December 5, 2024 • 39 mins
Pack your bags! Today, Will and Mango are taking you on a trip to Europe’s second-least visited country: Liechtenstein. Along the way, we’ll discover how this tiny spot on the map came to exist (spoiler alert, it’s all thanks to a guy named Karl), and we’ll delve into its fascinating economy, which relies heavily on tax incentives and false teeth. Need a lunch break? No problem, we’ll pull over at the country’s only McDonald’s, and learn about the world-famous Liechtenstein wines (Liechtenwines?).
If you have a Liechtenstein travel story of your own, please share it with us on Instagram! We’re @parttimegenius.
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Speaker 1 (00:03):
You're listening to Part Time Genius, the production of Kaleidoscope
and iHeartRadio.
Speaker 2 (00:11):
Guess what Mango?
Speaker 1 (00:12):
What's that Will?
Speaker 2 (00:13):
So I was thinking about the Olympics this week. I
don't know why I was thinking about the Olympics this week,
because they're not coming up anytime soon, but I was,
and was thinking about how strange it must be for
those countries where there's only one athlete participating in the Games.
I mean strange, but also super cool if you're that athlete, Like,
it's kind of crazy to be the sole representative of
a place in the world's largest stage, Like, have you
(00:35):
thought about that before?
Speaker 1 (00:37):
I mean, I have, being from Delaware life.
Speaker 2 (00:40):
That's a good point. That's a good point.
Speaker 1 (00:43):
Sometimes you end up being the sole representative. But I
imagine it's kind of a big point of pride for
those folks, right, like as if you were. It is
always so fun for me to see what sport those
countries have qualified in.
Speaker 2 (00:55):
Absolutely And you know, I was looking at the twenty
twenty four Summer Games and there were four countries with
just one athlete, you had belize, which was kind of
surprising to me. I actually thought they would have had
more there Somalia, NHRU, and Liechtenstein, and of those four,
Somalia is the only one whose national population is above
half a million people. But of course Somalia's also been
(01:18):
embroiled in a civil war since the late nineteen eighties,
which might explain why a nation of nineteen million would
still only be able to send one athlete. In fact,
it's remarkable that even one athlete was sent, given everything
that's gone on there.
Speaker 1 (01:31):
I know, you think about how intense the training and
dedication has to be to get to the Olympics for
like a stable country, so like it's insane, But I
also imagine that there's a ton of pressure, right, Like
everyone in the country is tuning in to watch you,
so if you have a bad showing, there's no chance
of being lost in the shuffle.
Speaker 2 (01:51):
That's exactly right. In fact, I read this interview with
the BBC that they did with Liechtenstein's lone competitor. It
was a twenty year old cyclist named Romano Penton, and
when asked about the outpouring of support he'd received on
social media, Pinthener said, it felt like I got a
message from every person living in Liechtenstein. For me, it
feels like one big town, which is, you know, pretty
(02:14):
sweet and pretty cool at the same time. Now, spoilers
in case you taped the Olympic Center, still waiting to watch.
But Lichtenstein placed twenty eighth out of thirty six in
cross country cycling, so all those well wishes didn't exactly
translate to Olympic victory. But here's the thing. Liechtenstein has
won ten Olympic medals in the past. All of them
(02:34):
were at the Winter Games, all of them were for
the sport of alpine skiing, and that means the country
actually has the highest number of Olympic medals per capita
in the history of the Winter Games. It's like one
medal for every four thousand people. That's not a bad ratio.
Speaker 1 (02:51):
First of all, it is amazing the idea that anyone
would have taped the Olympics and is still waiting to
watch it.
Speaker 2 (02:57):
Yeah, yeah, well you never know. It's good retaining.
Speaker 1 (03:01):
But that is an incredible fact.
Speaker 2 (03:03):
Yeah, you know, it made me realize just how many
countries there are out there that I still know virtually
nothing about. So that's why we're here today today's episode.
I thought we could chip away at that list by
taking a closer look at Pentener's big hometown.
Speaker 1 (03:17):
Yeah, I know you and I have asked Gabe to
pick a spot in the world and send us there.
And Lichtenstein is a place that I've just been curious
about for a while now. Like, I know it's a
tax haven, I know it's tiny, but beyond that, like,
I really don't know anything about it. I even had
no idea that they'd taken part in the Olympics.
Speaker 2 (03:36):
Yeah, same here, And you know, you know, it may
be a tiny country, but there's still a ton of
interesting facts to share about it, including one about their teeth.
How about that for a teaser. So pack your bags
and let's take a trip to Lichtensteins. Hey their podcast listeners,
(04:11):
Welcome to Part Time Genius. I'm Will Pearson and as
always I'm joined by my good friend Mangesh hot Ticketter
and on the other side of that soundproof glass engrossed
in a biography of pop artist Roy Lichtenstein. That is
our friend and producer Dylan Fagan. That kid loves to read. Now.
I'm so sorry, Dylan, I know there was a miscommunication
about this week's topic. Unless Roy Lichtenstein. Wasn't from Lichtenstein,
(04:36):
was he Mango?
Speaker 1 (04:38):
No? I think he's from Manhattan. And also his name
is spelled differently.
Speaker 2 (04:43):
Well, in all fairness to Dylan, I also left out
the extra e a few times this week. Lichtenstein is
said to be one of the most misspelled countries in
the world, right up there with Columbia and Kyrgyzstan. Of course,
watching the name is such a common mistake that souvenir
shops and Lichtenstein cell magnets with a crossed out list
of all the various misspellings, which is a helpful way
(05:05):
to remind tourists of the correct spelling while subtly shaming
them at the same time. I kind of like it.
Speaker 1 (05:11):
Yeah, well, misspelling the name is just one of the
many ways that outsiders might embarrass themselves while talking about Lichtenstein.
So to help spare listeners that grim fate, I thought
we should run through some of the basics to start with. So,
Lichtenstein is a small alpine country. It's sandwich between Switzerland
and south and west and Austria in the east and north.
(05:33):
Its total area spans just sixty two square miles. That
makes it roughly the same size as Washington, d C.
But with only a fraction of the city's population. There
are only about forty thousand Lichtensteiners compared to seven hundred
thousand Washingtonians, and that's because roughly two thirds of Lichtenstein
is mountainous. The Austrian Alps are to the east and
(05:54):
the Swiss Alps are to the west, so most of
the population is actually clustered in this thin strip of
flatland that runs down the western edge of the country,
which makes it feel even smaller. And since the plains
are wider and lower up north, that's where most people
tend to live, either in Vaduts, which is the country's capital,
(06:15):
or right next door in Sean, which is the country's
most populous city.
Speaker 2 (06:20):
Yeah, I'm starting to see why Romano punt on Earth,
you know, thinks of it as one big town, like
we were saying.
Speaker 1 (06:25):
Yeah. But that said, there are nine other municipalities between
those two cities, and it seems like there are some
clear distinctions between them. For example, even though German is
the official language of Lichtenstein, there are roughly a dozen
different dialects spoken throughout the country, and while you or
I would have a tough time spawing the difference. Someone
(06:45):
with a well trained ear could actually hear which part
of the country someone comes from just by hearing them talk.
Speaker 2 (06:51):
It's pretty amazing to have that much variety crammed into
such a small space. I mean, sixty two square miles.
That's got to be one of the smallest countries on Earth, right, Yeah, yeah.
Speaker 1 (07:00):
Weirdly, it's the sixth smallest worldwide and the fourth smallest
in Europe. It's also the second least visited country on
the continent, just behind Moldova. It only has about eighty
thousand tourists visiting each year, which is.
Speaker 2 (07:14):
All the more reason for us to go Mango. We're
going to feel so special when we do it. But yeah,
I did read a little bit about the country's tourism,
and it seems like most of the visitors are day trippers,
like people who are vacationing in Switzerland but pop over
for a bus tour to grab some souvenirs, get a
stamp for their passport and all of that.
Speaker 1 (07:32):
I mean, it's kind of a shame they only visit
for the day because most people only stop off in
the capital city of Vaduts and Vedus is like the
political and business center, but it doesn't really give you
a feel for the culture. That said, it only takes
about six hours to walk the entire length of the country,
so there's really no excuse not to explore more of it.
Speaker 2 (07:51):
Yeah, and the country really tries to encourage that. You know,
for instance, they have these signs posted all over that
list a bunch of destinations with corresponding times anyway from
thirty minutes to three hours. And although the signs don't
specify it, they're actually walking times. Like that's how small
this country is. It really does make me want to
go there.
Speaker 1 (08:09):
I was gonna ask what the travel situation is like,
I mean, you mentioned there are tour buses from Switzerland,
but can you fly to Lichtenstein or get there some
other way?
Speaker 2 (08:17):
Not really, I mean, the country doesn't have an airport
and getting there by boat would be a truly incredible
feat because Lichtenstein is actually one of two doubly landlocked
countries in the world, the other one being Uzbekistan. So
not only is Lichtenstein itself landlocked, there are actually two
countries that border it. You've got Austria and Switzerland.
Speaker 1 (08:37):
It's funny. I actually knew that Uzbekistan was one of
the doubly landlocked countries because Joe Piazza's son is obsessed
with geography and he was quizzing me. I thought, that's
pretty crue, like an idiot, because this eight year old
knows which country's a double landlocked and I didn't, But
that is hilarious. I didn't know that Lichtenstein was the other,
so I guess there's only one way to get in, right,
(08:58):
it's weel's.
