Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:04):
Welcome to Tech Stuff, a production from iHeartRadio.
Speaker 2 (00:11):
Hey there, and.
Speaker 1 (00:12):
Welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. I'm
an executive producer with iHeart Podcasts and how the tech
are you? So I'm still on vacation and that means
that we're going to listen to an episode that originally
published on May thirty first, twenty twenty three. It is
titled Getting in Touch with touch Screens. So, yeah, we
(00:33):
talk all about the touch screen technology and the two
well there's more than two, but the two major ways
touch screen technology tends to work.
Speaker 2 (00:44):
Enjoy.
Speaker 1 (00:48):
Let's talk a bit about touch screens. So, in the
grand scheme of things, they're a fairly recent invention. If
you look back at the original Star Trek series, you
can see that they are a recent invention because they
didn't think about touch screens when they were designing the sets.
Speaker 2 (01:07):
For Star Trek.
Speaker 1 (01:08):
The Enterprise, which is the flagship of the Federation, used
physical buttons and switches, not touch screens. Now that should
not come as a surprise. The set designers were taking
their inspiration from electronic devices and mainframe computers of the
time and then just saying how can we make that
look more futury, and you can't blame them for failing
(01:31):
to predict that in the future people would interact with
technologies through other means, including voice and touch. By the
time we get up to Star Trek the next Generation,
things had changed.
Speaker 2 (01:43):
Quite a bit.
Speaker 1 (01:44):
The controls on the New Enterprise were these sort of
touch sensitive panels. They had control surfaces that were built
directly into walls and consoles in such a way that
I bet it was someone's full time gig on the
set to just wipe down the surfaces to get rid
of all the smudges. They also had voice commands built
into their computer system at that point, so that was
(02:05):
pretty cool too. They kind of had both of those
blossoming technologies involved in Star Trek Next Generation. And there
are actually several different methods that you could follow to
create a touch screen or touch surface. So, for example,
you could have a rear projection screen and you're projecting
(02:27):
images from behind the screen onto the screen. And also
behind the screen, you could have a bunch of near
infrared cameras, and these near infrared cameras could detect when
a fingertip or some object makes contact with the surface
that's on the other side and then map that to
(02:50):
a program that creates the appropriate response. The original Microsoft Surface,
which later would be called the Pixel Sense, had something
like this and used multiple near infrared cameras I think
five of them behind the screen to detect and track
objects that make contact with the screen. If you don't recall,
(03:12):
the pixel Sense had sort of a table form factor.
It was quite a large display, bigger than what you
would have with like a tablet.
Speaker 2 (03:21):
But I wanted to.
Speaker 1 (03:22):
Talk about the differences between the two most common touch
screen technologies that consumers typically encounter. So first up is
actually capacitive touch. This is really the type of screen
you're most likely to encounter these days. Most touch screen
technology falls back on this, and capacitive touch predates the
(03:43):
other technology that we'll talk about by about five years
or so. So back in nineteen sixty five, there was
a British engineer named E. A. Johnson who developed capasitive
touch technologies while working for the Royal Radar Establishment. He
wrote up his work in a paper he titled Touch
(04:04):
Displays a Programmed Man Machine Interface in nineteen sixty seven.
A capacitive screen consists of several layers, so we're gonna
work from the bottom up, and by up, I mean
like at the top layer will be the surface that
you would interact with. So at the base you have
(04:24):
your actual display. Right, this is what is generating the
image that you're gonna see through the other layers. So
all the layers on top of this need to be
transparent because otherwise you wouldn't be able to see the
stuff that's on the display, and you've kind of eliminated
the purposes of having a touchscreen device. Now. Typically you
would have a thin glass substrate that would be on
(04:46):
top of the display, and then the next layer up
would be a conductive layer. So this is a layer
that creates an electrostatic field across it. On top of
that layer is a a thin transparent layer, and this
is the layer that you could actually touch. So if
(05:09):
something conductive makes contact with this top layer, then some
of the electrostatic charge on the layer beneath the top
layer will transfer to that conductive material.
Speaker 2 (05:21):
So let's just say it's your finger. Make it easy.
Speaker 1 (05:24):
So you touch your finger to the surface of a screen.
