SYMHC Classics: Stephens Island Wren

This 2017 episode covers the extinction of one New Zealand bird species that's often attributed to a single cat. While feline predation played a significant role in the end of the Stephens Island wren, the story is more complex.

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:02):
Hello and Happy Saturday. This week's episode on Marjorie Courtney
Latimer and the selacanth kept making me think about one
of our previous episodes, and that was the one on
the extinction of the Stephens Island wren. These are really
very different stories, but they both have islands and extinct
animal species and specimen collection and the impact of outdoor

(00:27):
cats on an ecosystem. So it is today's Saturday classic.
This episode originally came out on June fourteenth, twenty seventeen.
Enjoy Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a
production of iHeartRadio. Hello and Welcome to the podcast. I'm

(00:50):
Holly Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Hey, Tracy, have
you ever heard of a cat named Tibbles who was
single handedly responsible? Powedly? You'll sometimes see it written out
for wiping out an entire species of bird yep, because
of a lighthouse keeper. Yeah. It shows up on various
listicles from time to time along the lines You'll see

(01:13):
like ex animals who changed History. It's one of the
most famous extinction stories, and because it has this quaint,
though sad aspect to it, it has really taken on
a life of its own, and it's one that gets
repeated a lot, but the real story is actually a
lot more complex than simply saying one cat killed all
the birds. So today we're going to take a look
at the original tale as it's usually told, and then

(01:34):
we'll delve into the reality of the demise of the
bird species involved. Because the bird did legitimately go extinct,
that part is true, and it also becomes an interesting
story of conservation and the importance of protecting both flora
and fauna unique to specific and isolated locations. And there's
even a little bit of scientific community intrigue and offense
in the mix. So it's got everything for a good story. Also,

(01:56):
because this does involve extinction and then lay ways to
try to combat similar problems, there's that's pretty much a
whole episode where we talk about animals being killed. So
if that is something particularly sensitive to you, this might
not be your episode. I will say this, I am
usually particularly sensitive to it. It does not bother me
in this context, So I don't know if that's your

(02:17):
guidepost or not, but there you go. Well, and having
had an outdoor cat from like nineteen eighty until approximately
nineteen ninety six a long time. But anyway, I grew
up with an outdoor cat because we lived out in
the country and that was what you did. Yeah, you've

(02:38):
become accustomed to cats bringing you thing. Yeah, cats bringing
us small animals was something that happened all time. So yeah, yeah,
we had that growing up, and it is one of
the reasons my small herd never goes outside. Yeah. Yeah,
my cats. Once I was an adult and caring for
my own cats were strictly indoor, although a couple of

(02:59):
them did escape on at least one occasion. Yeah. Yeah.
But today we're going to talk about the Stephen's Island
wren and this cat and what did and did not happen.
The particular wren in this story was a tiny bird.
It could fit in the palm of a human hand,
and it was found on Stephen's Island, which is a

(03:19):
New Zealand. It's likely that these wrens, known as Zencus
traversia leali in Latin and sometimes called lyle wrens, were
possibly part of the fauna of ancient Gondwana land. They
were related to the Kiwi. Fossil evidence suggests that these
tiny birds are ones that are incredibly closely related to them,

(03:41):
once lived throughout New Zealand, and it's believed that the
introduction of predatory species such as rats eliminated them from
all the other areas of the country but Stephen's Island,
which was isolated by the eighteen nineties. The birds were
dark olive brown in color, with yellowish coloring at the
throat and the breast. Skeletal evidence, as well as witness accounts,

(04:04):
indicate that the wren was flightless. It spent its time
on the ground hunting for insects to eat, and that
makes it one of only three known flightless songbirds in
the world. The wrens nested in small, out of the
way spots, such as holes and recesses under rocks, and
it was also believed to have been nocturnal. Yeah, I
read one account that said that it weighed about the

(04:26):
same as a quarter, but I didn't find anything that
backed that up. But even so, it's a very tiny,
light little thing, and sometimes you'll see it. When people
described it, they talked about it being almost more like
a mouse than a bird in some ways, probably because
it scurried along the ground. The island itself is also
known by its Maori name take pourdois and it is
a small place. It is less than a square mile.

