The Rise of Modern Hydroponics

Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production
of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly
Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. I bought myself a
big old hydroponic garden system for Christmas, and I'm so

(00:21):
excited about it. I'm obsessed with it. I can't even
describe all of the levels of obsessed I am with it.
And we could talk about my various adventures in gardening
on Friday, but I am obsessed with this, which, of course,
anytime I become obsessed with something, I want to watch
them allion videos and look at a bunch of articles.
And it got me thinking about, like, how did we

(00:44):
get to a point where a company will be like, oh, yes,
we'll sell you a thing you don't really have to
do much, but suddenly you'll have lettuce in your house
that has grown right there. And that got me down
the rabbit hole of hydroponic's history, and also, frankly, the
garden is one of the things that is keeping me
from losing my mind in our complicated days. Yeah yeah,

(01:08):
so perhaps for other people that are having stressy times
in complicated days, thinking about plants growing and how sort
of mentally and emotionally nourishing that can be will help
you as well as me. So we're going to talk
about the history of hydroponics today. Using water rather than

(01:33):
soil to grow plants is not in the least bit new.
Although the earliest uses of this technique are not well documented,
some examples, like the hanging Gardens of Babylon, have to
be discussed as possible examples. We don't even know for
sure if the gardens, which are considered one of the

(01:54):
seven Wonders of the Ancient World, were real. Accounts written
about them were pinned centuries after they were said to
have existed, and there is no conclusive archaeological evidence to
point to if they did exist, their likely location was
right in the middle of modern day Iraq, and very

(02:16):
possibly not Babylon but Nineveh. If the gardens did exist,
it's possible that their terraces full of greenery would have
been supported by an irrigation system with water brought in,
likely from the Euphrates River. All of this very cool,
but still this garden and the technique dated to the

(02:36):
sixth century BCE are all theoretical. Additionally, while some historians
interpret the existing writing about the hanging gardens of Babylon
as indicating a hydroponic system of some sort. Others think
that the terraces described involve some sort of soil or
sand substrate as a medium that the plants are growing in,

(02:59):
with the irrigation being used to water that substrate. Basically,
there's not agreements on this potential example, not at all.
Another instance of an ancient plant cultivation that isn't hydroponic
but does represent an important step in the idea of
growing plants in a controlled environment is the story of cucumbers.

(03:23):
Maybe we'll get to that in a moment. Grown year
round for the Roman emperor Tiberius, this is a practice
which was recorded by Plying the Elder in seventy seven BCE.
He wrote, quote, Cucumus was a delicacy for which the
Emperor Tiberius had a remarkable partiality. In fact, there was
never a day on which he was not supplied with it,

(03:44):
as his kitchen gardeners had cacumus beds mounted on wheels,
which they moved out into the sun, and then on
wintry days withdrew under the cover of frames glazed with
transparent stone. So while he is describing plants grown in
soil also being raised on a wheeled apparatus which can
be moved indoors or out, and which has a cover.

(04:05):
So this is clearly an early greenhouse. And incidentally, while
Pliny's reference to caucumus is often interpreted as cucumber, a
paper published in the Annals of Botany in two thousand
and seven and written by Jules Janek, Harry S. Paris,
and David C. Parrish notes that quote the cacumus of
Columella and Pliny was not cucumber as commonly translated, but

(04:28):
cacumus mellow subspecies Mello flexuosis group that's snake melon or
vegetable melon. The next historical precursor to modern hydroponics is
the eleventh century Chinapus of the Aztec culture. This is
a case where the nutrients that fed the plants were
part of the naturally existing ecosystem, but there was a

(04:52):
lot of human effort in establishing the gardens known as Chinampas.
Lake Socimiuco, which is south of Mexico City, was and
still is the site of a unique and extensive garden
system that's based on human made islands. These islands are
made using mud, dirt, and grasses and other plant material