Your finger is conductive, and once you touch the screen,
some of the charge on the surface underneath that top
layer transfers to your finger, and the charge decreases at
the point of contact. So you've got circuits that are
(05:46):
built into the edge of the screen, often at the corners,
and they detect where precisely that charge decrease in the
capacitive layer happens and registers this as a contact and
then that translates into an action based on whatever it
is you're doing.
Speaker 2 (06:02):
So like if you're playing a.
Speaker 1 (06:03):
Game and you move your finger across the screen, it says,
all right, well, the point of contact started at this position,
it ended at that position, and that means we need
to reflect that in moving a character from one point
to another or whatever it may be. Now, this is
why if you're wearing non conductive gloves, you can't interact
(06:24):
with a touch screen, a capacitive touch screen properly unless
you carry around something like a hot dog around that
would work. I've actually seen people or pictures of people
in Japan doing that when the weather was really darn cold.
Speaker 2 (06:38):
Hm hot dog phone.
Speaker 1 (06:40):
But also like anything that has a conductive rather a
conductive surface would work. It's just that if you're wearing
gloves that insulate you, then that doesn't work. That's why
some gloves come with a little conductive mesh at the
fingertips so that you can still interact with your capacitive
touch screen device is while wearing the gloves. Now, the
(07:04):
version that Johnson invented way back in nineteen sixty five
was understandably limited. It could only detect the presence of
a touch. It couldn't tell the difference between one finger
or two fingers or anything like that. I don't think
it could even detect where on the screen the touch happened,
just that there was a touch. So, in other words,
(07:27):
it was kind of an on off or binary system.
Either something conductive was in contact with the screen or
it wasn't. But this served as the foundation for the
capacitive touch screens we use today. The problem is they
were expensive, so while it was possible, it didn't really
proliferate because the use cases were fairly limited, and it
(07:52):
didn't make any sense to try and incorporate that into
consumer technology because whatever you made would be way too expensive.
The other common touch screen technology is called resistive touch.
In nineteen seventy, an inventor named G. Samuel Hurst was
trying to figure out a way to more efficiently make
use of a vandograph accelerator, and so he came up
(08:15):
with the idea of using electrically conductive paper.
Speaker 2 (08:19):
Essentially, these papers.
Speaker 1 (08:20):
Would have like a grid along the you know, X
and y axis of the paper, and you could detect
a change in voltage along those grids, so you could
you could plot a specific point of contact. By the way,
a vandograph generator, you know, a vandograph accelerator is what
(08:43):
Hearst was referring to. But that's because a vandograph generator
was used as a very primitive particle accelerator back in
the day. It is an electrostatic generator. You've probably at
least seen pictures of these, if not actually seen one
in use. So typically you're using a belt mounted on
some rollers that turn very quickly. This makes the belt
(09:06):
move very quickly, and the moving belt actually typically makes
contact with another surface, but it generates this electrostatic charge
and carries that charge to a hollow metal globe. The
globe itself is also mounted on top of a column
that's made of some sort of insulator material, so this
(09:29):
isolates the metal globe. Right, You're building up this electrostatic
charge in the metal globe and there's nowhere for the
charge to go because you've isolated the globe, and then
you can bring something conductive in you know, general proximity
of the globe, and as you get close enough, the
(09:49):
difference in electric potentials will cause a spark to form.
Like you essentially create a circuit very very briefly, and
then you get this zap of a spark. And you've
probably seen, like I said, one of these, either in
video or maybe even in person. You're likely to find
it in science classrooms to help demonstrate the principles of electrostatics.
(10:12):
But back in the day they were used as particle
accelerators in physics research. Yes, today it's a toy and
a science classroom, but back in the day it was
a particle accelerator. Anyway, Doctor Hurst used the electrically conductive
paper to plot charges on X and y axis, and
only a bit later did he realize that what he
was doing could potentially have other applications outside the lab.
(10:37):
I'll explain more, but first let's take a quick break.
So doctor Hurst and his team figured that they might
actually have some applications for this conductive paper beyond the
(11:00):
lot of charges. Using a vandograph accelerator, and he thought
that he could make this into a touch screen interface,
so this would be a resistive touch screen. They actually
have more layers than capacitive touch screens. That also means
they block a little more light than capacitive touchscreens do,
(11:21):
so resistive screens tend to be dimmer than capacitive ones.
So let's go through those layers again, and again we're
going to start from the display side up to the
surface where you would make contact with the screen. So
at the very base you've still got your display, just
like with capacitive. On top of the display, you've got
a glass substrate. Above that, you have a transparent conductive layer,
(11:47):
so again similar to what you would have with the
capacitive screen. But next you would have a layer of
what are called separator dots. So these are our little
supports that are non conductive.