Speaker 2 (08:59):
Wheel or feet. I mean, there's a footbridge at the
southern border that leads right into Switzerland, and since the
two countries have a customs union, they don't even have
border guards there. And if you decide to drive instead,
that's just as easy. Because Lichtenstein only has one major road.
It runs the length of the country and it kind
of has the best name. It's called Landstrass or country road.
Speaker 1 (09:22):
Well, roads aren't the only thing Liechtenstein has in short supply.
It also has just one hospital for the entire country,
and it doesn't even include a maternity ward. Apparently the
government's plan to modernize the ward had stalled out, so
all the obgyns on staff walked out at the same
time and it just never reopened. This was back in
(09:42):
twenty fourteen, which means that for the last decade, hundreds
of pregnant residents actually have to cross the border each
year to give birth, either in Switzerland or in Austria.
I mean, that's nuts, right, yeah, it is.
Speaker 2 (09:54):
It is bizarre. I mean, I guess it's just a
few hundred babies each year, but still that's wild. Basically,
have a generation of quote native Liechtensteiners who weren't actually
born in the country is pretty interesting to think about.
But it also feels like the type of thing that
a government would want to fix asap, don't you think.
Speaker 1 (10:13):
I mean, since the country's so small and because of
its open border with Switzerland, people really don't see it
as that much of an inconvenience. So even though there
are some plans to open a new maternity ward in
the not so distant future, it doesn't seem that much
of a top priority.
Speaker 2 (10:28):
Well, to put that in perspective just a little bit,
I looked up whether they have a McDonald's in Liechtenstein,
and like, that's really the judge of how big a
country is, But it's how pretty much I vet all
the places that I visit, and it turned out they
have exactly one location over in Veddu's and so currently
Liechtenstein is a nation with one McDonald's and zero maternity wards.
(10:49):
So they've they've got their priorities in worries.
Speaker 1 (10:51):
Yeah. Completely.
Speaker 2 (10:53):
You know, another surprising thing about Liechtenstein is that it's
the last country in Europe to grant women the right
to vote.
Speaker 1 (11:00):
It feels like, with Austria and Switzerland right around it,
it almost seems like such a strange thing. It feels
like it would be more progressive. So how long ago
was this You're going to be surprised by this. It
was nineteen eighty four.
Speaker 2 (11:15):
It's just design. Yeah, it really is. The country didn't
hold a national referendum on women's suffrage until nineteen eighty four,
and even then it was only narrowly approved by the
all male voting public.
Speaker 1 (11:28):
I honestly had no idea. That's crazy.
Speaker 2 (11:31):
Yeah, it's interesting because you know, when you hear a
fact like that, you might assume that Lichtenstein is sort
of down on its luck, but the country's per capita
income is actually one of the highest in the world.
It's around one hundred and eighty seven thousand dollars a
year as of twenty twenty two. Now, according to the
CIA's World fact Book, the country's national debt is zero dollars.
Speaker 1 (11:52):
Wow. I mean, it's so bizarre to think that a
country that small could generate that level of wealth and
not oh a single penny to any foreign power. How
does that happen?
Speaker 2 (12:04):
You know, it comes down to a few things. As
I was looking into this, So for starters, the population
is small, which means the government doesn't have to spend
much on social programs or infrastructure. And because Lichtenstein doesn't
have a standing army, its military budget is virtually non existent.
I Meanwhile, the labor force participation is exceptionally high. It's
at about seventy one percent, while the country's unemployment rate
(12:27):
routinely hovers around just two percent, and it's fewer than
one thousand people. You know. Plus, Liechtenstein's workforce is a
money saver in its own right. That's because a whopping
fifty one percent of its workers are actually foreign commuters
who cross the border daily from Austria, from Germany and
of course Switzerland. So for reference, Lichtenstein's workforce in twenty
(12:48):
twenty two was a little over forty two thousand people,
which is twenty five hundred more than its population. And
because half of those workers live in different countries, Lichtenstein
is able to benefit from their labor without having to
cover their social program expenses like unemployment or social security.
Speaker 1 (13:05):
That is a crazy setup and obviously it's not scalable
to bigger countries. I'm curious though, like, where are those
commuters working, because I always see Lichtenstein labeled as a
tax haven. So I imagine it has to do something
with a financial sector, right.
Speaker 2 (13:19):
Yeah, About seventeen percent of the total workforce is either
in banking, wealth management, insurance, trust services, things in that category,
and taken all together, they contribute a little over twenty
percent of the nation's GDP. As for Lichtenstein's reputation as
a tax haven, that's because the country makes it super
easy to incorporate a business and also imposes extremely low
(13:41):
business taxes It's a maximum of twenty percent, and so
that allows foreign businesses to save money by nominally setting
up shop in Liechtenstein, when in reality, all they've done
is register a letterbox at a post office.
Speaker 1 (13:53):
Yeah, I know that trick because I'm from Delaware, but uh.
Speaker 2 (13:55):
That's right.
Speaker 1 (13:56):
Basically, companies save a bundle in taxes they'd owe in
their home countries, and what little they do you pay
is basically free money for Lichtenstein.
Speaker 2 (14:04):
Right, So we're at two Delaware mentions so far. Let's
see how many weekend we can get in. No, but
you're exactly right. I mean, it's basically free money for Lichtenstein.
And that loophole is so appealing that the country's letterbox
companies outnumber its human inhabitants nearly two to one. And so,
as you might imagine, other countries haven't been too thrilled
with that arrangement, and some have criticized Lichtenstein for a
(14:26):
troubling lack of transparency and its financial institutions. But to
the nation's credit, it has taken measures to address those concerns.
In more recent years. You know, they've been signing transparency
agreements with other countries and trying to avoid tax disputes
with them.
Speaker 1 (14:41):
Yeah, that's interesting. Okay, So before we move on from economics,
we should at least mention Lichtenstein's other booming industry, which
is false teeth.
Speaker 2 (14:51):
That's right, I know, I teased that at the top here,
which is what kept everybody in the episode. But did
you look into this with respect to the economy.
Speaker 1 (15:00):
Yeah, so, Liechtenstein actually has a thriving manufacturing sector, and
because his population is so small, the vast majority of
his production is exported. So some of its chief commodities
include small power tools. They make a lot of ceramics.
They also make a lot of sausage casings, which I'm
surprised to read about. But the country's leading export by
(15:22):
far is cosmetic dentistry products and false teeth in particular.
Speaker 2 (15:28):
I do love that they don't have a hospital for women,
but they've got more false teeth than anybody can handle.
Speaker 1 (15:33):
Yeah, so get this. The Ivaclar Vivident Company in Sean
manufactures sixty million artificial teeth each year, accounting for twenty
percent of all the false teeth sold worldwide. The company
produces the teeth in more than ten thousand different shades
and sizes, and according to Business Standard, they're especially popular
(15:54):
in India, where Bollywood dentists use the teeth to give
their patients whiter smiles for the big screen.
Speaker 2 (16:00):
All right, so I've pulled out the calculator here because
This is just wild. Sixty million teeth annually divided by
a population of forty thousand, that comes out to fifteen
hundred false teeth for every Lichtensteiner. That's pretty naming it.
Speaker 1 (16:13):
Yeah, it's too many teeth.
Speaker 2 (16:15):
It's definitely too many teeth. Well, now that we've covered
the basics of Lichtenstein's geography, the number of McDonald's and
false teeth per capita, what do you say we look
at how this high income sliver of a country got
started in the first place.
Speaker 1 (16:29):
Yeah, it's definitely a story we're telling. But before we
get into it, let's take a quick break. You're listening
(16:49):
to part Time Genius and we're talking about Lichtenstein. So
will We've covered a few things that make the country
stand out from most other nations, but one of the
big things we haven't talked about yet is actually that
it is a principality, and that means that, unlike most
other sovereign monarchies in Europe, Lichtenstein's head of state is
a prince rather than a king or a queen.
Speaker 2 (17:10):
Which is actually pretty rare these days.
Speaker 1 (17:12):
Right, Yeah, there are only a few others in the
world that still follow this arrangement. There's Andorra and Monaco,
and both of those are actually European micro states.
Speaker 2 (17:21):
You know, I'm guessing none of those are young nations though, right, Like,
the idea of a principality feels like, I don't know,
some sort of holdover from the Middle Ages or something.
Maybe I'm just associating it with that.
Speaker 1 (17:32):
No, it's true, these principalities are like many kingdoms used
to be a lot more common in Europe, and particularly
during the reign of the Holy Roman Empire, but over
time most of them lost their sovereignty and were absorbed
into larger territories. So you're right, these principalities were the
ones that kind of flew under the radar and managed
to hang on to their independence through you know, all
(17:54):
these upheavals in Europe over the last few centuries.
Speaker 2 (17:57):
All Right, so I feel like you should take us
back Mango, Like, how how did Lichtenstein come to be?
How did it manage to keep its autonomy despite being
just two doors down from Germany?
Speaker 1 (18:06):
Yeah, so the Principality of Liechtenstein was formed more than
three hundred years ago during a period in European history
called the Age of absolutism. The large countries that make
up the continent today didn't exist yet, and instead Central
Europe was divided into this mix of kingdoms and principalities
and other small states. And in practice each of these
territories was ruled by its respective monarch or by wealthy
(18:29):
local families, but on paper all of them were under
this sway of the hre.
Speaker 2 (18:34):
And so Lichtenstein was one of those self governing territories eventually, but.
Speaker 1 (18:39):
Not at first. So one of the wealthy families that
I mentioned was the Princely House of Liechtenstein, and they
were named for a home castle just outside of Vienna.