(05:13):
and then they are staked into the bed of the lake.
These islands could be as large as ten by two
hundred meters or thirty five by six hundred and fifty feet,
and then into those floating islands go seeds. The water
and the nutrients of the lake, including fish waste and
decomposing plants, offer a rich mix of nutrients distributed by

(05:37):
the water's natural movement. Yeah, there is also a significant
amount of argument about these and whether or not you
can really call them islands because some are connected to
the land, et cetera. But they're still a pretty cool
effort in hydroponic gardening. In sixteen twenty seven, Sir Francis

(05:57):
Bacon's book entitled Silver Silvera was published. This was a
posthumous publication these Bacon had died in sixteen twenty six,
but it is often called the first book of water
culture because it features the passage quote the water also
doth send forth plants that have no roots fixed in
the bottom. But they are less perfect plants, being almost

(06:18):
but leaves, and those small ones such as that we
call duckweed, which hath a leaf no bigger than a
time leaf, but of a fresher green, and puteth forth
a little string into the water far from the bottom.
As for the water lily, it hath a root in
the ground, and so have a number of other herbs
that grow in ponds. So he recognized that some plants

(06:40):
seem to not need soil and could actually float on
top of water. But this is an interesting read if
you ever go digging through it. Because he also thought
that plants would change species if you neglected them, so
he had some things a little bit confused about the
natural world. Flemish chemist Jean Baptiste van Helmont wanted to
understand how plants gained mass, and he started an experiment

(07:04):
in sixteen forty eight to figure it out. The experiment
began with a five pound willow tree, two hundred pounds
of dirt, and five years of time. Ben Helmont only
watered the tree in those five years with rain water
and distilled water, and at the end of the experiment
he weighed the tree, which had grown to a whopping

(07:26):
one hundred and sixty nine pounds. But when he weighed
the dirt, he realized it had barely lost any mass.
So his natural conclusion was that water was what gave
plants mass. In sixteen ninety nine, physician and naturalist John
Woodward used water from natural bodies of water, rivers, and

(07:48):
springs to grow a variety of plants, including spearmint and potatoes,
among others. His experiments with soil as plant growth identified
the need for not just water for the plants to
grow before specific nutrients. He came to this conclusion after
he had grown the same types of plants side by side,
essentially replicating their environments, but giving one set distilled water

(08:12):
and one set what he called non pure water, that
was the water from the natural sources with no distillation
or treatment. And this is really the beginning of the
idea of testing water and soil and figuring out what
was lacking for successful plant cultivation. Two German botanists working
in the mid nineteenth century conducted experiments that led to

(08:34):
the idea of preparing mixtures of nutrients to be dissolved
in water and added to the soil to optimize growth success.
They essentially pioneered the idea of plant food in eighteen
fifty nine. They also really established the idea that if
you want to study plants, keeping them in water culture

(08:54):
instead of soil is the way to go because that
offered easier observation of the roots and greater control of
the nutrients the plant receives. I also, in preparing this outline,
left their names out for Tracy, but it's Julius von
Sachs and Vilhelm Knopp, So those are the people that
were doing that work. Coming up, we're going to jump

(09:15):
forward in time a little bit to the nineteen thirties
and the man who is often called the father of
modern hydroponics. But first we're going to pause and have
a little sponsor break. On March first, nineteen thirty seven,

(09:36):
Time magazine ran an article that opened with the following quote.
Last week, a new science was given a new name,
hydroponics by its foremost US practitioner, doctor William Frederick Gerrick
of the University of California. Set Out in rows at
the university's plant experiment station in Berkeley are a number

(09:56):
of shallow tanks made of wood, concrete metal. From some
of these tanks grow thick, towering clumps of tomato plants
bearing rich red clusters of fruits. From other tanks, and
in an equal state of vigor grow potatoes, tobacco, Gladioli, pogonias.
The roots of the plants are not in soil, but
in chemically treated water. William Frederick Gerrikey was born in

