February 16, 2011 • 14 mins
Women tend to have warmer core temperatures than men -- but why? In this episode, Molly and Cristen examine the science behind this mysterious discrepancy in body temperature.
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray.
It's ready. Are you welcome to stump Mom Never told
you farm House top Works dot Com. Hey, and welcome
to the podcast. I'm Kristen and I'm Molly. Molly. One
(00:20):
way that I take after my mother is that we
both have super cold hands, but you both have warm hearts.
I hope so, or else i'd probably did. I feel
like that's one thing that my mother told me a lot. Yes,
cold hands, warm heart. Yeah, I mean, because you know,
I have noticed as a child, of course, that she
(00:40):
often had cold hands, and She's christ and called hands
warm hoore, And so as I grew up in my
hands took after hers and are often cold. You know,
I just I think the same thing I always think
of my mom and my heads and cold hands warm horror.
And what we found out this week is that that
expression completely true. It is true. Yeah, a lot of
(01:02):
times women will have warmer temperatures inside in our core
than men and yet externally cold. And we're going to
explain that phenomenon right now. Our episode is why do
women feel colder than men? Why do they run colder?
Why when you are at the office. Is a woman
shivering right next to a guy who's just like you know,
(01:25):
got a traffical Hawaiian shirt on, wearing flip flops in shore.
Its mean, what is there some real reason as to
why you know, we're always called in the office and
the guys aren't. It's probably due to our delicate constitution.
Is the weaker sex? Oh, I'm sure, I'm sure, jking, jking. Well,
first of all, it might have something to do with
a little extra subcutaneous fat. We don't have an extra
(01:50):
layer of fat, which is how some people will often
describe it, but we do have more of a particular
layer of fat, and this may play some role in
keeping us warm. Yes, and I think we should say
before we go any further, that you know, the ninety
eight point six degrees fahrenheit average temperature we're supposed to have.
This was discovered by a German physician in the nineteenth
(02:13):
century named Carl Reinhold August who compiled roughly a million
armpit temperature readings from twenty five thousand patients. But we
gotta remember that ninety eight point six is average of
both men and women, and there was a study finding
that women's body temperature was on average point three degrees
higher than men, So women are about nine point four
(02:35):
degrees whereas men are ninety eight point one degrees. And
you know, some people will try and do this study.
You're taking it, taking the temperature rectly orally, um, you know,
the armpit may not be the best way to measure it.
But no matter how they've done it, they have usually
found that the woman runs slightly, ever so slightly a
higher temperature, which might seem counterintuitive because we might think, well,
(02:57):
if we're warmer inside, why are we running colder outside. Well,
let's talk about vaso constriction to address that question, Kristen,
there is a theory, and again all of these are
just sort of reasons to add up to, you know,
a theory. No one knows for sure the one defining
thing that makes women feel colder than men. But one
of the main leading contenders in this, in this race
(03:19):
to figure it out, is vaso constriction. The thought that
women when uh, when they're hypothalamus, the body's temperature generator.
We talked about this part of the brain in hot flashes.
When that part of the brain senses something that's cold,
it immediately constricts our blood vessels, so that all the
heat goes straight into our core. Keeps our heartwarm, it
(03:40):
keeps our our stomach warm, maybe in case there's a
baby in there, again our delicate constitution feeding into that.
But all our all our warmth is centered from our
shoulders to our hips. It's just it's all there. And
so that's why you sometimes see survival guides say that
if you're cold, if you're freezing to death, you put
your hands down your pants or under your armpits or something,
(04:02):
because all your heat is just along the trunk of
your body um, and so all that blood is rushing
away from our hands and our feet. All our extremities
are are just you know, they've got no blood flow.
They're so cold. And when our extremities since the cold,
it makes us feel cold all over, even though our
core is going to be warmer than men. So in
(04:22):
a way, we might be tougher in the cold in
the long run if our core stays stays, if we
can keep our extremities covered, because uh, the extremities are
gonna be what registers as cold. When you're you know,
if you head out into a blustery day, your hands
are gonna be the first thing that's cold. So um,
you know, it's not that you're cold or overall than
(04:42):
a guy. It's just that you know, you've gotta gotta
protect your hands well. And we've also got to talk
about surface to volume ratio of the body, all right.
