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September 14, 2020 10 mins

U.S. President William McKinley died on this day in 1901, having been shot by an assassin on September 6. / On this day in 1921, Constance Baker Motley, the first Black woman to be named a federal court judge, was born.

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Episode Transcript

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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Hey everyone. Technically you're getting two days in History today
because we were running two episodes from the History Vault.
You'll also here too, hosts me and Tracy V. Wilson.
Hope you enjoy Welcome to this Day in History Class
from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk
of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show
where we explore the past one day at a time

(00:20):
with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,
and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and
it's September. US President William McKinley died on this day
in nineteen o one after being shot on September six
of that year. When he was shot, McKinley was at

(00:41):
the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. At the time,
Buffalo was one of the largest cities in the United
States thanks to its position relative to both the Erie
Canal and the major railroads. As another bonus, it was
very close to Niagara Falls, which have become a major
tourist attraction. McKinley had been re elected in nine teen
hundred and he wanted to attend the exposition, which had

(01:03):
been postponed before due to the Spanish American War. These
expositions highlighted a very particular idea of American progress. It
really showed off the United States as a place of
innovation and culture, and those were among the reasons why
McKinley wanted to be there. He also wanted to have
a lengthy meat and greet outside of the Temple of

(01:24):
Music at the exposition. This was against the advice of
his advisors, who were increasingly worried about the threat of
an assassination, especially after the assassination of Umberto Primo of
Italy on July twenty nine nine. McKinley was in the
habit of having these handshake appearances after his speeches and addresses,
and he just refused to give them up. All his

(01:47):
team could do was to add more security. They could
not convince him not to do it, so the President
was shaking hands on September six when twenty eight year
old Leon Chulgoes shot him twice. Figes was an anarchist.
He was inspired by that assassination in Italy, and he
believed that McKinley was an enemy of the American people

(02:10):
and that McKinley was doing what was best for the
rich and powerful while ignoring the needs of the working class.
Joel Goes had actually planned to assassinate McKinley the day before.
When he got there, he wasn't confident that he could
make his shot, so he tried again at the public
receiving line with his gun concealed in a handkerchief. One
of the two bullets that he fired was deflected by

(02:31):
a button on McKinley's clothing, and the other hit him
in the abdomen. Security and the crowd turned on Chole
Goes when this happened. McKinley, though called out for him
to be captured and not harmed. The president underwent surgery
at the Exposition Hospital. They did not really have a
surgeon on staff. The doctor who did this procedure was

(02:55):
a gynecologist named Matthew Man. This was before the development
of modern sanitary surgical procedures. Man basically felt around inside
the president's bullet wound with his fingers. He couldn't find
the bullet and sowed the president's wound up for several days.
After that, McKinley seemed to be improving, but he collapsed

(03:17):
on September thirteenth, nineteen o one, and he died the
following day. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt had come to Buffalo
after the shooting, but he had gone back to his
family vacation because it seemed like McKinley was going to
pull through. He came back to Buffalo and was sworn
in as president about thirteen hours after McKinley's death, so

(03:38):
for that window of time, there was technically no president.
After an autopsy, the cause of the president's death was
determined to be an infection and gang green. After a
funeral in Washington, D C. McKinley's body was returned to
his hometown of Canton, Ohio. Chul Goes was tried for
murder and sentenced to death, and before his execution he
said quote, I killed the president because he was the

(04:00):
to me of the good people, the good working people.
I am not sorry for my crime. I am only
sorry I could not get to see my father. You
can learn more about the assassination of President McKinley, as
well as other presidential assassinations in the November nine and
eleven episodes of Stuff You Missed in History Class, which
are called New York super Week Live Assassination History Parts

(04:22):
one and two, and those episodes we interview author Brian
Young about his book of children's illustrated History of Presidential Assassinations.
You can subscribe to the Stay in History Class and
Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts and wherever else you get your podcasts,
and you can tune in tomorrow for some folks wrecking
trains for fun and profit. Greetings everyone, welcome to this

(04:53):
Day in History Class, where we bring you a new
tidbit from history every day. The day was September fourteenth,
nineteen one. Constance Baker Motley was born in New Haven, Connecticut.

