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July 25, 2025 12 mins

Wasps often get a bad reputation for being aggressive and painful pests. However, they play important roles in our gardens. From pollination to pest control, wasps are more helpful than many people realize. Check out this week’s Good Growing Podcast to learn more about the benefits of wasps and how to safely manage them in your landscape.

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Pollination Success Following Loss of a Frequent Pollinator: The Role of Compensatory Visitation by Other Effective Pollinators - https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plx020

Yellow Jackets May Be an Underestimated Component of an Ant-Seed Mutualism - https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877985


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Transcript

Episode Transcript

Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Ken Johnson (00:04):
Welcome to the GetGoing podcast. I am Ken
Johnson, horticulture educatorwith University of Illinois
Extension, coming to you todayfrom Jacksonville, Illinois with
a Gardenbite. And on this week'sgarden bite, I'm gonna talk a
little bit about wasps, goodbugs that get a bad name. So
typically, when we mention waspsto somebody, usually, we're

(00:25):
going to get a negativereaction.
We often see wasps as scary,angry, aggressive insects.
They're dangerous and are likelyto sting, when provoked. While
some wasps can be aggressive attimes, and and a lot of them
will pack a powerful, painfulsting, they're actually good
insects to have around. In a lotof cases, they are the unsung
heroes in a lot of ourlandscapes. So why do wasps, get

(00:50):
a bad name?
Like many other things, one or ahandful of individuals kinda
ruins everything for everyoneelse, and wasps are gonna be no
exceptions to this. So there arearound one there are over a
100,000 described species ofwasps worldwide. Of those, about
33,000 are considered stingingor the aculeate wasps. And about

(01:10):
1,000 of those are going to besocial. So things like yellow
jackets, ball faced hornets,paper wasps, and so on.
And these are the wasps, thesesocial wasps are typically the
ones that are gonna give theentire group bad name. They're
the ones that we most commonlyinteract with and are most
frequently stung by. So whilethey're out foraging, social

(01:32):
wasps aren't particularlyaggressive, but that all kind of
changes when when nests areinvolved. So social wasps, and
particularly yellow jackets,kinda notorious for aggressively
defending their nests, which,again, can result in painful
stings, for those of us that mayget too close or accidentally
disturb those nests if we don'tknow they're there. But not just

(01:53):
wasps will do this.
When we think about social beeslike honeybees, bumblebees,
things like ants, they will alsodefend their nests from
perceived threats. So why dowasps get a worse name than
these other stinging insects? Isit because their stings are, on
average, more painful? Thestings of wasps are more painful
on average than than those ofbees or ants. Or is it because

(02:17):
we don't recognize or maybewe're unaware of the benefits
that wasps provide like we do,for example, for bees.
Bees are widely accepted as asvery important pollinators, and
we need them. But wasps alsoprovide many different benefits
to us as humans. So some ofthose different benefits.
Pollinators. So while bees getmost of the attention when it

(02:39):
comes to pollinating insects,wasps will also act as
pollinators.
While the the larvae of mostwasps are going to be
carnivores, gull wasps would bean exception to this, the adults
are gonna feed on sugars, whichis why we commonly see them on
sugary drinks, especially in thefall. But for the most part,
they're often getting this inthe form of of nectar. So while

(03:00):
feeding on nectar, wasps mayalso pollinate flowers. And in
some cases, they can be asefficient as pollinating as
bees, or can even take the placeof bees. So there's some
research done in Wisconsin, andI will include a link to the the
paper in the show notes here,where they looked at world
milkweed, and they excludedbumblebees from an area with,

(03:21):
world milkweed, and they foundthat, paper wasps were able to
come in and replace, bumblebeesand and were just as effective
at pollinating, the worldmilkweed as bumblebees were.
So they can be importantpollinators for our plants.
Next, they can be importantpredators. So wasps are gonna be
vital for controlling insectpopulations in our landscapes.

