November 4, 2025 • 32 mins
In this episode of The Personality Couch, we (licensed clinical psychologists Doc Bok and Doc Fish) compare and contrast schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders, as well as schizophrenia. We define key terms, explore the overlap and differences among these disorders, and introduce the concept of schizotypy as a genetic predisposition towards schizophrenia. We further discuss the concept of schizotaxia, or “cognitive slippage” and the impact of birth trauma on schizo development. We also share our opinions about where schizoid fits on this continuum and if they are schizotypes or not.
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Chapters 00:00 Introduction & Defining Terms 01:14 Schizoid Personality Defined 01:49 Schizotypal Personality Defined 06:30 Schizophrenia Defined 09:05 Overlap of Schizoid, Schizotypal, & Schizophrenia 12:48 Differences Among Schizoid, Schizotypal, & Schizophrenia 14:34 Meehl’s Model of Schizotypy & Genetics 16:29 Schizotypy Defined 20:00 Premature Birth & Low Birth Weight in Schizo Disorders 22:39 Schizoids’ Unique Relationship to Schizotypy 28:34 Summary & Conclusion
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(01:00:00):
Welcome to the Personality Couch podcast,
where we discuss all thingspersonality and
clinical practice.
I'm your host, Doc Bok, and I'm herewith my co-host, Doc Fish.
We are both licensed clinicalpsychologists in
private practice, and todaywe are transitioning
into our schizotypal personality series.
(01:00:22):
In this episode, we'll definethe terms schizoid,
schizotypal, and schizophreniabefore discussing
similarities, differences, and whether or notthey should be on the same continuum.
In the series, we also explore a fascinatingterm called schizotypy or schizotypy.
We have got a jam-packed episodeas usual, so let's dive in.
(01:00:47):
So first we need to definethe terms, starting
with how the DSM describesthem, and in hearing
these definitions, it's important to rememberthat the DSM is disorder level only.
So it's possible to have schizoidor schizotypal
personality styles and nothave it at a disorder
level.
(01:01:07):
Right, yeah.
Yeah, so let's just do a quick recap here
with schizoid personalitydisorder and what
it means.
So for schizoid personalitydisorder, there
has to be a pattern of socialdetachment and
restricted emotional expression,plus four or
more criteria involving notwanting, enjoying,
and or lacking close relationships, lack
(01:01:29):
of interest in sexual experiences,choosing
solitary activities, nottaking pleasure in
things, appearing indifferentto praise or
criticism, and showing emotionalcoldness,
detachment, or flattened emotionalexpressions.
And remember, there's no psychosisor autism here.
Now, in the DSM, to meet criteria for
(01:01:50):
schizotypal personality disorder,there has to be a pattern
of social and interpersonaldeficits marked
by acute discomfort with andreduced capacity
for close relationships and cognitive or
perceptual distortions and eccentricitiesof behavior.
So basically, we're taking some of the
(01:02:12):
overlap from schizoid, but cognitiveoddities are
also present, making them like on thecusp of reality and non-reality.
Mm hmm.
Yep.
And for this diagnosis, there can befive or more of the following.
So first we have ideas of reference.
Ideas of reference are interpretationsthat
(01:02:33):
benign events are of personalsignificance.
So let's give a few examples here.
So perhaps Taylor Swiftleft me a personal
Easter egg on her recentalbum since I'm her
biggest fan.
Or maybe that news guy on TV is talkingto me directly and just me.
So these are not full blown delusions of referencebecause we're not in psychosis.
(01:02:56):
The second is odd beliefsor magical thinking
that influences behaviorand is inconsistent
with cultural norms.
So a few examples here, like extreme
superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance,the paranormal, telepathy,
or like a sixth sense.
(01:03:17):
And then in children andadolescents, this
can actually look like bizarrefantasies or
preoccupations or possiblyeven having like
magical powers, which canreally show up in
both kids and adults.
But so an example of thismight be like an
odd belief or magical thinkingthat Doc Fish
wore black today because I thoughtthat she would.
(01:03:40):
So she must have received my thoughts.Which I didn't.
So thank you for sending them.
So criterion three is unusual perceptual experiences,including bodily illusions.
So the perception of the physical body isdifferent from the actual body.
So like feeling like someoneelse is present
(01:04:02):
in the room or not reallyknowing where your
own body is in space.
Criterion four is odd thinking or speech,
which can come out in a lotof different ways.
It can be vague and non-specific,metaphorical, maybe abstract.
Conversely, it can be over elaborateand excessive.
(01:04:22):
It could be highly tangential with unusualassociations that aren't even linear.
So like, for example, talkingabout like frogs
and then somehow linking thatto like elaborate
research that you've done on cornflakes.
Yeah.
So it's not like incoherent as in full blownpsychosis, but it's just really odd.
(01:04:43):
Like not how most people talk, but notreally outside of reality completely.
Yeah.
So the fifth one is suspiciousnessor paranoid ideation.
Like for example, maybe their coworkers aretrying to undermine them with the boss.
The sixth one is inappropriateor constricted
affect and actually constrictedaffect would
(01:05:06):
be more similar to a schizoidhere, but
these types are not ableto negotiate social
cues well.
And then seventh, we havetheir behavior or
appearance can be odd orunkempt, possibly
wearing clothes that areout of fashion or
mismatched, possibly a bitdisheveled, like
think of maybe like wearinga leisure suit
(01:05:27):
or like a hat that reallyis not of the times.
And it's interesting because I actually
think of some of the DoctorWho characters, some
of the different interpretations of the
doctor and their choice andstyle maybe might be
in this more schizotypal domain.
Interesting.
So criterion eight is lackingclose relationships,
(01:05:48):
same as schizoid, but theirs isdue to uncomfortableness
with people.
And that kind of goes alongwith criterion
nine, which is having high social anxiety
related to paranoid fears.
So not like a negative self-view,like avoidant.
About time and familiarity does not helpwith their social anxiety.
Yeah.
(01:06:09):
Yeah.
So like, are they talking about me?
Can I trust them?
That type of thought is pervasive.
But again, like these otherdisorders that
we've been talking about,it's not psychosis
and it's not autism.
We're going to go into theweeds more soon as
our next series in the worksis schizotypal.
But for now, let's move onto schizophrenia.
(01:06:32):
So for schizophrenia, we'reout of reality.
Like we're in psychosis landas evidenced by
both positive and negativesymptoms signaling
that we've left the real world.
Mm-hmm.
Yep.