(10:21):
eighteen eighty two in Nebraska to a farming family. After
high school, he attended Ohio State University and then JOHNS
Hopkins to study botany. In the nineteen twenties, he was
working as a professor and researcher at the University of California, Berkeley,
and it was while working there that he began serious
research into raising plants without soil. Initially, Gerrikey called these

(10:45):
projects tank crops, and that use of the word crops
was very deliberate because he was working to replicate the
kind of yield that would normally come from traditionally planted
ground crops. He was actually hoping for more wanted better
yields from his hydroponics than ground crops could produce. So,
according to Gerrike's account, there were three scientific challenges that

(11:09):
needed to be solved to make growing plants in water
alone work. One, it had to be simple and economical. Two,
it had to move away from the preceding lab work,
which focused on studying mineral nutrients alone. For soilless crop
growth to work, it needed its own study focus, which

(11:31):
had to also include fluid dynamics. He noted that water
use in agriculture was physiologic only, but in soilless plant
development it was physiologic and dynamic, and its benefit to
the plant was also dependent on how the water moved
around the roots. And then three those water dynamics had

(11:54):
to be formulated, meaning there had to be rigorous examination
of the way a water only approach to cultivation impacts
the root systems and documentation of the different root development structures.
As he developed his system, Gherrik also sought to give
it a name, and initially he was calling it aquaculture,

(12:16):
but that was actually kind of a problem because that
word was already in use. It has long been used
to talk about growing aquatic plants and also even caring
for marine animals. But according to Gerrik, a colleague named
William Albert Setchel gave him a good idea. He suggested
creating a portmanteau from the Greek words for water that's

(12:38):
hydro and labor, which is ponos so hydroponos, which Gheriky
then refined to hydroponics. Gerrik would later write about the
delicate nature of using just the right word for this science,
noting quotes correct terminology is requisite to scientific progress. The
incorrect terms which were used in attempts to discribe soiless

(13:01):
crop production before its scientific basis could be clarified, have
caused wide misconceptions of its principles and have markedly delayed
the establishment of this method to wide use. He continued
by mentioning other words that were used at various points
and explaining why they were causing problems. Quote terms such

(13:22):
as chemical farming, chemiculture, nutrient solution, culture, and kindred expressions
not only were inappropriate, but did great harm to this
development in its crucial formative period as they created a
wrong perspective concerning the scientific basis of soilless crop production.

(13:43):
These terms projected the function of the nutrients into the
foreground and thereby distorted their relative position of importance to
other essential factors. He also noted that any of the
terms that use the word agriculture, like soil less agriculture,
were inherently incorrect because agriculture infers land, which this science

(14:07):
is purposely excluding. The word comes from the Latin word
for agur, which means field and culture I meaning cultivation,
and Gereky was really successful in his efforts and he
shared his process with commercial growers in northern California. Soon
a lot of farms were using his water growing methods

(14:29):
and in turn, gerek was getting data from their crops.
That time magazine write up reported that Gereke was so
loved by the growers who used his methods that he
routinely received five hundred pieces of fan mail a week.
During his research, Gerikey worked with Pan American Airlines to
establish water based crops at their refueling station at Wake Island.

(14:53):
Wake Island sits in the middle of the Pacific Ocean,
and in the early days of commercial aviation, when planes
had to midway through a flight across the ocean to refuel,
that was where PanAm stopped. It was also where they
would take on supplies for the next leg of the flight.
But because of its position, it was impossible to have
a fresh produce supply sent to the island, and there

(15:17):
wasn't any soil on the tiny islands that could have
anything grown in it. But Gherrikey took a half acre
of land and set up a hydroponic farm at Wake Island. Yeah,
Wake Island often gets referenced as like kind of the
big proof of concept effort that happened in all of this.

