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August 29, 2023 17 mins

On this day in history, race car driver Wendell Scott was born in Virginia. Learn more about Scott in a two-part episode of Stuff You Missed in History Class.

On this day in 1911, the last surviving member of the Yahi people was found, on the brink of starvation, near a slaughterhouse in Oroville, California.

 

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Episode Transcript

Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
Hey there, history fans. We're taking a break for the
next two weeks so that I can move across country.
But don't worry, We've got plenty of classic shows to
tide you over. Please enjoy these flashback episodes from the
TDI HC Vault.

Speaker 2 (00:15):
Hi, everyone, welcome to this Day in History class, where
we uncover the remnants of history every day. The day
was August twenty ninth, nineteen twenty one. Wendell Oliver Scott

(00:36):
was born in Danville, Virginia. He would later become the
first black man to win a race in NASCAR's Grand
National Series. Scott's father was a driver for wealthy white families,
and he worked on their cars. He learned a lot
about auto mechanics from his father, though Scott's parents later
split up and he did not see his father for

(00:58):
many years. From a young age, Scott recognized the realities
of segregation and Jim Crow in the South. By the
time he was a teenager, he began taking jobs to
support his family. He worked at a drug store and
he became a bricklayer, But when Scott got tired of bricklaying,

(01:19):
he started working as a taxi driver and bought his
own cab. Scott soon became known for his speed as
a taxi driver. He earned that reputation with passengers and
with police officers. He got thirteen tickets in his time
as a taxi driver. In nineteen forty two, Scott was

(01:39):
drafted in World War Two and began serving in the
Army's one hundred and first Airborne. His work was focused
on maintaining vehicles. Two years later, while he was on leave,
he married Mary ball Calls, a woman he met while
he was driving his cab. They eventually had six children together.

(02:00):
When World War two was over, Scott went back to
Danville and began building a business in mechanic work. While
the business was successful, he took on a partner who
mismanaged their money. That partner eventually died in an accident
that also caused their shot to burn down. So Scott
started bootlegging whiskey, but bootlegging was dangerous work. In nineteen

(02:25):
forty nine, Scott regularly watched races at the Danville Fairgrounds Speedway.
The next year, racing promoter Martin Rodgers was looking to
bring more people to the races and decided to find
a black driver to increase publicity. He asked the cops
which black guy would be a good fit, and they
suggested Wendell Scott. So Scott borrowed a car he had

(02:48):
used for running liquor that he had since sold to
his brother in law. He loved his first race. He
started out in the Dixie circuit and went on to
do other races that were not affiliated with NASCAR. In Virginia,
he won a race for the first time in June
of nineteen fifty two, and he continued on to win
other races. Though there had been other black drivers before Scott,

(03:13):
he was often the only one at his events, and
racism was still rampant in the nineteen fifties in the US.
People yelled slurs at him and threatened his children. Plus
he did not have sponsors, a paid pit crew, or
a mechanic besides himself. NASCAR, or the National Association for

(03:34):
Stock Car Auto Racing, was founded in nineteen forty eight.
Though he had been rejected from entering NASCAR sanctioned races
because of his race, he entered his first one in
nineteen fifty four. Scott was the first black driver to
be in a race that was sanctioned by NASCAR. Scott
was never able to race in a new car because

(03:56):
he could not afford it and did not have sponsorship,
but he built his own cars and was successful in racing. Still,
he was frequently singled out as a black driver. Other
drivers would intentionally wreck his car during races, inspectors would
demand unnecessary repairs before he could race. This discrimination continued

(04:17):
despite some support from William France Senior or Big Bill,
the founder of NASCAR, and it caused Scott to make
less money, which had to go toward paying for his bills, gas,
and car repair costs. Though Scott's cars were not as
new and improved as the other driver's cars, he still

(04:38):
performed well. In his first NASCAR season in nineteen sixty one,
Scott made his first appearance in the Grand National now
called the Winston Cup in South Carolina. Two years later,
he won his first and only Grand National race. Scott
continued racing for several years, but in nineteen seventy three,

(04:59):
he was in in a crash at Talladega Speedway in Alabama.
He survived the crash, but fractured many bones and had
to retire from racing after returning to work in an
auto repair shop and paying for his children to go
to college. He died of spinal cancer in nineteen ninety.
After his death, Scott was inducted into several halls of fame,

(05:23):
including the National Sports Hall of Fame and the NASCAR
Hall of Fame. I'm Eves Steffcote and hopefully you know
a little more about history today than you did yesterday.
And if you want to learn more about Scott, you
can in the two part episode of Stuff You Missed
in History Class called Wendell Scott, Black Nascar driver in

(05:44):
the Jimcrow era. You can find a link to that
episode in the description. Thanks again for listening, and we'll
see you again tomorrow.

