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September 15, 2025 10 mins

Did you know your septic system is basically a mini wastewater treatment plant in your own backyard? In this episode of Cultivating Curiosity, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension water resource expert Gary Hawkins shares the science of septic systems and offers simple steps homeowners can take to keep them working properly. From what not to flush and how to avoid “commode overload” to protecting your drain field and scheduling inspections, you’ll learn six essential tips to maintain a healthy septic tank, protect your well water and avoid costly repairs. Whether you’re on a septic system or municipal sewer, these practical strategies can help you safeguard your home and community.

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Produced and edited by Jordan Powers and Emily Cabrera
Music and sound effects by Mason McClintock, an Athens-based singer, songwriter and storyteller who creates innovative soul-pop music that transcends traditional genre boundaries. Hailing from small-town Southeast Georgia, Mason's influences range from the purest pop to the most powerful gospel. Mason is a former Georgia 4-H'er and University of Georgia graduate! Listen to his music on Spotify

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Episode Transcript

Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Sound Effect (00:00):
[music]

Jordan Powers (00:00):
Welcome to Cultivating Curiosity where we
get down and dirty with theexperts on all the ways science
and agriculture touch our lives,from what we eat to how we live.
I'm Jordan Powers.

Emily Cabrera (00:12):
And I'm Emily Cabrera. We're from the
University of Georgia's Collegeof Agricultural and
Environmental Sciences.

Sound Effect (00:19):
[chime]

Jordan Powers (00:20):
Owning a home comes with responsibilities that
keep everything runningsmoothly, and if your home uses
a septic system, you might notrealize it, but you're doing
more than just taking care ofyour own property. You're
essentially managing your ownminiature wastewater treatment
plant. That might sound a littleintimidating, but understanding
that role is key to keeping thesystem and your community
healthy. To help explain thescience behind septic systems,

(00:42):
we've invited Gary Hawkins,Associate Professor and
Extension specialist focused onwater resource management and
policy, to join us in the studiotoday. Gary, thank you so much
for joining us.

Gary Hawkins (00:52):
You're welcome.
Thanks for having me.

Emily Cabrera (00:54):
Before we launch into simple steps for keeping
septic systems healthy, can youexplain what a septic system is?

Gary Hawkins (01:02):
We have to really start in the house or in the
business. Think of your sinks,your toilet, your shower, your
laundry, anything that produceswater as a waste water. It flows
out of the house through pipingsystem, down to a septic tank.
Typically, septic tanks areconcrete, roughly 1000-1500
gallons, depending on your housesize, and if you have a business

(01:23):
that may be 2000-2500 (gallons)or maybe designed a little bit
bigger. In that septic tank inthe state of Georgia, we have to
have what we call a two stagetank. In the first portion, we
get a lot of the sedimentationor settling of the solids, and
we get a lot of the floating ofthose things, like fats, oils
and greases, toys that go downthe drain and such as that, so

(01:44):
we get that separation. In themiddle portion of that
separation, then is what youcould call the cleaner water.
Now it's still waste water, it'sstill dirty water, but it's the
cleaner portion. That cleanerportion will then flow into the
second 1/3 volume of the tank.
We get a little bit moresedimentation, a little bit more
floating that then cleanerwater, at that point, goes out
through another set of pipesinto what we call the

(02:05):
distribution system. So thatdistribution system is really
dependent on the soil type. Soonce it leaves the tank, it goes
through this distribution systemand then infiltrates into the
ground, and then the bacteria inthe ground absorbs some of those
nitrogen, phosphorus compounds,as well as treats that liquid as
it flows down towardsgroundwater.

Jordan Powers (02:24):
So moving back into the system itself, we know
that there are six main topicsyou focus on to keep septic
systems healthy, many of whichalso apply to municipal sewer
systems. Let's do a quicklightning round of each topic
now. What can you tell us aboutnumber one, think at the sink?