(15:39):
In nineteen forty five, William Gerrikey wrote an article titled
The Meaning of Hydroponics, which appeared in Science magazine, and
he described it in the opening this way. Soilist crop
production consists of growing crops in water containing chemicals, large
shallow basins for the water, and wood shaving sawdust, straw,
or other waste vegetable litter for seed beds which support

(16:02):
the plants in the water are essential equipment. Water causes
the architecture of the root plants to become different from
those growing in the soil. These differences in architecture are
reflected in the functions of the roots. For this reason,
some crops can be grown more economically without soil than
with soil, and by the same token, others cannot. He

(16:24):
goes on to explain that difference in root architecture, it's
for the sort of obvious reason that if something is
growing in water, it can't anchor anywhere the way that
it would in soil. Gharrike explains it really clearly, while
also basing it in science that people are familiar with. Quote.
This change is according to a fundamental biologic law. An

(16:47):
organ atrophies or changes in form and function in an
environment in which some of its functions cannot operate. But
though Gerrikee completely changed the entire field and really developed
a lot of the printcess that govern hydroponic gardening today,
there are some questions about his relationship with Berkeley and
the other scientists there. Even though he was employed at

(17:11):
the university and some of these experiments were happening at
the lab there, he claimed that all of his work
in hydroponics had been done on his own time, and
he refused to share any of his information or data
with the school or his colleagues there. Gerike left Berkeley
before he published his book, Complete Guide to Soilist Gardening.

(17:33):
It was not as though UC Berkeley had not been
interested in hydroponics. There seems to be disagreement about the
work Gerikey was doing and whether it was supposed to
be for the school or for his own benefit. Either way,
once he left Berkeley, the school assigned two other researchers
to keep working on hydroponics and develop the work further.

(17:57):
Those scientists Dennis Hogland and Dan kil Arnan published their
own book on hydroponics in nineteen thirty eight, water culture
method of growing plants without soil. It's possible to glean
a little information about Gerrike's relationship with Berkeley by reading
the preface to his book. This does, to be clear,

(18:18):
involves some speculation rather than clear evidence, because no one
is outright saying what their problems were. But there are
some very specific things noted about how hydroponics research should
and shouldn't be developed. In Gerrike's opinion quote, hydroponics can
now be carried on without restriction by anyone who desires

(18:38):
to do so, but scientific research on the subject must
be safeguarded. The public must be protected from exploitation, and
business interests must assume the responsibility for the development of
the science. My own wishes are that research and educational
institutions shall profit from the growth of hydroponics. That I

(18:59):
shall be free to conduct research and teach the new
subject without being responsible for business development, except in an
advisory capacity where this is needed. Those private individuals who
gave of their private funds to test the validity of
new ideas, and who provided the laboratory of practice wherein
the dross of impracticability was removed from the hydroponic theory

(19:21):
have earned the utmost consideration. They deserve the right to
be consulted before any publication is made of results obtained
by their plans. So it kind of sounds like he
felt that the university was focusing on developing business ideas
for outside entities rather than trying to simply sustain their

(19:42):
own labs and research teams. And it sounds like he
wants to be left alone by the school administration and
not be bossed around in his lab. Gerrik also lists
the people and companies that contributed to his project, including
his own family members and Pan American Airways, and the
nurseries who donated plant stock. There's also the possibility that

(20:05):
he had set up partnerships with people and companies as
he was doing work that may not have been in
his purview to do as a member of the school's faculty.
In any case, the friction in play regarding his relationship
with the school and his role in the sciences development
seems to be referenced carefully in the pages of the preface.

