May 30, 2023 • 11 mins
Please enjoy these May 30th flashbacks from the TDIHC vault, and we will see you tomorrow for a brand new episode!
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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
Hey there, history fans, We're taking the day off, but
don't worry. We've got plenty of classic shows to tide
you over. Check out these selections from previous years of
This Day in History Class, and I'll meet you back
here tomorrow with a brand new episode. See you then, Hi,
I'm Eves.
Speaker 2 (00:17):
Welcome to This Day in History Class, a show that
reveals a little bit more about history, day by day.
The day was May thirtieth, nineteen fifty three. Just before midday,
Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Nepali Sherpa Tenzing Norgay
(00:40):
reached the summit of Mount Everest, the highest point above
global means sea level. The pair became the first recorded
people to summit the mountain, and since then thousands of
people have attempted to climb Everest. Mount Everest is located
in the Himalayas in Nepal and Tibet. It's the highest
mountain on Earth above sea level. The climb to the
(01:03):
top of the mountain is extremely challenging and dangerous. Oxygen
levels are low at the summit, and the weather is
cold and unpredictable. The first recorded attempt to climb Mount
Everest happened in nineteen twenty one, when a British expedition
treked miles across the Tibetan plateau to the bottom of
the mountain. They had to cut their climbs short when
(01:24):
a storm broke out, but mountaineer George Lee Mallory was
determined to complete the climb. Mallory, along with George Finch
and Jeffrey Bruce, took a shot at the climb the
next year, but did not make it to the top.
Later in nineteen twenty two, Mallory attempted to summit Everest again,
but the climb ended in disaster when several sherpas died
(01:47):
in an avalanche. Two years later, climber Edward Norton approached
the summit without using artificial oxygen, setting a world altitude
record but not reaching the top. That same year, Mallory
and climber Andrew Irvine set off on an attempt to
reach the summit, but the two were never seen alive again,
(02:07):
and Mallory's body was found on the mountain. In nineteen
ninety nine, more people attempted to summit Everest via Tibet
and then Nepal. The north route up Everest through Tibet
was closed and Nepal only allowed one trip from the
south annually. Britain had DIBs on nineteen fifty three, France
(02:27):
was set for nineteen fifty four, in Switzerland for nineteen
fifty five. In nineteen fifty two, Tinzig, Norgay and Raymond
Lambert attempted the feet and made it to just below
the South summit, but they had to turn around for supplies.
The next year, a British expedition under the command of
Colonel John Hunt was put together. New Zealanders Edmund Hillary
(02:51):
and George Low, as well as Sherpa Tenzig Norgay were
part of the expedition. The climbers had specially equipped clothing,
radio equipment, and oxygen systems. The team had brought three
hundred and sixty two porters, twenty sherpas, and ten thousand
pounds of luggage. On March tenth, the nineteen fifty three
(03:13):
British Everest expedition set out from Katmandu in April and May.
They ascended the mountain on the night of May twenty ninth.
Hillary and Norgay, the second assault team, prepared for the
climb to the summit. Tenzing had made six summit attempts
before this one, Their oxygen supply was short and the
(03:34):
pair would have to do with three lids a minute
rather than the four they had planned for. They ate sardines,
jam and honey, and drank hot water with lemon. By
six point thirty in the morning on May thirtieth, Hillary
and Norgay left camp for the summit in negative seventeen
degree fahrenheit weather with two twenty pounds cylinders of oxygen,
(03:56):
one of which was only partially filled. By nine in
the morning, they reached the South summit, and at eleven
thirty am, the two became the first to summit Mount Everest.
Hillary took three photos of his climbing partner and laid
down across tenzing left some suites at the top of
(04:17):
the mountain. They made their way back down to camp.
Fifteen minutes after they reached the summit. Queen Elizabeth the
second Knight at Hillary for the achievement. Norgay received the
British Empire Medal for the feat. Hillary went on more adventures,
including to the North and South Poles. He established the
Himalayan Trust and assisted Sherpas in Nepal. Norgay became the
(04:41):
first director of Field Training of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute
in Darjeeling and later founded a trekking adventure company. The
effects climbers have on Mount Everest in the environment, as
well as the danger of conditions on Everest for climbers,
remains a topic of debate. Jeff Coo and hopefully you
(05:01):
know a little more about history today than you did yesterday.