And in sixteen twenty, Emperor Ferdinand the Second bestowed the
rank of Imperial prints on Karl von Liechtenstein in recognition
of his family's extreme wealth and all their landholdings. Right,
(19:00):
but the Liechtenstein standing in the Empire was kind of incomplete.
It turned out the various estates owned by the family
in Bohemia, Moraviaslesia and Austria they were actually part of
the Habsburg Kingdom, and because of that they were outside
of the Emperor's jurisdiction. So this posed a problem for
the Lichtensteins, because only those in possession of territory that
(19:23):
was in this imperial region were allowed the privilege of
representation in the legislative body, which was called the Imperial diet.
So in order to claim the full benefits and the
bragging rights of imperial princedom, the Lichtensteins would actually have
to get their hands on some proper imperial territory.
Speaker 2 (19:42):
So what like they raised an army and invaded the
territory we're talking about, or.
Speaker 1 (19:46):
What Well, that's another thing that sets Liechtenstein apart from
these other nation states. Its territory wasn't taken by force
or divvied up by a peace treaty. It was just purchased,
like outright purchased. And it took a while for the
House of Lichten's to find an area for sale that
would meet all the requirements. But in late sixteen hundreds
this opportunity finally presented itself. Down in the Alpine Rhine Valley.
(20:09):
The Lordship of Shellenberg and the County of Vaduts were
facing some tough times at the time, right like there
was the plague, there was famine, there were witch hunts,
and all of this had ravaged the region in quick succession.
It left thousands dead, and the area was actually in
the steep economic decline, and so all of this hardship
(20:30):
was going to bankrupt the region's rulers. So in the
sixteen nineties they decided to put the two troubled territories
up for sale.
Speaker 2 (20:38):
And the Liechtensteins bought both of them. Like it seems
like one of them would have been enough to claim
a seat in this what'd you call an imperial Congress
or whatever.
Speaker 1 (20:45):
Yeah, so the House did buy just one territory at first,
the Lordship of Shellenberg in sixteen ninety nine, but that
was deemed actually too small or insignificant to warn a
seat at the table. It took another thirteen years to
work out a deal for the County of the Dutz,
but once the sale was finally complete, the family had
enough territory to join this imperial diet. However, there were
(21:08):
some other internal shakeups in the power structure there and
it kind of delayed the union of these two territories
for another seven years. So it wasn't until seventeen nineteen
that the two parts were formerly united by the emperor
and declared a principality. The new state's name was taken,
of course, from the ruling house of Liechtenstein, and that
actually makes it the only country named for the people
(21:30):
who bought it.
Speaker 2 (21:31):
It's interesting, but there's so many historical things that happen, right,
like what happened after the Holy Roman Empire was destroyed
by Napoleon. How did Liechtenstein make it through in one piece?
Speaker 1 (21:42):
Yeah, so Lichtenstein saw the writing on the wall after
Napoleon's defeat of Austria in eighteen oh five. So the
following year, it and fifteen other states struck a deal
with Napoleon, agreeing to willingly withdraw from the Holy Roman
Empire in exchange for sovereignty. And that turned out to
be a very very smart move because even though Napoleon
(22:03):
was defeated just nine years later, it's that sovereignty he
bestowed that endures to this day.
Speaker 2 (22:09):
Can you imagine what a crazy century that must have
been for the people who actually live there, Like you're
just minding your business over in veduts and trying not
to catch the plague or get accused of witchcraft, and
then some random family from Vienna comes along and buys
all of your land for political gain. It's just such
a strange thing to imagine. Then you're grafted on to
separate territory or shuffled around from one empire to another,
(22:32):
and the next thing you know, you're living in a
new independent nation.
Speaker 1 (22:35):
Yeah. I mean, it's a lot of change in a
very short period, but I do think that for the
most part, the people kind of welcomed it. Plus it
probably helped that the new royal family took a pretty
hands off approach to ruling. This is so incredible to me,
but they allowed the inhabitants to keep the same land,
the rights and freedoms they'd enjoyed under the previous owners.
And for the first century and a half of the
(22:57):
country's existence, none of it's princes even ever set foot
in the principality. I mean, that didn't change until eighteen
forty two, when Prince Alois the Second paid the first
royal visit to Lichtenstein, and the first prince to actually
reside in the country, Fronz Joseph the Second, didn't move
there until nineteen thirty.
Speaker 2 (23:17):
Eight, which is odd because it feels like if there's
no ruler there, it should be easier for another nation
to expand into it. You know.
Speaker 1 (23:25):
Yeah, it feels like someone would have just like swept
in and taken it. But yeah, you know, Liechtenstein actually
protected itself by staying on really good terms with its
closest neighbors, so that's Austria and Switzerland. And there was
still the possibility that Germany might make a play for
the country, but following the devastation of World War One,
Lichtenstein was viewed as just too impoverished to be worth invading.
Speaker 2 (23:47):
So being poor kept the country from being targeted, which
I guess in turn allowed it to stay independent, build
up its economy, and eventually become one of the richest
nations in the world.
Speaker 1 (23:57):
Yeah, it's an incredible comeback story. And this is where
Lichtenstigen's princes really started taking a more active role. So
in the late nineteen sixties, the country's post war economy
was struggling to find its footing, and at one point
things got so bleak that the royal family actually starts
selling off its art collection just to keep the country going.
For instance, they sold a portrait by Leonardo da Vinci
(24:19):
to the National Art Gallery in Washington, d C. For
five million dollars and at the time that was the
most anyone had ever paid for a single painting, But
that cash infusion from the family's art sales actually bought
the country more time. And then in the nineteen seventies,
Prince Bronz Joseph the Second institute new reforms to spur
economic growth, and some of those included the corporate tax
(24:40):
cuts we talked about earlier.
Speaker 2 (24:42):
Yeah, and it's also worth noting that the country's current
ruling Prince, Franz Joseph's son, Hans Adam the Second, has
followed in his father's footsteps by actually living in the
country that he rules. But that's occasionally led to some
friction because Lichtenstein is a constitutional monarchy rather than an
absolute one, so the Prince has to share his executive
power with an elected parliament, and they don't always see
(25:04):
eyed eye on how to run things. For example, back
in the early two thousands, the Prince was pushing for
constitutional reforms that would grant him more power, most notably
the power to veto parliament and to appoint judges. Most
of the public opposed the idea at first, but as
the national debate intensified, the Prince signaled that he might
just cut ties with the country altogether if the referendum
(25:26):
didn't go his way.
Speaker 1 (25:28):
So what happened then, Like you just moved back to
Vienna and let the parliament run without him.
Speaker 2 (25:34):
And no more. Like he'd sell the country and he
was talking about selling it to you, as he says,
quote Bill Gates or anyone else who can afford it.
Speaker 1 (25:42):
That feels like such a poor sport. Like he's not
getting his way, so he's just gonna sell off the country.
But can you even do that?
Speaker 2 (25:50):
I'm actually not sure. I mean, the prince was almost
certainly bluffing about selling the country, but he was serious
about possibly leaving it. So the people had to vote
to either give up some of their own political power or
risk losing their head of state. And in the end,
Liechtensteiner's decided not to take that chance, and in two
thousand and three the country voted to adopt the new
(26:10):
constitution that granted these sweeping new political powers to the prince,
including the right to veto parliament.
Speaker 1 (26:17):
So basically, over time, the country is inching back closer
and closer to like an absolute monarchy.
Speaker 2 (26:23):
Yeah, I mean, I think the country is now considered
a semi constitutional monarchy, and they still have a say
through Parliament, but they can be overruled fairly easily if
the Prince disagrees with them. But despite how it might sound,
I do want to stress that Liechtenstein is a very
stable country. The quality of life is high, the crime
rate is low, people are making money, the views are gorgeous,
(26:44):
and no one's being ruled with an iron fist, you know,
so people didn't want to risk a good thing.
Speaker 1 (26:50):
Plus, you know, it's hard to rule with an iron
fist when your country doesn't have its own army.
Speaker 2 (26:54):
That's a very good point. But they did have an
army at one point, right, Like I read something this
week about an army of I think it was eighty men.
Speaker 1 (27:02):
Yeah, I mean, that's another only in Liechtenstein's story that
we should probably talk about. But before we do that,
let's take another quick break.
Speaker 2 (27:24):
All right, Mango. So Lichtenstein is a neutral country and
it doesn't keep its own standing army, but apparently that
wasn't always the case. So I'm turning to you. What's
the story here?
Speaker 1 (27:35):
Prior to the First World War, Liechtenstein's strongest ally was
its next door neighbor Austria, right, and that put the
tiny country in a tough spot in eighteen sixty six
when a war suddenly broke out between the Austrian Empire
and the Kingdom of Prussia. The Seven Weeks War was
a power struggle for dominance in Germany, and while Liechtenstein
aligned with Austria, the country's size kind of meant that
(27:58):
it couldn't help that much on the battlefield. Still, the
country felt, you know, duty bound to do something to
aid the war effort, especially once most of the northern
German states and the Kingdom of Italy had pledged their
support to Prussia. And so in June of eighteen sixty six,
the Prince of Liechtenstein mobilizes the country's small military contingent,
(28:19):
and as you said, eighty soldiers armed with rifles and
bayonets get called a.
Speaker 2 (28:24):
Service, which doesn't sound like a lot, but given how
few people lived there, that actually was probably a decent
chunk of the male population, right.