So the idea is that the heat generated by the
human body is determined by the volume. So the bigger
you are, the more heat you will generate. But heat
dissipation or heat spreading out is determined by surface ay
(05:05):
the skin surface aery. The more surface area you have,
the more heat you will lose. And women um have
a higher ratio of surface to volume than men because
we're smaller in size, so we generate less heat. But
then we have all of the heat that we're losing
from our surface area, so we might lose heat faster
(05:27):
than guys. Can I tell you, Christen, how they did
one of these studies that measured this surface area of
volume hypothesis? Please do? They had um, all these men
and women submerged in ice cold water for certain periods
of time, and then they took a rectal temperature and
then we put them back in the water. And you know,
we've talked before about studies we don't want to be
a part of, and I'm going to say that might
(05:48):
be number one for me. Yeah, a lot of these
cold temperature studies have very small sample sizes because who
they always involve immersion in ice water and that sounds awful. Yeah,
not like they just go to an office and go, hey,
these women seem to be colder than than the guys.
What's going on? Yeah? They always sound super painful, which
is maybe why we can't definitively say, you know, whether
(06:09):
it's the surface era thing versus the vasto constriction thing,
because who wants to be studied for this? Yeah? And
also it's not only a matter of gender that makes
the person more sensitive, more or less sensitive to the cold.
We have factors like fitness, age, your diet, sleep, whether
you're stressed, whether you're stressed out, and in general humans
(06:31):
just aren't built for cold weather. Were more tropical creatures,
and we actually have four times as many cold sensors
as hot sensors on in our skin, So it makes
sense that we are generally more more sensitive and more
reactive to cold. And also an article from The Times
Online points out that the human body is only efficient,
(06:54):
so that energy we're producing is being released as heat.
So if our bodies were cars would be very not
fuel efficient the world. All right, I'm gonna give you
one more sort of gender related topic. There's a theory
that women get colder while they're on their periods. Yes,
because hormones are going crazy, because you might have anemia
(07:16):
from losing blood. This hasn't improven, but again it's just
one of those theories out there. But I found it
interesting because the idea of hormones affecting women feeling cold
or hot popped up again when I was looking into
a little condition called ray nodes disease. And this is
when imagine cold hands to the extreme, when extreme cold
(07:37):
kind of makes your blood vessels spasm and your your
fingers just lose all color, they just turn white, and um,
it affects women nine times more than men, and it
may affect um as many as twenty of childbearing women.
It's just when it gets cold, your hands go crazy.
And it's sometimes it's just a nuisance, you know, would
(07:58):
wear gloves, you figure it out. Sometimes it gonna be
more serious. Yeah, a lot of times you'll people can
tell what's that it's happening because their hands will turn
from white to blue sometimes and most people just have
rain noses like the primary disease. It's just, you know,
it's a thing on its own. For some women, it
is the first symptom of something like lupus or sclare derma.
(08:19):
So that's why it's it's something to check out to
make sure it's UM primary not secondary, and a doctor
can tell you some ways to UM to deal. It
might be carrying more gloves around than the average person,
but I was reading an interview with an expert on
the condition. He thinks that it might be because women
have more estrogen. Could be, but we've focused a lot
on gender, with women feeling colder than men. And while
(08:44):
the those those studies on core temperature indicate that, yes,
we might be warmer inside and colder outside, anecdotally that
is not always the case. There was an article we
tracked down in the New York Times UM full of
stories about couples, heterosexual couples who homosexual couples. Oh yeah,
in homosexual couples who um could not agree on a temperature.
(09:06):
They would have like dual dual side of electric blankets
because one person needed to be hot in the bed,
the other person needed to stay cold. People who would
get in fights over the temperature in a room, and
the author was basically pointing out that, you know, in
some cases it was the wife who was colder, some
cases it was a husband, and even in gay couples
there would still be the differences. Yeah, it's sort of
(09:27):
the one source we found that did not automatically assume
that women would be the colder sex that you know,
if in same sex relationships, uh, there would there be
a disagreement, and then that sometimes the husband would feel colder.
But yeah, her reaction was get a get a dual
like a dual electric blanket, so you can each set
your own temperature, and to not take it personally when
(09:48):
you're significant other is spiting you by turning the thermostat up.
