April 28, 2021 • 33 mins
Part two of our spring 2021 Unearthed! coverage includes exhumations, books and letters, and some other favorites!
Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com
See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Mark as Played
Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production
of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This is
part two of our Unearthed episode for UH, where we're
(00:22):
covering January through March stuff that was literally and figuratively unearthed. Uh.
Last time we talked about some shipwrecks and some foods
and beverages and some cute animals and stuff, and we've
got other things this time. Yes, So it has become
kind of a tradition to start part two of our
two part unearthed episodes with pot pourri. That's the stuff
(00:46):
that's interesting, but it doesn't quite fall into a category
with other fine. So. First, researchers from multiple universities have
confirmed that indigenous people in what is now northern New
Mexico took proactive steps to prevent wildfire at least as
far back as the eleven hundreds. Members of the team
interviewed tribal elders at Hamas Pueblo, as well as elders
(01:08):
from the Hopie Tribe, the White Mountain Apache Tribe, and
Zoomi Pueblo about these people's cultural and land management practices.
They combined this ethnographic work with archaeological study of the area,
tree ring research, and modeling. They concluded that the people
of the Hamas Mountains have used a variety of methods
to prevent destructive wildfires for nearly a thousand years. These
(01:32):
have included using small, low intensity fires to get rid
of unnecessary flammable material, burning flammable material for cooking and heating,
so you're basically gathering a lot of what might cause
wildfire and then using it for a practical purpose, burning
off crop land after the harvests were over, and then
also just keeping a buffer around settlements that was completely
(01:53):
clear of trees and brush. Plus, hundreds of people lived
in these settlements, so just the day to day foot
traffic would keep small burnable plants around the settlements to
a minimum. The team drew a direct connection between this
research and wildfire conditions in populated areas today. In the
words of lead author Christopher Roush, quote, we shouldn't be
(02:16):
asking how to avoid fire and smoke. We should ask
ourselves what kind of fire and smoke do we want
to coexist with? Another news Archaeologists in China have found
what they believe to be a man's cosmetic cream. It's
a small bronze jar found in a twenty year old
tomb belonging to a nobleman, and it contained a substance
(02:39):
made of animal fat and a carbonate mud known as
moon milk. It's probably used to like whiten the skin.
This is not remotely the oldest cosmetic product ever found
in China. There are cosmetic sticks dating back to at
least fourteen fifty BC, but this is the oldest fine
that seems to be specifically a pro act for a man.
(03:01):
An electrical crew trying to move some power lines stumbled
onto a previously unknown tunnel under a homeowner's garden in Wales,
and at this point who made this tunnel and why
still a mystery. The work crew filled what they dug
back into protect it, since it will probably be sometime
before it can really be studied. What's happened in the
(03:22):
village of tin Turn, which is home of Tintern Abbey,
subject of a famous poem. The abbey was built between
the twelfth and sixteenth centuries and it is not known
if the tunnels have any connection to the abbey, but
the tunnels aren't shown not any survey maps dating back
to the seventeen hundreds. Either they were dug before that
point or someone dug them secretly and didn't make note
(03:46):
of its mystery tunnels. Okay, so moving on. The Pazzerick
Carpet is a wool carpet that was made about four
hundred BC and it was found in a burial mound
in is in the collection of the Hermitage Museum. It
is an astounding condition considering how old it is and
the conditions it was in before being unearthed. Although one
(04:09):
corner of this carpet is mostly missing, it is otherwise
largely intact and its colors and patterns are still very vivid.
That has led to a lot of questions about how
exactly it has retained so much color for so long
and in the conditions that it was in for so long.
And according to research published in the journal Scientific Reports,
(04:30):
one reason maybe that the wool was previously fermented, with
the fermentation process allowing the pigments to penetrate deeper into
the fiber, and then that would make the color more
vivid and more permanent. This conclusion means that the use
of fermented wool in dying is about two thousand years
older than was previously known. A man in New Haven,
(04:53):
Connecticut bought a blue and white fifteen century Ming dynasty
bowl at a yard sale for thirty five bucks. It
was sold through auction house saw the Bees, which kept
the seller's name confidential. But that turnover was that was
a good flip. It's selling price was seven hundred dollars,
(05:14):
so that was a yard sale fine that turned out
to be something extremely valuable, something that it seems like
the buyer suspected at that time. One of the accounts
that I read was like, he did not negotiate this
thirty five dollars for a bull of yard sale at all.
He just went ahead and got it and then started
asking questions with the praisers pretty much right away. Uh So,
now we have a couple of objects that have a
(05:37):
little bit of similarity to that, but they surprised people
by turning out to be ancient artifacts, something that came
as a bit of a shock. First. About twenty years ago,
somebody noticed a large and conveniently shaped rock in a
garden rockery, and they had it taken to their stable
to use as a step when mounting their horse. It's
(05:59):
a nice squared off right step for getting up on
a horse if you need a little help with that.
At least ten years later they noticed that there was
a laurel wreath carved into the side of it. How
many horses were mounted off of this rock before anyone
realized This turned out to be nearly two thousand year
(06:21):
old slab that probably came from Greece or Western Asia.
In addition to the laurel wreath, it bears a Greek
inscription that translates to the people and the young men
honored Demetrios, son of Metrodorus, the son of Lucios. Auction house,
Willie and Wallace asked for public help and figuring out
(06:42):
exactly how this piece got to the UK. It's likely
that a wealthy person on a grand tour of the
continent brought it back into the area sometime in the
eighteenth or nineteenth century. That was very common. We talked
about that sum in our episode on the Parthenon Marbles.
Uh But most of the original houses in the area
(07:02):
have since been demolished or destroyed by fire, and it
is really not clear which of these households specifically might
have been home to the person who originally brought it
in This piece was expected to be auctioned off in February,
which is why it caught my eye for this episode
of Unearthed, but that auction has been postponed until June.
(07:24):
I love this next one. Uh. Similarly, in a couple
of people at a signing for the book Porphyry were
leafing through the book and they were shocked to discover
a picture of their friend Helen's coffee table. It turned
out the table was topped with a mosaic that had
originally decorated a ship of the Roman emperor Caligula, and
(07:45):
their friend Helen was antiquities dealer Helen Fioratti, who had
bought the mosaic in Italy more than forty years prior. Kad,
the author of the book and interviews, talked about like
hearing these women excitedly being like, that's Helen's table, and
he's I'm sorry, who's Helen? Does it just look similar
to Helen's table? Yeah? So, Fearati maintained that she had
(08:10):
bought this mosaic in good faith, had been told simply
that it had belonged to an aristocratic family, no knowledge
that it was archaeologically significant in any way. But after
this discovery that it was really something that had belonged
to Caligula, it was seized and turned over to the
Italian consulate. It was repatriated to Italy and put on
(08:32):
temporary display out a museum, and then in March it
was moved to the Museo del Navy Romani, which houses
other artifacts from Caligula's ships. In other news on that front,
Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Cultural Activities and Tourism plans
to open an underground gallery dedicated to items from Caligula's
(08:52):
pleasure gardens that is expected to open this spring. Yeah.