Speaker 1 (05:54):
This Day in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio.
Hello and welcome to This Day in History Class, a
show that pays tribute to people of the past by
telling their stories. Today. I'm Gaybelusier, and in this episode,

(06:16):
we're reflecting on the tragic tale of Ihi, a Native
American man who lost his family and his way of
life to western expansion. After resisting assimilation for half a century,
he was compelled to join the society of his oppressors,
where he quickly learned how right he'd been to avoid it.

(06:42):
The day was August twenty ninth, nineteen eleven. The last
surviving member of the Yahee people was found on the
brink of starvation near a slaughterhouse in Oraville, California. He
never divulged his true name, but he came to be
known as Hi, the Yana word for man. Hi and

(07:04):
his family had spent decades living in the remote mountains
of northern California, but accident, disease, and even murder had
claimed each of his companions until only he was left.
In desperation, Hi walked out of the wilderness of Butte
County and ventured into modern civilization for the first time.

(07:26):
Hi is believed to have been born sometime between eighteen
sixty and eighteen sixty two, just after the conclusion of
the California Gold Rush. He was a member of the
Yahi people, an especially secluded branch of the Yana tribe.
In the previous decade, miners in search of gold had
pushed deeper and deeper into the California wilderness. This brought

(07:49):
them into direct conflict with isolated groups of Native Americans,
including the Yahi, who happened to live in close proximity
to the region's mines. Soon, the influx of white settlers
began to disrupt the Yahi's traditional way of life. They
set up camps on Yahi hunting grounds and polluted local
streams with the runoff from their excavations. Gradually, the deer

(08:14):
and other wildlife scattered, and the once boundless supply of
salmon dried up. As if the threat of starvation weren't
bad enough, the settlers also brought unfamiliar diseases like smallpox
and measles, for which Native Americans had no immunity. Some
tribes fought against this encroachment, but they were outnumbered and

(08:36):
outgunned by the settlers. By the time of Hi's birth,
The newly established towns were so annoyed by these attempts
at resistance that they started to set bounties on the
native population. Robert Anderson and other so called Indian hunters
led numerous raids on the Yahi, earning fifty cents for
every scalp they collected and five dollars for every head.

(09:00):
In eighteen sixty five alone, approximately seventy members of the
Yahi people were killed in such raids. This led the
remaining few hundred members, including Hi, and his family to
split off into smaller groups. Ishi and his family made
a quiet life for themselves on a cliff overlooking Deer Creek.

(09:21):
There they carried on the Yahi traditions as best they could,
while elsewhere the remaining members of their people were systematically slaughtered.
The family kept to themselves for the next forty years,
careful to remain out of sight of the Anglo society
that steadily grew all around them. By the first decade
of the twentieth century, Hi was all that remained of

(09:43):
his family and his people. Driven by starvation, he eventually
made his way to the town of Oreville, about seventy
miles north of Sacramento. He was discovered there by ranchers
and taken to the local jail, not because he'd committed
a crime, but because the sheriff couldn't think of a
safer place to keep him. Hi was approximately fifty years old,

(10:06):
was clearly lost and emaciated, and spoke no English. The
townspeople gawked at the so called Stone Age Indian, but
beyond that they weren't sure what to do with him.
News of Hi traveled fast, and by the end of
the week, two anthropologists from UC Berkeley had come to
Oraville to meet him in person. These professors, Alfred Kroeber

(10:29):
and Thomas Waterman, recognized Ishi's dialect and were able to
identify him as the last known survivor of the Yahi.
They arranged to bring Hi back to live on their campus,
and over the next five years he taught them everything
he could about his disappearing culture. It wasn't a comprehensive account,
as Ishi had been born when his population was already

(10:52):
in decline, and since he'd been raised apart from most
of his people, he didn't know as many traditions as
earlier generations would have. Still, he was able to demonstrate
tool making and hunting skills, and to describe aspects of
Yahi society such as family units, naming patterns, and even
a few sacred ceremonies. Yihi also helped preserve his own

(11:14):
language by recording many tribal stories and songs onto wax cylinders. Thankfully,
these century old recordings still exist, allowing us to hear
the Yahi language through the voice of its last native speaker.