So there has to be a positive symptom of
delusions, hallucinations, ordisorganized speech.
(01:06:53):
All right.
So what do those look like?
Delusions are believing non-realitythings.
So if I were to proclaim thatI'm the Messiah
or I am God, that would bea delusion, right?
So then hallucinations are experiencing
things through the senses thatare like not based
in reality.
So common ones are like hearing things orseeing things that really aren't there.
(01:07:17):
And then we have disorganized speech.
So that is like frequent derailment or
incoherence, almost like a wordsalad is what we think
of.
It's clear that we're not in reality.
Okay.
And then we have a second symptom, which
could include grossly disorganizedor catatonic
(01:07:37):
behavior.
This might look like inappropriate facial
expressions or laughter orbehavior that is
really not consistent with a situation.
Possibly they could be rigid or freeze or maybedoing repetitive movements over and
over and over again.
There can also be othernegative symptoms.
So like diminished emotionalexpression or
(01:08:00):
what we call avolition or alack of goal-directed
behavior.
So you might even ask yourself, like,is anyone really there?
Now, these symptoms must cause impairment
with continuous signs ofdisturbance for at
least six months, but thesymptoms have to
occur for a significant amountof time within
(01:08:21):
one month of that half year.
It can't be part of anymood disorder like
schizoaffective, depressive,or bipolar with
psychotic features.
It can't be due to substanceor other medical stuff.
And now this is super interesting.
So if there's a neurodevelopmentalhistory, like
autism, the additional diagnosisof schizophrenia
(01:08:43):
is made only if there's prominentdelusions
or hallucinations in additionto other required
symptoms because basicallythat disorganized or
repetitive speech cannot bethe main criterion.
Right.
Yes, because the symptoms have to demonstratethat they are out of reality.
(01:09:03):
Yeah.
All right, though.
But how do these overlap?
Well, schizoid and schizotypalare both Cluster A
personality disorders involvingsocial isolation
and are personal issues and restrictedaffectivity.
They also have one criterion in the DSM thatthey share that's exactly the same.
(01:09:25):
So they both lack close friends or confidantsother than first degree relatives.
And then in research, there's actually a
lot of measurement that'sstated to be on that
schizoid-schizotypal continuum.
Mm hmm.
Yep.
All right.
So now for the schizophrenia overlap, the
DSM mentioned schizotypalpersonality disorder
(01:09:46):
in the schizophrenia spectrum and other
psychotic disorders section, notingthat it is considered
part of the schizophrenia spectrumof disorders.
And that's actually where theICD 10 listed as well.
But the actual criteriaof schizotypal are
explained in the personalitydisorder section.
Mm hmm.
(01:10:06):
Then schizoid can mimic negative symptoms
of schizophrenia and thus,according to the
PDM is a subsyndromal schizophreniaspectrum disorder.
So subsyndromal, right?
That's meaning it's like pre psychotic.
It's like underneath thatthreshold and it
exists, but it's on like thecusp of psychotic
symptoms.
(01:10:27):
There's no psychosis.
Yes.
Yeah.
Subsyndromal.
So pre psychotic before psychosis.
So this highlights the debatethroughout the
field of psychology about whetheror not schizoid
is on the schizophrenic spectrum or not.
Some say yes.
Some say no.
Mm hmm.
Now some researchers saythat all three of
(01:10:48):
these come from the samepersonality line,
but this is debated.
Mm hmm.
And once again, I want to caveat that not allschizoid or schizotypal personalities
are at the disorder level.
Yeah.
But anyway, let's look athow they differ.
Mm hmm.
Yeah.
So let's start first with schizoid andschizotypal personality disorder.
(01:11:09):
So the first thing that we'lllook at is reality.
So schizoids' reality testing is intact.
The detachment into fantasydoes not affect
reality, versus schizotypalhas cognitive and
perceptual distortions and significanteccentricity or oddness.
Like they tow that line of reality.
(01:11:31):
They're not psychotic, though they flirtwith that line an awful lot.
Mm hmm.
Now, interpersonally, schizoidsare disinterested
or detached in relationshipsand totally indifferent
to praise their criticism,according to the DSM.
They are also lower in hostilityand aggressiveness.
In contrast, schizotypals are super
(01:11:51):
anxious and uncomfortable withrelationships with
some paranoid thinking.
So it's hard for them to maintainrelationships.
Mm hmm.
And we look at emotions.
So unsurprisingly, schizoids lack affector are detached from their emotions.
Schizotypals have emotions that are restrictedor possibly inappropriate.
(01:12:15):
They are higher in anxietyand neuroticism.
And then the next one that welook at is the self.
So schizoids score low onself consciousness
versus schizotypals score highon self consciousness.
Mm hmm.
And then regarding impairment,schizotypal
can experience more impairmentin functioning
(01:12:36):
due to oddities and reality distortions.
While schizoids can actually function reasonablywell, but they're just isolated.
Now, of course, it does dependon several factors.
Mm hmm.
But now let's look, though,at how schizophrenia
is different from both schizoidand schizotypal
personality disorder.
(01:12:56):
So some researchers say that schizoid is noton the schizophrenia spectrum, though,
as we've discussed in thisschizoid series,
research does show a geneticlink with schizoid
personalities and relativeswith schizophrenia.
So spoiler alert, we thinkthat schizoid is
on the schizophrenia spectrum,just like the
(01:13:18):
nonpsychotic end of that.
And they just don't reach psychosis.
And then, of course, as we've been saying,researchers don't really get schizoids.
So it's no wonder that there's a debate.
Mm hmm.
Yeah.
So schizotypal personality disorder as it
flirts with psychosis iswidely accepted as
being part of the schizophrenia spectrum.
(01:13:40):
In fact, it's considered to be a milderversion of schizophrenia by some.
Now, the DSM Schizophrenia differential
diagnosis says schizotypal personalitydisorder can
be distinguished from schizophrenia by
symptoms below the psychoticthreshold that are more
so associated with persistentpersonality features.
(01:14:02):
And interestingly, the DSM doesnot mention schizoid here.
Now, in overview, schizophrenia haspersistent psychotic symptoms.
Schizotypal does not have persistent psychosis,though they toe the line.
Schizoid does not even comeclose to the line.
Maybe it hides from it inits turtle shell.
Mm hmm.
All right.
(01:14:22):
But in order to take this a level deeper,we need to introduce a new term.
It's not a personality disorderand it's not in the DSM.
But Doc Fish, we need to talk about theconcept of schizotypy or schizotypy.