I don't know the exact date or whether um that
timeline issue ding. Yeah. Sadly, again, researching COVID cases has
put a damper on it. We will stop though, for
a quick sponsor break before we get up to some
other things. Next up, we have a category that is
(09:22):
always a favorite of mine when I work on these episodes,
and that is the books and letters. Israeli archaeologists have
announced the discovery of dead Sea scroll fragments that are
at least nineteen hundred years old. These parchment fragments contain
text from the books of Zechariah and Nahome written in Greek,
(09:42):
and they were found in a cave where they are
believed to have been hidden during the Bar Kochba revolt.
These fragments were discovered during a project in Israel and
the occupied West Bank, basically a sweep of hundreds of
caves with the hope of protecting items of archaeological and
historical significance from plundering and other damage. I'm sure there
(10:04):
will be more analysis into these fragments later on. In
other names and another thing that's just a favorite of
mine that somehow we've not talked about much on the show.
Research published in the English Historical Review has explored the
question of why and how the Doomsday Book was made.
(10:25):
The Doomsday Book was Britain's earliest public record and it
was compiled at the request of King William the First
a k a. William the Conqueror in the eleventh century,
so basically, after the Norman conquest of England, William wanted
a survey of the land that he was now ruling
in parts so he could figure out how much to
charge in taxes. So in ten eight six he sent
(10:46):
government inspectors all over England to gather information about things
like who lived there and on what property and how
much livestock they had, and surveyors asked each question three
times once to find out the answer for when Edward
the Confessor was still King of England, wants to find
out how that had changed when William became king, and
(11:08):
wants to find out how things actually stood in ten
eight six when the survey was being conducted. The resulting
books that came from all this uh interrogation include The
Little Doomsday, which details Essex, Norfolk and Suffolk, and The
Great Doomsday, which details the rest of England with the
exception of London, Winchester County, Durham and Northumberland. There are
(11:31):
other books compiled from this same data as well, including
The x On Doomsday, which is one of the earlier
drafts and covers Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. This
research that we were talking about right now focused on
the x On Doomsday. In the words of lead author
Dr Stephen Baxter, Professor of Medieval History at the University
(11:53):
of Oxford, quote, this new research, based on the earliest
surviving Doomsday manuscript, shows the survey was piled remarkably quickly
and then used like a modern database where data is
entered in one format and can be extracted in other
formats for specific purposes. It's really an amazing achievement considering
that they were keeping all of this data without the
(12:15):
help of things like computers. Right, someone, there is a
master d B, a of of pre automated calculation. Yeah, yeah,
it's it's a lot of someone's. There are a lot
of people that were involved in actually making books out
of this data. This particular paper followed another project called
(12:36):
The Conquerors Commissioners Unlocking the Doomsday Survey of Southwestern England.
Baxter was a co investigator on this earlier project under
lead investigator Julia Crick. This project created a complete digital
facsimile of the ex on Doomsday, including identifying which scribe
(12:57):
wrote which part of the manuscript, which I find incredibly cool.
It also reiterates earlier research by other people, including Carol
Simes at the University of Chicago. She suggested that while
this data gathering step with the Doomsday Book was famously
completed pretty quickly, the process of actually compiling that data
into the final Doomsday books which survived today, that took
(13:20):
a lot more time and in some cases was really chaotic.
I feel like that could be said about writing an
episode of stuff you missed in history class. Sure, times
you can get all your information pretty quickly, but then
making sense of all of it well and with the
with the excellent dooms Doomsday made more complicated by the
fact that there were almost two dozen scribes working on it.
(13:42):
What if we had two dozen scribes who worked on
our episode, No, we'd lose our minds. Uh. Research published
in the journal Heritage Science has examined English deeds from
the early modern period. Specifically, they looked at what type
of animal skin the deeds were written non Using peptide
mass fingerprinting, they determined that the preferred skin for this
(14:04):
purpose was sheep. That was true for more than nine
of the deeds that they looked at. Sheepskin would have
been incredibly commonplace and pretty cheap thanks to the prevalence
of British sheep farming, but the authors concluded that there
was probably another reason for this apparent preference for sheepskin
as well. Because of sheepskins physical structure and fat content,
(14:28):
it separates into layers pretty easily, especially when you scrape it.
That makes it really difficult to alter the text on
something without leaving a really obvious mark. So like, if
you wanted to fudge some information on your deed, trying
to scrape off that old text would just leave a
really obvious mark on it. So this use of sheepskin
(14:49):
may have been as much about fraud prevention as it
was about there just being a lot of sheepskin around.
That's something the author's backed up with some historical references
to sheepskin dating back as early as the twelfth century,
people basically advising others on how to write official documents
and saying, yeah, use sheepskin because you can tell if
somebody's messed with it. But the preference for sheep skin
(15:11):
for these documents lasted for centuries after the last of
these written references of like mentioning that particular point. So, okay,
this last entry in Books and Letters isn't exactly a book,
but it is a text. In medieval and early modern Europe,
pregnancy and giving birth were inherently incredibly risky, and people
(15:32):
used a variety of objects to try to offer themselves
and their loved ones some kind of protection, things like amulets, relics, staves,
and birthing girdles. In England, the church even kept these
items on hand to loan out to people during pregnancy
and delivery. Recently published research and Royal Society Open Science
(15:52):
looks specifically at birthing girdles. Some of these were made
from animal skin or silk or some other fabric, and
they were very clearly meant to be worn, But others
were made from parchment that was covered in symbols and
prayers that were meant to be touched or kissed or
rubbed as part of like a religious veneration, and it
hasn't always been clear whether these whi were just kind
(16:15):
of stored as a parchment roll whether they were also
meant to be worn on a person's body. The team
examined one particular scroll from the Welcome Collection, which was
covered in images and writing, much of which was very
heavily worn, and they found evidence of human proteins that
suggests that it was indeed worn during pregnancy. They also
(16:36):
found evidence of proteins that are found in honey milk
and specific plants that are referenced in medieval medical books
about treatments during pregnancy and childbirth, Although all of this
suggests that this was worn as some kind of belt
or girdle. It's not clear exactly how it was worn, Like,
they don't know exactly how it might have been wrapped
(16:56):
and tied. Yeah, there was an illustration in this paper
that had like re potential configurations to have this on
a person's body, you folded into a hat. Next up,
we have a couple of fines that are related to
music and art. First, I love this one. A large
(17:17):
snail shell found in Marsula's Cave and the Pyrenees eighty
years ago is now believed to be the oldest known
wind instrument of its type based on radio carbon dating,
it's eighteen thousand years old. The tip of the shell
is broken off, and that's something that researchers don't believe
to have been accidental, because it's like the break is
(17:38):
at the strongest part of the shell, and then the
opposite end has evidence of it being intentionally cut and perforated.