(20:26):
And we'll come back to Berkeley's side of the story
in a moment. But then Gerrickee in this book makes
a clear statement in the introduction just a few pages
later that asserts that this work was his and his alone,
and that it was done despite a lot of people
telling him his ideas were foolish. Quote. Soilist crop production
has captured worldwide attention. Thousands of inquiries have been received

(20:50):
concerning it. My overflowing mailbox has not, however, been filled
entirely with letters lauding the discovery of the world's newest
crop production method. When I first announced that crops could
be grown commercially without soil, the idea was received with
skepticism by some and with outright derision by others. The
work was done largely on my own time and with

(21:13):
little aid from any scientific organization, notwithstanding requests. Therefore, not
until private businessmen offered their cooperation was hydroponics given a
fair trial. A lot of the writing Garrick he does
in the book about hydroponics can come off as sort
of conceited. He seems to dismiss historical hydroponic efforts as

(21:37):
he mentions how strange it is that no one ever
did it before. As the writing continues, it appears that
he means at scale as a means to crop production.
He notes that there have been some experiments with growing
plants in water, but that they were all shortsighted in
that the goal is to improve the soil culture of plants,
not to replicate crop production through a wat nutrient culture.

(22:02):
He notes, quote, scientists failed to realize the true value
of a principle they themselves applied in laboratory experiments. The
development of water culture as a means of studying the
life processes of plants is covered briefly later in the chapter.
It is enough to point out that plants have grown
in nutrient solutions under experimental conditions for nearly a century.

(22:25):
Modern scientific agriculture has been greatly aided by information obtained
through these studies. By no means do I wish to
disparage their value. Gerrik also makes clear that it's actually
kind of hard to grow crops this way if you
don't know what you're doing. He mentions that you can't
rely exclusively on formulas of nutrient solutions, because there's just

(22:49):
far more to successfully growing plants. He notes, quote, Your
success or failure in hydroponics will depend more upon skill
in working out a proper technique, indescribable in textbook language.
That upon possession of a simple chemical formula, you must
combine to some extent the knowledge of the chemist, the botanist,
and the farmer, arming yourself with an understanding of the

(23:12):
fundamental requirements of plant life, and developing through your own
alertness and insight, a sure sense of the technique required.
He also praises the insight of farmers for being able
to manage all of the variables of light, heat, pest control,
planting seasons, et cetera. One of the other big topics
for Gerrikey in his book is conservation. He notes that quote,

(23:36):
hydroponics will help us to conserve our natural fertilizers and
to solve our future fuel problems. Of the fertilizers commonly
applied to the soil, only nitrogen can be recovered completely.
But in hydroponics the plant food need never be wasted,
the dry plants can be burned and the ashes used

(23:57):
for nutrient solution. In this way, the so called cycle
of conservation has been completed for the first time. But
he knows that for that to work, and for hydroponic
crop production to become standardized, that both farmers and the
public have to be educated about the processes to eliminate
misconceptions about it. So we mentioned that other publication of

(24:20):
a book by Hogland and arnun that grew out of
their work at Berkeley following Gerrike's exit, and the introduction
to that book is written by C. B. Hutchison, the
vice president of the university and the dean of the
College of Agriculture at Berkeley. His writing offers a different
take on the very public facing work of Gerrikee and

(24:41):
he kind of hints that he thought it caused problems
writing quote. In the nineteen thirties, this development was given
widespread publicity in newspapers, Sunday supplements, and popular journals. The
possibility of growing plants in a medium other than soil
intrigued many persons, and soon extravagant claims were being made

(25:01):
by many of the most ardent proponents of the commercial
use of the water culture method. Furthermore, amateur gardeners sought
to make this method a new hobby. Thousands of inquiries
came to the University of California for detailed information for
general application of the water culture method to commercial as
well as amateur gardening. Given that gerrikee had also mentioned

(25:25):
issues with Charlatan's getting in on the popularity of hydroponics,
it's a little unclear if the extravagant claims that Hutchison
refers to were those that Gerrikey also denounced, or if
he's suggesting that Gerrike's claims that hydroponics could outpay soil
based crop production is the extravagant claim he's referring to.

