news
breaks and that time, it'll just go on the next
one to late to like to get in there. So
today we have a lot of different stuff, including updates
(01:07):
to previous episodes, some books and letters, shipwrecks which are
a big favorite, and some animal finds, along with some
a few other categories. And then next time, we will
have the edibles and potables and the clothing and accessories
and the exclamations as examples of what we'll have next time.
So first up, we're gonna talk about some episode updates,
starting with a recent headline. On December sixteenth, officials in
(01:31):
Oklahoma announced the results of ground penetrating radar scans that
were used to look for signs of mass graves associated
with the massacre in Greenwood, also known as the Tulsa
Race Riot. The team had focused on areas that were
mentioned as possible mass grave sites in the two thousand
one report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa
(01:52):
Race Riot, and this included Oaklawn Cemetery, New Block Park,
and an area near the Arkansas River known as the Canes.
So nothing is official yet from this survey. This was
one of those things that they were doing to see
where they should look closer, and they did find two
areas in Oaklawn Cemetery and one in the Canes that
(02:12):
they said, we're consistent with a possible mass burial site
on these sites warranted a closer look. Negotiations are also
still ongoing with another cemetery that had been mentioned in
that report that cemetery hadn't yet given permission for the
work to take place, and this announcement was made just
a couple of days before we recorded this episode, so
this is still ongoing. I was driving back on a
(02:36):
road trip from Florida to Atlanta when this news broke
and my phone would not stop going off. Our episode
on the Tulsa Massacre came out in and we re
aired it as a Saturday Classic in November of this year,
after it was featured in the opening episode of the
HBO show Watchman. Yeah, if you have not watched the
(02:56):
show Watchman, it sort of becomes uh part of the
whole thread of the season, which I thought was really interesting. Um.
This is also one where I first heard that the
announcement was coming before the announcement had actually been made.
But the article that I was reading about it made
it sound like it wasn't coming out until the following Monday,
(03:18):
rather than the Monday that it came out on, and
I was like, Oh, I really wish we could talk
about this, And then it turned out it was exactly
the right time to get it into the episode. Previous
hosts of our show to move on to something else
talked about the Bayou Tapestry in July and that tapestry
tells the story of the Norman conquest of England, but
there's been some debate about where exactly it was made,
(03:40):
who made it, and who they made it for. According
to research published in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association,
the Baioux Tapestry was specifically designed to be displayed in
the Baiou Cathedral in Normandy, France, on the north, south,
and west walls of the cathedral's nave. We already knew
that's where it hung in the fifteenth century, but according
to this research, that wasn't just a place that someone
(04:03):
figured out to put it where it would fit. That
is where it was always supposed to go. So this
doesn't answer ongoing questions about who exactly commissioned or made
this piece, but it does suggest that whoever designed it
and planned out its construction had at least visited this
cathedral and either took measurements or had access to the
dimensions of the nave. The cathedral as it stands today
(04:26):
is very different from the way it looked when the
Biou Tapestry was created, so this research required Christopher Norton
from the University of York to figure out the naves
earlier dimensions, including where the choir screen would have gone
based on written documents and surviving architectural features, and another find.