(04:49):
That's another one of those things that gets reported very differently.
Some we'll say it's only half a square mile, some
even less than that. But we know that it's less
than a square mile about one point five square kilometers estimate.
And it sits about two miles off of New Zealand's
South Island's northern shore, at the northern edge of the
Marlborough Sounds. And the weather on the island is mild

(05:10):
in temperatures, but there is frequent rain and often high winds.
It was renamed Stephens Island after Philip Stephens, the late
eighteenth century first Secretary to the Admiralty of the United Kingdom.
Prior to the eighteen seventies, it hadn't been explored by
any Anglo parties. It's unknown if any Maori people's visited
it prior to that, but it was a pristine place

(05:34):
in terms of its ecological condition when maritime officials from
New Zealand first visited it, and because the island sits
on a shipping route and there had been several shipwrecks
nearby in the middle of the century, it was outfitted
with an oiled powered lighthouse in eighteen ninety four. That
lighthouse stood at the highest elevation point above sea level

(05:56):
of any lighthouse in New Zealand at the time. It
was also more power full than any others in New
Zealand at that time, and it cost more than nine
thousand pounds to build. Before the lighthouse was installed to
illuminate the Cooks Strait's western approaches, Stephens Island was almost
entirely untouched. There were no non native species that had

(06:17):
been introduced. The flora was just a natural and unchecked
and undeveloped. Well into the eighteen hundreds, the tiny island
was pretty densely forested. When workers first arrived in eighteen
ninety two to start construction on the lighthouse, birds were abundant.
The journals of one of the men, Fw Ingram, are

(06:37):
quoted in a two thousand and four paper about the
extinction of the wren. That paper was written by Ross
Galbreeze and Derek Brown, and according to Ingram's account, there
were two kinds of wren saddlebacks, native thrush and native
crows on the island when the work began. There After,
the lighthouse and a small farm were established. An estimated
ninety percent of the island's native forest was to destroyed

(07:00):
due to grazing and fire. A patchy low forest eventually
established and remains in the place of the thick forest
that had been destroyed, and shrubs, grasses, and vine lens
persisted also. So with this new fancy lighthouse, the island
needed a lighthouse keeper. So we are getting now into

(07:23):
the story as it's usually told. So in eighteen ninety four,
David Lyle moved to Stephen's Island to fill that position,
and the island was not easy to get to. Travelers
had to cross Cook straight by boat and then board
a basket that was attached to the station's crane, and
after that there was an uphill walk of about one
hundred and eighty meters or one hundred and ninety six

(07:43):
yards to the lighthouse itself. This was a pretty extreme
solitary type position that you would accept. Lyle, his wife
and a son also brought along a cat named Tibbles
when they moved to Stephen's Island. The idea was that
Tibbles would keep the mice at bay and also be
a companion for this lonely outpost. They were not the

(08:05):
island's only residents actually, but we'll come back to that.
Of course, a good mouser such as Tibbles would also
probably be interested in going after small nocturnal birds as well,
especially since, as Holly said earlier, they've been described as
mouse like. But that was never the intention. They did
not on purpose bring a cat to kill birds. No,

(08:27):
and usually when you hear this story told, they really
only talk about David Lyle and Tibbles, and any family
is kind of left out. But so not long after
David and Tibbles and his family arrived on the island,
the cat started bringing fresh kills to her human Lyle
was interested in nature, and he was an amateur ornithologist,
and he had never seen a bird quite like the

(08:48):
ones that Tibbles was killing. So he examined them and
he skinned them as he did to you know, more
fully take account of what their body was like and
what these birds were. When a shit brought supplies to
the island on its regular bimonthly schedule, Lyle sent one
of his rin skins back on it, intending for it
to reach a well known ornithologist, Sir Walter Buller, it's

(09:10):
believed that he did receive this skin sometime in July
eighteen ninety four. Later on, Beller would write quote, there
is probably nothing so refreshing to the soul of a
naturalist as the discovery of a new species. You will
readily understand. Therefore, how pleased I was at receiving the
skin of a bird from stephen Island, which was entirely

