October 2, 2020 • 10 mins
The Perejil, or Parsley, Massacre began on this day in 1937. / "The Obedience of a Christian Man," a book by English Protestant author William Tyndale, was published on this day in 1528.
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Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Hey everyone, it's Eaves. Just wanted to let you know
that you'll be hearing an episode from me and an
episode from Tracy V. Wilson today. I hope you enjoyed
the show. Welcome to this day in History class from
how Stuff Works dot com and from the desk of
Stuff you missed in History Class. It's the show where
we explore the past one day at a time with
a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,
(00:25):
and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and
it's October two. The Pehiel Massacre, also known as the
Parsley Massacre, began on this day in ninety seven. The
name of this massacre comes from a shibalith, and if
you're not familiar with that term, it has a lot
of different meanings today, but its origins are from the
(00:45):
Biblical Book of Judges. From the New International Version quote,
the Gileadites captured the fords of the Jordan's, leading to
I fre M. And whenever a survivor of the free
M said let me cross over, the men of Gillyad
asked him, are you and ere amite? If he replied no,
they said, all right, say sibbles if he said sybilith.
(01:08):
Because he could not pronounce the word correctly, they seized
him and killed him at the fords of the Jordan's
Forty two thousand Ephramites were killed at that time. So
the word sibals was being used to distinguish the Gileadites
from the Fremites, because i Fremites couldn't pronounce the sound
and sibbles and the Parsley massacre of this word that
(01:29):
was used in this way was peakle, which is the
Spanish word for parsley. In some accounts, it was being
used to distinguish the Dominicans, who mainly spoke Spanish, from
the Haitians, who mainly spoke Creole and French, and who
couldn't easily make that rolled are in Pakil. Here's how
it happened. Today, Haiti and the Dominican Republic are both
(01:51):
on the island of Hispaniola. This island was first colonized
by Europeans after Christopher Columbus landed there on his first
voyage in four two, so at first it was established
as Santo Domingo under Spanish control. Spain later seated the
western portion of it to France. The French side of
the island became independent after the Haitian Revolution, and then
(02:14):
Haiti annexed the Spanish side of the island, so the
whole island was unified from eighteen eighteen forty four. What's
now the Dominican Republic first declared its independence from Haiti
in eighteen forty four and then became independent from Spain
in eighteen sixty five. After World War Two, the United
States occupied both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The United
(02:36):
States was trying to install pro US governments and to
make the island more friendly to US policy. The US
withdrew from the Dominican Republic in nineteen twenty four and
from Haiti in nineteen thirty four. But between these two withdrawals,
in nineteen thirty General Raphael Triquillo overthrew Dominican President Haracio
(02:57):
Vasquez and he established a dictatorship. The general had been
part of the National Guard, and he had actually been
trained by US marines. During the occupation, he saw the
whole Haiti Dominican Republic border region, which in a lot
of ways was bicultural, as a threat. There was a
threat to his regime. It was a potential way for
rebels against his regime to escape. He was also motivated
(03:20):
by racism and by anti immigrant sentiment along the border,
and by nationalism and a flat out desire for power. First,
he ordered the killing of three hundred Haitians along this border,
and he announced that he had done so, saying that
it was a solution to the problem of reported thefts
and other depredations supposedly being committed by Haitians. He said
(03:42):
this was a remedy, and he promised that this remedy
was going to continue. A horrifying and brutal massacre followed,
with that word pet heel being used in some accounts
to distinguish between dark skinned Dominicans and dark skinned Haitians.
This test probably wasn't used for everyone, and it may
(04:03):
not have been very effective because a lot of people
in the border region did actually speak Spanish regardless, though
the military was targeting the people with the darkest skin,
and that included the Dominican born children of Haitian descent.
Most of the killings were committed with machetes. The total
death toll of this massacre is unknown because there were
mass burials, huge dumping of bodies and cover ups, and
(04:27):
censorship Most estimates put it in the range of twenty
thousand people and possibly many more. Afterward, the Dominican Republic
and its policies became increasingly anti Haitian. The Dominican government
eventually was ordered to pay five thousand dollars of restitution.
