May 15, 2024 ā¢ 21 mins
In this episode, we will learn a bit about bees. We will examine why bees are necessary, their challenges, how they are adapted to collecting pollen, and learn about pollination. We will look at how bees live together in one hive and their roles. And finally, we will understand how honey is made. We also answer some questions from Ellery, who wants to know why hippos open their mouths so wide, and Suraya, who wants to understand how leaves change colour.
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Sheryl & Clark
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:13):
For an ad free listening experience, please check out sleep
Tight Premium. A link can be found in our show notes.
Thank you you're listening to sleep Tight Science. Did you
(00:40):
know bees have five eyes? What? In addition to their
two large compound eyes, bees also have three smaller eyes
called a chelli on top of their heads. These eyes
are not foreseeing details, but help the bee understand which
direction it's heading by reading the light from the sun.
(01:17):
Hello friends, and welcome back to sleep Tight Science, a
bedtime show that answers your questions about science. In this episode,
we are going to talk about bees. Growing up, we
were a little bit scared of bees, but as we
learned more about them, we realized how incredible these insects
(01:40):
are and how they play a crucial role in our ecosystem.
Bees belong to the superfamily a Poidia in the order Himanaptra,
making them cousins to wasps and ants. There are over
twenty thousand species of bees, and while they vary widely
(02:02):
in behavior and appearance, they all share some fascinating characteristics.
Bees are especially adapted for color colecting pollen, which they
do with their bodies covered in hair. This isn't just
any hair. It's often thick, branched and carries a static charge,
(02:24):
perfect for picking up pollen from flowers. A bee's body
is divided into three parts, the head, florax, and abdomen,
and they sport two pairs of wings, with the front
pair being larger than the rear. Bees are famous for
their pollination skills. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from
(02:49):
the male part of the flower to the female part,
leading to fertilization and the production of seeds. Bees are
nature's top pollinators, and as they move from flower to flower,
gathering nectar and pollen for food, they also help plants grow, reproduce,
(03:11):
and p reduce the many fruits and vegetables we enjoy.
Many of us know bees for their honey, especially the
honey made by the European honeybee APIs malifera. But let's
remember the solitary bees like carpenter bees and bumblebees, which
may not produce honey but are amazing pollinators in their
(03:35):
own right. Social structure varies among bees. Honeybees and bumblebees
live in highly organized colonies with a queen, workers, and drones,
each with specific roles that keep the hive thriving. Despite
their importance, bees face significant challenges such as habitat loss, pesticides, diseases,
(04:02):
and parasites, all contributing to decline in bee populations. These
declines are alarming because of bee critical role in pollinating
a vast array of plant species, including those vital to agriculture.
Understanding bees and their life is about recognizing their indispensable
(04:26):
role in our ecosystem. They are not just producers of honey,
but key players in the biodiversity that sustains the planet's health.
By protecting bees and their natural habitats, we are safeguarding
our food supply and maintaining the environment's health. So let's
(04:47):
appreciate these bees for the environmental heroes they are. Did
you know bees can recognize human faces? In experiments where
bees were shown photos of different human faces and trained
(05:09):
to associate specific faces with sugar ye food rewards, they
could remember and recognize the faces later, much like they
remember flowers. This shows bees have impressive memory and recognition skills,
which are crucial for survival. Could this mean that the
(05:30):
next time you see a bee and say hello, it
might recognize you the following time? Before we continue learning
about bees, we thought we might clear up some confusion
about primary colors. In our episode about foxes, we answered
(05:54):
a question from Alice who asked how screens make different
colors when they are just red, blue, and green. We
described these as primary colors. On Spotify, Mike said that
he thought yellow, not green, was a primary colour. Mike
is correct that yellow is considered a primary color along
(06:19):
with red and blue. In traditional colour theory, which is
based on pigment mixing, this is known as the subtractive
color model. However, when it comes to light, such as
on screens, the primary colors are red, green, and blue.
(06:39):
This is referred to as the additive color model. In
this model, colours are created by combining light, and the
primary colors of light are different from those in paint
or pigment. Unfortunately, we use the analogy of mixing paints
to explain how screens create millions of colours from red, blue,
(07:03):
and green, which might have created a little confusion. So
primary colors differ between the additive and subtractive color models.