(09:31):
distinct from anything hitherto known. Eventually, Lyle collected ten samples.
That number is going to shift around when we get
to the reality, but for the purposes of this story,
ten samples from Tibble's offering, and they were in good
condition because the cat seemed to be more interested in
killing the birds than she wasn't eating them. Feline behaviorists

(09:51):
might also suggest that she was bringing them to Lyle
as a means of offering him provisions showing she could
take care of him as well as herself. There are
also theories that cats do that to try to teach
us stupid humans how to find our own food. But
in any case, she was not eating them, so they
were in quite good condition. After he had been examining
these various specimens, Buller realized that the birds Lyle had

(10:12):
been collecting from Tibbles were a previously unidentified species of wren,
so one of these Buller sent to London to the
British Ornithologists Union so it could be illustrated, and he
also was preparing his research and findings so that he
could publish his discovery of the Stephens Island wren in
the journal Ibis. It was believed that there had likely

(10:32):
been ten mating pairs of the wren on Stephen's Island
before Tibbles the cat got there. This is not a
large number of birds, to be sure, so it would
not really take very long for an enterprising cat with
decent hunting skills to severely damage those numbers. In eighteen
ninety five, just a year after Lyle and his cat

(10:54):
had arrived on the island, the christ Church Press commented
on Tibbles's work, quote, there is very good reason to
believe that the bird is no longer to be found
on this island, as it is not known to exist
anywhere else. It has apparently become quite extinct. This is
probably a record performance in the way of extermination, and

(11:15):
according to legend, Tibbles wiped out the Stephens Island wren
almost as soon as it was recognized as a newly
discovered species. So that's the story that you usually get
told in a quickie articles yep, or in like a
one sentence throwaway line in the context of something completely different.
It will be like and there was even an entire

(11:35):
species of bird killed by the light keeper's cat. Yeah,
but there is a lot more to this story. And
before we dive into that bigger, more detailed version of
what happened to the Stephens Island wren, we're gonna pause
and have a word from one of our sponsors. While

(11:55):
the story of Tibble's and the Stephens Island wren is
a cautionary tale about the day of invasive species, and
that is a very legitimate concern, the very simplified version
that is normally shared leaves out some more complex and
nuanced elements to the decline of one species due to
the import of another, as well as the involvement of
many more players in the narrative, as we are definitely

(12:18):
not now playing the threat of invasive species, but that
there's a bigger story going on here. During the construction
period for the lighthouse, an anonymous collector had visited the
island to gather specimens. Gal Breath and Brown put forth
the theory in their paper that the collector, which was

(12:40):
a pseudonym used by that person in question when publishing
in the Wellington Evening Post, was in fact none other
than the local natural history dealer, which was a man
named Henry H. Travers, and before Lyle and Tibble's even
set foot on the island, Sir Walter Buller was aware
of a number of birds to be found there, most

(13:02):
likely due to the accounts that the collector had published
in the paper or through contact with Travers himself. Of note, however,
no wren was actually mentioned in the writings of the collector.
I also just love that he wrote as the collector,
because of course there's the whole Guardians of the Galaxy
comedy tian that we could do. But he had not
mentioned the ren at all in any of these writings,

(13:24):
and there were no mentions of a wren in the
comments of Buller at a January eighteen ninety three meeting
of the Wellington Philosophical Society, where he discussed some of
the unique birds that could be found on Stephen's Island.
Buller also suggested at that meeting that two other New
Zealand islands, Resolution Island and Little Barrier Island, could be

(13:44):
used as preservation grounds for some of the bird species
that were experiencing population decline on the mainland, but it
appears that no similar consideration was given to Stephens Island.
Regarding David Lyle and Tibbles, we mentioned a few moments
ago so that they were not the only ones who
had moved onto the island. In fact, there were three
lighthouse keepers in their families, as well as a teacher

(14:07):
to see to the children's education seventeen people in all
at the start of eighteen ninety four, when the lighthouse
became operational. While Lyle was sending his samples to Buller,
at some point Henry Travers also became aware of the
unique items being relayed by Lyle through an intermediary aboard
the supply ship. Travers and Buller were not unknown to

(14:30):
each other. As a dealer in natural items. Travers had
none business with Buller on a number of occasions, and
Travers s felt as though such rare and unique specimens
could be sold for more than Buller was able to pay.
He convinced Lyle to sell him some of the wren's skins. Yeah, so,

