Candia Massacre / Buddy Bolden born - September 6

The Candia Massacre began on this day in 1898. / On this day, jazz pioneer Buddy Bolden was born in New Orleans.

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:00):
Hey everyone. Technically you're getting two days in History today
because we were running two episodes from the History Vault.
You'll also hear two hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson.
Hope you enjoy. Welcome to this Day in History Class
from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk
of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show
where we explore the past one day at a time

(00:20):
with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,
and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and
it's September six. The candy At massacre took place on
this day in the city of candy Is, now more
commonly known as Heraclian. That's on the island of Crete.

(00:41):
After the Fourth Crusade, Crete was sold to Venice, but
the Venetians weren't all that kind to the island's predominantly
Greek population, so in sixty five, the Ottoman Empire invaded Crete.
They thought they would have the support of the Greek
population and fighting against the Venetians would was true, but

(01:01):
Venice was determined to stay in control of the island.
In particular, the city of Candia was very, very heavily
fortified and the Ottoman force lay siege to it for
twenty two years. This was one of the longest sieges
in the entire history of the world. Maintaining all of
this defense against the siege was expensive. It was very

(01:22):
difficult for Venice, and they finally ceded Crete to the
Ottoman Empire on September six of sixteen sixty nine. Fast
forward to eighteen ninety six, the Ottoman Empire is really
in decline and numerous nations become very deeply interested in
trying to prevent a war as the Ottoman Empire recedes.

(01:44):
They finally convinced the Ottoman Empire to reform the government
of Crete and to establish a Christian governor and a
European commission for overseeing things like the police and the courts.
That is where we pick up for the candy and
massacre creates. Population at this point included both Christians and Muslims,
and while the Christians were delighted about this change and

(02:04):
having a Christian governor in charge, the Muslims were furious.
This led to ongoing religiously motivated violence as the international
powers involved tried to put create under local control and failed. Ultimately,
Russia France, Italy and Great Britain divided up the island
and they placed their respective forces in four different quadrants.

(02:27):
The British forces were in and around Candia in August
of plan was put in place to establish a tithe
on exports and to put the Tithe Collector's office under
British control. This meant that the Muslims who were currently
working in the Tithe Collector's office in Candia, we're going
to be replaced with Christians. The Muslim population, which far

(02:50):
outnumbered the Christian population in the city, objected to this.
They were outraged and a group of armed people stormed
the collector's office. It is not clear exactly what happened,
the accounts from the day completely contradict each other, but
it became extremely violent. Muslims started attacking the British detachment

(03:12):
of troops there as well as attacking Christian holmes. Fourteen
British soldiers and the British Vice Console were killed in
the initial violence, and then it just exploded into a massacre,
with hundreds of Christians being killed. The massacre only started
to slow down when the HMS Hazard, which was anchored
off shore, started shelling the town. An international force of

(03:35):
about three hundred additional troops were sent to the town
to try to restore order. The officer who was in
command of the Turkish forces who were still in Crete
also learned of what was going on and committed troops
to restoring order as well. In the end, fewer than
five hundred of the approximately one thousand Christians who had
been living in the city survived. Some of them survived

(03:56):
or being sheltered by their Muslim neighbors. Within a couple
of weeks, though nearly all of the surviving Christian population
had left. Multiple courts of inquiry were held after all
of this, with more than two hundred suspects being arrested
in nearly eighty trials. There were nineteen executions within three months,
and during all this it was revealed that one of

(04:18):
the major perpetrators had been a high ranking member of
the Ottoman force who was acting against orders. That became
a major factor in removing the remainder of the Ottoman
force from Crete completely. And this incident was part of
an international movement towards establishing international laws in relation to
war crimes, because in a lot of cases, when it

(04:39):
came to actually trying the perpetrators. It just was not clear,
and whose jurisdiction a particular person should be tried in
was not clear where they were going to get a
fair trial and create The anniversary of this massacre is
marked on August twenty five, which was the day that
it fell on under the old Julian calendar which was
in use at the time. There's a twenty five August