In the additive model, used in devices like screens that
emit light, the primary colors are red, green, and blue.
(07:24):
These colors blend in various ways to produce a spectrum
of colors, with all three combined creating white light. Conversely,
the subtractive color model used in traditional painting and art
employs red, blue, and yellow as primary colors. In this model,
(07:47):
these pigments mix to absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light,
moving towards black as they combine. Essentially, the additive model
starts with black the absence of light, and adds colors
to create light, while the subtractive model starts with white,
(08:08):
all colors reflected and mixes colors to reduce light, achieving
darker hues. It's important to ask questions about things you learn.
Thank you for your question, Mike. Did you know that
(08:28):
even bees obey the first law of thermodynamics, the total
heat energy they produce is equal to the amount of
energy they take in from food. Have you ever wondered
how thousands of bees can live together in one hive,
(08:49):
each knowing exactly what to do. Beehives aren't just random gatherings,
but highly organized societies where every bee has a specific role.
The society within a beehive is primarily composed of three
types of bees, the queen, the worker bees, and the drones.
(09:16):
Each type has distinct roles and responsibilities that ensure the
smooth operation and continuation of the colony. At the center
of the beehive reigns the queen, the only bee capable
of reproducing and the mother to most, if not all,
(09:37):
of the bees in the colony. Her primary job is
to lay the eggs that will spawn the hive's next
generation of bees. The queen can lay thousands of eggs
each day, ensuring the hives population remains robust. She also
(09:59):
produces special chemicals called pheromones that help regulate the daily
lives and unity of the colony. When her ability to
produce eggs declines, the high will prepare a new queen
to take over, ensuring the continuity of their community. Worker
(10:20):
bees are all female and live up to their name.
They have multiple responsibilities depending on their age. Younger workers,
often called nurse bees, care for the queen and her larvae,
providing them royal jelly. As they grow older, their tasks
(10:41):
shift from nurturing to structural support, building honeycombs for wax
secreted from their bodies, and guarding the hive. Eventually, they
graduate to foragers, who leave the hive to collect nectar
pollen and other necessary resources. These elder workers also perform
(11:05):
the vital task of pollination, inadvertently transferring pollen as they
move from flower to flower. The drones are the male
bees of the colony and their purpose is singular to
mate with a queen. This is essential for the hives
(11:25):
genetic diversity. Drones are larger and do not have stingers.
They are explicitly raised during the warmer months, when the
hives resources are plentiful and post mating, they are typically
expelled from the hive to conserve resources for the winter.
(11:47):
Each group within the hive is geared towards efficiency and survival,
from the queen's reproductive focus to the worker's versatility, and
the drone's contribution to genetic variability. This level of organization
ensures the colony's health and supports the ecosystem around it
(12:09):
through extensive pollination. The beehive is a prime example of
nature's sophisticated systems at work, demonstrating remarkable cooperation and shared purpose.
(12:32):
Do you love the taste of honey? We certainly do.
Bees make honey through a fascinating and meticulous process. The
process for making honey goes like this. First, when the
weather gets warmer and flower start to bloom, honey bees
will leave their hives in search of flowers. Once they
(12:56):
find a flower, they use their long tube like tongues
called probossis to suck the nectar out of the bloom
and store it in their honey stomachs, which are different
from their food stomachs. Second, and once the bee's honey
stomach is full, the bee flies back to the hive.
(13:18):
This stomach can hold almost its own weight in nectar. Third,
back at the hive, the bee regurgitates the nectar into
the mouth of a younger bee. This transfer process may
happen multiple times from one bee to another to reduce
(13:39):
the water content of the nectar. Fourth, those bees chew
on the nectar for about thirty minutes. During this time,
enzymes break down the complex sugars in the nectar into
simpler sugars, which makes the nectar more digestible for the
bees and less prone to bacteria growth. Fifth, the bees
(14:05):
then deposit the transformed nectar into honeycomb cells to further
reduce the water content and thicken the substance. Bees fan
the nectar with their wings, helping the water to evaporate
and six. When the honey is ready and thick, the
bees seal off the honeycomb cell with a wax cap.