But she said, you know, you've got to accept this
is something they really feel and they're not doing this
to make you feel uncomfortable. A lot of people take
it really personally when they say these places a sauna,
why won't you turn the heat down? I mean it's
they're really that cold. Because it's not just a random
subjective thing. Like we said, there are factors like weight.
(10:11):
I mean, the more body fat you have, the more
insulation you have, so you tend to not be as
cold a lot of times. If you're more fit, you
have more muscle mass, it might allow you to regulate
body temperature more efficiently. Diet can make a difference where
you're getting all those vitamins, minerals, proteins, vegetables, and then
you have things like ray nodes like you mentioned that
(10:31):
might make you extremely sensitive sensitive to the cold. But
there has been um one study that estimates that seventy
two degrees fahrenheit or twenty two point two degrees celsius
is the middle range comfort level for the workplace, although
another study found it was twenty five degrees celsius or
seventy seven degrees fahrenheit. And Um, I will say that
I think this office tends to be colder than hotter.
(10:53):
What do you think, Kristen, Um, Yeah, I guess so.
But that might have to do with our stress levels.
Maybe we feel colder because we're stressed in the workplace,
in stress about putting on the perfect podcast. Yeah, it's
getting stress tends to tends to make you feel colder.
Although I will say if you do feel really cool
in your workplace? I feel like it's worth saying something
because another study showed that the cold people were far
(11:16):
less productive than the overheated people, because you're just work
I mean, like you know, when your hands are want
a type, Sometimes I'll go print things off the printer
just to hold something more. It probably is hard to
type in it, And yes it is, I can say
from experience. And we have those little mouse paths in
the middle of our computers that don't register when a
when a gloved finger touches them. Have you really typed
(11:39):
in gloves at off enough to know that the mouse
doesn't work when you type in them? Who? I didn't know?
You know what I think? Even though I do have
probably colder hands than you do, I might. I might
be the warmer blood of us smalling fingerless gloves. I
can save your life to do a electric blanket. So
that's what we learned about whether women run colder. It's
(12:01):
another one of those things where researchers aren't quite sure
we've given you the best ideas, But at this point
we're going to have to open it up to you
guys and see what you think about the phenomenons. You
fit the stereotypes, not fit the stereotype. Do you have
ray notes? How do you stay warm when your office
is for reusing things like that? We want to hear
from you. It's mom stuff at how stuff works dot com.
And we've got time for an email or two. All right,
(12:25):
I've got an email here from Ashley and it's about
the objective sexuality episode And as she writes, I am
rather frustrated that people are even allowed to marry unanimate
objects and then it gains media attention for those individuals.
It is equivalent to rate because it is fundamentally non consensual.
It should not be considered the same as homosexual your
head or sexuality because in these relationships, both parties have
the ability to consent. Even if the Eiffel Tower had feelings,
(12:46):
we could not know if it is okay with being
married to someone since it is not able to express
its will. And isn't it rather bold to assume that,
out of all the people in the world, you're the
one whom the Eiffel Tower is in love with. So
something to think about. Thanks? Actually, well, I have one
here from Catherine and this is in response to our
podcast on lying, and she writes, I'm in the vast
(13:07):
minority as someone who would not only always rather hear
the truth, even if it's painful to hear, but will
not intentionally tell an untrue If a friend makes a
dinner that's not tasty for whatever reason, I will tell
them what I did enjoy about it, but will not
necessarily state what I didn't enjoy. I made very uncomfortable
(13:27):
by lying, and it's in the last few years that
I've started making a real effort to avoid it. I've
had a lot of friends that lie, and when they
get caught in it, they lie more to try to
excuse it. That bothers me. I don't tell the whole
truth about everything, but any friend I can't be honest
with or that won't be honest with me, is not
a friend I need to have in my life. There
(13:48):
you go, So thank you so much to everyone who
has written in and keep the emails coming. It's Mom
Stuff at how stuff works dot com. You can also
get in touch with us via Facebook and follow us
on Twitter at Mom's Stuff podcast, and of course you
can check out our blog. We'd love for you to
stuff Mom Never Told You at how stuff works dot
(14:09):
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stuff Works dot com To learn more about the podcast.
Click on the podcast icon in the upper right corner
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has arrived. Download it today on iTunes. Brought to you
(14:31):
by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray. It's ready, are
you
Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray.