Speaker 1 (28:32):
Yeah, And remember these guys had never actually seen action before,
since the country had always been neutral, So the public
was pretty shocked when these men got their marching orders
and when they found out the contingent was being deployed
on the Austrian side. They initially thought their ally had
betrayed them and that Liechtenstein was about to be invaded.
(28:53):
The resulting uproar prompted twenty six year old Prince Johann
the Second to actually make a rare visit to the
country to rea shore his subjects, and he explained that
these people were being sent to guard a strategically important
Alpine pass between Austria and Italy, and that they were
doing it on behalf of their Austrian ally. So the
goal wasn't to prevent an Austrian invasion, it was actually
(29:15):
to keep Italian volunteers from invading Austria.
Speaker 2 (29:18):
And so how did that go? Were those few dozen
guys able to hold the line?
Speaker 1 (29:22):
I mean technically, but that's mostly because they never actually
saw any conflict. The contingent kept watch at something called
the Brenner Pass for the better part of six weeks,
but the Italians never showed up, and by the time
the soldiers marched back to Liechtenstein, the war was over.
Speaker 2 (29:37):
And that's the country's greatest military claim to fame. That's wow.
Like they hung out in the Alps for over a
month they fought nobody, and then they turned around and
walked home.
Speaker 1 (29:45):
I mean, if you put it that way, it doesn't
sound that impressive, but it was still brave of them
to march out there in the first place, and for
all they knew the Italians would be waiting to wipe
them out there. But weirdly, there actually was some controversy
over how many sol did return to Liechtenstein.
Speaker 2 (30:02):
Like one of them got lost in the mountains or something.
Speaker 1 (30:05):
What happened here, No, they didn't lose a soldier, they
actually gained one. So most of ports it was an
Austrian liaison officer who met them at the border, but
other sources describe him as like an Italian friend. That
could mean someone who was actually a defector. But it's
also possible that the Austrian soldiers' ability to speak Italian
(30:26):
just made some people assume he was Italian. So again,
all of this is based on claims that have never
been fully substantiated. And there's also the possibility that they
just miscounted the eighty people and there was no eighty
fos Man.
Speaker 2 (30:39):
Well, either way, it's nice to know that Lichtenstein made
it through unscathed. But that campaign pretty much ended the
country's military career. Right.
Speaker 1 (30:47):
Yeah, so Austria wound up losing the war with Prussia,
and while Lichtenstein remained on good terms with Austria, it
could no longer depend on the larger nation for financial
or military security. I mean, the good news is that
no one was particularly interested in fighting Liechtenstein, and all
the tensions in its neighboring countries have been resolved for
the time being. So in light of that, and because
(31:09):
maintaining an army had proven both expensive and unpopular, Lichtenstein
decided to officially disband its eighty man army two years
after the war. At the same time, the country also
adopted a policy of permanent neutrality, allowing Liechtenstein to focus
on growing its economy rather than its military.
Speaker 2 (31:26):
All right, Well, that shift in focus has clearly paid
off for them, though I did see that Liechtensteiner's today
are allowed to serve in the Swiss Army if they
want to.
Speaker 1 (31:35):
Yeah, Switzerland eventually took Austria's place as Lichtenstein's chief ally,
so in addition to that customs union that we talked about,
they also have a mutual Defense Pact, but because Lichtenstein's
lack of an army would make that pretty one sided,
the inhabitants are encouraged to volunteer in the Swiss Armed
Forces as a way to help protect their own country.
Speaker 2 (31:55):
Which is pretty funny because, as far as I can tell,
the only nation to ever invade Liechtenstein is Switzerland. But
to be fair, though that was only by accident. The
Swiss military units often conduct training exercises along the Liechtenstein border,
and on a few occasions, at least three by my account,
those activities have mistakenly crossed into Liechtenstein territory. The most
(32:15):
recent incident was in two thousand and seven, when one
hundred and seventy armed soldiers marched a full mile into
Liechtenstein before one of the residents finally called out, hey,
this isn't Switzerland, at which point the soldiers turned around
and immediately marched back across the border.
Speaker 1 (32:31):
I guess know one in Liechtenstein is too worried about
these accidental evasions.
Speaker 2 (32:35):
No, it's an honest mistake when your borderline is nothing
but a shallow ditch and a footbridge, and Liechtenstein's spokesman
for the interior set as much. After the last Swiss invasion,
he told the press quote, it's not like they stormed
over here with an attack of helicopters or something. These
things happen, that is amazing. So I think that just
about wraps up our tour for the day, but we
(32:57):
do have one last stop before heading home.
Speaker 1 (33:00):
I'm keeping my fingers crossed by hope it's the Vedutz McDonald's.
Speaker 2 (33:04):
If only we were that lucky today man, and that
I was actually talking about the fact off almost as good.
Speaker 1 (33:16):
Okay, so we talked about Lichtensign's many lucrative exports, but
there's one commodity that residents actually keep all to themselves,
and that is the wine. It turns out, the principalities
mild climate, top notched soil, and warm downslope winds make
it one of the best wine growing regions in the
entire Rhine Valley. As a result, more than one hundred
different winegrowers call it home, including the nation's prints, who
(33:40):
owns about ten acres just outside the capital city, and
the country's specialty is a blue burgundy. But if you
want to taste it for yourself, you'll actually need to
make a trek over since the wine isn't sold outside
the country except in a handful of specialty shops in Switzerland.
Speaker 2 (33:56):
All right, Well, speaking of the Prince, we kind of
picked on him today, So here's a fact that highlights
his softer side. Every year, to celebrate Liechtenstein's national holiday
on August fifteenth, the Prince opens the gates of the
Vaduts Castle, which is his ancestral home and the cliffs
overlooking Va Dudes. The day begins with state speeches on
the castle lawn, followed by free beer in this reception
(34:18):
that happens in the rose Garden, and then a big
city wide party, culminating with a firework show. It sounds
pretty awesome, but best of all, everyone in the country
is invited to attend. You have to make a free
reservation for the rose Garden reception as space is limited there,
but those who miss out are still welcome to come
party on the castle lawn.
Speaker 1 (34:37):
Oh I love that. Ain't no party like a Lichtensign
Prince party, what they always say, So here's a weird
one for you. Back in twenty ten, rapper Snoop Dogg
was thinking of shooting a video in Lichtenstein and to
make the process as easy as possible. His team asked
if they could just run out the entire country and
as wild as that sounds, a very nearly happy and
(35:00):
according to one property agent there, Kyle Schwarzler, he said, quote,
it would have been possible, but Snoop Dogg's management did
not give us enough time. The funniest part, though, is
that the country continued toying with this idea, and the
very next year, Airbnb teamed up with the Liechtenstein based
marketing firm and launched a promotion allowing companies to rent
out the entire country for corporate events for seventy thousand
(35:24):
dollars a day. This is what you would get. You
get accommodations for one hundred and fifty people, customized street signs,
a symbolic key to the country, and a private wine
tasting with the prints himself. Weirdly, no one took him
up on the offer.
Speaker 2 (35:40):
I actually find that shocking. I'm not even kidding, Like
it feels like there would be companies that would want
to do that or just.
Speaker 1 (35:46):
Like one hundred and fifty rich people, right, you would think.
Speaker 2 (35:49):
It just it doesn't require that much. But like first
the Prince wants to sell the country to Bill Gates,
then he tries to rent it out for business parties.
You think he was hard up for cash, but in reality,
Prince Hans Adam the Second is actually the wealthiest monarch
in Europe. His net worth is somewhere in the neighborhood
of five billion dollars, which for reference, is more than
six times that of King Charles.
Speaker 1 (36:12):
Well. Since lichten Sign has one of the highest standards
of living in the world, the Prince isn't the only
one who's rolling in it. But before you get any
wild ideas about moving there, you should know it is
a tough crowd to break into. The country issues just
seventy residency permits a year, and it takes about thirty
years to become a citizen. That said, there are two
ways to speed up the process. The first is to
(36:33):
marry a local, in which case you have to wait
five years, and the second is to call for a
community vote on whether or not you should be allowed
to become a citizen early. If the vote goes forward
and enough people agree that you'd be an asset to
the country, then the thirty year rule is suspended and
you become a Liechtensteiner. But there's one catch. You have
to renounce your former citizenship because there are no dual
(36:55):
loyalties allowed in Liechtenstein.
Speaker 2 (36:58):
All right, well here's a quick one. If you should
ever find yourself at a soccer game between Lichtenstein and
the UK, prepare to sit through the same song twice
at the start of the match. And that's because Lichtenstein's
national anthem up above the Young Rhine, is sung to
the exact same melody as the UK anthem, God Save
the Queen, And since the versions played at the sporting
(37:18):
events are always instrumental, there's really no way to tell
the two anthems apart.
Speaker 1 (37:23):
I love that, And then most people likely don't know
that lichten sign anthem, so I'm guessing everyone just thinks
it's a mistake or it's on repeat. But I feel
like you should take the trophy for that one.
Speaker 2 (37:36):
Well, thank you very much, and for tax purposes, please
send it along to my po box in Lichtenstein.
Speaker 1 (37:41):
Of course I will. So that's gonna do it for
today's part time genius from Mary Gabe, Dylan Will and myself.
Thank you so much for listening. If you enjoy this podcast,
please share it with a friend or leave us a
review on Apple Podcasts, or just hit us up on Insta.
We're at Part Time Genius will be back next week
for another episode. Part Time Genius is a production of
(38:15):
Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio. This show is hosted by Will Pearson
and me Mongaige Heatikler and research by our good pal
Mary Philip Sandy. Today's episode was engineered and produced by
the wonderful Dylan Fagan with support from Tyler Klang. The
show is executive produced for iHeart by Katrina Norvel and
Ali Perry, with social media support from Sasha Gay, trustee
(38:39):
Dara Potts and Viney Shorey. For more podcasts from Kaleidoscope
and iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever
you listen to your favorite shows.