(25:48):
Then Hutcheson goes on in a way that makes it
sound like detractors who may not have believed Gerrike's claim
were the real reason that the university assigned two other
scientists to the work. Quote. Because of doubts expressed concerning
many claims made for the use of the water culture
method as a means of crop production, it became evident

(26:09):
that an independent appraisal of this method of growing crops
was highly desirable. I therefore requested Professors D. R. Hogland
and d Arnin to conduct certain additional investigations and to
prepare a manuscript for a popular circular on the general
subject of growing plants in nutrient solutions. So this seems

(26:31):
to hint a friction between the school and Gerrikey was
not just over whether he had done the work as
a side project, but also involved the way he communicated
with the press and the public about that work. The
Water Culture Method for Growing Plants without soil has become
a foundational book for the science of hydroponics, But even

(26:52):
that writing of Hogland and Arnon seems to dismiss as
outlandish the ideas that would eventually come to pass. Quote
why badly circulated rumors claims and predictions about the water
culture production of crops often had little more to commend
them than the author's unrestrained imagination. Grossly inaccurate in fact

(27:12):
and misleading in implication, most of these claims betrayed an
ignorance of even the elementary principles of plant physiology. For example,
there have been statements that in the future, most of
the food needed by the occupants of a great apartment
building may be grown on the roof, and that in
large cities, skyscraper farms may supply huge quantities of fresh

(27:34):
fruit and vegetables. One Sunday Supplement article contained an illustration
showing a housewife opening a small closet off the kitchen
and picking tomatoes from vines growing in water culture with
the aid of electric lights. There has even arisen a
rumor that the restaurants of a large chain in New
York are growing their vegetables in basements. Stories of this

(27:57):
kind have gained wide currency and have captured the imaginations
of many persons. This cracks me up so bad, so
it kind of makes you wonder did all of that
friction at Berkeley kind of stem from all of these
researchers simply not having the same vision of what hydroponics
could be or become. Because so many of those examples

(28:20):
that hog Linden are not held up as outlandish have
one hundred percent come to pass. Rooftop gardens, some of
which are fully hydroponic, have popped up in cities around
the world. There are so many hydroponic setups for the
home consumer that are designed to work in any room,
even closets, using only a small footprint and artificial lighting,

(28:42):
and a quick Internet search turns up plenty of restaurants
that are growing their own produce hydroponically. I laughed a
lot as I was reading through this outline earlier and
read that paragraph. They're like, this is ridiculous. We are
going to pause here to hear from the sponsors that

(29:03):
keep the show going. And when we come back, we
will talk about the role of hydroponics in World War Two.
Despite the bickering that seemed to be going on in
a subtle way in the books of Gerrikee and his colleagues,

(29:26):
it wasn't long before hydroponics presented a solution for the
US Army Air Force during World War II. Also, just
as a reminder, the Air Force did not become its
own separate branch of the military until nineteen forty seven,
so some air bases that were in use in World
War Two were just too remote or isolated to have
access to fresh produce. The nutritional content of rations was

(29:50):
pretty good in terms of balance, but it wasn't a
substitute for fresh food. Additionally, the rations became really monotonous
and they weren't always super happetizing, so in a lot
of instances, soldiers skipped meals just because they didn't want
to eat it anymore. Navy ships had the benefit of
refrigeration units on board to carry produce, but that was

(30:10):
not always the case at bases. According to the Air
Force Medical Service, flight surgeons started to be concerned about
nutritional deficiencies among the men. Conditions like depression, night blindness,
digestive problems, fatigue, and other issues that could compromise performance
were all traced back to diet. In an air Surgeon's

(30:34):
bulletin from nineteen forty five, it was reported that quote
medical officers in New Guinea as early as nineteen forty
two recognized the signs of dietary deficiency and military personnel
under their supervision. Reports from other areas in which fresh
foods were unobtainable indicated clinical evidence of vitamin deficiency in

(30:55):
local diets, with resultant fatigability and listlessness, and even or
acute symptoms in the personnel. The Aeromedical Laboratory at Wright
Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio offered up the idea of
hydroponic gardens as a way to get those crews fresh food,
and that idea was approved. Fourteen hydroponic facilities were planned