There's also evidence that hematite was used as a red
pigment on the shell for decorative purposes. It seems that
the shell used to have a mouthpiece. There is a
brownish residue around the inside of the tip which appears
(17:59):
to have and some kind of resin that would have
held the mouthpiece in place. There are also other shell
horns that have been discovered that have some kind of
mouthpiece still intact. And here's what I think is the
best sentence from the press release on this quote. To
confirm the hypothesis that this conk was used to produce sounds,
(18:20):
scientists enlisted the help of a horn player who managed
to produce three sounds close to the notes C, C
sharp and D. We will we'll share a link where
people can hear that on our social media. Next up.
When Edvard Monk's famous work The Scream was on display
(18:40):
in Copenhagen in people noticed that there was faint writing
in the top left corner of the canvas. Translated from Norwegian,
it read could only have been painted by a madman.
Since then, it was generally believed that a member of
the public had defaced the painting with this griffhi be
but curators at the National Museum in Oslo have now
(19:03):
studied the writing using infrared photography, which made the handwriting
a lot easier to see, and they determined that Monk
wrote it himself, probably after it was exhibited publicly. In
some of the commentary about that exhibition, was really negative,
including people speculating that Monk was mentally ill, and he
was just particularly bothered by this because he had a
(19:27):
history of mental illness in his family. I kind of
love that it's him having his working through his chagrin
over the reviews. Moving on, restoration on Pompei's mosaic of
Alexander the Great defeating Persian King Darius at the Battle
of Issus started at the end of January. This is
a multi month project that's estimated to be completed in July.
(19:49):
It's being managed by Italy's Central Restoration Institute, the University
of Moli's UNIMAL and the Center for Research on Archaeometry
and Conservation Science. Mosaic is known as the Alexander Mosaic
and it was originally a floor mosaic at the House
of the Fawn in Pompeii. It was unearthed during an
excavation there in eighteen thirty one. We're going to get
(20:12):
to some repatriations in just a sec but first we're
gonna pause for a sponsor break. We have several repatriations
to talk about this time around. In various previous episodes
and installments of Unearthed, we have talked about the Benin Bronzes.
(20:34):
These are thousands of items that were looted from the
Kingdom of Benin and what's now Nigeria during a punitive
expedition by the British and eight seven and although some institutions,
including the British Museum, have insisted that they will be
retaining these bronzes that are in their collections, others have
started working on repatriating them. In March, the University of
(20:58):
Aberdeen announced that it will return in a bronze depicting
the King of Benin which has been in its collection
since nineteen fifty seven, and authorities in Berlin have also
started negotiating the return of hundreds of bronzes currently being
held at the Ethnological Museum. It'll be weeks or possibly
even months before these pieces are actually returned. There's a
(21:18):
whole process going along with this, but because it involved
so many pieces, this German effort in particular may put
pressure on other institutions that have so far said they
intended to keep the bronzes. In March, the FBI announced
the repatriation of a steel that had been on loan
to the Dallas Museum of Art that Stella had been
(21:41):
looted from a temple in Nepal in the nineteen eighties
and had been loaned to the museum by a private
collector who bought it at auction in the nineteen nineties.
Law enforcement and the museum began looking at the statues
providence after tweets by Aaron L. Thompson, who is on
Twitter as at art Crime prof about statue being stolen.
(22:01):
The steel a was handed over at Nepal's embassy in Washington,
d C. Next up, in our most recent year end Unearthed,
we talked about a recommendation issued by the Dutch Council
for Culture that called for Dutch museums to return items
that were taken from their countries of origin during the
Dutch colonial era if there was reasonable certainty that these
(22:23):
items had been taken by force. In January, the Netherlands
approved a centralized mechanism for repatriating such looted objects. There
is also a four point five million euro project in
the works, which is a joint effort among several museums
and a university which will develop practical guidance for the
(22:44):
museums that are holding these objects. Five PhD candidates, five
postdoctorate researchers and to Providence. Researchers are expected to work
on this effort over the span of four years. In March,
officials in the US returned two hundred seventy seven pre
Columbian art objects to the Mexican Consulate and no galas.
(23:06):
Arizona Customs and Border Patrol had confiscated most of these
objects in October of there were two Mexican citizens who
had tried to bring them across the border. The rest
had been housed at Arizona's Chandler Museum, and the museum
had reported them to homeland security investigations. And it is
really not clear why these repatriations just happened, in considering
(23:31):
that those confiscations and investigations started in there's there's just
no information included about what it's dragged out, just sort
of skips over that part. Possibly there's a reason, but
I could not find it. Lastly, for our repatriations, in January,
(23:52):
Harvard University announced the Pebody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
had the remains of at least fifteen people of Africa
and descent who may have been alive while slavery was
practiced in the US. And its collections. The Pabody Museum
has come up on several episodes of our show before,
including in our recent episode on Julioteo and our twenty
(24:13):
fifteen interview about the Harvard Indians School, which we replayed
as a Saturday Classic in this announcement in January prompted
the Association on American Indian Affairs to send a letter
to the university president alleging that Harvard is in violation
of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. You'll
(24:33):
see that as n A g p R a NAG
pre criticisms included that the museum has failed to repatriate
requested items in a timely manner, and that the museum
has cataloged its collection in a way that makes the
repatriation process harder. The letter also alleged that the museum
had failed to consult with tribes during an inventory of
(24:53):
its collection that took place in two thousand. In response,
the museum announced that it plans to adjust its repatriate
a SHAM policies. And there's a lot more information about
this that I think is really valuable for people to
read for themselves, including the full text of the Association
on American Indian Affairs, open letter to the museum, and
all that can be found at www dot Indian dash
(25:16):
Affairs dot org, slash Harvard dot html and now for
everyone's favorite exhumations. On March thirty, the Spanish government approved
a fund of six hundred sixty five thousand euros that's
roughly seven d eighty thousand dollars to exhume graves at
the Valley of the Fallen. We have talked about these
(25:38):
graves in our previous episode on the exhumation of the
remains of Francisco Franco. At least thirty thousand people are
buried at the Valley of the Fallen, and in many
cases their bodies were moved from other burial sites without
consulting with their families. This is part of ongoing work
to identify the remains of people who were killed during
the Spanish Civil War and the years that followed, many
(26:00):
whom were buried in mass graves. In other news, a