That was a really tiny amount of money considering what
(04:48):
had happened, and very little of that money actually reached
any survivors. General Trichillo and his government and the army
faced no punishment or retribution for this massacre. Thanks to
Eves Jeff Cope for her research work today on this podcast,
Anti Terry Harrison for her audio work on this show.
You can subscribe to This Day in History Class on
(05:08):
Apple Podcasts, Google podcast and wherever else you get your podcasts,
and you can tune in tomorrow for one nation's second
attempt to colonize another. Hey, I'm Eves, and you're listening
to This Day in History Class, a podcast that proves
(05:30):
history is always happening. The day was October two. The
book The Obedience of a Christian Man by English Protestant
author William tindal was first printed in Antwerp, Belgium. In
(05:53):
the book, Tindall said that kings were the head of
their country's church, and we're accountable to God, not to
the Pope. The book is one of the key texts
in the English Reformation, a period in the sixteenth century
when reformers challenged the authority of the Pope and the
Roman Catholic Church. Tindal was a scholar in theologian. He
(06:14):
was also a linguist who became fluent in several languages
over the years, including French, Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, but
his religious views grew to be radical and controversial. Influenced
by the Reformation, Tindall believed that only the Bible should
determine the doctrine of the Church. He also thought that
translating the New Testament into English would allow people to
(06:37):
have their own understanding of scripture, rather than one determined
by the Catholic Church. The translation of the Bible that
the Roman Catholic Church used, the Vulgate, was in Latin,
so the Bible was read in church in Latin, which
few people attending religious services could understand. But the Church,
wary of anyone or anything that may challenge tradition, require
(07:00):
ecclesiastical approval of translations and readings of the Bible in English.
Reformer John Wycliffe and those who promoted his views, known
as Lollards, were persecuted as heretics for their defiance of
the beliefs and practices of the Church and their translations
of the Bible into English. But even though having unauthorized
(07:21):
English translations of the scriptures could result in charges of heresy,
people still read English translations and reformers acknowledged the Bible
as the highest authority of the Biblical Word, not the Pope,
and Tendall was determined to translate the Bible into English
even after church authorities in England refused his requests. He
(07:43):
left England and by he had completed his translation of
the New Testament, and by the next year printing of
the New Testament was complete. It was the first New
Testament in English to be mass produced with the printing press,
rather than being handwritten. Thousands of copies of Tindal's New
Testament were printed by the time he was executed in
(08:05):
fifteen thirty six for heresy, and it influenced later Bible translations,
including the sixteen eleven King James Bible. Tindal also published
other books in which he criticized the practices of the
Catholic Church. One of the most influential was The Obedience
of a Christian Man, though the original title of it
is much longer than that. The book is divided into
(08:28):
three main sections, preceded by two introductions. The first section
discusses God's laws of obedience and the people bound to
obey them. The second expresses how the people who have
authority should rule, and the third affirms that the literal
sense of scripture is spiritual. In the book, he said
that worshipers should affirm the authority of the Bible over
(08:50):
any other authority, like the Catholic Church and the Pope.
The book also claimed that God appointed kings who were
authorities of their realms. Anne Boleyn owned a copy of
the book, which, according to anecdotal evidence, was eventually shown
to King Henry the Eighth. It's been claimed that the
king liked the stance on papal authority expressed in the book,
(09:12):
and that the book influenced the Act of Supremacy, which
declared Henry the Eighth and his successors the supreme head
of the Church of England instead of the Pope. Those
claims are unsubstantiated. Other books, Tendall wrote include the parable
of the Wicked Mammon and the practice of the Prelates.