(14:50):
in addition to whatever activities are happening, we are now
seeing an uptick in human interest in these birds. And
this is where yet another man enters the picture, the
honorable Walter Rothschild, who had dealt with both Travers and
Buller as specimen dealers prior to this new discovery of
the Stevens Island wren, and as a wealthy Englishman, Rothschild

(15:12):
had both the means to pay handsomely for rare specimens
and the connections to publish information about them before Buller could.
There actually was some realization among the British Ornithologists involved
in publishing the IBIS and the British Ornithologists Club Proceedings
periodical to which Rothschild to which Rothschild's research had been presented,

(15:35):
that there were two men describing the same find but
both went to press yes. So for clarity, at this point,
Travers has started selling to a very rich person in London, Rothschild.
At the same time Buller is also purchasing these samples
and they are writing up about this newly discovered species,
and they both presented to both the IBIS and the

(15:56):
British Ornithologists Club's proceedings, just their little period their notes
on their meetings, and that's a small enough group that
there were a lot of crossover people going, hey, we
don't we have a thing from that guy Buller about this?
Didn't that ring ye before? Yeah, but we're going forward
with this too. So they both published, and it was
a little bit of a gentleman's drama. So Roth's child

(16:19):
named the wrend Traversia leali in the proceedings that was
published in December of eighteen ninety four. When Buller's paper
came out in April of eighteen ninety five, the bird
was called Xenicus in Solaris. And this entire chain of
events caused massive friction between the two men, each declaring
that the other had not been a gentleman. You may
recall from the beginning when we talked about the bird

(16:41):
that it is called Xenicus and then sometimes traversia in
parentheses leali. So in the end there was sort of
a a combining of the two in the scientific community.
This is like a much smaller in every sense of
the word, version of the bone Wars. Yes, But even
before four Buller's paper, which was printed by ibis that

(17:03):
editorial from the christ Church Press we mentioned earlier that
declared the wren likely extinct had already come out. So
there was already an article saying the bird was probably
extinct before the scientific paper on it. Yeah, so there
was the first printed stuff in December. In March that

(17:23):
article came out in the christ Church Paper saying there
are no more of these birds. And then in April
Buller's paper was published saying I have discovered a new
kind of bird. It's a very complex and tightly packed
timeline in terms of like discovery and when this bird
was thought to have ended. So in March of eighteen
ninety five, Traverse wrote to Rothschild a letter that suggested

(17:47):
that he was hunting wren's himself to send to London. Quote.
I have recently returned from a special trip to Stephen's Island,
where I went to have a good hunt for more
specimens of Traversia Lealey, but unfortunately without success. I hunted
the island over and round, and as I had three
men with me who formed my boat crew and some
of the residents of the island, you can imagine we

(18:09):
made a thorough search. I did not get any specimens
of the bird. I went specifically four, although mister Lyle's
boy gave me a specimen that had been found just
alive by the owner of the cat that had caught
the others, and this his father had put into spirit.
So at that point cumans are also hunting the bird.
That claim of extinction in early eighteen ninety five may

(18:31):
have been premature. For one. Travers seems to have used
the news of the extinction to charge higher prices for
the preserved bird specimens that he offered to collectors after that,
so he might have been perpetuating this claim of extinction
for his own financial gain. Yeah, if you look at
how his prices rated. That first one that he sent

(18:53):
to Rothschild, I think he charged five pounds for and
then he tried to charge thirty five pounds four and
was eventually talked down to twelve if I'm remembering correctly.
So he was definitely like, they're no more of this bird.
It is a lot more expensive now. But both Travers
and Buller each received additional specimens for several years after

(19:14):
eighteen ninety five, so even after he denounced personal collecting
of endangered species specimens, Buller continued to seek out the
Stevens Island wren for himself, and when I say that,
I mean in specimen form, not live Steven's Island wrens.
He also made purchases for his son to have them,
as well as at least one other ornithologist, and Buller

(19:36):
for the Record maintained in his notes that all samples
of the bird had come from David Lyle, and thus
that would be from his cat. But that gets into
some weird issues, as there are specimens in museums that
are labeled as late as eighteen ninety nine, well after
Lyle had actually moved on from the Stevens Island Lighthouse job. Additionally,
there are completely mismatched accounts of just how many preserved