plan to relocate part of the remains of the Venerable
Cornelia Connolly has been abandoned after a public outcry. Connolly
was a nun who was born in Philadelphia and later
moved to the UK, where she established the Society of
the Holy Child Jesus in eighteen forty six. She died
(26:21):
in Mayfield, East Sussex, England, in eighteen seventy nine. Her
remains had actually already been moved once from her convents
to the chapel at Mayfield School. That happened in nineteen
thirty five. This proposal to move some of her remains
to Philadelphia was connected to an effort to have her
named as a saint, but hundreds of people submitted formal
(26:43):
objections to the plan and more than fifteen hundred signed
an online petition against it. The Society of the Holy
Child Jesus ultimately decided to withdraw its proposal to have
her remains moved. Next the Mayo County Council in Ireland
has called on the fromits to pass a legislative bill
that would clear the way for the exhumation of remains
(27:05):
at the two Mother and Baby Home. That home operated
from nineteen sixty one. The Mother and Baby Home has
been in the news repeatedly since, and we discussed it
on our previous installment of Unearthed. In out of Wedlock
pregnancies were incredibly stigmatized, so people were sent to this home,
often against their will, to give birth in secret. As
(27:28):
many as eight hundred children died while the home was
in operation, and this exhumation could allow their remains to
be identified and returned to families. The Sisters of Bon
Secour issued an apology in January that read, in part quote,
we failed to respect the inherent dignity of the women
and children who came to the home. And another exhimation
(27:50):
that also connects to other episodes of our show. Officials
in Oklahoma hoped to start an exhimation of a mass
grave connected to the Tulsa mass occur on June one
of this year and that would align with the massacres
hundredth anniversary. The site to be exhumed was identified at
Oaklawn Cemetery in October and at the time they found
(28:12):
evidence of twelve burials there. Funeral home records document eighteen
black men being buried there, but it's possible that this
mass grave contains the bodies of as many as thirty people.
There are still a lot of details to work out
with this. A licensed funeral director has to oversee the work,
which requires a formal plan submitted to the Oklahoma State
(28:34):
Department of Health. And although it's possible that any remains
that are found may be reinterred at Oaklawn Cemetery, this
would likely be temporary to give the Physical Investigation Committee
time to decide on an appropriate permanent resting place for them. Yeah,
there were obvious concerns about the idea that they may
go through this exhumation, try to learn more about these
(28:56):
people and then like rebury them in the same cemetery
where they had been buried in a mass grave earlier. Um.
So that's the idea, is that this would just be while, uh,
while they're trying to find a better final resting place.
In our last exclamation, this time, the International Committee of
the Red Cross has announced a plan to exhume and
(29:17):
identify the remains of Argentine soldiers who were killed during
the Falkland's War and are now buried in the Falkland Islands.
In eighteen, the Red Cross undertook a similar mission that
resulted in the exclimations of a hundred and twenty two
Argentine soldiers, a hundred and fifteen of whom were identified
through DNA testing. There are still two hundred thirty six
(29:40):
Argentine soldiers buried on East Falkland. And as a final
note as we wrap up this installment of Unearthed, the
vial used to administer the first fiser BioNTech COVID nineteen
vaccine in the US has been entered into the collection
of the Smithsonian, along with a vaccination card and scrubs
belonging to Sandra Lindsay, who was the first person in
(30:01):
the US to receive the vaccine. Lindsay immigrated to the
US from Jamaica about thirty years ago, and she received
the vaccine while working as an intensive care nurse and
director of Critical Care Nursing at Long Island Jewish Medical Center.
Dr Michelle Chester administered Lindsay's first dose of the vaccine
on December four, and it was live streamed during a
(30:23):
news conference. Dr Anthony Fauci, director of the Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health,
has donated his personal three D model of the COVID
nineteen virus to the Smithsonian as well. That model was
made with a three D printer at the National Institutes
of Health, and Faucci used it as a visual aid
when explaining the virus and its spike proteins. It's not
(30:46):
as much of an unearthed as a thing that's you know,
now his industry. Yeah, Um, have you captured some good
uh listener mail for this round? I do. It is
from Kristen, and Kristen says, Hi, Holly and Tracy. I
was very happy to hear your episode on the Rum Rebellion.
(31:06):
I've always thought it was a fascinating part of Australian history,
and I actually suggested as a topic to you a
few years ago, So I'm glad you got to it,
even if Ian got the credit, ha ha, It's totally possible.
Kristen is one of the many people who sent an
email that made me go didn't we do that already,
when we in fact had not. This email goes on
to say I thought you may be interested to know
(31:28):
that a descendant of William Bly by the name of
Anna Bli became the first female Premier of Queensland and
two thousand seven and held the position until. Unlike William,
she did not face a coup and was not known
for a verbal abuse. I love your podcast and hope
you continue to cover the odd bit of Australian history. Um.
Kristen included some suggestions for topics and then said keep
(31:52):
safe over there in the US. Yeah, I have some
envy about Australia's COVID response. Uh so thanks, thanks Kristen,
thanks for this. I had no idea um about this connection.
I didn't I had obviously not really heard of ANIMALI
before because I don't live in Australia, but did not
(32:12):
know that William Bla I had to sendence you and
then UM, in more modern times become part of the
government in Australia. So thank you so much for this note.
Thanks to everyone who sends us email. If you would
like to send us email, We're at History Podcast at
I heart radio dot com. We're all over social media
at miss in History and that's where we'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest,
(32:34):
and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show on
the iHeart Radio app and Apple Podcasts and anywhere else
you get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class
is a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcasts
from I heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app,
(32:55):
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production
of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This is
part two of our Unearthed episode for UH, where we're
(00:22):
covering January through March stuff that was literally and figuratively unearthed. Uh.
Last time we talked about some shipwrecks and some foods
and beverages and some cute animals and stuff, and we've
got other things this time. Yes, So it has become
kind of a tradition to start part two of our
two part unearthed episodes with pot pourri. That's the stuff
(00:46):
that's interesting, but it doesn't quite fall into a category
with other fine. So. First, researchers from multiple universities have
confirmed that indigenous people in what is now northern New
Mexico took proactive steps to prevent wildfire at least as
far back as the eleven hundreds. Members of the team
interviewed tribal elders at Hamas Pueblo, as well as elders
(01:08):
from the Hopie Tribe, the White Mountain Apache Tribe, and
Zoomi Pueblo about these people's cultural and land management practices.