I'm Eve, Jeff Code, and hopefully you know a little
(09:33):
more about history today than you did yesterday. If you'd
like to follow us on social media, you can do
so at p D I h C Podcast on Instagram, Twitter,
and Facebook. You can also email us at this Day
at I heart media dot com. Thanks again for listening,
(09:54):
and we'll see you tomorrow. For more podcasts from I
Heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,
or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
Hey everyone, it's Eaves. Just wanted to let you know
that you'll be hearing an episode from me and an
episode from Tracy V. Wilson today. I hope you enjoyed
the show. Welcome to this day in History class from
how Stuff Works dot com and from the desk of
Stuff you missed in History Class. It's the show where
we explore the past one day at a time with
a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,
(00:25):
and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and
it's October two. The Pehiel Massacre, also known as the
Parsley Massacre, began on this day in ninety seven. The
name of this massacre comes from a shibalith, and if
you're not familiar with that term, it has a lot
of different meanings today, but its origins are from the
(00:45):
Biblical Book of Judges. From the New International Version quote,
the Gileadites captured the fords of the Jordan's, leading to
I fre M. And whenever a survivor of the free
M said let me cross over, the men of Gillyad
asked him, are you and ere amite? If he replied no,
they said, all right, say sibbles if he said sybilith.
(01:08):
Because he could not pronounce the word correctly, they seized
him and killed him at the fords of the Jordan's
Forty two thousand Ephramites were killed at that time. So
the word sibals was being used to distinguish the Gileadites
from the Fremites, because i Fremites couldn't pronounce the sound
and sibbles and the Parsley massacre of this word that
(01:29):
was used in this way was peakle, which is the
Spanish word for parsley. In some accounts, it was being
used to distinguish the Dominicans, who mainly spoke Spanish, from
the Haitians, who mainly spoke Creole and French, and who
couldn't easily make that rolled are in Pakil. Here's how
it happened. Today, Haiti and the Dominican Republic are both
(01:51):
on the island of Hispaniola. This island was first colonized
by Europeans after Christopher Columbus landed there on his first
voyage in four two, so at first it was established
as Santo Domingo under Spanish control. Spain later seated the
western portion of it to France. The French side of
the island became independent after the Haitian Revolution, and then
(02:14):
Haiti annexed the Spanish side of the island, so the
whole island was unified from eighteen eighteen forty four. What's
now the Dominican Republic first declared its independence from Haiti
in eighteen forty four and then became independent from Spain
in eighteen sixty five. After World War Two, the United
States occupied both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The United
(02:36):
States was trying to install pro US governments and to
make the island more friendly to US policy. The US
withdrew from the Dominican Republic in nineteen twenty four and
from Haiti in nineteen thirty four. But between these two withdrawals,
in nineteen thirty General Raphael Triquillo overthrew Dominican President Haracio
(02:57):
Vasquez and he established a dictatorship. The general had been
part of the National Guard, and he had actually been
trained by US marines. During the occupation, he saw the
whole Haiti Dominican Republic border region, which in a lot
of ways was bicultural, as a threat. There was a
threat to his regime. It was a potential way for
rebels against his regime to escape. He was also motivated
(03:20):
by racism and by anti immigrant sentiment along the border,
and by nationalism and a flat out desire for power. First,
he ordered the killing of three hundred Haitians along this border,
and he announced that he had done so, saying that
it was a solution to the problem of reported thefts
and other depredations supposedly being committed by Haitians. He said
(03:42):
this was a remedy, and he promised that this remedy
was going to continue. A horrifying and brutal massacre followed,
with that word pet heel being used in some accounts
to distinguish between dark skinned Dominicans and dark skinned Haitians.
This test probably wasn't used for everyone, and it may
(04:03):
not have been very effective because a lot of people
in the border region did actually speak Spanish regardless, though
the military was targeting the people with the darkest skin,
and that included the Dominican born children of Haitian descent.
Most of the killings were committed with machetes. The total
death toll of this massacre is unknown because there were
mass burials, huge dumping of bodies and cover ups, and
(04:27):
censorship Most estimates put it in the range of twenty
thousand people and possibly many more. Afterward, the Dominican Republic
and its policies became increasingly anti Haitian. The Dominican government
eventually was ordered to pay five thousand dollars of restitution.