It's ready. Are you welcome to stump Mom Never told
you farm House top Works dot Com. Hey, and welcome
to the podcast. I'm Kristen and I'm Molly. Molly. One
(00:20):
way that I take after my mother is that we
both have super cold hands, but you both have warm hearts.
I hope so, or else i'd probably did. I feel
like that's one thing that my mother told me a lot. Yes,
cold hands, warm heart. Yeah, I mean, because you know,
I have noticed as a child, of course, that she
(00:40):
often had cold hands, and She's christ and called hands
warm hoore, And so as I grew up in my
hands took after hers and are often cold. You know,
I just I think the same thing I always think
of my mom and my heads and cold hands warm horror.
And what we found out this week is that that
expression completely true. It is true. Yeah, a lot of
(01:02):
times women will have warmer temperatures inside in our core
than men and yet externally cold. And we're going to
explain that phenomenon right now. Our episode is why do
women feel colder than men? Why do they run colder?
Why when you are at the office. Is a woman
shivering right next to a guy who's just like you know,
(01:25):
got a traffical Hawaiian shirt on, wearing flip flops in shore.
Its mean, what is there some real reason as to
why you know, we're always called in the office and
the guys aren't. It's probably due to our delicate constitution.
Is the weaker sex? Oh, I'm sure, I'm sure, jking, jking. Well,
first of all, it might have something to do with
a little extra subcutaneous fat. We don't have an extra
(01:50):
layer of fat, which is how some people will often
describe it, but we do have more of a particular
layer of fat, and this may play some role in
keeping us warm. Yes, and I think we should say
before we go any further, that you know, the ninety
eight point six degrees fahrenheit average temperature we're supposed to have.
This was discovered by a German physician in the nineteenth
(02:13):
century named Carl Reinhold August who compiled roughly a million
armpit temperature readings from twenty five thousand patients. But we
gotta remember that ninety eight point six is average of
both men and women, and there was a study finding
that women's body temperature was on average point three degrees
higher than men, So women are about nine point four
(02:35):
degrees whereas men are ninety eight point one degrees. And
you know, some people will try and do this study.
You're taking it, taking the temperature rectly orally, um, you know,
the armpit may not be the best way to measure it.
But no matter how they've done it, they have usually
found that the woman runs slightly, ever so slightly a
higher temperature, which might seem counterintuitive because we might think, well,
(02:57):
if we're warmer inside, why are we running colder outside. Well,
let's talk about vaso constriction to address that question, Kristen,
there is a theory, and again all of these are
just sort of reasons to add up to, you know,
a theory. No one knows for sure the one defining
thing that makes women feel colder than men. But one
of the main leading contenders in this, in this race
(03:19):
to figure it out, is vaso constriction. The thought that
women when uh, when they're hypothalamus, the body's temperature generator.
We talked about this part of the brain in hot flashes.
When that part of the brain senses something that's cold,
it immediately constricts our blood vessels, so that all the
heat goes straight into our core. Keeps our heartwarm, it
(03:40):
keeps our our stomach warm, maybe in case there's a
baby in there, again our delicate constitution feeding into that.
But all our all our warmth is centered from our
shoulders to our hips. It's just it's all there. And
so that's why you sometimes see survival guides say that
if you're cold, if you're freezing to death, you put
your hands down your pants or under your armpits or something,
(04:02):
because all your heat is just along the trunk of
your body um, and so all that blood is rushing
away from our hands and our feet. All our extremities
are are just you know, they've got no blood flow.
They're so cold. And when our extremities since the cold,
it makes us feel cold all over, even though our
core is going to be warmer than men. So in
(04:22):
a way, we might be tougher in the cold in
the long run if our core stays stays, if we
can keep our extremities covered, because uh, the extremities are
gonna be what registers as cold. When you're you know,
if you head out into a blustery day, your hands
are gonna be the first thing that's cold. So um,
you know, it's not that you're cold or overall than
(04:42):
a guy. It's just that you know, you've gotta gotta
protect your hands well. And we've also got to talk
about surface to volume ratio of the body, all right.