You're listening to Part Time Genius, the production of Kaleidoscope
and iHeartRadio.
Speaker 2 (00:11):
Guess what Mango?
Speaker 1 (00:12):
What's that Will?
Speaker 2 (00:13):
So I was thinking about the Olympics this week. I
don't know why I was thinking about the Olympics this week,
because they're not coming up anytime soon, but I was,
and was thinking about how strange it must be for
those countries where there's only one athlete participating in the Games.
I mean strange, but also super cool if you're that athlete, Like,
it's kind of crazy to be the sole representative of
a place in the world's largest stage, Like, have you
(00:35):
thought about that before?
Speaker 1 (00:37):
I mean, I have, being from Delaware life.
Speaker 2 (00:40):
That's a good point. That's a good point.
Speaker 1 (00:43):
Sometimes you end up being the sole representative. But I
imagine it's kind of a big point of pride for
those folks, right, like as if you were. It is
always so fun for me to see what sport those
countries have qualified in.
Speaker 2 (00:55):
Absolutely And you know, I was looking at the twenty
twenty four Summer Games and there were four countries with
just one athlete, you had belize, which was kind of
surprising to me. I actually thought they would have had
more there Somalia, NHRU, and Liechtenstein, and of those four,
Somalia is the only one whose national population is above
half a million people. But of course Somalia's also been
(01:18):
embroiled in a civil war since the late nineteen eighties,
which might explain why a nation of nineteen million would
still only be able to send one athlete. In fact,
it's remarkable that even one athlete was sent, given everything
that's gone on there.
Speaker 1 (01:31):
I know, you think about how intense the training and
dedication has to be to get to the Olympics for
like a stable country, so like it's insane, But I
also imagine that there's a ton of pressure, right, Like
everyone in the country is tuning in to watch you,
so if you have a bad showing, there's no chance
of being lost in the shuffle.
Speaker 2 (01:51):
That's exactly right. In fact, I read this interview with
the BBC that they did with Liechtenstein's lone competitor. It
was a twenty year old cyclist named Romano Penton, and
when asked about the outpouring of support he'd received on
social media, Pinthener said, it felt like I got a
message from every person living in Liechtenstein. For me, it
feels like one big town, which is, you know, pretty
(02:14):
sweet and pretty cool at the same time. Now, spoilers
in case you taped the Olympic Center, still waiting to watch.
But Lichtenstein placed twenty eighth out of thirty six in
cross country cycling, so all those well wishes didn't exactly
translate to Olympic victory. But here's the thing. Liechtenstein has
won ten Olympic medals in the past. All of them
(02:34):
were at the Winter Games, all of them were for
the sport of alpine skiing, and that means the country
actually has the highest number of Olympic medals per capita
in the history of the Winter Games. It's like one
medal for every four thousand people. That's not a bad ratio.
Speaker 1 (02:51):
First of all, it is amazing the idea that anyone
would have taped the Olympics and is still waiting to
watch it.
Speaker 2 (02:57):
Yeah, yeah, well you never know. It's good retaining.
Speaker 1 (03:01):
But that is an incredible fact.
Speaker 2 (03:03):
Yeah, you know, it made me realize just how many
countries there are out there that I still know virtually
nothing about. So that's why we're here today today's episode.
I thought we could chip away at that list by
taking a closer look at Pentener's big hometown.
Speaker 1 (03:17):
Yeah, I know you and I have asked Gabe to
pick a spot in the world and send us there.
And Lichtenstein is a place that I've just been curious
about for a while now. Like, I know it's a
tax haven, I know it's tiny, but beyond that, like,
I really don't know anything about it. I even had
no idea that they'd taken part in the Olympics.
Speaker 2 (03:36):
Yeah, same here, And you know, you know, it may
be a tiny country, but there's still a ton of
interesting facts to share about it, including one about their teeth.
How about that for a teaser. So pack your bags
and let's take a trip to Lichtensteins. Hey their podcast listeners,
(04:11):
Welcome to Part Time Genius. I'm Will Pearson and as
always I'm joined by my good friend Mangesh hot Ticketter
and on the other side of that soundproof glass engrossed
in a biography of pop artist Roy Lichtenstein. That is
our friend and producer Dylan Fagan. That kid loves to read. Now.
I'm so sorry, Dylan, I know there was a miscommunication
about this week's topic. Unless Roy Lichtenstein. Wasn't from Lichtenstein,
(04:36):
was he Mango?
Speaker 1 (04:38):
No? I think he's from Manhattan. And also his name
is spelled differently.
Speaker 2 (04:43):
Well, in all fairness to Dylan, I also left out
the extra e a few times this week. Lichtenstein is
said to be one of the most misspelled countries in
the world, right up there with Columbia and Kyrgyzstan. Of course,
watching the name is such a common mistake that souvenir
shops and Lichtenstein cell magnets with a crossed out list
of all the various misspellings, which is a helpful way
(05:05):
to remind tourists of the correct spelling while subtly shaming
them at the same time. I kind of like it.
Speaker 1 (05:11):
Yeah, well, misspelling the name is just one of the
many ways that outsiders might embarrass themselves while talking about Lichtenstein.
So to help spare listeners that grim fate, I thought
we should run through some of the basics to start with. So,
Lichtenstein is a small alpine country. It's sandwich between Switzerland
and south and west and Austria in the east and north.
(05:33):
Its total area spans just sixty two square miles. That
makes it roughly the same size as Washington, d C.
But with only a fraction of the city's population. There
are only about forty thousand Lichtensteiners compared to seven hundred
thousand Washingtonians, and that's because roughly two thirds of Lichtenstein
is mountainous. The Austrian Alps are to the east and
(05:54):
the Swiss Alps are to the west, so most of
the population is actually clustered in this thin strip of
flatland that runs down the western edge of the country,
which makes it feel even smaller. And since the plains
are wider and lower up north, that's where most people
tend to live, either in Vaduts, which is the country's capital,
(06:15):
or right next door in Sean, which is the country's
most populous city.
Speaker 2 (06:20):
Yeah, I'm starting to see why Romano punt on Earth,
you know, thinks of it as one big town, like
we were saying.
Speaker 1 (06:25):
Yeah. But that said, there are nine other municipalities between
those two cities, and it seems like there are some
clear distinctions between them. For example, even though German is
the official language of Lichtenstein, there are roughly a dozen
different dialects spoken throughout the country, and while you or
I would have a tough time spawing the difference. Someone
(06:45):
with a well trained ear could actually hear which part
of the country someone comes from just by hearing them talk.
Speaker 2 (06:51):
It's pretty amazing to have that much variety crammed into
such a small space. I mean, sixty two square miles.
That's got to be one of the smallest countries on Earth, right, Yeah, yeah.
Speaker 1 (07:00):
Weirdly, it's the sixth smallest worldwide and the fourth smallest
in Europe. It's also the second least visited country on
the continent, just behind Moldova. It only has about eighty
thousand tourists visiting each year, which is.
Speaker 2 (07:14):
All the more reason for us to go Mango. We're
going to feel so special when we do it. But yeah,
I did read a little bit about the country's tourism,
and it seems like most of the visitors are day trippers,
like people who are vacationing in Switzerland but pop over
for a bus tour to grab some souvenirs, get a
stamp for their passport and all of that.
Speaker 1 (07:32):
I mean, it's kind of a shame they only visit
for the day because most people only stop off in
the capital city of Vaduts and Vedus is like the
political and business center, but it doesn't really give you
a feel for the culture. That said, it only takes
about six hours to walk the entire length of the country,
so there's really no excuse not to explore more of it.
Speaker 2 (07:51):
Yeah, and the country really tries to encourage that. You know,
for instance, they have these signs posted all over that
list a bunch of destinations with corresponding times anyway from
thirty minutes to three hours. And although the signs don't
specify it, they're actually walking times. Like that's how small
this country is. It really does make me want to
go there.
Speaker 1 (08:09):
I was gonna ask what the travel situation is like,
I mean, you mentioned there are tour buses from Switzerland,
but can you fly to Lichtenstein or get there some
other way?
Speaker 2 (08:17):
Not really, I mean, the country doesn't have an airport
and getting there by boat would be a truly incredible
feat because Lichtenstein is actually one of two doubly landlocked
countries in the world, the other one being Uzbekistan. So
not only is Lichtenstein itself landlocked, there are actually two
countries that border it. You've got Austria and Switzerland.
Speaker 1 (08:37):
It's funny. I actually knew that Uzbekistan was one of
the doubly landlocked countries because Joe Piazza's son is obsessed
with geography and he was quizzing me. I thought, that's
pretty crue, like an idiot, because this eight year old
knows which country's a double landlocked and I didn't, But
that is hilarious. I didn't know that Lichtenstein was the other,
so I guess there's only one way to get in, right,
(08:58):
it's weel's.
Speaker 2 (08:59):
Wheel or feet. I mean, there's a footbridge at the
southern border that leads right into Switzerland, and since the
two countries have a customs union, they don't even have
border guards there. And if you decide to drive instead,
that's just as easy. Because Lichtenstein only has one major road.
It runs the length of the country and it kind
of has the best name. It's called Landstrass or country road.
Speaker 1 (09:22):
Well, roads aren't the only thing Liechtenstein has in short supply.