Speaker 2 (11:59):
They are there to act as a separator.
Speaker 1 (12:03):
They keep the first transparent conductive layer separate from a
second transparent conductive layer, so they're there to keep space
between those two layers. So again above these separator dots
is that second transparent conductive layer. And then on the
(12:23):
very top you have a flexible transparent film on top.
This is where you would make contact with the screen.
So when you push down on the screen, whether it's
with a conductive surface or not, what you're doing is
you're deforming the top most transparent layer to push down
(12:45):
and come into contact with the next transparent conductive layer.
That creates a circuit. So as long as you're pushing
down with enough force, you're creating the circuit and it
will detect that. So typically you've got other circuits in
the device that detect drops in voltage or changes in voltage,
(13:08):
and that's how they can detect the precise location where
the touch happened. So again doesn't matter if it's your finger,
if you're wearing gloves, if you're using a stylus, it
doesn't really matter. What matters is that that top transparent
conductive layer comes into contact with the bottom transparent conductive
(13:29):
layer and creates a circuit. So the capacitive screen actually
came first, but the resistive screen was more popular. It
got more popular, and it did so faster than capacitive.
So why is that, Well, mostly it comes down to cost. Also,
like the fact that you didn't have to have a
conductive material to work with it meant that you could
(13:52):
actually use it for lots of other stuff, including stuff
where you might have to do something like wear gloves,
but you could use a stylus like That's a useful
part of that technology is the fact that you can
still work with it even if you aren't able to,
you know, use your fingers directly on the screen. But
it was much cheaper, and that was really the big thing.
(14:14):
So capacitive sort of took a back seat for a while,
and it would require a lot more innovation in the
space to make capacitive screens more attractive than resistive screens. However,
these days, most consumer devices you're going to come into
contact with use capacitive touch screens, largely because I mean,
they're still more expensive than resistive touch screens, but they
(14:36):
can display brighter images, so that's that's definitely a positive.
Speaker 2 (14:41):
They tend to.
Speaker 1 (14:42):
Be more durable as well as you can imagine if
you've got a resistive touch screen, which is it works
based upon you pushing the screen hard enough to make
contact between two layers. I mean, you don't have to
push super hard, but it does have to be enough
pressure so that the some detects. There's a touch there well.
(15:02):
As you might imagine, this eventually deforms the upper transparent
conductive layer, and that you can eventually get to points
where it's already close to or making contact with the
lower layer. Just kind of like having a short circuit, right,
and it makes it more difficult to have an accurate experience.
(15:24):
Using resistive touch screens doesn't happen overnight, but over time
it does happen. So that's one of the other benefits
capacitive touch screens have over resistive. It's also easier to
use capacitive touch screens for multi touch functions in general,
not that you couldn't do it with resistive touch screens,
(15:45):
but it's just it's easier when you're not focusing on
using pressure to make that point of contact. You will
still find resistive touch screens, however, in devices that are
aimed at lower price points, So if you're looking at
like a Budge tablet, there are a lot of industrial
uses for resistive touch screens to this day. And keep
(16:06):
in mind, as I said at the beginning of this episode,
there are other types of touch screen technologies besides these two.
There's some that use acoustics, there're some that use infra
red lasers. Like I said, with the surface, there are
the kinds that use you know, cameras that are mounted
behind the screen itself. It's not like these two are
(16:27):
the only two. There are lots of other technologies. It's
just those two are the ones you're most likely to
come into contact with, both figuratively and literally. So I
hope that this was interesting and informative, a little text
off tidbits episode, and I'm trying to do more of
these because it's fun to do these short ones. It's
(16:48):
just a challenge because you know, I'm a chatty kathy.
This episode probably could have been eight minutes long and
instead of going twice as long. So but hey, I
like your company, hope you like mine, And if you
have any suggestions for little things that you would like
explained in the tech space, even.
Speaker 2 (17:05):
If it's something like, hey, can you give a quick rundown.
Speaker 1 (17:08):
On logic gates and what those do or something along
those lines, let me know and I'll look into it.
And I hope you are all well and I'll talk
to you again really soon. Tech Stuff is an iHeartRadio production.
For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts,
(17:33):
or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.