Mm hmm.
Okay.
So first, I'm going to walk you through a
model by Paul Meehl involvingschizotypy before
(01:14:44):
we even define all the terms.
So first, you're born with DNA, right?
This is called the schizogene, which
interacts with other factorsand leads to something
called schizotaxia or the potential forcognitive slippage in the brain.
Okay.
So schizogenes and the DNA results in the
brain and neuronal structuresbeing prepared
(01:15:07):
to deteriorate out of reality.
This is the foundation.
Okay.
And all of this interactswith like external
life experiences to resultin a personality
organization of schizotypy.
Ooh, so fascinating.
Okay.
So let me see if I can get this right.
So some people have DNA that results in a
(01:15:29):
schizotaxic brain that isprone to slipping
out of reality at a neuro level.
And then you add in life and experiences
and then a schizotypy personalityorganization
is formed.
Is that right?
Mm hmm.
That is fascinating.
Yes.
So schizotypy as a concept started in theearly 1900s with Kraepelin and Bleuler.
(01:15:56):
However, research fell off until theearly 1980s when it exploded again.
So in the last couple of decades,it's actually
been one of the most activeareas of research.
So for example, in 2014, there were 1,629
published reports that includedschizotypal
or schizotypy just in the title.
(01:16:18):
That is a lot of research.
Wow.
All right.
But we need to define what schizotypyactually is.
Okay.
So schizotypy is the unobservablelatent construct
that is essentially a liabilityfor schizophrenia.
(01:16:38):
It's a personality organization.
A person with schizotypy is a schizotype.
So similar to like a genetic phenotype or
like someone who's brown eyedor blond haired.
A schizotype is a person with the genetic
traits that predispose themto schizophrenia.
Schizotypy is a personality organizationstemming from that genetic makeup.
(01:17:00):
Oh, yes.
So interesting.
Okay.
So here I also think it's important to
note that these terms don'tnecessarily map on
nicely to the DSM's diagnoses andschizotypy isn't a diagnosis.
Some actually argue that the concept of
schizotypy extends beyond whatthe DSM captures in terms
(01:17:20):
of personality.
And also important to note here is thatschizotypes exist on a continuum.
Like they can range from healthy allthe way up to schizophrenia.
Right.
And Meehl further argued that 10% of the
general population is believedto be a schizotype.
(01:17:41):
But not all of them show it.
Like it can lie dormant.
Which Doc Bock and I believe that perhaps
the dormant schizotype mightbe part of the
schizoid personality?
Ooh, the plot thickens.
Okay.
But let's go a little bit deeper.
Schizotypy stems from a genetic loadingthat's in the fabric of your DNA.
(01:18:05):
Schizotypy is basically thepathway to psychosis.
It's a necessary ingredient in the psychoticpersonality soup, if you will.
While psychosis can mean schizophrenia,
there are other psychotic disordersstemming from
personality as well.
Yes.
So this is where we see some schizotypic
(01:18:26):
disorders that do map ontothe DSM diagnoses.
Okay.
So namely, schizotypal personality disorderand paranoid personality disorder.
Both are on the cusp of realityand non-reality
and they can fully disintegrateinto schizophrenia
and paraphrenia, respectively.
(01:18:46):
Aha.
And here we're going to add somemore visuals to our blog.
So if you're a visual learner, we'll linkthat in the show notes for you.
All right.
So as we discussed before,schizotypy develops
from the potential to havecognitive slippage,
also called schizotaxia.
This is where on a brain-based level, the
(01:19:07):
personality is more proneto decompensation,
to melting, to disintegrating.
And whether or not someone's personality
actually does backslide isbased on a number
of factors, including geneticand environmental risks.
All right.
So let's look first at potentialgenetic risks.
This includes other traits of social
(01:19:29):
introversion, high neurosis, likenervous energy or high
anxiety, aggression, and anhedonia.
So anhedonia is loss of pleasure in
things, which can be a symptomof depression, but
also it's a symptom of schizoid.
Yeah.
And then we have environmental.
So this is basically life,stressors, trauma.
(01:19:51):
So all of these things here influence
whether a schizotype heads towardspsychosis or not.
And I think here is a greatplace to address
a super insightful questionand comment that
we received about low birth weight and
premature birth in relation toschizophrenia, schizotype
(01:20:11):
on schizoid.
So the research addresses this from the
perspective of a schizophrenicmother giving birth and
then also of risk factorsfor schizophrenia.
Some also included schizotypal in there.
This research is very muchassociated with
complications or birth trauma in general,
as well as lower birth weight, lowergestational age, and fetal growth.
(01:20:35):
And it seems that more malebabies are at risk.
Ooh, how fascinating.
All right.
So regarding those with schizoidpersonality
disorder, one article notedthat male children
and teens with schizoid personalitydisorder had low body weight.
Right?
And then another article noted of all the
(01:20:57):
personality disorders, schizoidsare the only
ones more likely to be underweight andmore so for schizoid women.
And another interesting nugget.
Low nutrition in the first trimester
increased the risk for schizoidpersonality disorder
according to another study.
All right.
One last one.
Maternal stress, especially in the second
(01:21:19):
trimester, childhood traumaand cannabis use
are linked to schizophrenia development.
Mm-hmm.
So that said, even in thebest environment,
you cannot escape your geneticallyoriented
schizotypy.
Right.
You can't escape genes and you can't change
it, but you can escape themanifestation of
(01:21:42):
the schizotypy if it stays latent and
dormant, but I'm not sure thatthis is necessarily
a choice.
It really depends on the cards you weredealt, genetic and environmental.
So the only thing betweenschizotypy and its
manifestation are multiplegenetic risk factors
and stressors.
So Meehl actually called these polygeneticpotentiators.
(01:22:04):
It's a fun word.
So these polygenetic potentiators pushthe schizotype towards psychosis.
Yes.
And we just talked about some of these.
So like introversion, anxiety, proneness,aggression and loss of pleasure.
Mm-hmm.
But it also doesn't mean that if you have
birth trauma or life traumaand schizotypy
(01:22:26):
that you're doomed to developschizophrenia.
Like people aren't machines, right?
And there's no two plus two equals four equationfor schizophrenia's development.
But I do have a question.
Doc Fish, where does thisleave schizoids?
Okay.
So here's our hypothesis about schizoids.
So we believe that the schizoidsare on the
(01:22:48):
same spectrum as schizotypaland schizophrenia,
though they never reach psychosis.
Why?