(14:29):
Special glands in the bees' abdomens produce this wax. Capping
the honeycomb protects the honey from air and water and
keeps it clean and safe. This process turns nectar into honey,
which the bees use as a food source, especially during
colder months when flowers are scarce. Honey is essential for
(14:54):
the colony's survival, providing energy and essential nutrients. But don't worry.
Bee keepers carefully take only the extra honey bees don't need,
ensuring plenty is left for the bees to eat, especially
during winter. This way, harvesting honey keeps the bees happy
(15:16):
and healthy, and we get to enjoy some too. Now
for some listeners questions. First, we have a question from Ellery,
who is four years old and lives in Richmond Hill, Canada.
(15:39):
Ellery asks why do hippopotamus open their mouths so wide?
Hippos open their mouths really wide for a couple of reasons.
One big reason is to show other hippos how strong
they are. When they yawn wide, it's like they're saying,
(16:00):
look at my big teeth and strong jaws. This helps
them look tough and tell other hippos to be careful
around them. Another reason to keep cool When hippos open
their mouths in the water. It helps them stay cool
on hot days, just like when we splash water on
(16:23):
our face. So opening their mouths wide allows hippos to
talk to each other without words and stay comfortable in
the heat. Thank you for the question, Ellery. Our next
question comes from Soreyer, who is six years old and
lives in Canberra, Australia. Soreya asks how do leaves change color?
(16:50):
Where we live in Canada, we see the first buds
appear on trees as we progress through spring and into summer. However,
in regions in the Southern Hemisphere, especially those with deciduous trees,
they can see leaves turning various shades of red, orange,
and yellow. In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons are opposite
(17:15):
to those in the Northern Hemisphere. So while the northern
part of the world enters spring, countries like Australia experience
autumn from March to May. Leaves change color in the
fall due to some cool changes inside them as the
weather gets cooler and the days get shorter. Here's how
(17:38):
it happens. First, during spring and summer, leaves are green
because of a pigment called chlorophyll, which helps plants make
their food using sunlight in a process called photosynthesis. Second,
as fall approaches, the days get shorter, meaning there's less sunlight.
(18:02):
This change tells the trees to start getting ready for winter. Third,
with less sunlight, the trees begin to break down chlorophyll
in the leaves. As the green color fades, it allows
other colors that have been in the leaf all along
but hidden by the green to show up. These are
(18:25):
the yellows and oranges you can see from pigments called caratenoids. Fourth,
in some trees, like maples, another pigment called anthocyanin starts
to form when it gets cooler. This pigment can make
the leaves turn red, purple, or even a bright bluish color.
(18:49):
And Fifth, Eventually, the tree starts to close off the
veins that carry water and nutrients to and from the leaves,
which prepares the leaves to fall off. As this happens,
the leaves lose their connection to the trees water supply,
and the colors change more until they finally fall off.
(19:14):
So the change in color and the eventual falling of
leaves are part of how trees prepare for the cold
winter months. They sort of go to sleep and the
show of colors we see is just a part of
them getting ready for a long winter's nap. Thank you
for the question, Siraya. I have one last question for you.
(19:40):
Do you know why bees have sticky hair? It's because
they use honeycombs. In this episode, we learned a bit
about bees. We started by looking at why bees are
(20:00):
important and the challenges they are facing. We looked at
how they are adapted to collecting pollen and learned about pollination.
We looked at how all of those bees lived together
in one hive and how each of them have a roll,
and how honey is made. We answered some questions from
(20:24):
Ellery who wanted to know why hippos opened their mouths
so wide, and Soraya, who wanted to know how leaves
change color. Thank you to Cassidy, Bryce Taylor Nova six
from Cleveland, Ohio. Penelope Crews from San Antonio, Texas, age five,
(20:47):
Lincoln reren Zoopanzak, twelve years old, Raylan Douglas Seth from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
Liezel Chrono Frasier who's nine years old, and her sister
Denny who's seven seven year old, jack Ira Halder Claire
(21:09):
Grass from Melbourne, Australia, Fred age five from Nottingham, UK,
Laura who is six years old, and Jacob age five
from Gloucestershire UK. We would love to get your feedback
on our show. If you have any feedback, please send
(21:30):
it our way. If you want to make sure you
get all the episodes, please ask your parents to subscribe.