(19:59):
wrens there are floating around. If you compare the records
and letters of Travers and Buller, things do not match
up at all. Travers was still selling Steven's Island wrens
into the early nineteen hundreds, but it's unclear whether those
were items that he had been hanging on to for
several years or if they were new acquisitions. Additionally, even

(20:20):
those records might not truly reflect the lots that Travers
was selling at the time, so there's no way to
verify even the existence of Travers stock of the extinct bird,
let alone its condition relative to its age. Yeah, there's
one story of a museum that discovered that they had
a lot that someone had purchased from Travers, but it

(20:42):
was largely destroyed. It had not been properly cared for,
so they did not account for whether or not there
was a wren in the mix. There there's a lot
of not really fantastic record keeping, which leads to a
lot of the nebulous aspects of this story. So the
thing is, though, that collecting may have really had a
significant hand in the ex distinction of the Stevens Island wren,

(21:03):
But we don't actually know if Traver's ever managed to
catch any the two times that he claimed he tried,
the one that we read his writings about earlier, and
there was one other time. He reported that he failed
on both of those occasions, And there are additional factors too.
Remember earlier when we mentioned that there were other people
who moved to the island in addition to David Lyle

(21:25):
and Tibbles, Apparently someone else in that group of people
also brought at least one other cat, or possibly Tibbles
was pregnant when she arrived, because within a few years
there was a cat population on Stephen's Island, not just
one cat. And it's also possible that the name Tibbles

(21:45):
was just attached to the story later it wasn't even
Lyle's cat in the first place, but just a cat
that happened to be around. Yeah, it's like I said,
it's been simplified in a really fun way to tell,
but it doesn't necessarily reflect the reality. And we're going
to talk more about the cats on Stephen's Island and
what happened to all those bird bodies after we first

(22:06):
take a little sponsor break. So right before we went
to break, Tracy was saying that there was a cat
population at some point on the island, and it's unclear
when exactly it became more than one cat, or if
it had always been more than one cat. There are

(22:28):
mentions of other cats in notes and writings made by
people about those early days of the Lighthouse community, but
these are all anecdotal and they were written after the facts,
so they're not especially reliable. As early as eighteen ninety five,
though Lyle was writing notes to Buller about the available
birds on the island, and he specifically references some of
them being scarce due to cats plural. He also describes

(22:52):
those cats as having become wild, so there was already
the beginning of a feral population. Like a year after
he had arrived ninety seven, the cat population was noted
by a lighthouse keeper as being a quote large number.
The report that description was included in also suggested that
some means of destroying the cats had to be found.

(23:14):
A few years later, in nineteen oh one, the native
reptile population was also in danger and a bounty was
established on the cats. Yeah, at that point they were
kind of like, well, the birds are already gone, so
we'll figure this out. And it got put off within
and then they were like there was a very glorious
reptile population on Steven's Island, and they were like, Okay,

(23:36):
we can't let this happen again. Now we have to
kill the cats, which sucks. This is reminding me of
the webcomic camp We Don't Watch You. I don't know
if you've ever read that, but it is a camp
about children who have been sent by their parents to
this camp because they are not wanted for whatever reason,
and one of the early strips there is whatever one
thinks is going to be a food drop, but it

(23:57):
turns out to be a box full of feral cats.
And every installment of the strip after that has a
cat hidden somewhere. So in nineteen oh five, this was
four years after the cat bounty was established, Sir Walter
Buehler made a written suggestion that cats should no longer

(24:20):
ever be allowed on the island or on any other
isolated islands where native species could fall victim to their
pre drive, and he also included the suggestion that if
mice were a concern, for example, if people were going
to take care of the lighthouse and they were worried
about mice, that the state should provide, at state expense,
mouse traps rather than allow feline rodent management in such places.