Well, we think that schizoids,though they are
schizotypes, in our opinion,their schizotypy
lies dormant or unobservable,perhaps because
of their low neuroticism andhigh detachment.
So instead of splitting fromreality completely,
(01:23:11):
they adaptively find a wayto split into fantasy
and it spares them from the observableproblematic psychosis.
And I think this might explainwhy schizoids
can feel like they are goingmad or are crazy.
But what you're saying is that schizoids essentiallyjump off the inevitable train
(01:23:32):
to near psychosis or psychosisland, or maybe
they hide in the luggage compartmentor something
or maybe they hide like astowaway and don't
get off at the schizotypalor the schizophrenic
destinations.
Yes, maybe.
So they're hiding and splitting offis adaptive and it saves them.
(01:23:56):
And most likely they foundthis adaptation
earlier on in life because the longer you
stay on the train when youhave schizotypy,
the more inevitable the cliffof reality becomes.
Uh-huh.
Yes, this is so, so fascinating.
But I do feel like we need to back this
train up a bit and talk aboutthe problems with
(01:24:17):
definitions on schizotypy andalso differing opinions.
All right, so I'll start us off.
This is going to come as a big surprise.
But researchers are split.
Of course they are, right?
Do schizoids have schizotypy or not?
Some say yes, others say no.
The PDM and McWilliams considerschizotypy
(01:24:38):
to be a trait within the schizoidpersonality.
So schizotypy as a concept has been
approached by different theoriesand methodologies.
So there's like a lot of debate.
And while we are currently using it in
accordance with Meehl's model,sometimes it can also
mean like schizophrenia-likephenomenology
that is stable and enduringbut not psychotic.
(01:25:02):
And I would actually argue that maybe that'sthe schizotypal camp actually?
It might be.
Now again, some argue that schizoidis not schizophrenia related.
So it's not an example of a schizotypicpsychopathology.
But some argue that schizoid and avoidant
personality disorders couldbe in the realm
(01:25:25):
of the schizotypic or schizophreniaspectrum pathology.
Ooh, okay.
This is where we sit actually.
Like you and I, Doc Fish, we think thatthey're all on the same spectrum.
So perhaps schizoid has much more of the
negative traits of schizophreniaand schizotypal has
(01:25:45):
more of the positive traitsof schizophrenia.
This, this, I think you'reon to something here.
Yeah, so the positive traits are
potentially what take it overthe edge into full-blown
psychosis.
This is really, really fascinatingto think about.
So it just makes sense becausethe overlap
(01:26:06):
is with the negative symptoms,right, across
the whole spectrum.
Schizoid, schizotypal, schizophrenia allhave the negative symptoms in common.
However, what you're saying is it's the
positive symptoms that aremore problematic.
So let's remember positive symptoms are thingslike hallucinations and delusions.
Those are more obviously pushingus outside of reality.
(01:26:29):
I totally agree.
I think you're on to something here.
It's possible, just hypotheses.
But that actually brings me to Kety.
So Kety actually found that while
schizophrenia is genetic, it producesdifferent phenotypes
depending on social, emotional,environmental stuff.
So briefly he proposed four variants of
(01:26:51):
schizophrenia and he put themall on a spectrum.
Okay, so the first one is chronicschizophrenia.
This is similar to Kraepelin'sdementia praecox.
It's also called true or processschizophrenia.
And I think this one might be the closest
to the DSM schizophreniathat we have now.
Yes, yes, I've heard of that.
Yeah.
(01:27:11):
And then we also have theacute schizophrenic
reaction, which is when schizophreniais precipitated
by external events or major traumas that
lead to that rapid slippageinto non-reality.
But interestingly, there'sa good prognosis.
So the psyche is able to spring back.
(01:27:32):
Isn't that interesting?
So I'm thinking maybe thiscould describe other
psychotic disorders, maybelike schizoaffective
disorder or mood disorders withpsychotic features.
Maybe.
So number three is borderline
schizophrenic, which maps ontothe DSM schizotypal where
(01:27:53):
they're on the cusp of reality.
And then the fourth one was termed
inadequate personality and apparentlyis more similar
to the DSM schizoid.
Aha.
So basically we have all the schizo
disorders that are somehow relatedpossibly and like
also very different and there's still
(01:28:14):
debate and the different perspectiveslike don't
match up, of course.
Right?
So we have the DSM, the ICD,psychodynamic,
historical psychologistsand psychiatrists.
They all give us data to work with, butthere is no one conclusion.
Yeah, of course.
Of course.
But let's bring this back around to
(01:28:35):
schizotypy because I want to bereally clear here about
what it is not.
So schizotypy is not the same as the DSM
schizotypal or schizotypalpersonality disorder.
Schizotypy is a latent unobservable
construct while schizotypal personalitydisorder is
(01:28:58):
an observable personality presentation.
Schizotypy is not just foridentifying DSM
schizotypal personality disorder features
or any DSM diagnosis.
Like it is bigger than that.
And not all schizotypes are expectedto develop schizophrenia.
(01:29:18):
There is a range from healthyto psychotic.
So some will show schizophrenia,some will
show like nonpsychotic features,schizotypal
personality disorder maybe.
Some will be quietly schizotypic,which we
think is possibly the schizoidpersonality.
So schizotypes exist on a continuum and
(01:29:39):
there is a range of healthypresentations all the
way to schizophrenia.
Yes, yes.
And then we don't really know what causes
someone to flirt with psychosisor go into
psychosis, but research tellsus that it is
a complex interplay betweenthe schizotypy,
other genes, and environmentor experiences.
(01:30:03):
And I will say too, puttingin a plug here,
if you found schizotypy fascinating,we did
too.
And we're actually going to unpack it morein this schizotypal personality series.
But for today, it is timeto land the plane.
So we unpack schizoid for schizotypal
(01:30:23):
versus schizophrenia, whichrequired us to bring
in that fascinating conceptof schizotypy.
So while it is widely recognized that
schizotypal and schizophrenia existon the same continuum,
being close to psychosis and in psychosis
respectively, schizoids havebefuddled scientists.
(01:30:44):
Doc Fish and I believe schizoids are all
part of the same schizophreniaspectrum, though
they never reach psychosis.
In fact, they use their split into fantasyin an adaptive way, in our opinion.
While some researchers argue that the
schizotype isn't part of schizoid,we actually believe
(01:31:04):
it is, and that the schizotype lies
dormant, keeping the schizoidaway from psychosis.
But on that note, that'sa wrap for today.
Thank you for joining us on this episodeof The Personality Couch.