You can find us on Apple podcasts or wherever your
parents listen to podcasts. If you love learning about science
with us, please leave us a review. It may help
others find our show. If you'd like to send us
(21:53):
your questions, please send them to Hello at sleep tightscience
dot com sleep tight
For an ad free listening experience, please check out sleep
Tight Premium. A link can be found in our show notes.
Thank you you're listening to sleep Tight Science. Did you
(00:40):
know bees have five eyes? What? In addition to their
two large compound eyes, bees also have three smaller eyes
called a chelli on top of their heads. These eyes
are not foreseeing details, but help the bee understand which
direction it's heading by reading the light from the sun.
(01:17):
Hello friends, and welcome back to sleep Tight Science, a
bedtime show that answers your questions about science. In this episode,
we are going to talk about bees. Growing up, we
were a little bit scared of bees, but as we
learned more about them, we realized how incredible these insects
(01:40):
are and how they play a crucial role in our ecosystem.
Bees belong to the superfamily a Poidia in the order Himanaptra,
making them cousins to wasps and ants. There are over
twenty thousand species of bees, and while they vary widely
(02:02):
in behavior and appearance, they all share some fascinating characteristics.
Bees are especially adapted for color colecting pollen, which they
do with their bodies covered in hair. This isn't just
any hair. It's often thick, branched and carries a static charge,
(02:24):
perfect for picking up pollen from flowers. A bee's body
is divided into three parts, the head, florax, and abdomen,
and they sport two pairs of wings, with the front
pair being larger than the rear. Bees are famous for
their pollination skills. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from
(02:49):
the male part of the flower to the female part,
leading to fertilization and the production of seeds. Bees are
nature's top pollinators, and as they move from flower to flower,
gathering nectar and pollen for food, they also help plants grow, reproduce,
(03:11):
and p reduce the many fruits and vegetables we enjoy.
Many of us know bees for their honey, especially the
honey made by the European honeybee APIs malifera. But let's
remember the solitary bees like carpenter bees and bumblebees, which
may not produce honey but are amazing pollinators in their
(03:35):
own right. Social structure varies among bees. Honeybees and bumblebees
live in highly organized colonies with a queen, workers, and drones,
each with specific roles that keep the hive thriving. Despite
their importance, bees face significant challenges such as habitat loss, pesticides, diseases,
(04:02):
and parasites, all contributing to decline in bee populations. These
declines are alarming because of bee critical role in pollinating
a vast array of plant species, including those vital to agriculture.
Understanding bees and their life is about recognizing their indispensable
(04:26):
role in our ecosystem. They are not just producers of honey,
but key players in the biodiversity that sustains the planet's health.
By protecting bees and their natural habitats, we are safeguarding
our food supply and maintaining the environment's health. So let's
(04:47):
appreciate these bees for the environmental heroes they are. Did
you know bees can recognize human faces? In experiments where
bees were shown photos of different human faces and trained
(05:09):
to associate specific faces with sugar ye food rewards, they
could remember and recognize the faces later, much like they
remember flowers. This shows bees have impressive memory and recognition skills,
which are crucial for survival. Could this mean that the
(05:30):
next time you see a bee and say hello, it
might recognize you the following time? Before we continue learning
about bees, we thought we might clear up some confusion
about primary colors. In our episode about foxes, we answered
(05:54):
a question from Alice who asked how screens make different
colors when they are just red, blue, and green. We
described these as primary colors. On Spotify, Mike said that
he thought yellow, not green, was a primary colour. Mike
is correct that yellow is considered a primary color along
(06:19):
with red and blue. In traditional colour theory, which is
based on pigment mixing, this is known as the subtractive
color model. However, when it comes to light, such as
on screens, the primary colors are red, green, and blue.
(06:39):
This is referred to as the additive color model. In
this model, colours are created by combining light, and the
primary colors of light are different from those in paint
or pigment. Unfortunately, we use the analogy of mixing paints
to explain how screens create millions of colours from red, blue,
(07:03):
and green, which might have created a little confusion. So
primary colors differ between the additive and subtractive color models.