They combined this ethnographic work with archaeological study of the area,
tree ring research, and modeling. They concluded that the people
of the Hamas Mountains have used a variety of methods
to prevent destructive wildfires for nearly a thousand years. These
(01:32):
have included using small, low intensity fires to get rid
of unnecessary flammable material, burning flammable material for cooking and heating,
so you're basically gathering a lot of what might cause
wildfire and then using it for a practical purpose, burning
off crop land after the harvests were over, and then
also just keeping a buffer around settlements that was completely
(01:53):
clear of trees and brush. Plus, hundreds of people lived
in these settlements, so just the day to day foot
traffic would keep small burnable plants around the settlements to
a minimum. The team drew a direct connection between this
research and wildfire conditions in populated areas today. In the
words of lead author Christopher Roush, quote, we shouldn't be
(02:16):
asking how to avoid fire and smoke. We should ask
ourselves what kind of fire and smoke do we want
to coexist with? Another news Archaeologists in China have found
what they believe to be a man's cosmetic cream. It's
a small bronze jar found in a twenty year old
tomb belonging to a nobleman, and it contained a substance
(02:39):
made of animal fat and a carbonate mud known as
moon milk. It's probably used to like whiten the skin.
This is not remotely the oldest cosmetic product ever found
in China. There are cosmetic sticks dating back to at
least fourteen fifty BC, but this is the oldest fine
that seems to be specifically a pro act for a man.
(03:01):
An electrical crew trying to move some power lines stumbled
onto a previously unknown tunnel under a homeowner's garden in Wales,
and at this point who made this tunnel and why
still a mystery. The work crew filled what they dug
back into protect it, since it will probably be sometime
before it can really be studied. What's happened in the
(03:22):
village of tin Turn, which is home of Tintern Abbey,
subject of a famous poem. The abbey was built between
the twelfth and sixteenth centuries and it is not known
if the tunnels have any connection to the abbey, but
the tunnels aren't shown not any survey maps dating back
to the seventeen hundreds. Either they were dug before that
point or someone dug them secretly and didn't make note
(03:46):
of its mystery tunnels. Okay, so moving on. The Pazzerick
Carpet is a wool carpet that was made about four
hundred BC and it was found in a burial mound
in is in the collection of the Hermitage Museum. It
is an astounding condition considering how old it is and
the conditions it was in before being unearthed. Although one
(04:09):
corner of this carpet is mostly missing, it is otherwise
largely intact and its colors and patterns are still very vivid.
That has led to a lot of questions about how
exactly it has retained so much color for so long
and in the conditions that it was in for so long.
And according to research published in the journal Scientific Reports,
(04:30):
one reason maybe that the wool was previously fermented, with
the fermentation process allowing the pigments to penetrate deeper into
the fiber, and then that would make the color more
vivid and more permanent. This conclusion means that the use
of fermented wool in dying is about two thousand years
older than was previously known. A man in New Haven,
(04:53):
Connecticut bought a blue and white fifteen century Ming dynasty
bowl at a yard sale for thirty five bucks. It
was sold through auction house saw the Bees, which kept
the seller's name confidential. But that turnover was that was
a good flip. It's selling price was seven hundred dollars,
(05:14):
so that was a yard sale fine that turned out
to be something extremely valuable, something that it seems like
the buyer suspected at that time. One of the accounts
that I read was like, he did not negotiate this
thirty five dollars for a bull of yard sale at all.
He just went ahead and got it and then started
asking questions with the praisers pretty much right away. Uh So,
now we have a couple of objects that have a
(05:37):
little bit of similarity to that, but they surprised people
by turning out to be ancient artifacts, something that came
as a bit of a shock. First. About twenty years ago,
somebody noticed a large and conveniently shaped rock in a
garden rockery, and they had it taken to their stable
to use as a step when mounting their horse. It's
(05:59):
a nice squared off right step for getting up on
a horse if you need a little help with that.
At least ten years later they noticed that there was
a laurel wreath carved into the side of it. How
many horses were mounted off of this rock before anyone
realized This turned out to be nearly two thousand year
(06:21):
old slab that probably came from Greece or Western Asia.
In addition to the laurel wreath, it bears a Greek
inscription that translates to the people and the young men
honored Demetrios, son of Metrodorus, the son of Lucios. Auction house,
Willie and Wallace asked for public help and figuring out
(06:42):
exactly how this piece got to the UK. It's likely
that a wealthy person on a grand tour of the
continent brought it back into the area sometime in the
eighteenth or nineteenth century. That was very common. We talked
about that sum in our episode on the Parthenon Marbles.
Uh But most of the original houses in the area
(07:02):
have since been demolished or destroyed by fire, and it
is really not clear which of these households specifically might
have been home to the person who originally brought it
in This piece was expected to be auctioned off in February,
which is why it caught my eye for this episode
of Unearthed, but that auction has been postponed until June.
(07:24):
I love this next one. Uh. Similarly, in a couple
of people at a signing for the book Porphyry were
leafing through the book and they were shocked to discover
a picture of their friend Helen's coffee table. It turned
out the table was topped with a mosaic that had
originally decorated a ship of the Roman emperor Caligula, and
(07:45):
their friend Helen was antiquities dealer Helen Fioratti, who had
bought the mosaic in Italy more than forty years prior. Kad,
the author of the book and interviews, talked about like
hearing these women excitedly being like, that's Helen's table, and
he's I'm sorry, who's Helen? Does it just look similar
to Helen's table? Yeah? So, Fearati maintained that she had
(08:10):
bought this mosaic in good faith, had been told simply
that it had belonged to an aristocratic family, no knowledge
that it was archaeologically significant in any way. But after
this discovery that it was really something that had belonged
to Caligula, it was seized and turned over to the
Italian consulate. It was repatriated to Italy and put on
(08:32):
temporary display out a museum, and then in March it
was moved to the Museo del Navy Romani, which houses
other artifacts from Caligula's ships. In other news on that front,
Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Cultural Activities and Tourism plans
to open an underground gallery dedicated to items from Caligula's
(08:52):
pleasure gardens that is expected to open this spring. Yeah.
I don't know the exact date or whether um that
timeline issue ding. Yeah. Sadly, again, researching COVID cases has
put a damper on it. We will stop though, for
a quick sponsor break before we get up to some
other things. Next up, we have a category that is
(09:22):
always a favorite of mine when I work on these episodes,
and that is the books and letters. Israeli archaeologists have
announced the discovery of dead Sea scroll fragments that are
at least nineteen hundred years old. These parchment fragments contain
text from the books of Zechariah and Nahome written in Greek,
(09:42):
and they were found in a cave where they are
believed to have been hidden during the Bar Kochba revolt.