Make sure to check out ourblogs that coincide
with these episodes at www.personalitycouch.com.
(01:31:26):
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Be well, be kind, and we'll see you nexttime on The Personality Couch.
This podcast is for informationalpurposes
(01:31:48):
only and does not constitutea professional
relationship.
If you're in need of professional help,
please seek out appropriate resourcesin your area.
Information about clinical trends or
diagnoses are discussed in broadand universal terms
and do not refer to any specificperson or case.
Welcome to the Personality Couch podcast,
where we discuss all thingspersonality and
clinical practice.
I'm your host, Doc Bok, and I'm herewith my co-host, Doc Fish.
We are both licensed clinicalpsychologists in
private practice, and todaywe are transitioning
into our schizotypal personality series.
(01:00:22):
In this episode, we'll definethe terms schizoid,
schizotypal, and schizophreniabefore discussing
similarities, differences, and whether or notthey should be on the same continuum.
In the series, we also explore a fascinatingterm called schizotypy or schizotypy.
We have got a jam-packed episodeas usual, so let's dive in.
(01:00:47):
So first we need to definethe terms, starting
with how the DSM describesthem, and in hearing
these definitions, it's important to rememberthat the DSM is disorder level only.
So it's possible to have schizoidor schizotypal
personality styles and nothave it at a disorder
level.
(01:01:07):
Right, yeah.
Yeah, so let's just do a quick recap here
with schizoid personalitydisorder and what
it means.
So for schizoid personalitydisorder, there
has to be a pattern of socialdetachment and
restricted emotional expression,plus four or
more criteria involving notwanting, enjoying,
and or lacking close relationships, lack
(01:01:29):
of interest in sexual experiences,choosing
solitary activities, nottaking pleasure in
things, appearing indifferentto praise or
criticism, and showing emotionalcoldness,
detachment, or flattened emotionalexpressions.
And remember, there's no psychosisor autism here.
Now, in the DSM, to meet criteria for
(01:01:50):
schizotypal personality disorder,there has to be a pattern
of social and interpersonaldeficits marked
by acute discomfort with andreduced capacity
for close relationships and cognitive or
perceptual distortions and eccentricitiesof behavior.
So basically, we're taking some of the
(01:02:12):
overlap from schizoid, but cognitiveoddities are
also present, making them like on thecusp of reality and non-reality.
Mm hmm.
Yep.
And for this diagnosis, there can befive or more of the following.
So first we have ideas of reference.
Ideas of reference are interpretationsthat
(01:02:33):
benign events are of personalsignificance.
So let's give a few examples here.
So perhaps Taylor Swiftleft me a personal
Easter egg on her recentalbum since I'm her
biggest fan.
Or maybe that news guy on TV is talkingto me directly and just me.
So these are not full blown delusions of referencebecause we're not in psychosis.
(01:02:56):
The second is odd beliefsor magical thinking
that influences behaviorand is inconsistent
with cultural norms.
So a few examples here, like extreme
superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance,the paranormal, telepathy,
or like a sixth sense.
(01:03:17):
And then in children andadolescents, this
can actually look like bizarrefantasies or
preoccupations or possiblyeven having like
magical powers, which canreally show up in
both kids and adults.
But so an example of thismight be like an
odd belief or magical thinkingthat Doc Fish
wore black today because I thoughtthat she would.
(01:03:40):
So she must have received my thoughts.Which I didn't.
So thank you for sending them.
So criterion three is unusual perceptual experiences,including bodily illusions.
So the perception of the physical body isdifferent from the actual body.
So like feeling like someoneelse is present
(01:04:02):
in the room or not reallyknowing where your
own body is in space.
Criterion four is odd thinking or speech,
which can come out in a lotof different ways.
It can be vague and non-specific,metaphorical, maybe abstract.
Conversely, it can be over elaborateand excessive.
(01:04:22):
It could be highly tangential with unusualassociations that aren't even linear.
So like, for example, talkingabout like frogs
and then somehow linking thatto like elaborate
research that you've done on cornflakes.
Yeah.
So it's not like incoherent as in full blownpsychosis, but it's just really odd.
(01:04:43):
Like not how most people talk, but notreally outside of reality completely.
Yeah.
So the fifth one is suspiciousnessor paranoid ideation.
Like for example, maybe their coworkers aretrying to undermine them with the boss.
The sixth one is inappropriateor constricted
affect and actually constrictedaffect would
(01:05:06):
be more similar to a schizoidhere, but
these types are not ableto negotiate social
cues well.
And then seventh, we havetheir behavior or
appearance can be odd orunkempt, possibly
wearing clothes that areout of fashion or
mismatched, possibly a bitdisheveled, like
think of maybe like wearinga leisure suit
(01:05:27):
or like a hat that reallyis not of the times.
And it's interesting because I actually
think of some of the DoctorWho characters, some
of the different interpretations of the
doctor and their choice andstyle maybe might be
in this more schizotypal domain.
Interesting.
So criterion eight is lackingclose relationships,
(01:05:48):
same as schizoid, but theirs isdue to uncomfortableness
with people.
And that kind of goes alongwith criterion
nine, which is having high social anxiety
related to paranoid fears.
So not like a negative self-view,like avoidant.
About time and familiarity does not helpwith their social anxiety.
Yeah.
(01:06:09):
Yeah.
So like, are they talking about me?
Can I trust them?
That type of thought is pervasive.
But again, like these otherdisorders that
we've been talking about,it's not psychosis
and it's not autism.
We're going to go into theweeds more soon as
our next series in the worksis schizotypal.
But for now, let's move onto schizophrenia.
(01:06:32):
So for schizophrenia, we'reout of reality.
Like we're in psychosis landas evidenced by
both positive and negativesymptoms signaling
that we've left the real world.
Mm-hmm.
Yep.
So there has to be a positive symptom of
delusions, hallucinations, ordisorganized speech.
(01:06:53):
All right.
So what do those look like?
Delusions are believing non-realitythings.
So if I were to proclaim thatI'm the Messiah
or I am God, that would bea delusion, right?
So then hallucinations are experiencing
things through the senses thatare like not based
in reality.
So common ones are like hearing things orseeing things that really aren't there.
(01:07:17):
And then we have disorganized speech.
So that is like frequent derailment or
incoherence, almost like a wordsalad is what we think
of.
It's clear that we're not in reality.
Okay.
And then we have a second symptom, which
could include grossly disorganizedor catatonic
(01:07:37):
behavior.