In the additive model, used in devices like screens that
emit light, the primary colors are red, green, and blue.
(07:24):
These colors blend in various ways to produce a spectrum
of colors, with all three combined creating white light. Conversely,
the subtractive color model used in traditional painting and art
employs red, blue, and yellow as primary colors. In this model,
(07:47):
these pigments mix to absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light,
moving towards black as they combine. Essentially, the additive model
starts with black the absence of light, and adds colors
to create light, while the subtractive model starts with white,
(08:08):
all colors reflected and mixes colors to reduce light, achieving
darker hues. It's important to ask questions about things you learn.
Thank you for your question, Mike. Did you know that
(08:28):
even bees obey the first law of thermodynamics, the total
heat energy they produce is equal to the amount of
energy they take in from food. Have you ever wondered
how thousands of bees can live together in one hive,
(08:49):
each knowing exactly what to do. Beehives aren't just random gatherings,
but highly organized societies where every bee has a specific role.
The society within a beehive is primarily composed of three
types of bees, the queen, the worker bees, and the drones.
(09:16):
Each type has distinct roles and responsibilities that ensure the
smooth operation and continuation of the colony. At the center
of the beehive reigns the queen, the only bee capable
of reproducing and the mother to most, if not all,
(09:37):
of the bees in the colony. Her primary job is
to lay the eggs that will spawn the hive's next
generation of bees. The queen can lay thousands of eggs
each day, ensuring the hives population remains robust. She also
(09:59):
produces special chemicals called pheromones that help regulate the daily
lives and unity of the colony. When her ability to
produce eggs declines, the high will prepare a new queen
to take over, ensuring the continuity of their community. Worker
(10:20):
bees are all female and live up to their name.
They have multiple responsibilities depending on their age. Younger workers,
often called nurse bees, care for the queen and her larvae,
providing them royal jelly. As they grow older, their tasks
(10:41):
shift from nurturing to structural support, building honeycombs for wax
secreted from their bodies, and guarding the hive. Eventually, they
graduate to foragers, who leave the hive to collect nectar
pollen and other necessary resources. These elder workers also perform
(11:05):
the vital task of pollination, inadvertently transferring pollen as they
move from flower to flower. The drones are the male
bees of the colony and their purpose is singular to
mate with a queen. This is essential for the hives
(11:25):
genetic diversity. Drones are larger and do not have stingers.
They are explicitly raised during the warmer months, when the
hives resources are plentiful and post mating, they are typically
expelled from the hive to conserve resources for the winter.
(11:47):
Each group within the hive is geared towards efficiency and survival,
from the queen's reproductive focus to the worker's versatility, and
the drone's contribution to genetic variability. This level of organization
ensures the colony's health and supports the ecosystem around it
(12:09):
through extensive pollination. The beehive is a prime example of
nature's sophisticated systems at work, demonstrating remarkable cooperation and shared purpose.
(12:32):
Do you love the taste of honey? We certainly do.
Bees make honey through a fascinating and meticulous process. The
process for making honey goes like this. First, when the
weather gets warmer and flower start to bloom, honey bees
will leave their hives in search of flowers. Once they
(12:56):
find a flower, they use their long tube like tongues
called probossis to suck the nectar out of the bloom
and store it in their honey stomachs, which are different
from their food stomachs. Second, and once the bee's honey
stomach is full, the bee flies back to the hive.
(13:18):
This stomach can hold almost its own weight in nectar. Third,
back at the hive, the bee regurgitates the nectar into
the mouth of a younger bee. This transfer process may
happen multiple times from one bee to another to reduce
(13:39):
the water content of the nectar. Fourth, those bees chew
on the nectar for about thirty minutes. During this time,
enzymes break down the complex sugars in the nectar into
simpler sugars, which makes the nectar more digestible for the
bees and less prone to bacteria growth. Fifth, the bees
(14:05):
then deposit the transformed nectar into honeycomb cells to further
reduce the water content and thicken the substance. Bees fan
the nectar with their wings, helping the water to evaporate
and six. When the honey is ready and thick, the
bees seal off the honeycomb cell with a wax cap.