These fragments were discovered during a project in Israel and
the occupied West Bank, basically a sweep of hundreds of
caves with the hope of protecting items of archaeological and
historical significance from plundering and other damage. I'm sure there
(10:04):
will be more analysis into these fragments later on. In
other names and another thing that's just a favorite of
mine that somehow we've not talked about much on the show.
Research published in the English Historical Review has explored the
question of why and how the Doomsday Book was made.
(10:25):
The Doomsday Book was Britain's earliest public record and it
was compiled at the request of King William the First
a k a. William the Conqueror in the eleventh century,
so basically, after the Norman conquest of England, William wanted
a survey of the land that he was now ruling
in parts so he could figure out how much to
charge in taxes. So in ten eight six he sent
(10:46):
government inspectors all over England to gather information about things
like who lived there and on what property and how
much livestock they had, and surveyors asked each question three
times once to find out the answer for when Edward
the Confessor was still King of England, wants to find
out how that had changed when William became king, and
(11:08):
wants to find out how things actually stood in ten
eight six when the survey was being conducted. The resulting
books that came from all this uh interrogation include The
Little Doomsday, which details Essex, Norfolk and Suffolk, and The
Great Doomsday, which details the rest of England with the
exception of London, Winchester County, Durham and Northumberland. There are
(11:31):
other books compiled from this same data as well, including
The x On Doomsday, which is one of the earlier
drafts and covers Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. This
research that we were talking about right now focused on
the x On Doomsday. In the words of lead author
Dr Stephen Baxter, Professor of Medieval History at the University
(11:53):
of Oxford, quote, this new research, based on the earliest
surviving Doomsday manuscript, shows the survey was piled remarkably quickly
and then used like a modern database where data is
entered in one format and can be extracted in other
formats for specific purposes. It's really an amazing achievement considering
that they were keeping all of this data without the
(12:15):
help of things like computers. Right, someone, there is a
master d B, a of of pre automated calculation. Yeah, yeah,
it's it's a lot of someone's. There are a lot
of people that were involved in actually making books out
of this data. This particular paper followed another project called
(12:36):
The Conquerors Commissioners Unlocking the Doomsday Survey of Southwestern England.
Baxter was a co investigator on this earlier project under
lead investigator Julia Crick. This project created a complete digital
facsimile of the ex on Doomsday, including identifying which scribe
(12:57):
wrote which part of the manuscript, which I find incredibly cool.
It also reiterates earlier research by other people, including Carol
Simes at the University of Chicago. She suggested that while
this data gathering step with the Doomsday Book was famously
completed pretty quickly, the process of actually compiling that data
into the final Doomsday books which survived today, that took
(13:20):
a lot more time and in some cases was really chaotic.
I feel like that could be said about writing an
episode of stuff you missed in history class. Sure, times
you can get all your information pretty quickly, but then
making sense of all of it well and with the
with the excellent dooms Doomsday made more complicated by the
fact that there were almost two dozen scribes working on it.
(13:42):
What if we had two dozen scribes who worked on
our episode, No, we'd lose our minds. Uh. Research published
in the journal Heritage Science has examined English deeds from
the early modern period. Specifically, they looked at what type
of animal skin the deeds were written non Using peptide
mass fingerprinting, they determined that the preferred skin for this
(14:04):
purpose was sheep. That was true for more than nine
of the deeds that they looked at. Sheepskin would have
been incredibly commonplace and pretty cheap thanks to the prevalence
of British sheep farming, but the authors concluded that there
was probably another reason for this apparent preference for sheepskin
as well. Because of sheepskins physical structure and fat content,
(14:28):
it separates into layers pretty easily, especially when you scrape it.
That makes it really difficult to alter the text on
something without leaving a really obvious mark. So like, if
you wanted to fudge some information on your deed, trying
to scrape off that old text would just leave a
really obvious mark on it. So this use of sheepskin
(14:49):
may have been as much about fraud prevention as it
was about there just being a lot of sheepskin around.
That's something the author's backed up with some historical references
to sheepskin dating back as early as the twelfth century,
people basically advising others on how to write official documents
and saying, yeah, use sheepskin because you can tell if
somebody's messed with it. But the preference for sheep skin
(15:11):
for these documents lasted for centuries after the last of
these written references of like mentioning that particular point. So, okay,
this last entry in Books and Letters isn't exactly a book,
but it is a text. In medieval and early modern Europe,
pregnancy and giving birth were inherently incredibly risky, and people
(15:32):
used a variety of objects to try to offer themselves
and their loved ones some kind of protection, things like amulets, relics, staves,
and birthing girdles. In England, the church even kept these
items on hand to loan out to people during pregnancy
and delivery. Recently published research and Royal Society Open Science
(15:52):
looks specifically at birthing girdles. Some of these were made
from animal skin or silk or some other fabric, and
they were very clearly meant to be worn, But others
were made from parchment that was covered in symbols and
prayers that were meant to be touched or kissed or
rubbed as part of like a religious veneration, and it
hasn't always been clear whether these whi were just kind
(16:15):
of stored as a parchment roll whether they were also
meant to be worn on a person's body. The team
examined one particular scroll from the Welcome Collection, which was
covered in images and writing, much of which was very
heavily worn, and they found evidence of human proteins that
suggests that it was indeed worn during pregnancy. They also
(16:36):
found evidence of proteins that are found in honey milk
and specific plants that are referenced in medieval medical books
about treatments during pregnancy and childbirth, Although all of this
suggests that this was worn as some kind of belt
or girdle. It's not clear exactly how it was worn, Like,
they don't know exactly how it might have been wrapped
(16:56):
and tied. Yeah, there was an illustration in this paper
that had like re potential configurations to have this on
a person's body, you folded into a hat. Next up,
we have a couple of fines that are related to
music and art. First, I love this one. A large
(17:17):
snail shell found in Marsula's Cave and the Pyrenees eighty
years ago is now believed to be the oldest known
wind instrument of its type based on radio carbon dating,
it's eighteen thousand years old. The tip of the shell
is broken off, and that's something that researchers don't believe
to have been accidental, because it's like the break is
(17:38):
at the strongest part of the shell, and then the
opposite end has evidence of it being intentionally cut and perforated.
There's also evidence that hematite was used as a red
pigment on the shell for decorative purposes. It seems that
the shell used to have a mouthpiece. There is a
brownish residue around the inside of the tip which appears
(17:59):
to have and some kind of resin that would have
held the mouthpiece in place. There are also other shell
horns that have been discovered that have some kind of
mouthpiece still intact. And here's what I think is the
best sentence from the press release on this quote. To
confirm the hypothesis that this conk was used to produce sounds,
(18:20):
scientists enlisted the help of a horn player who managed
to produce three sounds close to the notes C, C
sharp and D. We will we'll share a link where
people can hear that on our social media. Next up.