Gary Hawkins (02:39):
Think at the sink is, I mean, you're standing
there at the sink, you'restanding there in the shower,
you're standing there at thecommode. What is going down that
drain that's going to go outinto your septic tank, like we
just talked about, and thenpotentially further down the
system. So what are those thingsyou want to put down that drain?
What are those things youshouldn't put down the drain?
And some of those are foodcompounds we probably don't want

(03:03):
to put down because of theorganic matter. We definitely
don't want to flush down or putdown fats, oils and greases.

Sound Effect (03:08):
[chime]

Emily Cabrera (03:10):
If you didn't catch that, Gary mentioned being
aware of fats, oils and greases,which may be hiding in plain
sight in everyday food itemssuch as condiments like ketchup,
salad dressings and peanutbutter, just to name a few. So
next time you're scraping yourplate, make sure to wipe up
those fats, oils and greases anddispose of them in the trash
can, instead of washing themdown the drain where they can

(03:32):
eventually collect and clog bothseptic and municipal systems.

Sound Effect (03:36):
[chime]

Gary Hawkins (03:38):
And then our cleaning products, we're going
to use them, but we just reallyhave to be mindful of how much
of that stuff we put down.
Because if we're using cleaningproducts to clean bacteria in
our sink or in our toilet or inour shower, that goes down into
a septic tank is full ofbacteria, so we're also killing
that bacteria, which then killsthe tank.

Emily Cabrera (03:54):
All right, and number two, don't strain your
drain.

Gary Hawkins (03:57):
When we start thinking about don't strain your
drain, you know, what are thosethings that use water? So if
we're using a dishwasher, wehave laundry going, we're taking
showers. We need to really kindof spread out when we send water
down the drain. We take a showerwhile we're washing clothes,
while the dishwasher is running,and then, if you got a second or
third bathroom, your kids oryour wife or your husband is

(04:19):
also taking a shower, all thatwater is going down at the same
time. That's a lot of watergoing into this 1500 gallon
tank, like we just talked about,and it can then stir up that
sediment, it can stir up thatfats, oils and greases. So now,
instead of a separated tank, yougot a mixed up tank, then that's
going to go out into yourdistribution system, which then
can affect it, so kind ofstagger your water use. So if

(04:43):
you got three people takingshowers at night, maybe wash
your clothes a little bitearlier in the day, wash your
dishes at night or something,but try to put less water in all
at one time.

Jordan Powers (04:52):
That makes sense.
Number three, keep it clean.

Gary Hawkins (04:55):
When we talk about keep it clean, we're really
talking about well water here,not necessarily the septic
system. But if you're in a ruralpart of the country or state and
you have a well, more thanlikely you're gonna have a
septic tank. And if you have aseptic tank, more than likely
you're gonna have a well. So wejust need to make sure is the
septic system working properly?
Is the distribution systemworking properly? Because if we

(05:15):
have anything leaching - quote,unquote - out of the septic tank
and it's not working properly,if your well is close to it,
then what is not properly beingtreated in the soil, like we
talked about previously, thenthat can get in your well, and
then you're bringing that up outof the ground. So kind of just
making sure your system'soperating properly helps protect

(05:37):
that well system.

Emily Cabrera (05:40):
Next up, number four, shield your field.

Gary Hawkins (05:43):
Shield the field is really thinking about that
drain field we talked about,that leach field, that final
distribution of that water. Whatdo we need to do? Because you
can't see it. It's underground.
If you've got a leach field inyour backyard or whatnot, you
more than likely can see it,because in the summertime, the
grass really grows over theseptic lines.

Emily Cabrera (06:02):
Oh, yeah.