It also has just one hospital for the entire country,
and it doesn't even include a maternity ward. Apparently the
government's plan to modernize the ward had stalled out, so
all the obgyns on staff walked out at the same
time and it just never reopened. This was back in
(09:42):
twenty fourteen, which means that for the last decade, hundreds
of pregnant residents actually have to cross the border each
year to give birth, either in Switzerland or in Austria.
I mean, that's nuts, right, yeah, it is.
Speaker 2 (09:54):
It is bizarre. I mean, I guess it's just a
few hundred babies each year, but still that's wild. Basically,
have a generation of quote native Liechtensteiners who weren't actually
born in the country is pretty interesting to think about.
But it also feels like the type of thing that
a government would want to fix asap, don't you think.
Speaker 1 (10:13):
I mean, since the country's so small and because of
its open border with Switzerland, people really don't see it
as that much of an inconvenience. So even though there
are some plans to open a new maternity ward in
the not so distant future, it doesn't seem that much
of a top priority.
Speaker 2 (10:28):
Well, to put that in perspective just a little bit,
I looked up whether they have a McDonald's in Liechtenstein,
and like, that's really the judge of how big a
country is, But it's how pretty much I vet all
the places that I visit, and it turned out they
have exactly one location over in Veddu's and so currently
Liechtenstein is a nation with one McDonald's and zero maternity wards.
(10:49):
So they've they've got their priorities in worries.
Speaker 1 (10:51):
Yeah. Completely.
Speaker 2 (10:53):
You know, another surprising thing about Liechtenstein is that it's
the last country in Europe to grant women the right
to vote.
Speaker 1 (11:00):
It feels like, with Austria and Switzerland right around it,
it almost seems like such a strange thing. It feels
like it would be more progressive. So how long ago
was this You're going to be surprised by this. It
was nineteen eighty four.
Speaker 2 (11:15):
It's just design. Yeah, it really is. The country didn't
hold a national referendum on women's suffrage until nineteen eighty four,
and even then it was only narrowly approved by the
all male voting public.
Speaker 1 (11:28):
I honestly had no idea. That's crazy.
Speaker 2 (11:31):
Yeah, it's interesting because you know, when you hear a
fact like that, you might assume that Lichtenstein is sort
of down on its luck, but the country's per capita
income is actually one of the highest in the world.
It's around one hundred and eighty seven thousand dollars a
year as of twenty twenty two. Now, according to the
CIA's World fact Book, the country's national debt is zero dollars.
Speaker 1 (11:52):
Wow. I mean, it's so bizarre to think that a
country that small could generate that level of wealth and
not oh a single penny to any foreign power. How
does that happen?
Speaker 2 (12:04):
You know, it comes down to a few things. As
I was looking into this, So for starters, the population
is small, which means the government doesn't have to spend
much on social programs or infrastructure. And because Lichtenstein doesn't
have a standing army, its military budget is virtually non existent.
I Meanwhile, the labor force participation is exceptionally high. It's
at about seventy one percent, while the country's unemployment rate
(12:27):
routinely hovers around just two percent, and it's fewer than
one thousand people. You know. Plus, Liechtenstein's workforce is a
money saver in its own right. That's because a whopping
fifty one percent of its workers are actually foreign commuters
who cross the border daily from Austria, from Germany and
of course Switzerland. So for reference, Lichtenstein's workforce in twenty
(12:48):
twenty two was a little over forty two thousand people,
which is twenty five hundred more than its population. And
because half of those workers live in different countries, Lichtenstein
is able to benefit from their labor without having to
cover their social program expenses like unemployment or social security.
Speaker 1 (13:05):
That is a crazy setup and obviously it's not scalable
to bigger countries. I'm curious though, like, where are those
commuters working, because I always see Lichtenstein labeled as a
tax haven. So I imagine it has to do something
with a financial sector, right.
Speaker 2 (13:19):
Yeah, About seventeen percent of the total workforce is either
in banking, wealth management, insurance, trust services, things in that category,
and taken all together, they contribute a little over twenty
percent of the nation's GDP. As for Lichtenstein's reputation as
a tax haven, that's because the country makes it super
easy to incorporate a business and also imposes extremely low
(13:41):
business taxes It's a maximum of twenty percent, and so
that allows foreign businesses to save money by nominally setting
up shop in Liechtenstein, when in reality, all they've done
is register a letterbox at a post office.
Speaker 1 (13:53):
Yeah, I know that trick because I'm from Delaware, but uh.
Speaker 2 (13:55):
That's right.
Speaker 1 (13:56):
Basically, companies save a bundle in taxes they'd owe in
their home countries, and what little they do you pay
is basically free money for Lichtenstein.
Speaker 2 (14:04):
Right, So we're at two Delaware mentions so far. Let's
see how many weekend we can get in. No, but
you're exactly right. I mean, it's basically free money for Lichtenstein.
And that loophole is so appealing that the country's letterbox
companies outnumber its human inhabitants nearly two to one. And so,
as you might imagine, other countries haven't been too thrilled
with that arrangement, and some have criticized Lichtenstein for a
(14:26):
troubling lack of transparency and its financial institutions. But to
the nation's credit, it has taken measures to address those concerns.
In more recent years. You know, they've been signing transparency
agreements with other countries and trying to avoid tax disputes
with them.
Speaker 1 (14:41):
Yeah, that's interesting. Okay, So before we move on from economics,
we should at least mention Lichtenstein's other booming industry, which
is false teeth.
Speaker 2 (14:51):
That's right, I know, I teased that at the top here,
which is what kept everybody in the episode. But did
you look into this with respect to the economy.
Speaker 1 (15:00):
Yeah, so, Liechtenstein actually has a thriving manufacturing sector, and
because his population is so small, the vast majority of
his production is exported. So some of its chief commodities
include small power tools. They make a lot of ceramics.
They also make a lot of sausage casings, which I'm
surprised to read about. But the country's leading export by
(15:22):
far is cosmetic dentistry products and false teeth in particular.
Speaker 2 (15:28):
I do love that they don't have a hospital for women,
but they've got more false teeth than anybody can handle.
Speaker 1 (15:33):
Yeah, so get this. The Ivaclar Vivident Company in Sean
manufactures sixty million artificial teeth each year, accounting for twenty
percent of all the false teeth sold worldwide. The company
produces the teeth in more than ten thousand different shades
and sizes, and according to Business Standard, they're especially popular
(15:54):
in India, where Bollywood dentists use the teeth to give
their patients whiter smiles for the big screen.
Speaker 2 (16:00):
All right, so I've pulled out the calculator here because
This is just wild. Sixty million teeth annually divided by
a population of forty thousand, that comes out to fifteen
hundred false teeth for every Lichtensteiner. That's pretty naming it.
Speaker 1 (16:13):
Yeah, it's too many teeth.
Speaker 2 (16:15):
It's definitely too many teeth. Well, now that we've covered
the basics of Lichtenstein's geography, the number of McDonald's and
false teeth per capita, what do you say we look
at how this high income sliver of a country got
started in the first place.
Speaker 1 (16:29):
Yeah, it's definitely a story we're telling. But before we
get into it, let's take a quick break. You're listening
(16:49):
to part Time Genius and we're talking about Lichtenstein. So
will We've covered a few things that make the country
stand out from most other nations, but one of the
big things we haven't talked about yet is actually that
it is a principality, and that means that, unlike most
other sovereign monarchies in Europe, Lichtenstein's head of state is
a prince rather than a king or a queen.
Speaker 2 (17:10):
Which is actually pretty rare these days.
Speaker 1 (17:12):
Right, Yeah, there are only a few others in the
world that still follow this arrangement. There's Andorra and Monaco,
and both of those are actually European micro states.
Speaker 2 (17:21):
You know, I'm guessing none of those are young nations though, right, Like,
the idea of a principality feels like, I don't know,
some sort of holdover from the Middle Ages or something.
Maybe I'm just associating it with that.
Speaker 1 (17:32):
No, it's true, these principalities are like many kingdoms used
to be a lot more common in Europe, and particularly
during the reign of the Holy Roman Empire, but over
time most of them lost their sovereignty and were absorbed
into larger territories. So you're right, these principalities were the
ones that kind of flew under the radar and managed
to hang on to their independence through you know, all
(17:54):
these upheavals in Europe over the last few centuries.
Speaker 2 (17:57):
All Right, so I feel like you should take us
back Mango, Like, how how did Lichtenstein come to be?
How did it manage to keep its autonomy despite being
just two doors down from Germany?
Speaker 1 (18:06):
Yeah, so the Principality of Liechtenstein was formed more than
three hundred years ago during a period in European history
called the Age of absolutism. The large countries that make
up the continent today didn't exist yet, and instead Central
Europe was divided into this mix of kingdoms and principalities
and other small states. And in practice each of these
territories was ruled by its respective monarch or by wealthy
(18:29):
local families, but on paper all of them were under
this sway of the hre.
Speaker 2 (18:34):
And so Lichtenstein was one of those self governing territories eventually, but.
Speaker 1 (18:39):
Not at first. So one of the wealthy families that
I mentioned was the Princely House of Liechtenstein, and they
were named for a home castle just outside of Vienna.
And in sixteen twenty, Emperor Ferdinand the Second bestowed the
rank of Imperial prints on Karl von Liechtenstein in recognition
of his family's extreme wealth and all their landholdings. Right,
(19:00):
but the Liechtenstein standing in the Empire was kind of incomplete.