When Edvard Monk's famous work The Scream was on display
(18:40):
in Copenhagen in people noticed that there was faint writing
in the top left corner of the canvas. Translated from Norwegian,
it read could only have been painted by a madman.
Since then, it was generally believed that a member of
the public had defaced the painting with this griffhi be
but curators at the National Museum in Oslo have now
(19:03):
studied the writing using infrared photography, which made the handwriting
a lot easier to see, and they determined that Monk
wrote it himself, probably after it was exhibited publicly. In
some of the commentary about that exhibition, was really negative,
including people speculating that Monk was mentally ill, and he
was just particularly bothered by this because he had a
(19:27):
history of mental illness in his family. I kind of
love that it's him having his working through his chagrin
over the reviews. Moving on, restoration on Pompei's mosaic of
Alexander the Great defeating Persian King Darius at the Battle
of Issus started at the end of January. This is
a multi month project that's estimated to be completed in July.
(19:49):
It's being managed by Italy's Central Restoration Institute, the University
of Moli's UNIMAL and the Center for Research on Archaeometry
and Conservation Science. Mosaic is known as the Alexander Mosaic
and it was originally a floor mosaic at the House
of the Fawn in Pompeii. It was unearthed during an
excavation there in eighteen thirty one. We're going to get
(20:12):
to some repatriations in just a sec but first we're
gonna pause for a sponsor break. We have several repatriations
to talk about this time around. In various previous episodes
and installments of Unearthed, we have talked about the Benin Bronzes.
(20:34):
These are thousands of items that were looted from the
Kingdom of Benin and what's now Nigeria during a punitive
expedition by the British and eight seven and although some institutions,
including the British Museum, have insisted that they will be
retaining these bronzes that are in their collections, others have
started working on repatriating them. In March, the University of
(20:58):
Aberdeen announced that it will return in a bronze depicting
the King of Benin which has been in its collection
since nineteen fifty seven, and authorities in Berlin have also
started negotiating the return of hundreds of bronzes currently being
held at the Ethnological Museum. It'll be weeks or possibly
even months before these pieces are actually returned. There's a
(21:18):
whole process going along with this, but because it involved
so many pieces, this German effort in particular may put
pressure on other institutions that have so far said they
intended to keep the bronzes. In March, the FBI announced
the repatriation of a steel that had been on loan
to the Dallas Museum of Art that Stella had been
(21:41):
looted from a temple in Nepal in the nineteen eighties
and had been loaned to the museum by a private
collector who bought it at auction in the nineteen nineties.
Law enforcement and the museum began looking at the statues
providence after tweets by Aaron L. Thompson, who is on
Twitter as at art Crime prof about statue being stolen.
(22:01):
The steel a was handed over at Nepal's embassy in Washington,
d C. Next up, in our most recent year end Unearthed,
we talked about a recommendation issued by the Dutch Council
for Culture that called for Dutch museums to return items
that were taken from their countries of origin during the
Dutch colonial era if there was reasonable certainty that these
(22:23):
items had been taken by force. In January, the Netherlands
approved a centralized mechanism for repatriating such looted objects. There
is also a four point five million euro project in
the works, which is a joint effort among several museums
and a university which will develop practical guidance for the
(22:44):
museums that are holding these objects. Five PhD candidates, five
postdoctorate researchers and to Providence. Researchers are expected to work
on this effort over the span of four years. In March,
officials in the US returned two hundred seventy seven pre
Columbian art objects to the Mexican Consulate and no galas.
(23:06):
Arizona Customs and Border Patrol had confiscated most of these
objects in October of there were two Mexican citizens who
had tried to bring them across the border. The rest
had been housed at Arizona's Chandler Museum, and the museum
had reported them to homeland security investigations. And it is
really not clear why these repatriations just happened, in considering
(23:31):
that those confiscations and investigations started in there's there's just
no information included about what it's dragged out, just sort
of skips over that part. Possibly there's a reason, but
I could not find it. Lastly, for our repatriations, in January,
(23:52):
Harvard University announced the Pebody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
had the remains of at least fifteen people of Africa
and descent who may have been alive while slavery was
practiced in the US. And its collections. The Pabody Museum
has come up on several episodes of our show before,
including in our recent episode on Julioteo and our twenty
(24:13):
fifteen interview about the Harvard Indians School, which we replayed
as a Saturday Classic in this announcement in January prompted
the Association on American Indian Affairs to send a letter
to the university president alleging that Harvard is in violation
of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. You'll
(24:33):
see that as n A g p R a NAG
pre criticisms included that the museum has failed to repatriate
requested items in a timely manner, and that the museum
has cataloged its collection in a way that makes the
repatriation process harder. The letter also alleged that the museum
had failed to consult with tribes during an inventory of
(24:53):
its collection that took place in two thousand. In response,
the museum announced that it plans to adjust its repatriate
a SHAM policies. And there's a lot more information about
this that I think is really valuable for people to
read for themselves, including the full text of the Association
on American Indian Affairs, open letter to the museum, and
all that can be found at www dot Indian dash
(25:16):
Affairs dot org, slash Harvard dot html and now for
everyone's favorite exhumations. On March thirty, the Spanish government approved
a fund of six hundred sixty five thousand euros that's
roughly seven d eighty thousand dollars to exhume graves at
the Valley of the Fallen. We have talked about these
(25:38):
graves in our previous episode on the exhumation of the
remains of Francisco Franco. At least thirty thousand people are
buried at the Valley of the Fallen, and in many
cases their bodies were moved from other burial sites without
consulting with their families. This is part of ongoing work
to identify the remains of people who were killed during
the Spanish Civil War and the years that followed, many
(26:00):
whom were buried in mass graves. In other news, a
plan to relocate part of the remains of the Venerable
Cornelia Connolly has been abandoned after a public outcry. Connolly
was a nun who was born in Philadelphia and later
moved to the UK, where she established the Society of
the Holy Child Jesus in eighteen forty six. She died
(26:21):
in Mayfield, East Sussex, England, in eighteen seventy nine. Her
remains had actually already been moved once from her convents
to the chapel at Mayfield School. That happened in nineteen
thirty five. This proposal to move some of her remains
to Philadelphia was connected to an effort to have her
named as a saint, but hundreds of people submitted formal
(26:43):
objections to the plan and more than fifteen hundred signed
an online petition against it. The Society of the Holy
Child Jesus ultimately decided to withdraw its proposal to have
her remains moved. Next the Mayo County Council in Ireland
has called on the fromits to pass a legislative bill
that would clear the way for the exhumation of remains
(27:05):
at the two Mother and Baby Home. That home operated
from nineteen sixty one. The Mother and Baby Home has
been in the news repeatedly since, and we discussed it
on our previous installment of Unearthed. In out of Wedlock
pregnancies were incredibly stigmatized, so people were sent to this home,
often against their will, to give birth in secret. As
(27:28):
many as eight hundred children died while the home was
in operation, and this exhumation could allow their remains to
be identified and returned to families. The Sisters of Bon
Secour issued an apology in January that read, in part quote,
we failed to respect the inherent dignity of the women
and children who came to the home. And another exhimation
(27:50):
that also connects to other episodes of our show. Officials
in Oklahoma hoped to start an exhimation of a mass
grave connected to the Tulsa mass occur on June one
of this year and that would align with the massacres
hundredth anniversary. The site to be exhumed was identified at
Oaklawn Cemetery in October and at the time they found
(28:12):
evidence of twelve burials there. Funeral home records document eighteen
black men being buried there, but it's possible that this
mass grave contains the bodies of as many as thirty people.