So the idea is that the heat generated by the
human body is determined by the volume. So the bigger
you are, the more heat you will generate. But heat
dissipation or heat spreading out is determined by surface ay
(05:05):
the skin surface aery. The more surface area you have,
the more heat you will lose. And women um have
a higher ratio of surface to volume than men because
we're smaller in size, so we generate less heat. But
then we have all of the heat that we're losing
from our surface area, so we might lose heat faster
(05:27):
than guys. Can I tell you, Christen, how they did
one of these studies that measured this surface area of
volume hypothesis? Please do? They had um, all these men
and women submerged in ice cold water for certain periods
of time, and then they took a rectal temperature and
then we put them back in the water. And you know,
we've talked before about studies we don't want to be
a part of, and I'm going to say that might
(05:48):
be number one for me. Yeah, a lot of these
cold temperature studies have very small sample sizes because who
they always involve immersion in ice water and that sounds awful. Yeah,
not like they just go to an office and go, hey,
these women seem to be colder than than the guys.
What's going on? Yeah? They always sound super painful, which
is maybe why we can't definitively say, you know, whether
(06:09):
it's the surface era thing versus the vasto constriction thing,
because who wants to be studied for this? Yeah? And
also it's not only a matter of gender that makes
the person more sensitive, more or less sensitive to the cold.
We have factors like fitness, age, your diet, sleep, whether
you're stressed, whether you're stressed out, and in general humans
(06:31):
just aren't built for cold weather. Were more tropical creatures,
and we actually have four times as many cold sensors
as hot sensors on in our skin, So it makes
sense that we are generally more more sensitive and more
reactive to cold. And also an article from The Times
Online points out that the human body is only efficient,
(06:54):
so that energy we're producing is being released as heat.
So if our bodies were cars would be very not
fuel efficient the world. All right, I'm gonna give you
one more sort of gender related topic. There's a theory
that women get colder while they're on their periods. Yes,
because hormones are going crazy, because you might have anemia
(07:16):
from losing blood. This hasn't improven, but again it's just
one of those theories out there. But I found it
interesting because the idea of hormones affecting women feeling cold
or hot popped up again when I was looking into
a little condition called ray nodes disease. And this is
when imagine cold hands to the extreme, when extreme cold
(07:37):
kind of makes your blood vessels spasm and your your
fingers just lose all color, they just turn white, and um,
it affects women nine times more than men, and it
may affect um as many as twenty of childbearing women.
It's just when it gets cold, your hands go crazy.
And it's sometimes it's just a nuisance, you know, would
(07:58):
wear gloves, you figure it out. Sometimes it gonna be
more serious. Yeah, a lot of times you'll people can
tell what's that it's happening because their hands will turn
from white to blue sometimes and most people just have
rain noses like the primary disease. It's just, you know,
it's a thing on its own. For some women, it
is the first symptom of something like lupus or sclare derma.
(08:19):
So that's why it's it's something to check out to
make sure it's UM primary not secondary, and a doctor
can tell you some ways to UM to deal. It
might be carrying more gloves around than the average person,
but I was reading an interview with an expert on
the condition. He thinks that it might be because women
have more estrogen. Could be, but we've focused a lot
on gender, with women feeling colder than men. And while
(08:44):
the those those studies on core temperature indicate that, yes,
we might be warmer inside and colder outside, anecdotally that
is not always the case. There was an article we
tracked down in the New York Times UM full of
stories about couples, heterosexual couples who homosexual couples. Oh yeah,
in homosexual couples who um could not agree on a temperature.
(09:06):
They would have like dual dual side of electric blankets
because one person needed to be hot in the bed,
the other person needed to stay cold. People who would
get in fights over the temperature in a room, and
the author was basically pointing out that, you know, in
some cases it was the wife who was colder, some
cases it was a husband, and even in gay couples
there would still be the differences. Yeah, it's sort of
(09:27):
the one source we found that did not automatically assume
that women would be the colder sex that you know,
if in same sex relationships, uh, there would there be
a disagreement, and then that sometimes the husband would feel colder.
But yeah, her reaction was get a get a dual
like a dual electric blanket, so you can each set
your own temperature, and to not take it personally when
(09:48):
you're significant other is spiting you by turning the thermostat up.
But she said, you know, you've got to accept this
is something they really feel and they're not doing this
to make you feel uncomfortable. A lot of people take
it really personally when they say these places a sauna,
why won't you turn the heat down? I mean it's
they're really that cold. Because it's not just a random
subjective thing. Like we said, there are factors like weight.