(05:15):
Motley was the first black woman elected to the New
York State Senate and the first black woman to be
named a Federal Court judge. Constance was the ninth of
twelve children. Her parents, Willoughby Alba Baker and Rachel Baker,
immigrated to the United States from the island of Nevus.
Constance's father worked as a chef at a private club

(05:37):
associated with Yale University, but their family was one of
modest means. Her mother founded the New Haven chapter of
the Inn Double a c P. Though there were not
a ton of black people in New Haven when she
was a child, Constance learned about black history through her church.
In high school, she became more interested in politics, race relations, law,

(06:01):
and black history. During this time, she served as president
of the city's Youth Council and secretary for New Haven's
Adult Community Center. When she was fifteen years old, she
decided she wanted to become a lawyer. She graduated with
honors from New Haven High School in nineteen thirty nine,
but she could not afford to pay for her college tuition.

(06:24):
She began working for the local branch of the National
Youth Administration, a job she got thanks to her administrative
skills and experience in public service. After a philanthropist named
Clarence Blakesley heard her speak at a meeting, he offered
to pay her way through college in law school. She
took him up on the offer, and she went to

(06:45):
Fisk University, then transferred to New York University, where she
graduated with an economics degree in nineteen forty three. Three
years later, she graduated from Columbia University Law School. Constance
later said that people did not believe she would be
successful in the legal profession, but in her last year
of law school, she was selected to be a law

(07:07):
clerk for Third Good Marshal, the Chief Council of the
n double a CP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, or
the l d F. Over the years, Marshal would become
a mentor to Constance. At the time, the LDF was
challenging the separate but Equal standard that said public accommodations
could be racially segregated as long as the facilities were equal.

(07:31):
In nineteen six she married Joel Wilson Motley, a real
estate insurance broker, and they later had a child. She
stayed at the l DF for twenty years, becoming assistant
counsel and then later the organization's principal trial lawyer. When
she was a principal legal counsel, she worked on civil
rights cases that involved ending discrimination in education, housing, employment, transportation,

(07:58):
and public accommodations. She prepared the draft complaint for the
case that turned into the landmark US Supreme Court case
Brown Versus Board of Education, in which the Supreme Court
ruled in favor of the l DF, and Motley would
go on to appear in state and federal courts around
the country to argue cases on segregation and issues raised

(08:21):
by Brown v. Board. She played an important role in
many lawsuits the inn double a CP filed in major
cases that coincided with the emergence of the civil rights movement.
From nineteen fifty eight to nineteen sixty five, Motley was
also a member of the New York State Advisory Council
on Employment and Unemployment Insurance. After the death of activists

(08:44):
Meger Evers, with whom she had worked closely, she resigned
from the LDF and turned to government work full time.
She served out the unexpired term of New York State
Senator James Watson and one re election in nineteen sixty four,
and office she remained focused on housing, employment and education.

(09:05):
In nineteen sixty five, she was elected president of the
Manhattan Borough becoming the first woman to head any of
the five boroughs, and the next year, President Lyndon B.
Johnson named her a judge in the U S District
Court for the Southern District of New York. Conservative judges
and politicians protested this appointment, but she was sworn into

(09:27):
office in September of nineteen sixty six. Motley died of
congestive heart failure in two thousand five. Throughout her career
in law and politics, she was recognized for being a
respected jurist and for being dedicated to fighting for desegregation,
civil rights demonstrators, other issues of racism and discrimination, and

(09:48):
matters as varied as First Amendment, protest rights, and sex discrimination.
I'm Eves Jeffcote and hopefully you know a little more
about history today than you did yesterday. If you have
any burning questions or comments to tell us, you can
find us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at t d

(10:09):
i h V podcast. Thanks for showing up. We'll meet
here again tomorrow. For more podcasts from I Heeart Radio,
visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you
listen to your favorite shows.

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