There are still a lot of details to work out
with this. A licensed funeral director has to oversee the work,
which requires a formal plan submitted to the Oklahoma State
(28:34):
Department of Health. And although it's possible that any remains
that are found may be reinterred at Oaklawn Cemetery, this
would likely be temporary to give the Physical Investigation Committee
time to decide on an appropriate permanent resting place for them. Yeah,
there were obvious concerns about the idea that they may
go through this exhumation, try to learn more about these
(28:56):
people and then like rebury them in the same cemetery
where they had been buried in a mass grave earlier. Um.
So that's the idea, is that this would just be while, uh,
while they're trying to find a better final resting place.
In our last exclamation, this time, the International Committee of
the Red Cross has announced a plan to exhume and
(29:17):
identify the remains of Argentine soldiers who were killed during
the Falkland's War and are now buried in the Falkland Islands.
In eighteen, the Red Cross undertook a similar mission that
resulted in the exclimations of a hundred and twenty two
Argentine soldiers, a hundred and fifteen of whom were identified
through DNA testing. There are still two hundred thirty six
(29:40):
Argentine soldiers buried on East Falkland. And as a final
note as we wrap up this installment of Unearthed, the
vial used to administer the first fiser BioNTech COVID nineteen
vaccine in the US has been entered into the collection
of the Smithsonian, along with a vaccination card and scrubs
belonging to Sandra Lindsay, who was the first person in
(30:01):
the US to receive the vaccine. Lindsay immigrated to the
US from Jamaica about thirty years ago, and she received
the vaccine while working as an intensive care nurse and
director of Critical Care Nursing at Long Island Jewish Medical Center.
Dr Michelle Chester administered Lindsay's first dose of the vaccine
on December four, and it was live streamed during a
(30:23):
news conference. Dr Anthony Fauci, director of the Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health,
has donated his personal three D model of the COVID
nineteen virus to the Smithsonian as well. That model was
made with a three D printer at the National Institutes
of Health, and Faucci used it as a visual aid
when explaining the virus and its spike proteins. It's not
(30:46):
as much of an unearthed as a thing that's you know,
now his industry. Yeah, Um, have you captured some good
uh listener mail for this round? I do. It is
from Kristen, and Kristen says, Hi, Holly and Tracy. I
was very happy to hear your episode on the Rum Rebellion.
(31:06):
I've always thought it was a fascinating part of Australian history,
and I actually suggested as a topic to you a
few years ago, So I'm glad you got to it,
even if Ian got the credit, ha ha, It's totally possible.
Kristen is one of the many people who sent an
email that made me go didn't we do that already,
when we in fact had not. This email goes on
to say I thought you may be interested to know
(31:28):
that a descendant of William Bly by the name of
Anna Bli became the first female Premier of Queensland and
two thousand seven and held the position until. Unlike William,
she did not face a coup and was not known
for a verbal abuse. I love your podcast and hope
you continue to cover the odd bit of Australian history. Um.
Kristen included some suggestions for topics and then said keep
(31:52):
safe over there in the US. Yeah, I have some
envy about Australia's COVID response. Uh so thanks, thanks Kristen,
thanks for this. I had no idea um about this connection.
I didn't I had obviously not really heard of ANIMALI
before because I don't live in Australia, but did not
(32:12):
know that William Bla I had to sendence you and
then UM, in more modern times become part of the
government in Australia. So thank you so much for this note.
Thanks to everyone who sends us email. If you would
like to send us email, We're at History Podcast at
I heart radio dot com. We're all over social media
at miss in History and that's where we'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest,
(32:34):
and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show on
the iHeart Radio app and Apple Podcasts and anywhere else
you get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class
is a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcasts
from I heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app,
(32:55):
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
Stuff You Missed in History Class News
Hosts And Creators
Holly Frey
Tracy Wilson
Popular Podcasts
On Purpose with Jay Shetty
I’m Jay Shetty host of On Purpose the worlds #1 Mental Health podcast and I’m so grateful you found us. I started this podcast 5 years ago to invite you into conversations and workshops that are designed to help make you happier, healthier and more healed. I believe that when you (yes you) feel seen, heard and understood you’re able to deal with relationship struggles, work challenges and life’s ups and downs with more ease and grace. I interview experts, celebrities, thought leaders and athletes so that we can grow our mindset, build better habits and uncover a side of them we’ve never seen before. New episodes every Monday and Friday. Your support means the world to me and I don’t take it for granted — click the follow button and leave a review to help us spread the love with On Purpose. I can’t wait for you to listen to your first or 500th episode!
Las Culturistas with Matt Rogers and Bowen Yang
Ding dong! Join your culture consultants, Matt Rogers and Bowen Yang, on an unforgettable journey into the beating heart of CULTURE. Alongside sizzling special guests, they GET INTO the hottest pop-culture moments of the day and the formative cultural experiences that turned them into Culturistas. Produced by the Big Money Players Network and iHeartRadio.
Crime Junkie
Does hearing about a true crime case always leave you scouring the internet for the truth behind the story? Dive into your next mystery with Crime Junkie. Every Monday, join your host Ashley Flowers as she unravels all the details of infamous and underreported true crime cases with her best friend Brit Prawat. From cold cases to missing persons and heroes in our community who seek justice, Crime Junkie is your destination for theories and stories you won’t hear anywhere else. Whether you're a seasoned true crime enthusiast or new to the genre, you'll find yourself on the edge of your seat awaiting a new episode every Monday. If you can never get enough true crime... Congratulations, you’ve found your people. Follow to join a community of Crime Junkies! Crime Junkie is presented by audiochuck Media Company.