(31:17):
by the US Army Air Force, although they weren't all
completed before the war and the program ended, but in
the places that those facilities got up and running, they
were pretty prolific. One facility on Ascension Island, which sits
in the Atlantic between Africa and South America, needed to
distill fresh water from seawater for their setup. It also

(31:40):
required the hand pollination of crops because there were no
bees on the island. This was not the only facility
to deal with that particular challenge, and there were other
challenges that popped up depending on location. In a lot
of places they had to ship in bees. Some of
the facilities in the Pacific had to really aggressively combat
insect infestations. But this project ended up being really successful.

(32:05):
The Ascension Hydroponic Garden produced nearly five thousand pounds of
produce in a single month, which included lettuce, cucumbers, peppers,
and radishes, among other vegetables. Even after the war, some
of these facilities were kept running for a while until
the program was shut down permanently. But even after all

(32:25):
of that, there was still some nay saying about hydroponics.
In the nineteen forty seven Yearbook of Agriculture published by
the US Department of Agriculture, Neil W. Stewart, a physiologist
from the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering
Rights quote, the idea of growing plants in water or

(32:46):
sand without soil has fired almost everyone's imagination at some
time or other. Whether it is called hydroponics, soilists culture,
water culture, neutraculture, or whatever. Many an American has dreamed
of using it to become rich or self sufficient when
he gets out of the army, or retires from the office,

(33:07):
or gets his little place in the country. But the
truth is that soil less culture, a practice of great
value to students of plant nutrition, has been over publicized
and overpopularized so that many persons have false impressions as
to its real possibilities and limitations. Stewart goes on to

(33:28):
explain that people just don't understand water culture and that
issues like aerration and physical support for the plants are
major drawbacks. So many of these write ups to me
sound so I don't know if I would call it
gatekeepy or conceded on the part of scientists who are
like the average person, just can't understand the idea that

(33:49):
you need to pump involved. It's like this, This isn't
rocket science, y'all. I don't have to do formulas. It's fine.
Stuart then explains the various techniques of hydroponic gardening and
crop production to remedy the various false impressions that people
may have and then he concludes with a prediction about
the future of the practice, which sounds pretty positive. Quote.

(34:11):
Some technical training and considerable experience are necessary for the
efficient management of soilist culture crop production. Its future development
in the United States will probably be confined to the
production of crops having a relatively high unit value ornamentals
out of seasoned vegetables or seed links for transplanting under

(34:33):
favorable conditions, yields may be expected to equal or surpass
similar yields in soil, but so far the differences have
not been outstanding. The method is also well adapted for
specialized studies in plant nutrition, phytopathology, and plant breeding, where
growth understandard conditions is desired. The indications are that soilist

(34:54):
culture techniques will be more widely employed in the future.
After World War II two, there were commercial growers who
became more interested in hydroponics. The floral industry saw a
number of nurseries adopted, and some large scale greenhouse operations
also emerged. Then, in the nineteen seventies, General Mills made

(35:15):
a lot of headlines when it announced that it was
going to launch what the press called a vegetable factory. Yeah,
they developed a whole system where they were producing vegetables
indoors and were marketing them in that way as an
effort to try to help boost one their production and

(35:35):
thus their profits, but also like to get people excited
about this idea of a way to grow fruits and vegetables.
And then in nineteen eighty two, hydroponics got a huge
boost invisibility thanks to Epcot in Walt Disney World when
it opened the Gardens of Tomorrow exhibit at the Land
Pavilion and the Land Pavilion show cases still a variety

(36:02):
of hydroponic growing techniques, and guests can see a variety
of plants thriving in the indoor facility. You can either
take the boats that are the standard ride, or you
can do a behind the Seeds tour and walk through
and get all kinds of extra information. Highly recommend if
you're a plant person. The vegetables and fruits that are
grown there are actually the ones that are served to