(05:01):
street in Heraklion today. Thanks to Eve's Jeff Code for
her research work on today's episode, and thanks to Tarry
Harrison for her audio work on this show, you can
subscribe to The Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts,
Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get your podcasts, and
tomorrow you can tune in for one of the most
profitable raids in pirate history. Hi Um, Eve's welcome to

(05:32):
This Day in History Class, a show that reveals a
little bit more about history day by day. The day
was September six seven. Charles Joseph Bolden was born in

(05:52):
New Orleans to Alice and Westmore Bolden. Buddy Bolden, as
he was known, was a cornetist who instrumental in the
development of jazz. There is a considerable amount of mystery
and discrepancy surrounding the details of his life, but the
recollections of his friends and peers have helped preserve his story.

(06:14):
Buddy's older sister died in eighteen eighty one of encephalitis.
Two years later, his father died of pneumonia. When Buddy
was ten years old, He his mother, and his younger
sister moved into a house on First Street in New Orleans.
Buddy was not formally trained in playing the cordnet, but
in the mid eighteen nineties, Buddy began taking lessons from

(06:38):
a neighbor who was a cook and a family friend.
Around this same time, Buddy joined a small dance band
led by Charlie Galloway. As he performed around the city,
he gained a lot of fans and attention. He met
a woman named Hattie Oliver, with whom he had a
child in eighteen nine seven. He also had a daughter

(06:59):
named for Nadine years later with a woman named Nora Bass,
but their relationships did not last long, and he lived
with his mother and sister throughout much of his twenties.
By the turn of the century, Buddy was the band
leader of a steady group of people. There were two
clarinet players, one trombonist, one guitarist, one bass player, and

(07:22):
a drummer. Buddy and his band were known for improvising
and making traditional and popular songs their own. They often
played at the Union Sun's Hall, a popular entertainment venue
in Black Storyville, a part of the Red Light district
called Storyville that was for black people. Buddy would play
late into the night, and some days he would make

(07:45):
appearances at more than one venue. But he gained a
lot of fame relatively quickly, and that took a toll
on him. He began drinking heavily and had headaches. Around
nineteen o six, he started showing signs of men till illness.
He missed shows, clashed with his bandmates, and became paranoid.

(08:07):
In March of nineteen o six, he was arrested and
jailed after hitting Norah's mother with a water picture. The
press covered this incident, though they offered different accounts on
whether he had hit Nora's mother or his own. By
the end of that year, Buddies bandmates left his band,
and musicians began to rotate in and out of his group.

(08:30):
He continued to struggle with mental illness. He shorted band
members on their pay, and left the Labor Day Parade
route that he was marching for unknown reasons. After he
was arrested for what the police called insanity on September
eight and then released, he never played his coordinet again.

(08:50):
In April of nineteen oh seven, he was committed to
the Jackson and Sane Asylum. Two months later, he was
transferred to the Mental Institution in Jackson, Louisiana. He was
diagnosed with dementa pray Cox paranoid type, which later morphed
into a parallel diagnosis of schizophrenia. His mother and sister

(09:11):
visited him at the asylum and wrote letters to him.
After they stopped visiting, Buddy stayed there until he died
in November of nine in Parker General Hospital, which was
part of the asylum. He died of cerebral arterial sclerosis.
Buddy had been considered one of the founding fathers of jazz,

(09:33):
but there are no records of Buddy's performances. Though Buddy
did innovate in his style and sound, there is debate
over exactly what Buddy may have pioneered after he stopped
playing his cornet, a style of jazz called Dixieland developed
in New Orleans. I'm Eve Steffcote and hopefully you know
a little more about history today than you did yesterday.

(09:57):
Keep up with us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at
T d i h C podcast. Thanks for joining me
on this trip through time. See you here in the
exact same spot tomorrow. For more podcasts for my Heart Radio,

(10:27):
visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever
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