And as an additional note, there has been controversy over
whether Norgay and Hillary were really the first to get
to the summit. Some say that Andrew Irvine and George
Mallory made it to the top on their fatal climb
and just did not make it back down. Thank you
(05:23):
for joining me today. You can find us on Twitter, Instagram,
and Facebook at TDIHC podcast And if you are interested
in learning more about history, you can listen to the
show Unpopular, a new podcast hosted by me that's about
people who took a stand against the status quo to
(05:46):
create meaningful change. You can subscribe on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. Thanks again
for listening and we'll see you again tomorrow. Hey y'all,
I'm Eves and welcome to this day in History Class
(06:06):
a podcast where we open the book of history, flip
through it and tear out a page. The day was
May thirtieth, nineteen sixty seven. The Republic of Biafra declared
its independence from Nigeria. In nineteen fourteen, the Colony and
(06:30):
Protectorate of Nigeria was established. British Governor General Frederick Lugard
instituted a policy of indirect rule and this set up.
Traditional structures were allowed to remain to establish regulations, but
they were subordinate to British officials. Britain used existing ethnic
and social divisions to keep Nigerians from organizing effective political
(06:51):
resistance to its rule. It encouraged competition between Nigeria's largest
ethnic groups, the House of Fulani, Ebo, and your In
nineteen fifty four, Britain divided Nigeria into the Northern, Western,
and Eastern regions, with the latter two in the southern
half of the federation. Each region was soon dominated by
an ethnic group, the House of Fulani in the North,
(07:14):
the Yorba in the West, and the Ebo in the East.
As the British consolidated their power in the region, ethnic
and religious tension escalated. At the same time, the British
based descent from the Nigerians who challenged British rule. In
nineteen sixty Nigeria gained independence from Britain. Abu Bakar to
Fawa Balewa became the first prime minister, but the period
(07:37):
just after independence was marked by violent leadership transitions and
regional hostilities. Though some nationalists wanted a unified Nigeria, the
state was immensely divided. The government was led by the
Northern People's Congress in alliance with the National Council of
Nigerian Citizens, and in nineteen sixty three the country became
(07:58):
a republic, but ethnic com as well as economic and
social imbalances brought tensions to a head. In January of
nineteen sixty six, the civilian government was deposed in a
coup and General Aguiyi Iransi and Ebo became the head
of state. Ebo leaders claimed the coup was an attempt
to save Nigeria from dissolution, but the House of Holani
(08:19):
and Yorba people remained suspicious. The new administration abolished the
federation and instituted a unitary state, but the leaders of
the coup were accused of favoring Ebo domination. In July
of nineteen sixty six, General Yakubu gowen and Anga from
the Middle Bill of Nigeria led a counter coup with
help from northern groups. Agui Iransi was killed along with
(08:42):
thousands of others from the South who were living in
the North. Gowwan restored the federal state. He promised to
restore democratic rule, but continued ethnic tensions led to massacres.
Thousands of Southern Nigerians living in the North, particularly Ebos,
were killed. Northern Nigerians were also targeted in Eastern Nigeria.
(09:03):
After the programs in the North, thousands of Ebos fled
to their traditional lands in southern and Eastern Nigeria. Gwan's
government did not respond to Ebo appeals for justice, and
support grew for Ebo secession. On May thirtieth, nineteen sixty seven,
the Eastern Region seceded and proclaimed the Republic of Biafra.
(09:24):
Ebo leader General Ameica Ojuku declared the Republic of Biafra
a free and sovereign state. He also recommended that Biafra
become a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and adopt
a federal constitution based on the new provincial units. Ojuku
proclaimed that all ties between the Republic of Biafra and
the Federal Republic of Nigeria were dissolved. He also declared
(09:47):
that any contractual obligation entered into by any authority or
organization within the Republic of Biafra would be considered as
entered into with the government of the Republic of Biafra.
The Niji government turned to violence to reclaim the region.
For more than two years, Biafra and the government of
Nigeria were engaged in a civil war. Biafra did gain
(10:10):
recognition from some African states and a received aid from
international organizations, but Ojuku fled the country and Biafra surrendered
in January of nineteen seventy. More than a million people
are estimated to have died during the civil war, including
many Biafran civilians who died from starvation. After the war,
(10:30):
the Nigerian government adopted a policy of no victor, no vanquished.
Biafra was reabsorbed into Nigeria. The federal government proceeded to
consolidate its power and the Ebos grew more influential, but
they were still marginalized. I'm eave Chefcote and hopefully you
know a little more about history today than you did yesterday.