This might look like inappropriate facial
expressions or laughter orbehavior that is
really not consistent with a situation.
Possibly they could be rigid or freeze or maybedoing repetitive movements over and
over and over again.
There can also be othernegative symptoms.
So like diminished emotionalexpression or
(01:08:00):
what we call avolition or alack of goal-directed
behavior.
So you might even ask yourself, like,is anyone really there?
Now, these symptoms must cause impairment
with continuous signs ofdisturbance for at
least six months, but thesymptoms have to
occur for a significant amountof time within
(01:08:21):
one month of that half year.
It can't be part of anymood disorder like
schizoaffective, depressive,or bipolar with
psychotic features.
It can't be due to substanceor other medical stuff.
And now this is super interesting.
So if there's a neurodevelopmentalhistory, like
autism, the additional diagnosisof schizophrenia
(01:08:43):
is made only if there's prominentdelusions
or hallucinations in additionto other required
symptoms because basicallythat disorganized or
repetitive speech cannot bethe main criterion.
Right.
Yes, because the symptoms have to demonstratethat they are out of reality.
(01:09:03):
Yeah.
All right, though.
But how do these overlap?
Well, schizoid and schizotypalare both Cluster A
personality disorders involvingsocial isolation
and are personal issues and restrictedaffectivity.
They also have one criterion in the DSM thatthey share that's exactly the same.
(01:09:25):
So they both lack close friends or confidantsother than first degree relatives.
And then in research, there's actually a
lot of measurement that'sstated to be on that
schizoid-schizotypal continuum.
Mm hmm.
Yep.
All right.
So now for the schizophrenia overlap, the
DSM mentioned schizotypalpersonality disorder
(01:09:46):
in the schizophrenia spectrum and other
psychotic disorders section, notingthat it is considered
part of the schizophrenia spectrumof disorders.
And that's actually where theICD 10 listed as well.
But the actual criteriaof schizotypal are
explained in the personalitydisorder section.
Mm hmm.
(01:10:06):
Then schizoid can mimic negative symptoms
of schizophrenia and thus,according to the
PDM is a subsyndromal schizophreniaspectrum disorder.
So subsyndromal, right?
That's meaning it's like pre psychotic.
It's like underneath thatthreshold and it
exists, but it's on like thecusp of psychotic
symptoms.
(01:10:27):
There's no psychosis.
Yes.
Yeah.
Subsyndromal.
So pre psychotic before psychosis.
So this highlights the debatethroughout the
field of psychology about whetheror not schizoid
is on the schizophrenic spectrum or not.
Some say yes.
Some say no.
Mm hmm.
Now some researchers saythat all three of
(01:10:48):
these come from the samepersonality line,
but this is debated.
Mm hmm.
And once again, I want to caveat that not allschizoid or schizotypal personalities
are at the disorder level.
Yeah.
But anyway, let's look athow they differ.
Mm hmm.
Yeah.
So let's start first with schizoid andschizotypal personality disorder.
(01:11:09):
So the first thing that we'lllook at is reality.
So schizoids' reality testing is intact.
The detachment into fantasydoes not affect
reality, versus schizotypalhas cognitive and
perceptual distortions and significanteccentricity or oddness.
Like they tow that line of reality.
(01:11:31):
They're not psychotic, though they flirtwith that line an awful lot.
Mm hmm.
Now, interpersonally, schizoidsare disinterested
or detached in relationshipsand totally indifferent
to praise their criticism,according to the DSM.
They are also lower in hostilityand aggressiveness.
In contrast, schizotypals are super
(01:11:51):
anxious and uncomfortable withrelationships with
some paranoid thinking.
So it's hard for them to maintainrelationships.
Mm hmm.
And we look at emotions.
So unsurprisingly, schizoids lack affector are detached from their emotions.
Schizotypals have emotions that are restrictedor possibly inappropriate.
(01:12:15):
They are higher in anxietyand neuroticism.
And then the next one that welook at is the self.
So schizoids score low onself consciousness
versus schizotypals score highon self consciousness.
Mm hmm.
And then regarding impairment,schizotypal
can experience more impairmentin functioning
(01:12:36):
due to oddities and reality distortions.
While schizoids can actually function reasonablywell, but they're just isolated.
Now, of course, it does dependon several factors.
Mm hmm.
But now let's look, though,at how schizophrenia
is different from both schizoidand schizotypal
personality disorder.
(01:12:56):
So some researchers say that schizoid is noton the schizophrenia spectrum, though,
as we've discussed in thisschizoid series,
research does show a geneticlink with schizoid
personalities and relativeswith schizophrenia.
So spoiler alert, we thinkthat schizoid is
on the schizophrenia spectrum,just like the
(01:13:18):
nonpsychotic end of that.
And they just don't reach psychosis.
And then, of course, as we've been saying,researchers don't really get schizoids.
So it's no wonder that there's a debate.
Mm hmm.
Yeah.
So schizotypal personality disorder as it
flirts with psychosis iswidely accepted as
being part of the schizophrenia spectrum.
(01:13:40):
In fact, it's considered to be a milderversion of schizophrenia by some.
Now, the DSM Schizophrenia differential
diagnosis says schizotypal personalitydisorder can
be distinguished from schizophrenia by
symptoms below the psychoticthreshold that are more
so associated with persistentpersonality features.
(01:14:02):
And interestingly, the DSM doesnot mention schizoid here.
Now, in overview, schizophrenia haspersistent psychotic symptoms.
Schizotypal does not have persistent psychosis,though they toe the line.
Schizoid does not even comeclose to the line.
Maybe it hides from it inits turtle shell.
Mm hmm.
All right.
(01:14:22):
But in order to take this a level deeper,we need to introduce a new term.
It's not a personality disorderand it's not in the DSM.
But Doc Fish, we need to talk about theconcept of schizotypy or schizotypy.
Mm hmm.
Okay.
So first, I'm going to walk you through a
model by Paul Meehl involvingschizotypy before
(01:14:44):
we even define all the terms.
So first, you're born with DNA, right?
This is called the schizogene, which
interacts with other factorsand leads to something
called schizotaxia or the potential forcognitive slippage in the brain.
Okay.
So schizogenes and the DNA results in the
brain and neuronal structuresbeing prepared
(01:15:07):
to deteriorate out of reality.
This is the foundation.
Okay.
And all of this interactswith like external
life experiences to resultin a personality
organization of schizotypy.
Ooh, so fascinating.
Okay.
So let me see if I can get this right.