(36:23):
guests at the various restaurants on property. Since then, the
science of hydroponics and the desire to embrace it have
grown in a world where there are increasingly dense populations
in places that don't offer a lot of available land
for growing food. Hydroponics and other soilists growing systems continue

(36:45):
to be developed and researched in the hopes that in
a world of shifting and shrinking resources, we can continue
to find ways to feed people. NASA has had research
projects and hydroponics for years, starting with the first vertical
farm in the United States, which was assembled inside a
decommissioned hyperbaric chamber that used to be used to test

(37:05):
the Mercury space capsule. NASA continues to be a significant
leader in the field, and a lot of commercial farms
today have benefited directly from innovations in the field that
were developed by NASA. And of course now you can
go out and buy your own hydroponic system from a
variety of options. The global hydroponic market is expected to

(37:27):
be worth sixteen billion dollars this year. That's the briefest
version of the history of hydroponics, which I'm obviously obsessed
with at this point in time. I have yet another
email about advent calendars. Look, I'm just focusing on things
that bring me joy. This one is from Rebecca, who

(37:49):
writes a message from the perpetually behind just finish the
December twenty twenty three episode on advent calendars, you mentioned
home made ones, so I thought I would share mine.
My mom made felt wall calendars from my brother and
sister while pregnant with my brother, who was due near Christmas.
My sister was four when I the surprise baby came

(38:09):
eighteen months later. She had her hands too full to
get back to making me one for a number of years,
so I actually helped her make mine when I was
about eleven. I love this. Rebecca goes on to say
we were never religious. My dad referred to himself as
a recovering Catholic, and my mom was raised Southern Baptist
but became an atheist. But she adored all of the

(38:29):
traditions and pageantry of Christmas celebrations. As far as I know,
Advent calendars were not a tradition in either family. I
suspect it is something that she saw in Woman's Day
or BHG or one of her craft magazines. She made
my siblings calendar circ in nineteen seventy two. It's a
basic Christmas countdown with a five y five grid, so

(38:50):
it includes one for Christmas Day. Each day. You would
move the piece from the grid up to the top.
Mine has a stocking. My brothers was a sleigh and
my sister's a tree. Traditionally, we would move the piece
right before beds, so it would be the last act
of Christmas Day to put up the last remaining piece.
All of ours had a scan of for Christmas Eve
and a Christmas tree for Christmas Day. The other pieces

(39:13):
varied and were personalized. My sister loved angels, so hers
included one. My brothers had a cake with candles for
his birthday. Mine has a cat because of my love
of them. Some of the pieces are the originals my
mom made almost forty years ago. Others are more recent
replacements I made my grown up. Embroidery skills were used
for the snowflake and doll's braided hair. I still put

(39:36):
it up every year. This year I even took it
with me and put it up in my hotel room
when I traveled for the holiday. I hope you enjoy
the pictures and maybe feel inspired to try making one
of your own. I've considered making a pocketed one with
a different design on each pocket that you could then
customize with your own treats like chocolates or teas or
mini liquors. FYI, while visiting my friend for Christmas, I

(39:58):
found out bun Mama has it's a jam Jelly Advent calendar.
Totally getting one next year. I have had that calendar.
It's good. This is the cutest thing in the world,
and I love it, and I love family traditions that
go on for so long. And seeing all of these
adorable little ornaments you add to your Advent calendar is precious.
I love it so much. And there's a little black

(40:20):
felt kittikat on this one that Rebecca sent pictures of that.
It's just a simple outline of a kiddie, but I
love it so much. It's precious. Thank you so much
for sharing this family tradition with us. It's very joyous
and brings me a lot of delight. If you would
like to share pictures of your Christmas decor, I don't
care what month it is, you can do that in July.

(40:40):
If you want Halloween year round, Christmas year round, I
don't mind any of it. You can do that at
History Podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. You can also subscribe
to the podcast on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you
listen to your favorite shows. Stuff you missed in History

(41:00):
class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio,
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