(10:51):
And if you have any comments our suggestions, you can
send them to us via email at this day at
iHeartMedia dot com. You can also hit us up on
social media. We're at t D I HC podcast. Thanks
so much for listening to the show and we'll see
you tomorrow. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app,
(11:18):
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
Hey there, history fans, We're taking the day off, but
don't worry. We've got plenty of classic shows to tide
you over. Check out these selections from previous years of
This Day in History Class, and I'll meet you back
here tomorrow with a brand new episode. See you then, Hi,
I'm Eves.
Speaker 2 (00:17):
Welcome to This Day in History Class, a show that
reveals a little bit more about history, day by day.
The day was May thirtieth, nineteen fifty three. Just before midday,
Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Nepali Sherpa Tenzing Norgay
(00:40):
reached the summit of Mount Everest, the highest point above
global means sea level. The pair became the first recorded
people to summit the mountain, and since then thousands of
people have attempted to climb Everest. Mount Everest is located
in the Himalayas in Nepal and Tibet. It's the highest
mountain on Earth above sea level. The climb to the
(01:03):
top of the mountain is extremely challenging and dangerous. Oxygen
levels are low at the summit, and the weather is
cold and unpredictable. The first recorded attempt to climb Mount
Everest happened in nineteen twenty one, when a British expedition
treked miles across the Tibetan plateau to the bottom of
the mountain. They had to cut their climbs short when
(01:24):
a storm broke out, but mountaineer George Lee Mallory was
determined to complete the climb. Mallory, along with George Finch
and Jeffrey Bruce, took a shot at the climb the
next year, but did not make it to the top.
Later in nineteen twenty two, Mallory attempted to summit Everest again,
but the climb ended in disaster when several sherpas died
(01:47):
in an avalanche. Two years later, climber Edward Norton approached
the summit without using artificial oxygen, setting a world altitude
record but not reaching the top. That same year, Mallory
and climber Andrew Irvine set off on an attempt to
reach the summit, but the two were never seen alive again,
(02:07):
and Mallory's body was found on the mountain. In nineteen
ninety nine, more people attempted to summit Everest via Tibet
and then Nepal. The north route up Everest through Tibet
was closed and Nepal only allowed one trip from the
south annually. Britain had DIBs on nineteen fifty three, France
(02:27):
was set for nineteen fifty four, in Switzerland for nineteen
fifty five. In nineteen fifty two, Tinzig, Norgay and Raymond
Lambert attempted the feet and made it to just below
the South summit, but they had to turn around for supplies.
The next year, a British expedition under the command of
Colonel John Hunt was put together. New Zealanders Edmund Hillary
(02:51):
and George Low, as well as Sherpa Tenzig Norgay were
part of the expedition. The climbers had specially equipped clothing,
radio equipment, and oxygen systems. The team had brought three
hundred and sixty two porters, twenty sherpas, and ten thousand
pounds of luggage. On March tenth, the nineteen fifty three
(03:13):
British Everest expedition set out from Katmandu in April and May.
They ascended the mountain on the night of May twenty ninth.
Hillary and Norgay, the second assault team, prepared for the
climb to the summit. Tenzing had made six summit attempts
before this one, Their oxygen supply was short and the
(03:34):
pair would have to do with three lids a minute
rather than the four they had planned for. They ate sardines,
jam and honey, and drank hot water with lemon. By
six point thirty in the morning on May thirtieth, Hillary
and Norgay left camp for the summit in negative seventeen
degree fahrenheit weather with two twenty pounds cylinders of oxygen,
(03:56):
one of which was only partially filled. By nine in
the morning, they reached the South summit, and at eleven
thirty am, the two became the first to summit Mount Everest.
Hillary took three photos of his climbing partner and laid
down across tenzing left some suites at the top of
(04:17):
the mountain. They made their way back down to camp.
Fifteen minutes after they reached the summit. Queen Elizabeth the
second Knight at Hillary for the achievement. Norgay received the
British Empire Medal for the feat. Hillary went on more adventures,
including to the North and South Poles. He established the
Himalayan Trust and assisted Sherpas in Nepal. Norgay became the
(04:41):
first director of Field Training of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute
in Darjeeling and later founded a trekking adventure company. The
effects climbers have on Mount Everest in the environment, as
well as the danger of conditions on Everest for climbers,
remains a topic of debate. Jeff Coo and hopefully you
(05:01):
know a little more about history today than you did yesterday.