That was a really tiny amount of money considering what
(04:48):
had happened, and very little of that money actually reached
any survivors. General Trichillo and his government and the army
faced no punishment or retribution for this massacre. Thanks to
Eves Jeff Cope for her research work today on this podcast,
Anti Terry Harrison for her audio work on this show.
You can subscribe to This Day in History Class on
(05:08):
Apple Podcasts, Google podcast and wherever else you get your podcasts,
and you can tune in tomorrow for one nation's second
attempt to colonize another. Hey, I'm Eves, and you're listening
to This Day in History Class, a podcast that proves
(05:30):
history is always happening. The day was October two. The
book The Obedience of a Christian Man by English Protestant
author William tindal was first printed in Antwerp, Belgium. In
(05:53):
the book, Tindall said that kings were the head of
their country's church, and we're accountable to God, not to
the Pope. The book is one of the key texts
in the English Reformation, a period in the sixteenth century
when reformers challenged the authority of the Pope and the
Roman Catholic Church. Tindal was a scholar in theologian. He
(06:14):
was also a linguist who became fluent in several languages
over the years, including French, Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, but
his religious views grew to be radical and controversial. Influenced
by the Reformation, Tindall believed that only the Bible should
determine the doctrine of the Church. He also thought that
translating the New Testament into English would allow people to
(06:37):
have their own understanding of scripture, rather than one determined
by the Catholic Church. The translation of the Bible that
the Roman Catholic Church used, the Vulgate, was in Latin,
so the Bible was read in church in Latin, which
few people attending religious services could understand. But the Church,
wary of anyone or anything that may challenge tradition, require
(07:00):
ecclesiastical approval of translations and readings of the Bible in English.
Reformer John Wycliffe and those who promoted his views, known
as Lollards, were persecuted as heretics for their defiance of
the beliefs and practices of the Church and their translations
of the Bible into English. But even though having unauthorized
(07:21):
English translations of the scriptures could result in charges of heresy,
people still read English translations and reformers acknowledged the Bible
as the highest authority of the Biblical Word, not the Pope,
and Tendall was determined to translate the Bible into English
even after church authorities in England refused his requests. He
(07:43):
left England and by he had completed his translation of
the New Testament, and by the next year printing of
the New Testament was complete. It was the first New
Testament in English to be mass produced with the printing press,
rather than being handwritten. Thousands of copies of Tindal's New
Testament were printed by the time he was executed in
(08:05):
fifteen thirty six for heresy, and it influenced later Bible translations,
including the sixteen eleven King James Bible. Tindal also published
other books in which he criticized the practices of the
Catholic Church. One of the most influential was The Obedience
of a Christian Man, though the original title of it
is much longer than that. The book is divided into
(08:28):
three main sections, preceded by two introductions. The first section
discusses God's laws of obedience and the people bound to
obey them. The second expresses how the people who have
authority should rule, and the third affirms that the literal
sense of scripture is spiritual. In the book, he said
that worshipers should affirm the authority of the Bible over
(08:50):
any other authority, like the Catholic Church and the Pope.
The book also claimed that God appointed kings who were
authorities of their realms. Anne Boleyn owned a copy of
the book, which, according to anecdotal evidence, was eventually shown
to King Henry the Eighth. It's been claimed that the
king liked the stance on papal authority expressed in the book,
(09:12):
and that the book influenced the Act of Supremacy, which
declared Henry the Eighth and his successors the supreme head
of the Church of England instead of the Pope. Those
claims are unsubstantiated. Other books, Tendall wrote include the parable
of the Wicked Mammon and the practice of the Prelates.
I'm Eve, Jeff Code, and hopefully you know a little
(09:33):
more about history today than you did yesterday. If you'd
like to follow us on social media, you can do
so at p D I h C Podcast on Instagram, Twitter,
and Facebook. You can also email us at this Day
at I heart media dot com. Thanks again for listening,
(09:54):
and we'll see you tomorrow. For more podcasts from I
Heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,
or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
This Day in History Class News
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