So some people have DNA that results in a
(01:15:29):
schizotaxic brain that isprone to slipping
out of reality at a neuro level.
And then you add in life and experiences
and then a schizotypy personalityorganization
is formed.
Is that right?
Mm hmm.
That is fascinating.
Yes.
So schizotypy as a concept started in theearly 1900s with Kraepelin and Bleuler.
(01:15:56):
However, research fell off until theearly 1980s when it exploded again.
So in the last couple of decades,it's actually
been one of the most activeareas of research.
So for example, in 2014, there were 1,629
published reports that includedschizotypal
or schizotypy just in the title.
(01:16:18):
That is a lot of research.
Wow.
All right.
But we need to define what schizotypyactually is.
Okay.
So schizotypy is the unobservablelatent construct
that is essentially a liabilityfor schizophrenia.
(01:16:38):
It's a personality organization.
A person with schizotypy is a schizotype.
So similar to like a genetic phenotype or
like someone who's brown eyedor blond haired.
A schizotype is a person with the genetic
traits that predispose themto schizophrenia.
Schizotypy is a personality organizationstemming from that genetic makeup.
(01:17:00):
Oh, yes.
So interesting.
Okay.
So here I also think it's important to
note that these terms don'tnecessarily map on
nicely to the DSM's diagnoses andschizotypy isn't a diagnosis.
Some actually argue that the concept of
schizotypy extends beyond whatthe DSM captures in terms
(01:17:20):
of personality.
And also important to note here is thatschizotypes exist on a continuum.
Like they can range from healthy allthe way up to schizophrenia.
Right.
And Meehl further argued that 10% of the
general population is believedto be a schizotype.
(01:17:41):
But not all of them show it.
Like it can lie dormant.
Which Doc Bock and I believe that perhaps
the dormant schizotype mightbe part of the
schizoid personality?
Ooh, the plot thickens.
Okay.
But let's go a little bit deeper.
Schizotypy stems from a genetic loadingthat's in the fabric of your DNA.
(01:18:05):
Schizotypy is basically thepathway to psychosis.
It's a necessary ingredient in the psychoticpersonality soup, if you will.
While psychosis can mean schizophrenia,
there are other psychotic disordersstemming from
personality as well.
Yes.
So this is where we see some schizotypic
(01:18:26):
disorders that do map ontothe DSM diagnoses.
Okay.
So namely, schizotypal personality disorderand paranoid personality disorder.
Both are on the cusp of realityand non-reality
and they can fully disintegrateinto schizophrenia
and paraphrenia, respectively.
(01:18:46):
Aha.
And here we're going to add somemore visuals to our blog.
So if you're a visual learner, we'll linkthat in the show notes for you.
All right.
So as we discussed before,schizotypy develops
from the potential to havecognitive slippage,
also called schizotaxia.
This is where on a brain-based level, the
(01:19:07):
personality is more proneto decompensation,
to melting, to disintegrating.
And whether or not someone's personality
actually does backslide isbased on a number
of factors, including geneticand environmental risks.
All right.
So let's look first at potentialgenetic risks.
This includes other traits of social
(01:19:29):
introversion, high neurosis, likenervous energy or high
anxiety, aggression, and anhedonia.
So anhedonia is loss of pleasure in
things, which can be a symptomof depression, but
also it's a symptom of schizoid.
Yeah.
And then we have environmental.
So this is basically life,stressors, trauma.
(01:19:51):
So all of these things here influence
whether a schizotype heads towardspsychosis or not.
And I think here is a greatplace to address
a super insightful questionand comment that
we received about low birth weight and
premature birth in relation toschizophrenia, schizotype
(01:20:11):
on schizoid.
So the research addresses this from the
perspective of a schizophrenicmother giving birth and
then also of risk factorsfor schizophrenia.
Some also included schizotypal in there.
This research is very muchassociated with
complications or birth trauma in general,
as well as lower birth weight, lowergestational age, and fetal growth.
(01:20:35):
And it seems that more malebabies are at risk.
Ooh, how fascinating.
All right.
So regarding those with schizoidpersonality
disorder, one article notedthat male children
and teens with schizoid personalitydisorder had low body weight.
Right?
And then another article noted of all the
(01:20:57):
personality disorders, schizoidsare the only
ones more likely to be underweight andmore so for schizoid women.
And another interesting nugget.
Low nutrition in the first trimester
increased the risk for schizoidpersonality disorder
according to another study.
All right.
One last one.
Maternal stress, especially in the second
(01:21:19):
trimester, childhood traumaand cannabis use
are linked to schizophrenia development.
Mm-hmm.
So that said, even in thebest environment,
you cannot escape your geneticallyoriented
schizotypy.
Right.
You can't escape genes and you can't change
it, but you can escape themanifestation of
(01:21:42):
the schizotypy if it stays latent and
dormant, but I'm not sure thatthis is necessarily
a choice.
It really depends on the cards you weredealt, genetic and environmental.
So the only thing betweenschizotypy and its
manifestation are multiplegenetic risk factors
and stressors.
So Meehl actually called these polygeneticpotentiators.
(01:22:04):
It's a fun word.
So these polygenetic potentiators pushthe schizotype towards psychosis.
Yes.
And we just talked about some of these.
So like introversion, anxiety, proneness,aggression and loss of pleasure.
Mm-hmm.
But it also doesn't mean that if you have
birth trauma or life traumaand schizotypy
(01:22:26):
that you're doomed to developschizophrenia.
Like people aren't machines, right?
And there's no two plus two equals four equationfor schizophrenia's development.
But I do have a question.
Doc Fish, where does thisleave schizoids?
Okay.
So here's our hypothesis about schizoids.
So we believe that the schizoidsare on the
(01:22:48):
same spectrum as schizotypaland schizophrenia,
though they never reach psychosis.
Why?
Well, we think that schizoids,though they are
schizotypes, in our opinion,their schizotypy
lies dormant or unobservable,perhaps because
of their low neuroticism andhigh detachment.
So instead of splitting fromreality completely,
(01:23:11):
they adaptively find a wayto split into fantasy
and it spares them from the observableproblematic psychosis.
And I think this might explainwhy schizoids
can feel like they are goingmad or are crazy.
But what you're saying is that schizoids essentiallyjump off the inevitable train
(01:23:32):
to near psychosis or psychosisland, or maybe
they hide in the luggage compartmentor something
or maybe they hide like astowaway and don't
get off at the schizotypalor the schizophrenic
destinations.
Yes, maybe.