(03:44):
Again, our social wasps willcapture a wide variety of
insects. They're kind ofgeneralist predators, so they
can catch it.
They're gonna do that. So thiscan be things like flies,
caterpillars, beetles, they'llcatch them, they'll chew them
up, they'll kind of masticatethem, and then they will feed
them to their larvae. Solitarywasps, on the other hand, tend
to be a little more focused onwhat they're feeding their
young. They often attack one onetype or one group of insects. So

(04:06):
example, great golden diggerwasps, great black wasps, will
paralyze catidids, grasshoppers,crickets, those related insects.
They'll bring them back to theburrows, as food for their for
their larvae. Other things likethe blue winged wasps will dig
into the ground, and they willparalyze and lay eggs on grubs
of scarab beetles, so like Junebeetles, Japanese beetles, and

(04:28):
they can be important forhelping to control the
populations of those insects.Parastoid wasps are also
incredibly important when itcomes to controlling insect
populations. So these are notsting what we would consider
stinging wasps. Most parasitoidwasps are gonna be very small.
Most of us would probablyconfuse them for a gnat. And a
lot of times, they may onlyattack one type of insect, like

(04:48):
caterpillars, or in some cases,they may be specific to the
species. They only attack onespecies of insects. But there
again, they're gonna attack allkinds of different insects.
Pretty much any insect is gonnahave some parasitoid wasp that's
going to attack it.
But for for us as as gardeners,for example, aphids, whiteflies,
mealybugs, caterpillars, insecteggs, they all those are all

(05:09):
readily parasitized by varioustypes of wasps. Now, so what
they'll do, they will lay an eggin or on an insect, and then
that egg will hatch, the larvaewill consume their host. In the
case of aphids, those eggs arelaid on the inside of the aphid.
The larvae eats the inside ofthe aphid. It'll pupate, and the
adult wasps will emerge fromthat aphid.
They'll go out and lay eggs innew hosts. So a lot of times,

(05:32):
for some of our smaller insectpests, like aphids, if we just
leave those alone long enough,our our parasitoid wasps and
other beneficial insects willeventually find those and clean
up those populations for uswithout us really having to do
much to them. Wasps also act asfood for other organisms, so not
only are they eating stuff,stuff is going to be eating
them. So a lot of differentbirds, crows, orioles,

(05:55):
bluebirds, sparrows, chickadeesmay eat wasps as part of their
diets. There are some otherbirds like the summer tanager,
which specialize on bees andwasps, but it makes up majority
of their diet.
Even some mammals, bears, whichmay or may not be all that
important for Illinois, butskunks, sometimes raccoons, will
dig up yellow jack in this andfeed on the larvae occasionally.

(06:15):
Other insects will also eatwasps as well. So praying
mantids, dragonflies, robberflies will also feed on wasps,
as well as other wasps willconsume wasps as well. Wasps can
also be important in seeddispersal. So some plants are
gonna rely on insects todisperse their seeds.
Usually, this is ants. When wetalk about the elaiosome, those
fleshy structures, they're fullof fats on those seeds.

(06:38):
Typically, it's ants movingthose seeds around. A lot of our
spring ephemerals will do this.But in North and South Carolina,
they found that yellow jacketsplay an important role in the
dispersal of Trillium seeds.
So not only ants are doing this,in some cases wasps will also
distribute these seeds. In thecase of wasps, they're probably
distributing these seeds muchfarther than ants would because
they're flying. So one commonissue we have with wasps is in

(07:03):
the fall. A lot of times wasps,particularly yellow jackets,
unwelcome guests at outdooractivities, But, in reality, all
they're doing is looking forsomething to eat. As fall
approaches and we progressthrough the fall, a lot of
flowers stop blooming.
We think about our typicallandscape. There's not a whole
lot blooming during late summerinto the fall months. And this

(07:24):
is gonna reduce the amount offood that's available for yellow
jackets and and other socialwasps, and and really other
insects that are relying onpollen and nectar. In the case
of yellow jackets, you know, inaddition to this lack of food,
these nests are gonna containthousands of workers. And
because of this lack of food, alarge number of wasps, they
begin searching far and wide forfood sources, and they're gonna

(07:47):
be attracted to sweet fooditems, carbonated beverages, pop
soda, whatever you wanna callit, juices, candy, fruits,
things of that nature.
So if we wanna avoid, issueswith these wasps, we wanna place
beverages on cups where you whenyou're outdoors, you can see
what you're drinking. A lot oftimes if it's in a can, they can
get in there and you may not seethem. Go in there. If a yellow