A team at Yama Gotta University in Japan studied the
(04:47):
Nasca Lines between eighteen and in November of this year,
they announced their findings, which included the presence of a
hundred and forty three previously undocumented petroglyphs on the west
inside of the Nasca plateau. One of them was detected
through artificial intelligence and then confirmed by a human that
particular petroglyph is about five meters tall and seems to
(05:10):
represent a person. In addition to these discoveries, the team
used artificial intelligence to analyze aerial footage and in the
process they spotted at least another five hundred potential petroglyphs,
which need to be evaluated by a human being before
they can be confirmed. Our episode on the Nasca Lines
came out in September, and there have been a few
(05:31):
Unearthed episode updates on the line since then. In an
update to a previous unearthed in the autumn of this year,
and onearthed we talked about new evidence about the extent
of the plague of Justinian, also called the justiniac plague,
and according to research that was published in the December
second issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
(05:53):
it turns out that plague might not have been such
a big deal. Actually, Researchers from the University of Maryland's
nash nl Socio Environmental Synthesis Center concluded that reports of
the plague's effects might have been exaggerated. Basically, it's long
been described as a pandemic that killed between a third
and a half of the population of the Mediterranean, but
(06:14):
there's no evidence of that scale of death. For example,
such a huge death toll would have affected agricultural output,
which would have affected pollen levels, but that doesn't seem
to be reflected in the physical records. They also couldn't
see any shifts in burial practices, which often come about
after a plague because of the huge numbers of bodies
that need to be buried. So between these two uh
(06:38):
findings that we've talked about, it seems like maybe this
plague reached farther than was previously believed, but might not
have been as lethal as it has been reported. According
to a different paper in the journal Current Biology, DNA
research has confirmed that the Carolina parakeet became extinct due
to human activity. Researchers sequenced the parakeets full genome along
(07:03):
with the DNA of the sun parakeet, which is a
related bird that still lives today, and they wanted to
figure out when these two species diverged from each other
and also look for evidence of what caused the Carolina
parakeets extinction. When they sequenced the Carolina parakeets DNA, they
didn't find evidence of inbreeding or population decline that would
(07:24):
be expected if the bird had been threatened or endangered
for some time before going extinct, so they concluded that
the extinction was sudden and abrupt, which means it was
probably caused by humans. We talked about the Carolina parakeet
and its extinction in our episode on end Lings, and
then to finish out the updates just last week, we
(07:46):
talked about Ethiopia's rock hewn churches and the introduction of
Christianity to Ethiopia during the time of the Oxymite Empire,
and then the exact same day as we recorded that episode,
a paper was published in the journal Antiquity that detail
the excavation of the oximate town of Beta Somati. I
feel like sometimes all we need to invoke a study
(08:06):
publishing is to record an episode about a topic that
does feel that way sometimes. Uh. This excavation unearthed a
part of the city that showed signs of both domestic
life and commercial activities like manufacturing and trade. It also
on earth a basilica that shows evidence of both religious
and administrative activities, along with some blending of pagan and
(08:27):
early Christian traditions. Various items at the basilica date back
to between the years two d fifty eight and sixty five,
and archaeologists who worked on the excavation believe that it
may be one of the first churches constructed outside the
capital of Axum after the introduction of Christianity. Another notable
find at this site is a gold and Carnelian ring.
(08:49):
The rings design is described as really Roman, but the
insignia that is carved into it is a bull's head
that looks a lot more African. This paper was published,
as Tracy had said, in the journal Antiquity, and the
authors noted that there is still a lot more research
to be done at the site, but that so far
it suggests a lot of blending and overlap between Oxomite
(09:10):
and Preoxomite culture and pagan and Christian religions, rather than
a sudden shift that followed changes in the ruling dynasty
of the region. To move on to the books and
letters in this edition of Unearthed, Murasaki Shikibu's eleventh century
The Tale of Ganji is a classic in Japanese literature,
but there aren't any copies of it that date back
(09:31):
to her lifetime. The oldest and most complete surviving version
of it that we have today is called the Aobyoshiban
or Blue Cover Book, and that has become the standard
text for most translations of her work. Four of its
chapters are confirmed to have been handwritten by the man
who compiled it in the thirteenth century. That was the
(09:52):
poet Fujiwara no Taka. Now there is a fifth chapter
thanks to a newly unearthed manuscript. Apart from so minor
copying errors, the other four chapters seemed to be identical
to previously known copies, and this newly confirmed fifth chapter
details Genji's meeting his future wife, a character named Mourasaki.
The manuscript that this chapter was found in had been
(10:15):
passed down through the Okochee family, who were descended from
a Japanese feudal lord. This manuscript had been in the
family's possession since seventeen forty three, so the manuscript itself
wasn't something that was previously unknown. In April, though, the
family asked for experts to evaluate the manuscript, and the
announcement that it contained this fifth chapter of the Tale
(10:36):
of Genji came in October. So if you're thinking I
wish I knew more about this Murasaki Shikibu person and
the Tale of Genji, just stay tuned. Yeah, stay tuned
pretty soon. Actually. Uh. Chris Rolston at the Columbian College
of Arts and Sciences at George Washington University to move
on to another story, is using advanced imaging to study
(10:59):
notes that were on two thousand year old pottery fragments.