So they're hiding and splitting offis adaptive and it saves them.
(01:23:56):
And most likely they foundthis adaptation
earlier on in life because the longer you
stay on the train when youhave schizotypy,
the more inevitable the cliffof reality becomes.
Uh-huh.
Yes, this is so, so fascinating.
But I do feel like we need to back this
train up a bit and talk aboutthe problems with
(01:24:17):
definitions on schizotypy andalso differing opinions.
All right, so I'll start us off.
This is going to come as a big surprise.
But researchers are split.
Of course they are, right?
Do schizoids have schizotypy or not?
Some say yes, others say no.
The PDM and McWilliams considerschizotypy
(01:24:38):
to be a trait within the schizoidpersonality.
So schizotypy as a concept has been
approached by different theoriesand methodologies.
So there's like a lot of debate.
And while we are currently using it in
accordance with Meehl's model,sometimes it can also
mean like schizophrenia-likephenomenology
that is stable and enduringbut not psychotic.
(01:25:02):
And I would actually argue that maybe that'sthe schizotypal camp actually?
It might be.
Now again, some argue that schizoidis not schizophrenia related.
So it's not an example of a schizotypicpsychopathology.
But some argue that schizoid and avoidant
personality disorders couldbe in the realm
(01:25:25):
of the schizotypic or schizophreniaspectrum pathology.
Ooh, okay.
This is where we sit actually.
Like you and I, Doc Fish, we think thatthey're all on the same spectrum.
So perhaps schizoid has much more of the
negative traits of schizophreniaand schizotypal has
(01:25:45):
more of the positive traitsof schizophrenia.
This, this, I think you'reon to something here.
Yeah, so the positive traits are
potentially what take it overthe edge into full-blown
psychosis.
This is really, really fascinatingto think about.
So it just makes sense becausethe overlap
(01:26:06):
is with the negative symptoms,right, across
the whole spectrum.
Schizoid, schizotypal, schizophrenia allhave the negative symptoms in common.
However, what you're saying is it's the
positive symptoms that aremore problematic.
So let's remember positive symptoms are thingslike hallucinations and delusions.
Those are more obviously pushingus outside of reality.
(01:26:29):
I totally agree.
I think you're on to something here.
It's possible, just hypotheses.
But that actually brings me to Kety.
So Kety actually found that while
schizophrenia is genetic, it producesdifferent phenotypes
depending on social, emotional,environmental stuff.
So briefly he proposed four variants of
(01:26:51):
schizophrenia and he put themall on a spectrum.
Okay, so the first one is chronicschizophrenia.
This is similar to Kraepelin'sdementia praecox.
It's also called true or processschizophrenia.
And I think this one might be the closest
to the DSM schizophreniathat we have now.
Yes, yes, I've heard of that.
Yeah.
(01:27:11):
And then we also have theacute schizophrenic
reaction, which is when schizophreniais precipitated
by external events or major traumas that
lead to that rapid slippageinto non-reality.
But interestingly, there'sa good prognosis.
So the psyche is able to spring back.
(01:27:32):
Isn't that interesting?
So I'm thinking maybe thiscould describe other
psychotic disorders, maybelike schizoaffective
disorder or mood disorders withpsychotic features.
Maybe.
So number three is borderline
schizophrenic, which maps ontothe DSM schizotypal where
(01:27:53):
they're on the cusp of reality.
And then the fourth one was termed
inadequate personality and apparentlyis more similar
to the DSM schizoid.
Aha.
So basically we have all the schizo
disorders that are somehow relatedpossibly and like
also very different and there's still
(01:28:14):
debate and the different perspectiveslike don't
match up, of course.
Right?
So we have the DSM, the ICD,psychodynamic,
historical psychologistsand psychiatrists.
They all give us data to work with, butthere is no one conclusion.
Yeah, of course.
Of course.
But let's bring this back around to
(01:28:35):
schizotypy because I want to bereally clear here about
what it is not.
So schizotypy is not the same as the DSM
schizotypal or schizotypalpersonality disorder.
Schizotypy is a latent unobservable
construct while schizotypal personalitydisorder is
(01:28:58):
an observable personality presentation.
Schizotypy is not just foridentifying DSM
schizotypal personality disorder features
or any DSM diagnosis.
Like it is bigger than that.
And not all schizotypes are expectedto develop schizophrenia.
(01:29:18):
There is a range from healthyto psychotic.
So some will show schizophrenia,some will
show like nonpsychotic features,schizotypal
personality disorder maybe.
Some will be quietly schizotypic,which we
think is possibly the schizoidpersonality.
So schizotypes exist on a continuum and
(01:29:39):
there is a range of healthypresentations all the
way to schizophrenia.
Yes, yes.
And then we don't really know what causes
someone to flirt with psychosisor go into
psychosis, but research tellsus that it is
a complex interplay betweenthe schizotypy,
other genes, and environmentor experiences.
(01:30:03):
And I will say too, puttingin a plug here,
if you found schizotypy fascinating,we did
too.
And we're actually going to unpack it morein this schizotypal personality series.
But for today, it is timeto land the plane.
So we unpack schizoid for schizotypal
(01:30:23):
versus schizophrenia, whichrequired us to bring
in that fascinating conceptof schizotypy.
So while it is widely recognized that
schizotypal and schizophrenia existon the same continuum,
being close to psychosis and in psychosis
respectively, schizoids havebefuddled scientists.
(01:30:44):
Doc Fish and I believe schizoids are all
part of the same schizophreniaspectrum, though
they never reach psychosis.
In fact, they use their split into fantasyin an adaptive way, in our opinion.
While some researchers argue that the
schizotype isn't part of schizoid,we actually believe
(01:31:04):
it is, and that the schizotype lies
dormant, keeping the schizoidaway from psychosis.
But on that note, that'sa wrap for today.
Thank you for joining us on this episodeof The Personality Couch.
Make sure to check out ourblogs that coincide
with these episodes at www.personalitycouch.com.
(01:31:26):
And as always, don't forget to give us a
thumbs up or rate and reviewus on your favorite
podcast app.
And on YouTube, hit thatbell so you don't
miss a single episode in ourschizotypal series.
Be well, be kind, and we'll see you nexttime on The Personality Couch.
This podcast is for informationalpurposes
(01:31:48):
only and does not constitutea professional
relationship.
If you're in need of professional help,
please seek out appropriate resourcesin your area.
Information about clinical trends or
diagnoses are discussed in broadand universal terms
and do not refer to any specificperson or case.
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