(24:43):
Over the course of more than two decades, hundreds of
cats were shot on Stephen's Island, and in nineteen twenty
five the island was declared to be free of cats. So,
even though it is not really entirely fair to blame
Tibble's ending the Stevens Island, Wren the role of cats
in shifting the balance of wildlife populations is one which

(25:06):
has been debated for some time, and cats most assuredly
were responsible for the majority of the deaths of those birds,
and they were threatening other native wildlife on the island
after those wrens were gone. According to a study published
in Nature in twenty thirteen, free ranging domestic cats in
the United States were estimated to kill one point three

(25:27):
to four billion birds that's billion with a bee and
six point three to twenty two point three billion also
with a b mammals annually. For the purposes of that study,
domestic cats included both cats that have a home that
are allowed to roam and strays including ferrells, with homeless

(25:49):
cats responsible for most of those kills. That same study
also commented that quote free ranging cats on islands has
caused or contributed to thirty three or fourteen percent of
the modern bird, mammal and reptile extinctions recorded by the
International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. Humans are

(26:11):
still trying to figure out how to manage cab populations
in ways that are humane in order to curtail the
unbalanced mortality in other species that can result from even
well fed but still prey driven animals. While cats, as
we discussed on an older episode, have become part of
human culture both for their excellent pest hunting skills as
well as their companionship, they are also very very good

(26:32):
at multiplying at a really rapid rate, so efforts to
find and execute a solution still continue. As an aside,
it appears to have been Rothschild's account of the entire
situation that first pinned the loss of the entire species
on tibbles, and then that was repeated for simplicity for

(26:52):
more than one hundred years. Yeah, and Rothschild this whole time,
we should point out, was in London. It wasn't like
he was on the sea. He wrote this after the
fact and having never actually been to the place where
this was taking place. And as for what happened to
all of those deceased birds that were collected on the
tiny island, there are fifteen wren specimens accounted for, and

(27:13):
those have made their way into museum collections around the world.
Of the samples Rothschild gathered, the Natural History Museum in
London has three, The Museum of Natural History in New
York has four. The Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia
has one, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge,
Massachusetts has one. The three that Buller had, one for

(27:36):
himself and two for his son, are in the Canterbury Museum,
christ Church, which has two, and the last is in
the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh. There are also Stephens Island
wren specimens at the Colonial Museum now the Museum of
New Zealand Tipapa Tongarewa. I am probably mispronouncing that I

(27:57):
could not find a good pronunciation example which is in
Wellington and the Otago Museum in Dunedin, and that one
actually lists two, but only one is clearly accounted for,
so there's a little bit of fuzzy fuzziness there as well.
The Stephens Island Lighthouse still exists. It was converted from
oil to electric in the late nineteen thirties and then

(28:18):
was automated in the late nineteen eighties. In nineteen eighty nine,
the last lighthouse keeper left the island. It's not open
to the public and the Maritime New Zealand's Wellington Office
conducts operation and monitoring of the lighthouse remotely. Yeah, if
you want to go to the island, you're probably a
scientist because there are still multiple rare species on the island,

(28:40):
particularly what has been described by scientists as a diverse
reptile community. It is now in nature reserve. For example,
a reptile called the Tuitata is of particular import on
Stephen's Island as it is the only surviving species of
its order. They are also the cutest things, in my opinion,
if you see pictures of them, they just have very cute,
little expressive faces. I saw some videos of one. Apparently

(29:05):
there was a reintroduction effort yeah with them, and as
I was looking for examples, I was like, I was
looking for videos of New Zealanders saying all these words,
and then I got down a rabbit hole of looking
at lizard videos. They're really cute, and it really has

(29:26):
become New Zealand is really making a massive effort at conservation,
and in part of in part, this whole episode is
the driver of some of those efforts. Like people realized, oh,
if we are not thoughtful about how we handle particularly
these small islands that are harboring things that cannot be
found anywhere else and are small in number, we will

(29:47):
then make sure those never exist on the earth again.
And we don't want that. So there is a lot
of care going into trying to preserve native species. Yeah,
so that is the more complicated than just tibbles. The
cat eate all the birds of how the Stephens Island
RN went extinct. Yeah, although cats were responsible for a
lot of it. I sounded a lot more chipper when

(30:08):
I said yeah than the story actually warrants. Yeah. So
only in museums now in their deceased forum unfortunately. Yes,
thanks so much for joining us on this Saturday. Since
this episode is out of the archive, if you heard

(30:30):
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(30:52):
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