So pottery fragments that contain some kind of inscriptions are
writing on them are called ostrica, and these ostrica in
particular were excavated in Jordan's in Night, but they were
thought to have been subsequently lost until more recently in
Ralston's own words. These were like the post it notes
(11:20):
of antiquity. When a useful pot or vessel broke, people
would keep the pieces and then use them to jot
down things they needed to remember temporarily, like ancient shopping
lists or reminders of errands that they needed to run.
The notes on these fragments were made with an ash
based ink that is largely faded now, so multi spectral
imaging is being used to try to get a better look.
(11:41):
Even though these fragments of pottery don't contain what we
might really think of as important information, there's still a
potential source of new knowledge about the past, so called
important official documents. At the time, we're mostly written down
on things like papyrus and animal skin, so thanks to
climate conditions and the passage of time, a lot of
them have not survived until the present. The site where
(12:03):
the fragments were found is also associated with a lot
of historical figures like King Herod and John the Baptists,
so who knows. It may turn out that even though
these are sort of jotted down personal notes, they may
actually wind up containing some references to people or events
that are still more known about today. Moving on, Dr
John Mark Philo, an honorary fellow in English Studies at
(12:23):
the University of East Anglia, has unearthed Queen Elizabeth the
first translations of the Annals of the Roman historian Tacitus.
At least there is a lot of evidence to suggest
that that's what he found. It's written on paper that
Elizabeth's secretaries were fond of using, and it has corrections
in what looks to be the Queen's handwriting and Filo's
(12:43):
words quote. The corrections made to the translation are a
match for Elizabeth's late hand which was, to put it
mildly idiosyncratic. The higher you are in the social hierarchy
of Tutor England, the messier you can let your handwriting become.
For the queen. Comprehension is somebody else's problem. A paper
published on November twenty nine in the Review of English
(13:04):
Studies details some other clues as to why this is
believed to be Elizabeth's work. This includes water marks in
the paper and some comparisons to the handwriting of people
who were known to have worked as scribes for the Queen.
And after we take a quick sponsor break, we're gonna
move on to shipwrecks. And there are a lot of them,
(13:30):
so to move on to the shipwrecks. The remains of
the schooner's Pestigo and St. Andrew's have been found in
northern Lake Michigan. These two vessels collided and sank in
eighteen seventy eight. They were basically headed in opposite directions,
with the Pastigo loaded with coal and the St. Andrew's
loaded with corn, and the two of them apparently collided
(13:51):
due to misunderstood torch signals. Bernie Hellstrom first spotted the
find in June using a bottom sounder and then took
pictures of it with a submersible camera, but it wasn't
immediately clear what vessels these were because they were about
fifty miles from where the Pestigo and the St. Andrews
were believed to have collided. Divers has since been to
the site with cameras and the schooners are described as
(14:14):
being in an amazing state of preservation. In other news,
maritime archaeologists in Sweden have discovered two wrecks that they
think date back to the seventeenth century. Both of them
are warships, and one of them maybe the sister ship
to the Vassa which sank on its maiden voyage and
was also covered in our previous episode More Shipwrecked Stories Battleships.
(14:35):
Back in twleven, three four hundred year old shipwrecks have
been unearthed in central Gothenburg, Sweden, during construction work on
a new railway line. It wasn't an altogether surprising find.
The area that they were discovered used to be a
harbor in the sixteen hundreds, but it was filled in
in the eighteen hundreds. What is not known is whether
these ships were wrecked accidentally or if they were deliberately
(14:58):
scuttled for some reason. They were made of oak and
measured fifteen to twenty meters in length, and based on
their size, they are believed to have been cargo ships.