And as an additional note, there has been controversy over
whether Norgay and Hillary were really the first to get
to the summit. Some say that Andrew Irvine and George
Mallory made it to the top on their fatal climb
and just did not make it back down. Thank you
(05:23):
for joining me today. You can find us on Twitter, Instagram,
and Facebook at TDIHC podcast And if you are interested
in learning more about history, you can listen to the
show Unpopular, a new podcast hosted by me that's about
people who took a stand against the status quo to
(05:46):
create meaningful change. You can subscribe on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. Thanks again
for listening and we'll see you again tomorrow. Hey y'all,
I'm Eves and welcome to this day in History Class
(06:06):
a podcast where we open the book of history, flip
through it and tear out a page. The day was
May thirtieth, nineteen sixty seven. The Republic of Biafra declared
its independence from Nigeria. In nineteen fourteen, the Colony and
(06:30):
Protectorate of Nigeria was established. British Governor General Frederick Lugard
instituted a policy of indirect rule and this set up.
Traditional structures were allowed to remain to establish regulations, but
they were subordinate to British officials. Britain used existing ethnic
and social divisions to keep Nigerians from organizing effective political
(06:51):
resistance to its rule. It encouraged competition between Nigeria's largest
ethnic groups, the House of Fulani, Ebo, and your In
nineteen fifty four, Britain divided Nigeria into the Northern, Western,
and Eastern regions, with the latter two in the southern
half of the federation. Each region was soon dominated by
an ethnic group, the House of Fulani in the North,
(07:14):
the Yorba in the West, and the Ebo in the East.
As the British consolidated their power in the region, ethnic
and religious tension escalated. At the same time, the British
based descent from the Nigerians who challenged British rule. In
nineteen sixty Nigeria gained independence from Britain. Abu Bakar to
Fawa Balewa became the first prime minister, but the period
(07:37):
just after independence was marked by violent leadership transitions and
regional hostilities. Though some nationalists wanted a unified Nigeria, the
state was immensely divided. The government was led by the
Northern People's Congress in alliance with the National Council of
Nigerian Citizens, and in nineteen sixty three the country became
(07:58):
a republic, but ethnic com as well as economic and
social imbalances brought tensions to a head. In January of
nineteen sixty six, the civilian government was deposed in a
coup and General Aguiyi Iransi and Ebo became the head
of state. Ebo leaders claimed the coup was an attempt
to save Nigeria from dissolution, but the House of Holani
(08:19):
and Yorba people remained suspicious. The new administration abolished the
federation and instituted a unitary state, but the leaders of
the coup were accused of favoring Ebo domination. In July
of nineteen sixty six, General Yakubu gowen and Anga from
the Middle Bill of Nigeria led a counter coup with
help from northern groups. Agui Iransi was killed along with
(08:42):
thousands of others from the South who were living in
the North. Gowwan restored the federal state. He promised to
restore democratic rule, but continued ethnic tensions led to massacres.
Thousands of Southern Nigerians living in the North, particularly Ebos,
were killed. Northern Nigerians were also targeted in Eastern Nigeria.
(09:03):
After the programs in the North, thousands of Ebos fled
to their traditional lands in southern and Eastern Nigeria. Gwan's
government did not respond to Ebo appeals for justice, and
support grew for Ebo secession. On May thirtieth, nineteen sixty seven,
the Eastern Region seceded and proclaimed the Republic of Biafra.
(09:24):
Ebo leader General Ameica Ojuku declared the Republic of Biafra
a free and sovereign state. He also recommended that Biafra
become a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and adopt
a federal constitution based on the new provincial units. Ojuku
proclaimed that all ties between the Republic of Biafra and
the Federal Republic of Nigeria were dissolved. He also declared
(09:47):
that any contractual obligation entered into by any authority or
organization within the Republic of Biafra would be considered as
entered into with the government of the Republic of Biafra.
The Niji government turned to violence to reclaim the region.
For more than two years, Biafra and the government of
Nigeria were engaged in a civil war. Biafra did gain
(10:10):
recognition from some African states and a received aid from
international organizations, but Ojuku fled the country and Biafra surrendered
in January of nineteen seventy. More than a million people
are estimated to have died during the civil war, including
many Biafran civilians who died from starvation. After the war,
(10:30):
the Nigerian government adopted a policy of no victor, no vanquished.
Biafra was reabsorbed into Nigeria. The federal government proceeded to
consolidate its power and the Ebos grew more influential, but
they were still marginalized. I'm eave Chefcote and hopefully you
know a little more about history today than you did yesterday.
(10:51):
And if you have any comments our suggestions, you can
send them to us via email at this day at
iHeartMedia dot com. You can also hit us up on
social media. We're at t D I HC podcast. Thanks
so much for listening to the show and we'll see
you tomorrow. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app,
(11:18):
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
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