Speaker 3 (11:29):
Take a listen ye rundrd n'n and under Randa Nana
Na Ruanda Nakah.

Speaker 1 (11:50):
The work that Kroeber, Waterman, and Iishi completed together was
of great historical importance, and over time the men developed
a mutual respect for one another. For instance, in Waterman's writings,
he remarked on Hi's quote gentlemanliness which lies outside of
all training and is an expression of inward spirit. That said,

(12:12):
there was an undoubtedly exploitative side to their relationship. Hi
was given free room and board at the UC Museum
of Anthropology in San Francisco, but in exchange he was
put to work not only as our research subject, but
as an assistant janitor. That arrangement on its own may
seem fair enough, but Hi was also expected to contribute

(12:35):
in other more detrimental ways. Every Sunday, the museum held
a kind of reception where Hi was required to shake
hands with the paying guests, who sometimes numbered in the thousands.
Over time, those events grew in scope until Ishi was
also hosting weekly demonstrations of tribal customs, including how to
make arrowheads and how to weave a fishnet. His financial

(12:59):
compency for this work was minimal, and at the time
of his death he had less than two hundred dollars
to his name exploited though he was. Hi was not
a prisoner of the museum, and he reportedly took great
pleasure in exploring the parks of San Francisco, including the
Bison enclosure in Golden Gate Park. He also developed an

(13:20):
appreciation for modern conveniences such as street cars and ferries.
Oh and apparently he also had a bit of a
sweet tooth, being especially partial to doughnuts and ice cream sodas. Sadly,
although Hi was able to adapt to some aspects of
Euro American civilization, he remained incredibly vulnerable to its diseases.

(13:42):
He was often sick during his years at the museum,
almost certainly as a result of being exposed to germs
during his compulsory handshaking sessions. In nineteen sixteen, he contracted
tuberculosis and died from it on March twenty fifth of
that year, at the estimated age of fifty six. Hi
had witnessed several post mortem examinations while working at the

(14:06):
museum and had been greatly disturbed by the idea of
human autopsies. He believed that dismembering the body did violence
to the spirit as well, so before his death he
requested that his body be cremated so his spirit could
be released intact. Alfred Kroeber promised to honor that request,
but when Hi fell ill in early nineteen sixteen, rumors

(14:29):
began to swirl that an autopsy would indeed be performed.
At the time, Krober was away in New York, but
he caught wind of the plan to remove and preserve
Hi's brain. To his credit, Kroeber tried to prevent this desecration.
In a letter to the museum's director, he wrote, quote,
please shut it down. I must ask you, as my

(14:51):
personal representative on the spot in this matter, to yield
nothing at all under any circumstances. If there is any
talk about the interests of science, save for me, that
science can go to hell. We propose to stand by
our friends. That letter was written on March twenty fourth,
nineteen sixteen, one day before Hi's death. It arrived in

(15:15):
California too late. In the end, Hi's body was burned
in accordance with his wishes, but not before doctor Saxon
Pope removed Ishi's brain in the interest of science. Tellingly,
when Alfred Kroeber returned to the museum in October, no
use had been found for the preserved brain, and it

(15:36):
was eventually offered to the Smithsonian in Washington, d C.
As you might expect, the researchers there didn't have much
use for it either. As a result, Hi's brain was
stowed away in a storage facility in Maryland, where it
remained for the rest of the twentieth century. In nineteen
ninety eight, Native American activists and allies learned of the

(15:58):
brain's whereabouts. The better part of three years, they lobbied
for it to be repatriated to the closest relatives of
the Yahi, the Reading Rancheria and Pitt River tribes of
the Yana people. Recent studies had suggested that the Yahi
may have intermarried with those tribes during their decline. If
that was the case, then their descendants were entitled by

(16:19):
law to the remains of their ancestor. The Smithsonian eventually
bowed to public pressure, and in August of two thousand,
Hi's brain was returned to his people. Later that year,
it was reunited with the ashes of his body and
finally laid to rest in an undisclosed location on Mount
Lassan in northern California, in the ancestral home of his people. Hi,

(16:45):
finally rests in peace. I'm Gabe Luzier and hopefully you
now know a little more about history today than you
did yesterday. You can learn even more about history by
following us on Twitter, Facebookook, and Instagram at TDI HC Show,
and if you have any comments or suggestions, feel free

(17:07):
to send them my way at this day at iHeartMedia
dot com. Thanks to Chandler Mays for producing the show,
and thank you for listening. I'll see you back here
again tomorrow for another day in History class.

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