In other news, four Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk at
the Battle of Midway in nineteen forty two, and in
October it was announced that two of them have been found,
the Kaga and the Akagi. Until this point, the only
(15:22):
sunken vessel from the Battle of Midway to be discovered
was the Yorktown, which was found in nine and as
was the case with some of the other shipwrecks we
have talked about, on the show. The Kaga and the
Akagi were found by researchers using the research vessel Petrol,
which was owned by the late Paul Allen, and they
were working in conjunction with the U. S. Navy. Uh,
it seems like we somehow missed this one, But the
(15:44):
r V Petrol also found the wreck of the USS
Hornet in late January. The Hornet was part of the
Doolittle Raid, which we talked about on the show in
February of sixteen, and it sank during the Battle of
Santa Cruz Island in nineteen forty two. When we were
on tour in Texas, one of my lift drivers asked
me about this fine, and I felt silly because I
didn't know what to tell him. Yeah, it's like I
(16:07):
don't recall, but that doesn't mean anything. Yeah, we have
a lot of different ways of trying to keep track
with all of these different fines during the year. But
I really think we somehow just missed this one, Maybe
because it was in January and there's kind of a
lot going on at the very start of the year.
I don't know. Yeah, that was a case where I
had mentioned to this driver. I don't even know how
(16:29):
we got on it that I had grown up in
northwest Florida for part of my life, and we talked
about Hurlbert Field and he said, oh, and then he
wanted to talk about Jimmy Doolittle a lot, and that's
how we landed. So Ken, should you be listening? Thank you?
That was a lovely riding conversation. Oh good. Another nineteen
forty two shipwrecks the HMS Urge, which was part of
(16:51):
the British tenth submarine Floortill. It departed from Malta on
April seven, nineteen forty two, but then it never made
it to Alexandria, Egypt, and its fate was unknown until
this year's discovery. Off the coast of Malta. They found
the Urge in about four hundred feet of water. That
discovery was announced in November, and it appears that the
vessel was sunk by a mine. In a somewhat similar mystery,
(17:15):
the USS gray Back left Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on January
for a combat patrol, but it never made it back.
And before that point, the gray Back had been regarded
as one of the most successful submarines in the U. S. Navy,
based on Japanese war records. US officials thought they had
an approximate idea of where this vessel might have been sunk,
(17:36):
but it turned out that the translation of the longitude
and latitude in those Japanese documents wasn't correct. When officials
began going back through old records last year, they found
a reference to a Japanese bomber striking a submarine on February.
It turns out that this was the Gray Back, more
than one hundred miles from where the U s had
(17:58):
previously thought that it had gone down. Private explorers with
the Lost fifty two project, which was founded to try
to find missing US World War two submarines, made the discovery.
Based on that new information, a team from Bournemouth University
and the Marine Archaeology c Trust, supported by the National
Museum of the Royal Navy, has been excavating the wreck
(18:20):
of the h M S Invincible. This was originally a
French ship called Love on Ceb and it was captured
by the British Navy in seventeen forty seven before running
aground and sinking in seventeen fifty eight. Fines from this
excavation included a lot of objects that point to everyday
life on the ship, including wig curler's clay pipes, bottles,
(18:40):
and a mop head and bucket. Many of these items
will ultimately go on display at the National Museum of
the Royal Navy. The water level markers that had been
hand cut into the side of the ship are still
also visible more than two hundred sixty years after it
went down. And in our last shipwreck of this edition,
a team of divers from Sweden has salvaged hundreds of
(19:02):
bottles of liquor from a World War One era shipwreck.
The Cryos, was in route to Russia when it was
sunk by a German submarine in nineteen seventeen, carrying all
that liquor. The salvage group that did this work is
known as Ocean X and specializes in salvaging alcohol from shipwrecks.
It's a very niche career, uh. They brought up six
(19:22):
hundred bottles of Kognac and three hundred bottles of an
herbal liqueur known as benedictine. According to the rite up,
they planned to have the salvage tested to see if
it was still fit to drink. That amuses me because
sometimes we have updates where people there was. The test
was they tried to drink it de termined that it
was undrinkable. I'm I it's not an appeal for me,
(19:46):
which may surprise people since we do history for a living.