It turned out the various estates owned by the family
in Bohemia, Moraviaslesia and Austria they were actually part of
the Habsburg Kingdom, and because of that they were outside
of the Emperor's jurisdiction. So this posed a problem for
the Lichtensteins, because only those in possession of territory that
(19:23):
was in this imperial region were allowed the privilege of
representation in the legislative body, which was called the Imperial diet.
So in order to claim the full benefits and the
bragging rights of imperial princedom, the Lichtensteins would actually have
to get their hands on some proper imperial territory.
Speaker 2 (19:42):
So what like they raised an army and invaded the
territory we're talking about, or.
Speaker 1 (19:46):
What Well, that's another thing that sets Liechtenstein apart from
these other nation states. Its territory wasn't taken by force
or divvied up by a peace treaty. It was just purchased,
like outright purchased. And it took a while for the
House of Lichten's to find an area for sale that
would meet all the requirements. But in late sixteen hundreds
this opportunity finally presented itself. Down in the Alpine Rhine Valley.
(20:09):
The Lordship of Shellenberg and the County of Vaduts were
facing some tough times at the time, right like there
was the plague, there was famine, there were witch hunts,
and all of this had ravaged the region in quick succession.
It left thousands dead, and the area was actually in
the steep economic decline, and so all of this hardship
(20:30):
was going to bankrupt the region's rulers. So in the
sixteen nineties they decided to put the two troubled territories
up for sale.
Speaker 2 (20:38):
And the Liechtensteins bought both of them. Like it seems
like one of them would have been enough to claim
a seat in this what'd you call an imperial Congress
or whatever.
Speaker 1 (20:45):
Yeah, so the House did buy just one territory at first,
the Lordship of Shellenberg in sixteen ninety nine, but that
was deemed actually too small or insignificant to warn a
seat at the table. It took another thirteen years to
work out a deal for the County of the Dutz,
but once the sale was finally complete, the family had
enough territory to join this imperial diet. However, there were
(21:08):
some other internal shakeups in the power structure there and
it kind of delayed the union of these two territories
for another seven years. So it wasn't until seventeen nineteen
that the two parts were formerly united by the emperor
and declared a principality. The new state's name was taken,
of course, from the ruling house of Liechtenstein, and that
actually makes it the only country named for the people
(21:30):
who bought it.
Speaker 2 (21:31):
It's interesting, but there's so many historical things that happen, right,
like what happened after the Holy Roman Empire was destroyed
by Napoleon. How did Liechtenstein make it through in one piece?
Speaker 1 (21:42):
Yeah, so Lichtenstein saw the writing on the wall after
Napoleon's defeat of Austria in eighteen oh five. So the
following year, it and fifteen other states struck a deal
with Napoleon, agreeing to willingly withdraw from the Holy Roman
Empire in exchange for sovereignty. And that turned out to
be a very very smart move because even though Napoleon
(22:03):
was defeated just nine years later, it's that sovereignty he
bestowed that endures to this day.
Speaker 2 (22:09):
Can you imagine what a crazy century that must have
been for the people who actually live there, Like you're
just minding your business over in veduts and trying not
to catch the plague or get accused of witchcraft, and
then some random family from Vienna comes along and buys
all of your land for political gain. It's just such
a strange thing to imagine. Then you're grafted on to
separate territory or shuffled around from one empire to another,
(22:32):
and the next thing you know, you're living in a
new independent nation.
Speaker 1 (22:35):
Yeah. I mean, it's a lot of change in a
very short period, but I do think that for the
most part, the people kind of welcomed it. Plus it
probably helped that the new royal family took a pretty
hands off approach to ruling. This is so incredible to me,
but they allowed the inhabitants to keep the same land,
the rights and freedoms they'd enjoyed under the previous owners.
And for the first century and a half of the
(22:57):
country's existence, none of it's princes even ever set foot
in the principality. I mean, that didn't change until eighteen
forty two, when Prince Alois the Second paid the first
royal visit to Lichtenstein, and the first prince to actually
reside in the country, Fronz Joseph the Second, didn't move
there until nineteen thirty.
Speaker 2 (23:17):
Eight, which is odd because it feels like if there's
no ruler there, it should be easier for another nation
to expand into it. You know.
Speaker 1 (23:25):
Yeah, it feels like someone would have just like swept
in and taken it. But yeah, you know, Liechtenstein actually
protected itself by staying on really good terms with its
closest neighbors, so that's Austria and Switzerland. And there was
still the possibility that Germany might make a play for
the country, but following the devastation of World War One,
Lichtenstein was viewed as just too impoverished to be worth invading.
Speaker 2 (23:47):
So being poor kept the country from being targeted, which
I guess in turn allowed it to stay independent, build
up its economy, and eventually become one of the richest
nations in the world.
Speaker 1 (23:57):
Yeah, it's an incredible comeback story. And this is where
Lichtenstigen's princes really started taking a more active role. So
in the late nineteen sixties, the country's post war economy
was struggling to find its footing, and at one point
things got so bleak that the royal family actually starts
selling off its art collection just to keep the country going.
For instance, they sold a portrait by Leonardo da Vinci
(24:19):
to the National Art Gallery in Washington, d C. For
five million dollars and at the time that was the
most anyone had ever paid for a single painting, But
that cash infusion from the family's art sales actually bought
the country more time. And then in the nineteen seventies,
Prince Bronz Joseph the Second institute new reforms to spur
economic growth, and some of those included the corporate tax
(24:40):
cuts we talked about earlier.
Speaker 2 (24:42):
Yeah, and it's also worth noting that the country's current
ruling Prince, Franz Joseph's son, Hans Adam the Second, has
followed in his father's footsteps by actually living in the
country that he rules. But that's occasionally led to some
friction because Lichtenstein is a constitutional monarchy rather than an
absolute one, so the Prince has to share his executive
power with an elected parliament, and they don't always see
(25:04):
eyed eye on how to run things. For example, back
in the early two thousands, the Prince was pushing for
constitutional reforms that would grant him more power, most notably
the power to veto parliament and to appoint judges. Most
of the public opposed the idea at first, but as
the national debate intensified, the Prince signaled that he might
just cut ties with the country altogether if the referendum
(25:26):
didn't go his way.
Speaker 1 (25:28):
So what happened then, Like you just moved back to
Vienna and let the parliament run without him.
Speaker 2 (25:34):
And no more. Like he'd sell the country and he
was talking about selling it to you, as he says,
quote Bill Gates or anyone else who can afford it.
Speaker 1 (25:42):
That feels like such a poor sport. Like he's not
getting his way, so he's just gonna sell off the country.
But can you even do that?
Speaker 2 (25:50):
I'm actually not sure. I mean, the prince was almost
certainly bluffing about selling the country, but he was serious
about possibly leaving it. So the people had to vote
to either give up some of their own political power or
risk losing their head of state. And in the end,
Liechtensteiner's decided not to take that chance, and in two
thousand and three the country voted to adopt the new
(26:10):
constitution that granted these sweeping new political powers to the prince,
including the right to veto parliament.
Speaker 1 (26:17):
So basically, over time, the country is inching back closer
and closer to like an absolute monarchy.
Speaker 2 (26:23):
Yeah, I mean, I think the country is now considered
a semi constitutional monarchy, and they still have a say
through Parliament, but they can be overruled fairly easily if
the Prince disagrees with them. But despite how it might sound,
I do want to stress that Liechtenstein is a very
stable country. The quality of life is high, the crime
rate is low, people are making money, the views are gorgeous,
(26:44):
and no one's being ruled with an iron fist, you know,
so people didn't want to risk a good thing.
Speaker 1 (26:50):
Plus, you know, it's hard to rule with an iron
fist when your country doesn't have its own army.
Speaker 2 (26:54):
That's a very good point. But they did have an
army at one point, right, Like I read something this
week about an army of I think it was eighty men.
Speaker 1 (27:02):
Yeah, I mean, that's another only in Liechtenstein's story that
we should probably talk about. But before we do that,
let's take another quick break.
Speaker 2 (27:24):
All right, Mango. So Lichtenstein is a neutral country and
it doesn't keep its own standing army, but apparently that
wasn't always the case. So I'm turning to you. What's
the story here?
Speaker 1 (27:35):
Prior to the First World War, Liechtenstein's strongest ally was
its next door neighbor Austria, right, and that put the
tiny country in a tough spot in eighteen sixty six
when a war suddenly broke out between the Austrian Empire
and the Kingdom of Prussia. The Seven Weeks War was
a power struggle for dominance in Germany, and while Liechtenstein
aligned with Austria, the country's size kind of meant that
(27:58):
it couldn't help that much on the battlefield. Still, the
country felt, you know, duty bound to do something to
aid the war effort, especially once most of the northern
German states and the Kingdom of Italy had pledged their
support to Prussia. And so in June of eighteen sixty six,
the Prince of Liechtenstein mobilizes the country's small military contingent,
(28:19):
and as you said, eighty soldiers armed with rifles and
bayonets get called a.
Speaker 2 (28:24):
Service, which doesn't sound like a lot, but given how
few people lived there, that actually was probably a decent
chunk of the male population, right.
Speaker 1 (28:32):
Yeah, And remember these guys had never actually seen action before,
since the country had always been neutral, So the public
was pretty shocked when these men got their marching orders
and when they found out the contingent was being deployed
on the Austrian side. They initially thought their ally had
betrayed them and that Liechtenstein was about to be invaded.