(10:11):
I mean, the more body fat you have, the more
insulation you have, so you tend to not be as
cold a lot of times. If you're more fit, you
have more muscle mass, it might allow you to regulate
body temperature more efficiently. Diet can make a difference where
you're getting all those vitamins, minerals, proteins, vegetables, and then
you have things like ray nodes like you mentioned that
(10:31):
might make you extremely sensitive sensitive to the cold. But
there has been um one study that estimates that seventy
two degrees fahrenheit or twenty two point two degrees celsius
is the middle range comfort level for the workplace, although
another study found it was twenty five degrees celsius or
seventy seven degrees fahrenheit. And Um, I will say that
I think this office tends to be colder than hotter.
(10:53):
What do you think, Kristen, Um, Yeah, I guess so.
But that might have to do with our stress levels.
Maybe we feel colder because we're stressed in the workplace,
in stress about putting on the perfect podcast. Yeah, it's
getting stress tends to tends to make you feel colder.
Although I will say if you do feel really cool
in your workplace? I feel like it's worth saying something
because another study showed that the cold people were far
(11:16):
less productive than the overheated people, because you're just work
I mean, like you know, when your hands are want
a type, Sometimes I'll go print things off the printer
just to hold something more. It probably is hard to
type in it, And yes it is, I can say
from experience. And we have those little mouse paths in
the middle of our computers that don't register when a
when a gloved finger touches them. Have you really typed
(11:39):
in gloves at off enough to know that the mouse
doesn't work when you type in them? Who? I didn't know?
You know what I think? Even though I do have
probably colder hands than you do, I might. I might
be the warmer blood of us smalling fingerless gloves. I
can save your life to do a electric blanket. So
that's what we learned about whether women run colder. It's
(12:01):
another one of those things where researchers aren't quite sure
we've given you the best ideas, But at this point
we're going to have to open it up to you
guys and see what you think about the phenomenons. You
fit the stereotypes, not fit the stereotype. Do you have
ray notes? How do you stay warm when your office
is for reusing things like that? We want to hear
from you. It's mom stuff at how stuff works dot com.
And we've got time for an email or two. All right,
(12:25):
I've got an email here from Ashley and it's about
the objective sexuality episode And as she writes, I am
rather frustrated that people are even allowed to marry unanimate
objects and then it gains media attention for those individuals.
It is equivalent to rate because it is fundamentally non consensual.
It should not be considered the same as homosexual your
head or sexuality because in these relationships, both parties have
the ability to consent. Even if the Eiffel Tower had feelings,
(12:46):
we could not know if it is okay with being
married to someone since it is not able to express
its will. And isn't it rather bold to assume that,
out of all the people in the world, you're the
one whom the Eiffel Tower is in love with. So
something to think about. Thanks? Actually, well, I have one
here from Catherine and this is in response to our
podcast on lying, and she writes, I'm in the vast
(13:07):
minority as someone who would not only always rather hear
the truth, even if it's painful to hear, but will
not intentionally tell an untrue If a friend makes a
dinner that's not tasty for whatever reason, I will tell
them what I did enjoy about it, but will not
necessarily state what I didn't enjoy. I made very uncomfortable
(13:27):
by lying, and it's in the last few years that
I've started making a real effort to avoid it. I've
had a lot of friends that lie, and when they
get caught in it, they lie more to try to
excuse it. That bothers me. I don't tell the whole
truth about everything, but any friend I can't be honest
with or that won't be honest with me, is not
a friend I need to have in my life. There
(13:48):
you go, So thank you so much to everyone who
has written in and keep the emails coming. It's Mom
Stuff at how stuff works dot com. You can also
get in touch with us via Facebook and follow us
on Twitter at Mom's Stuff podcast, and of course you
can check out our blog. We'd love for you to
stuff Mom Never Told You at how stuff works dot
(14:09):
com for moralness, and thousands of other topics. Visit how
stuff Works dot com To learn more about the podcast.
Click on the podcast icon in the upper right corner
of our homepage. The How Stuff Works I fone app
has arrived. Download it today on iTunes. Brought to you
(14:31):
by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray. It's ready, are
you
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