But like, there's plenty of perfectly fine alcohol if you
would like a cocktail available to you, Like, I don't
necessarily understand the draw of a historical liquor that may
or may not hurt you yet and also may or
may not be any good anymore. Um. Yeah, So to
(20:09):
move on to our next subject, we have lots of
fines related to animals. Thanks to a combination of DNA
analysis and carbon fourteen dating, an interdisciplinary team of scientists
in Iceland has confirmed that Iceland's now extinct population of
walruses was genetically distinct, and that they went extinct not
long after the North first settled Iceland. It was already known,
(20:33):
or at least strongly suggested that there were once walruses
in Iceland. Aside from the remains that were studied in
this research, the Icelandic sagas and other literature include references
to walrus hunting, and there are also places that are
named for walruses. In other news researchers in Junan Province,
China have looked at fishbones to determine that people there
(20:54):
have been practicing aquaculture for eight thousand years, specifically with
car farming dating all the way back to between sixty
two d and fifty hundred BC. There were already known
written references to carp farming going back to the first
millennium b C, but it wasn't clear how long before
that it had existed, and it is still unclear exactly
(21:15):
when and where aquaculture first started. For this research, the
team looked at fish remains, specifically the remains of five
hundred and eighty eight fish. They studied how old and
how large these carp were when they died, and their
findings suggested that the majority of them were at their
peak in terms of maturity, which would be a really
unusual age for them to have all died naturally in
(21:38):
the wild. They also found areas where the concentration of
carp versus other fish was a lot higher than would
occur naturally in the wild. After examining all of this,
an international team put together a three phase model of
the development of aquaculture in Hunan Province. First, people fished
in marshy areas during the carp spawning season. Then they
(22:01):
started digging channels and employing other water management techniques to
encourage the carp to spawn in certain places, and then
in the last phase, people started managing carp spawning from
beginning to end, with humans caring for both spawning beds
and ponds for growing fish or fish habitats in patty fields.
Researchers in Egypt have been studying the sacred mummified ibises
(22:24):
that are found in Egyptian catacombs, and there are a
lot of these mummified birds. That's led to questions about
how exactly Egyptians got so many of them. Some ancient
texts suggest that they might have been domesticated and raised
specifically so that they could be sacrificed and mummified, but
like that wasn't completely certain. According to DNA studies of
(22:45):
birds from six Egyptian catacombs, these mummified birds were really diverse,
far more diverse than might be expected from an ongoing
captive breeding population and comparable to what would be expected
in the wild. So it's possible at these birds were
captured rather than farmed, or that they were farmed for
brief periods when they were needed for these mummifications, and
(23:07):
in our last animal update, the ARC Center of Excellence
for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage has been trying to determine
what exactly caused Australia's mega fauna to go extinct. Their
research included mathematical models, climate research, fossil studies and archaeological records,
and their conclusion was that human activity was a big
(23:28):
part of this. Not all that surprisingly that comes up
a lot, but there was also probably a connection to
the reduced availability of drinking water because of a shifting climate.
The lead author of the paper noted that this is
particularly important work because this is one of the oldest
extinctions to begin after the spread of modern humans out
of Africa. We're gonna have a little bit more on Unearthed.
(23:49):
After we first paused for a little sponsor break. We
have a few a sort of random medieval era finds. Next. First,
the Archbishop of London has donated a handbell known as
(24:10):
the Naka Temple Handbell to the National Museum of Ireland.
That bell is believed to date back to the eighth
or ninth century, and it's been in possession of the
archdiocese since the nineteen twenties. It is not clear how
this bell came to be in the possession of the archdiocese,
but it's believed that a priest bought it at an auction.