(28:53):
The resulting uproar prompted twenty six year old Prince Johann
the Second to actually make a rare visit to the
country to rea shore his subjects, and he explained that
these people were being sent to guard a strategically important
Alpine pass between Austria and Italy, and that they were
doing it on behalf of their Austrian ally. So the
goal wasn't to prevent an Austrian invasion, it was actually
(29:15):
to keep Italian volunteers from invading Austria.
Speaker 2 (29:18):
And so how did that go? Were those few dozen
guys able to hold the line?
Speaker 1 (29:22):
I mean technically, but that's mostly because they never actually
saw any conflict. The contingent kept watch at something called
the Brenner Pass for the better part of six weeks,
but the Italians never showed up, and by the time
the soldiers marched back to Liechtenstein, the war was over.
Speaker 2 (29:37):
And that's the country's greatest military claim to fame. That's wow.
Like they hung out in the Alps for over a
month they fought nobody, and then they turned around and
walked home.
Speaker 1 (29:45):
I mean, if you put it that way, it doesn't
sound that impressive, but it was still brave of them
to march out there in the first place, and for
all they knew the Italians would be waiting to wipe
them out there. But weirdly, there actually was some controversy
over how many sol did return to Liechtenstein.
Speaker 2 (30:02):
Like one of them got lost in the mountains or something.
Speaker 1 (30:05):
What happened here, No, they didn't lose a soldier, they
actually gained one. So most of ports it was an
Austrian liaison officer who met them at the border, but
other sources describe him as like an Italian friend. That
could mean someone who was actually a defector. But it's
also possible that the Austrian soldiers' ability to speak Italian
(30:26):
just made some people assume he was Italian. So again,
all of this is based on claims that have never
been fully substantiated. And there's also the possibility that they
just miscounted the eighty people and there was no eighty
fos Man.
Speaker 2 (30:39):
Well, either way, it's nice to know that Lichtenstein made
it through unscathed. But that campaign pretty much ended the
country's military career. Right.
Speaker 1 (30:47):
Yeah, so Austria wound up losing the war with Prussia,
and while Lichtenstein remained on good terms with Austria, it
could no longer depend on the larger nation for financial
or military security. I mean, the good news is that
no one was particularly interested in fighting Liechtenstein, and all
the tensions in its neighboring countries have been resolved for
the time being. So in light of that, and because
(31:09):
maintaining an army had proven both expensive and unpopular, Lichtenstein
decided to officially disband its eighty man army two years
after the war. At the same time, the country also
adopted a policy of permanent neutrality, allowing Liechtenstein to focus
on growing its economy rather than its military.
Speaker 2 (31:26):
All right, Well, that shift in focus has clearly paid
off for them, though I did see that Liechtensteiner's today
are allowed to serve in the Swiss Army if they
want to.
Speaker 1 (31:35):
Yeah, Switzerland eventually took Austria's place as Lichtenstein's chief ally,
so in addition to that customs union that we talked about,
they also have a mutual Defense Pact, but because Lichtenstein's
lack of an army would make that pretty one sided,
the inhabitants are encouraged to volunteer in the Swiss Armed
Forces as a way to help protect their own country.
Speaker 2 (31:55):
Which is pretty funny because, as far as I can tell,
the only nation to ever invade Liechtenstein is Switzerland. But
to be fair, though that was only by accident. The
Swiss military units often conduct training exercises along the Liechtenstein border,
and on a few occasions, at least three by my account,
those activities have mistakenly crossed into Liechtenstein territory. The most
(32:15):
recent incident was in two thousand and seven, when one
hundred and seventy armed soldiers marched a full mile into
Liechtenstein before one of the residents finally called out, hey,
this isn't Switzerland, at which point the soldiers turned around
and immediately marched back across the border.
Speaker 1 (32:31):
I guess know one in Liechtenstein is too worried about
these accidental evasions.
Speaker 2 (32:35):
No, it's an honest mistake when your borderline is nothing
but a shallow ditch and a footbridge, and Liechtenstein's spokesman
for the interior set as much. After the last Swiss invasion,
he told the press quote, it's not like they stormed
over here with an attack of helicopters or something. These
things happen, that is amazing. So I think that just
about wraps up our tour for the day, but we
(32:57):
do have one last stop before heading home.
Speaker 1 (33:00):
I'm keeping my fingers crossed by hope it's the Vedutz McDonald's.
Speaker 2 (33:04):
If only we were that lucky today man, and that
I was actually talking about the fact off almost as good.
Speaker 1 (33:16):
Okay, so we talked about Lichtensign's many lucrative exports, but
there's one commodity that residents actually keep all to themselves,
and that is the wine. It turns out, the principalities
mild climate, top notched soil, and warm downslope winds make
it one of the best wine growing regions in the
entire Rhine Valley. As a result, more than one hundred
different winegrowers call it home, including the nation's prints, who
(33:40):
owns about ten acres just outside the capital city, and
the country's specialty is a blue burgundy. But if you
want to taste it for yourself, you'll actually need to
make a trek over since the wine isn't sold outside
the country except in a handful of specialty shops in Switzerland.
Speaker 2 (33:56):
All right, Well, speaking of the Prince, we kind of
picked on him today, So here's a fact that highlights
his softer side. Every year, to celebrate Liechtenstein's national holiday
on August fifteenth, the Prince opens the gates of the
Vaduts Castle, which is his ancestral home and the cliffs
overlooking Va Dudes. The day begins with state speeches on
the castle lawn, followed by free beer in this reception
(34:18):
that happens in the rose Garden, and then a big
city wide party, culminating with a firework show. It sounds
pretty awesome, but best of all, everyone in the country
is invited to attend. You have to make a free
reservation for the rose Garden reception as space is limited there,
but those who miss out are still welcome to come
party on the castle lawn.
Speaker 1 (34:37):
Oh I love that. Ain't no party like a Lichtensign
Prince party, what they always say, So here's a weird
one for you. Back in twenty ten, rapper Snoop Dogg
was thinking of shooting a video in Lichtenstein and to
make the process as easy as possible. His team asked
if they could just run out the entire country and
as wild as that sounds, a very nearly happy and
(35:00):
according to one property agent there, Kyle Schwarzler, he said, quote,
it would have been possible, but Snoop Dogg's management did
not give us enough time. The funniest part, though, is
that the country continued toying with this idea, and the
very next year, Airbnb teamed up with the Liechtenstein based
marketing firm and launched a promotion allowing companies to rent
out the entire country for corporate events for seventy thousand
(35:24):
dollars a day. This is what you would get. You
get accommodations for one hundred and fifty people, customized street signs,
a symbolic key to the country, and a private wine
tasting with the prints himself. Weirdly, no one took him
up on the offer.
Speaker 2 (35:40):
I actually find that shocking. I'm not even kidding, Like
it feels like there would be companies that would want
to do that or just.
Speaker 1 (35:46):
Like one hundred and fifty rich people, right, you would think.
Speaker 2 (35:49):
It just it doesn't require that much. But like first
the Prince wants to sell the country to Bill Gates,
then he tries to rent it out for business parties.
You think he was hard up for cash, but in reality,
Prince Hans Adam the Second is actually the wealthiest monarch
in Europe. His net worth is somewhere in the neighborhood
of five billion dollars, which for reference, is more than
six times that of King Charles.
Speaker 1 (36:12):
Well. Since lichten Sign has one of the highest standards
of living in the world, the Prince isn't the only
one who's rolling in it. But before you get any
wild ideas about moving there, you should know it is
a tough crowd to break into. The country issues just
seventy residency permits a year, and it takes about thirty
years to become a citizen. That said, there are two
ways to speed up the process. The first is to
(36:33):
marry a local, in which case you have to wait
five years, and the second is to call for a
community vote on whether or not you should be allowed
to become a citizen early. If the vote goes forward
and enough people agree that you'd be an asset to
the country, then the thirty year rule is suspended and
you become a Liechtensteiner. But there's one catch. You have
to renounce your former citizenship because there are no dual
(36:55):
loyalties allowed in Liechtenstein.
Speaker 2 (36:58):
All right, well here's a quick one. If you should
ever find yourself at a soccer game between Lichtenstein and
the UK, prepare to sit through the same song twice
at the start of the match. And that's because Lichtenstein's
national anthem up above the Young Rhine, is sung to
the exact same melody as the UK anthem, God Save
the Queen, And since the versions played at the sporting
(37:18):
events are always instrumental, there's really no way to tell
the two anthems apart.
Speaker 1 (37:23):
I love that, And then most people likely don't know
that lichten sign anthem, so I'm guessing everyone just thinks
it's a mistake or it's on repeat. But I feel
like you should take the trophy for that one.
Speaker 2 (37:36):
Well, thank you very much, and for tax purposes, please
send it along to my po box in Lichtenstein.
Speaker 1 (37:41):
Of course I will. So that's gonna do it for
today's part time genius from Mary Gabe, Dylan Will and myself.
Thank you so much for listening. If you enjoy this podcast,
please share it with a friend or leave us a
review on Apple Podcasts, or just hit us up on Insta.
We're at Part Time Genius will be back next week
for another episode. Part Time Genius is a production of
(38:15):
Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio. This show is hosted by Will Pearson
and me Mongaige Heatikler and research by our good pal
Mary Philip Sandy. Today's episode was engineered and produced by
the wonderful Dylan Fagan with support from Tyler Klang. The
show is executive produced for iHeart by Katrina Norvel and
Ali Perry, with social media support from Sasha Gay, trustee
(38:39):
Dara Potts and Viney Shorey. For more podcasts from Kaleidoscope
and iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever
you listen to your favorite shows.
Part-Time Genius News
Hosts And Creators
Will Pearson
Mangesh Hattikudur
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