(08:07):
jacket, you know, decides to tocheck out your food or lands on
you, blow it or brush it awayrather than swatting at it,
which many times will result inyou getting stung if you're
swatting at them. Just kindagently move them away.
Another thing we can do isprovide those fall blooming
plants, goldenrods, asters, andthis is gonna provide them with
a we could say an alternativefood source to the food from the

(08:29):
the picnic or whatever you'reyou're consuming outdoors. If
you do run into a yellow jacketor a bald face hornet nest,
things like that, again, thosecan pose a risk. If those are
located away from high trafficareas, areas where people aren't
nearly necessarily going allthat often. One good option is
just to wait and do nothing. Thethese social wasps that we have

(08:52):
in Illinois, they are gonna dieout once temperature cold
temperatures arrive.
We get a couple frosts. Thosenests will dry off or die off,
and they don't reuse thosenests. So it's it's kind of a
one and done thing. So once weget a frog couple frosts, those
nests will die. They're notgonna be there again next year.
However, if they do pose athreat to people that are in a

(09:13):
high traffic area, front door,by a sidewalk, area where where
kids are playing, we do probablyneed to do something about that.
So when it comes to managing,these nests, first thing is to
remember, if accessing the nestis difficult or if you're
uncomfortable treating yourself,you wanna contact a professional
pest control company to do this,because we are dealing with

(09:33):
stinging insects, and this thiscan be kinda dangerous to do. If
you want if you're gonna ifyou're comfortable, and you
wanna do it yourself, the besttime to treat these nests is
going to be at dawn or dusk whenthey are gonna be less active.
All the wasps have returned tothe nests as well. And we're
doing this we're doing this atnight.
It's important to know that thewasps will fly at light sources.

(09:54):
So if you're gonna be doingthis, if you're using a
flashlight, cover it in redcellophane, use a red light.
They cannot see red very well,so you're gonna be they're not
gonna come out and attack thatlight, where if you have a white
light, they'll come after it.Again, you wanna wear protective
clothing, long pants, longsleeves, gloves. Good idea to
duct tape those to make surethey can't crawl up them.

(10:14):
If you can get something toprotect your head, beekeeping,
veil, something like that. Tryto cover yourself up as much as
possible. In the case of, like,in ground yellow jacket
colonies, we wanna apply aninsecticide to the nest, whether
that be a liquid or using themon those aerosols or a dust.
We're gonna place that in theentrance down into the hole in
the ground. And a lot times wewere gonna put a shovel full of

(10:37):
treated soil over that exithole.
So if they try to bury out ofthere, they're consuming that
insecticide, and killing off theindividuals in that nest. Now,
same thing with an aerial nest.We wanna use aerosol spray. Some
of those can spray 20 plus feet,and again, we're aiming that
towards the entrance of thenest. If the nest is inside of a
building, again, typically,we're gonna be using an

(10:59):
insectile dust for this, puttingthat on the wall openings where
the yellow jackets enter.
But in this case, we don't wannaseal the entrance to that colony
if it's in a wall. Doing so,that may cause them to chew
through the walls into otherparts of a home or or something
like that. So, again, if you'renot comfortable doing this,
contact a a professional to dothis. But again, overall, our

(11:21):
our wasps are going to bebeneficial in our landscapes.
Again, you know, obviously, ifthey're they're posing a threat,
we wanna do something aboutthem.
But if they're out of the way,we can leave them be, and
they'll be gone come coldweather, and they're not gonna
reuse those nests. So whilewasps can be be annoying, and it
can be painful at times, theirtheir benefits are gonna far

(11:43):
outweigh the drawbacks. But fromthe pollination services they're
providing, the pest management,insect management, they're
providing and they're helping todisperse seeds, their food
sources for other organisms aswell. Well, that's all I've got
for you for this week's GardenBite. Hopefully, you have a a
little bit better appreciation,for wasps, and maybe we can get
away from the the only good waspis a dead wasp approach that

(12:06):
many people have.
Good Growing podcast is aproduction of University of
Illinois Extension. Listeners,thank you for doing what you do
best and that is listening. Orif you're watching us on YouTube
watching. And as always, keep ongrowing.
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