In nineteen fifteen. Cormack Bork, a curator of medieval antiquities
(24:32):
at the Ulster Museum of Belfast, managed to track down
the bell by going through archival records. Once the archdiocese
released what they had, they offered to donate it. In
a totally different story, thieves broke into a medieval cathedral
in all Aron Samarine in southern France by tying a
log to the roof of their car and then ramming
(24:53):
the door with it. This cathedral was previously named a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. That happened in and the things
that the thieves stole from it included gold and silver
chalices and crosses, a Nativity scene, and a sixteenth century
cape that had been donated by King Francis the First
along with other artifacts. That makes me real mad. Yeah,
(25:14):
it made a lot of people really mad. Like I
saw so many outraged tweets about the ramming with the
log car. Yeah, that's just jerkery. We are moving on
to medieval Japan. Large parts of Shouty Castle in Okinawa
were destroyed in a fire in October. This complex of
buildings was actually a reconstruction, as the original fourteenth century
(25:36):
buildings had been destroyed in World War Two during the
Battle of Okinawa, but the reconstruction was determined to be
authentic enough that it was named a UNESCO World Heritage
Site in two thousand. As of the day of the fire,
the plan was to rebuild the site again. And our
last grouping of topics for this first part of Unearthed
(25:57):
is historical inequality. Several papers published over the last few
months have looked at the historical roots of social and
economic inequality, and we're going to just hit some of
the highlights. First up. Researchers from the Santa Fe Institute
are challenging the long held idea that social and economic
inequality started to evolve really as soon as societies started
(26:18):
transitioning from hunting and gathering to agriculture. In this research,
the team studied information from a hundred and fifty different
archaeological sites, and they looked at different types of wealth
across different societies. They concluded that economic inequality didn't really
develop until several millennia after the development of agriculture. They
concluded that the likely shift was the introduction of the
(26:41):
ox drawn plow, which was used mostly or exclusively for
plowing and similar work, rather than people cultivating their land
by hand with hose or occasionally by using a milk
cow or other cattle to try to plow. In addition
to the fact that only the more affluent could afford
the cost associated with an and a plow, the ox
(27:01):
also replaced human labor, and that made land more valuable
than the human labor that was needed to work it.
Samuel Bowls, who co authored this study, compared neolithic oxen
to today's robots, saying quote the effect was the same
as today, growing economic disparities between those who owned the
robots and those who's worked the robots displaced moving on.
(27:22):
According to a paper published in the Journal of Political
Economy called the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution and the Origins of
Private Property, the establishment of private property may have been
connected to the rise of agriculture in Mesopotamia. The papers
authors cited a number of studies suggesting that the first
farmers actually had a harder time than hunter gatherers, with
(27:44):
a day's work in agriculture initially yielding fewer calories than
a day of hunting or foraging, So then why do it.
Their interpretation is that private property might have encouraged people
who had the means to have that private property to
make that ship. With the idea of private property established,
it was easier to also establish who had the right
(28:05):
to harvest and benefit from a cultivated crop, or who
had the rights to the meat, milk, and other products
from domestic animals that were raised on that property. A
paper published in the journal Science also looks at inequality,
this time within the same household. This team studied grave
goods in grave sites in southern Germany dating back to
(28:26):
about four thousand years ago. These were small burial areas
associated with single homesteads, and they found that the people
buried in each homestead often included three groups. Biologically related
people of a high social status, women who were not
related to that family, and we're not local to the area,
but we're also high status and local people also unrelated
(28:48):
to the family, who were not as well off. So
the team noted that they could only speculate as to
whether the households, unrelated people were servants or enslaved, but
that there was this path and of inequality within the households.
In the words of one of the authors of the paper,
quote wealth was correlated with either biological kinship or foreign origin.
(29:08):
The nuclear family passed on their property and status over generations,
but at every farm we also found poorly equipped people
of local origin. Based on the genetic analysis of more
than one skeletons, it also appears that these farms were
passed out through generations through the mail line, with adult
women leaving the household and the remaining men marrying women
(29:30):
who had moved in from elsewhere. So that's a wrap
on our first part of our two part Unearthed this
winter time. We'll have more next time. I also have
a little listener mail fabulous that is particularly apt as
related to Unearthed. This is actually a Facebook comment from
Tim tim is Uh. The comment was on our post
(29:54):
about um the episode about the Italian Hall disaster, and
Tim said thanks for mentioning the role that our theology
played in the process of installing the new monument and
improving the memorials landscape. Here are some articles and essays
about the survey. Please understand that the idea was to
map and identify the layers and features, but then to
avoid digging into them. We were essentially identifying the depth
(30:16):
of the soil and the sediment brought in to cover
the rubble after the building was demolished in the late
nineteen eighties. So thanks so much for that, Tim. If
you go to our Facebook page and you scroll down
until you get to the post that is um that
episode about the Italian Hall disaster, uh Tim provided us
with i think three different links to blog posts that
(30:37):
were all about this archaeology work, as well as a
video of a local newscast about it. So thanks so much, Tim.
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(31:00):
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