(14:29):
Special glands in the bees' abdomens produce this wax. Capping
the honeycomb protects the honey from air and water and
keeps it clean and safe. This process turns nectar into honey,
which the bees use as a food source, especially during
colder months when flowers are scarce. Honey is essential for
(14:54):
the colony's survival, providing energy and essential nutrients. But don't worry.
Bee keepers carefully take only the extra honey bees don't need,
ensuring plenty is left for the bees to eat, especially
during winter. This way, harvesting honey keeps the bees happy
(15:16):
and healthy, and we get to enjoy some too. Now
for some listeners questions. First, we have a question from Ellery,
who is four years old and lives in Richmond Hill, Canada.
(15:39):
Ellery asks why do hippopotamus open their mouths so wide?
Hippos open their mouths really wide for a couple of reasons.
One big reason is to show other hippos how strong
they are. When they yawn wide, it's like they're saying,
(16:00):
look at my big teeth and strong jaws. This helps
them look tough and tell other hippos to be careful
around them. Another reason to keep cool When hippos open
their mouths in the water. It helps them stay cool
on hot days, just like when we splash water on
(16:23):
our face. So opening their mouths wide allows hippos to
talk to each other without words and stay comfortable in
the heat. Thank you for the question, Ellery. Our next
question comes from Soreyer, who is six years old and
lives in Canberra, Australia. Soreya asks how do leaves change color?
(16:50):
Where we live in Canada, we see the first buds
appear on trees as we progress through spring and into summer. However,
in regions in the Southern Hemisphere, especially those with deciduous trees,
they can see leaves turning various shades of red, orange,
and yellow. In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons are opposite
(17:15):
to those in the Northern Hemisphere. So while the northern
part of the world enters spring, countries like Australia experience
autumn from March to May. Leaves change color in the
fall due to some cool changes inside them as the
weather gets cooler and the days get shorter. Here's how
(17:38):
it happens. First, during spring and summer, leaves are green
because of a pigment called chlorophyll, which helps plants make
their food using sunlight in a process called photosynthesis. Second,
as fall approaches, the days get shorter, meaning there's less sunlight.
(18:02):
This change tells the trees to start getting ready for winter. Third,
with less sunlight, the trees begin to break down chlorophyll
in the leaves. As the green color fades, it allows
other colors that have been in the leaf all along
but hidden by the green to show up. These are
(18:25):
the yellows and oranges you can see from pigments called caratenoids. Fourth,
in some trees, like maples, another pigment called anthocyanin starts
to form when it gets cooler. This pigment can make
the leaves turn red, purple, or even a bright bluish color.
(18:49):
And Fifth, Eventually, the tree starts to close off the
veins that carry water and nutrients to and from the leaves,
which prepares the leaves to fall off. As this happens,
the leaves lose their connection to the trees water supply,
and the colors change more until they finally fall off.
(19:14):
So the change in color and the eventual falling of
leaves are part of how trees prepare for the cold
winter months. They sort of go to sleep and the
show of colors we see is just a part of
them getting ready for a long winter's nap. Thank you
for the question, Siraya. I have one last question for you.
(19:40):
Do you know why bees have sticky hair? It's because
they use honeycombs. In this episode, we learned a bit
about bees. We started by looking at why bees are
(20:00):
important and the challenges they are facing. We looked at
how they are adapted to collecting pollen and learned about pollination.
We looked at how all of those bees lived together
in one hive and how each of them have a roll,
and how honey is made. We answered some questions from
(20:24):
Ellery who wanted to know why hippos opened their mouths
so wide, and Soraya, who wanted to know how leaves
change color. Thank you to Cassidy, Bryce Taylor Nova six
from Cleveland, Ohio. Penelope Crews from San Antonio, Texas, age five,
(20:47):
Lincoln reren Zoopanzak, twelve years old, Raylan Douglas Seth from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
Liezel Chrono Frasier who's nine years old, and her sister
Denny who's seven seven year old, jack Ira Halder Claire
(21:09):
Grass from Melbourne, Australia, Fred age five from Nottingham, UK,
Laura who is six years old, and Jacob age five
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