Gary Hawkins (06:02):
Or it can die over the septic lines. So you know
where they are. So when we wantto shield the field, we need to
protect that distributionsystem. So one, don't drive over
it with heavy objects. Lawnmowers are okay, not heavy cars,
cement trucks or whatnot. Theother thing you want to do is,
what to plant over that septicfield. Trees are bad because of

(06:23):
the big root systems, they willget into the pipes and clog them
up. We don't want to plantvegetable crops over it, because
if they fall on the ground, it'sprobably okay. But if you're
having a failing system oryou've had a lot of rain
recently or anything, and whatwas in those pipes are coming to
the surface, and now you're havea tomato that falls on the
ground, for instance, and youpick it up. I'll leave it to

(06:44):
your imagination from that pointon. [laughter all]

Emily Cabrera (06:46):
Thank you.

Gary Hawkins (06:47):
You're welcome.

Jordan Powers (06:48):
On that note, number five, protect it and
inspect it.

Gary Hawkins (06:52):
When we start thinking about protecting and
inspecting it, what we reallywant to do is just kind of know
your system. If your system isstarting to back up in your
house, if your toilet doesn'tflush good enough, or your drain
is slow to drain, kind ofrealize what's happening
outside. A lot of times I'll getquestions of, well, I can't
flush my toilet, or when I takea shower, it doesn't drain very

(07:16):
fast. A lot of times thinkabout, has it rained in the past
couple of days? Or is it rainingoutside now? Or has it rained
for two or three days? And ifyou've got a lot of water over
that septic system, becauseagain, it's in the ground, and
if your storm water, or yourwater flows over that, then that
ground is going to be saturated.
And so think about it this way,if you've got a cup of water and

(07:36):
you pour more water in it, it'snot going into the cup. It's
gonna come out. Same thing'sgonna happen with your septic
system. You flush the toilet,you take a shower, you do
laundry. It goes into this bigconcrete septic tank. Then it's
got to go into the distributionsystem, into a quote, unquote,
full glass of water. It can't godown, so it's going to come back
up. So protecting that is a goodway to do that. Another way to

(07:57):
kind of protect and inspect itis every so often have somebody
come out and inspect your septictank. Typically, rule of thumb
for average home size, averagehome family, is to get somebody
to come out and pump your tankevery three to five years. This
kind of gets into that protectedand inspected aspect of it.

Emily Cabrera (08:17):
Seems like a lot of this can be filed in the if I
don't see it, I don't thinkabout it until it becomes a
problem.

Gary Hawkins (08:24):
That is a lot of what happens I think.

Emily Cabrera (08:26):
Yeah.

Gary Hawkins (08:26):
Because everything is underground, you don't see
it, you don't really think aboutit until something happens. And
then it's like, oh my gosh, whatam I gonna do now?

Emily Cabrera (08:35):
And I have the luck of drawing number six.
Don't overload the commode.

Gary Hawkins (08:41):
Ooh, you did get lucky on that one, Emily.

Emily Cabrera (08:43):
[laughter]

Gary Hawkins (08:44):
When we start talking about don't overload the
commode, there's three thingsthat we should flush down the
toilet, and there's a lot ofthings we shouldn't flush down
the toilet. So the three thingswe should flush, we always say
the three P's. Papers, so toiletpaper, pee and poo and so the
three P's, everything that's notone of those three should go in
a trash can. By only puttingthose three things in there,

(09:04):
we're protecting that commode,we're protecting the septic
system. And toilet paper, if youthink about it, will tear apart
real easily. Flushable wipes,even though they say flushable,
do not pull apart very easily.
Paper towels don't pull apartvery easily. Even facial tissues
do not pull apart. So if youwant to do a quick experiment at
home, take some toilet paper, afacial wipe, paper towel, and
then one of those flushablewipes and see which one pulls

(09:26):
apart real easy.

Sound Effect (09:29):
[chime]

Emily Cabrera (09:31):
This is especially important to keep in
mind, because many commonsanitary products that we use
every day are assumed or evenmarketed as safe to be flushed,
but should simply go straight tothe trash can.

Sound Effect (09:43):
[chime]

Jordan Powers (09:43):
Pretty simple.

Gary Hawkins (09:45):
Pretty simple.

Jordan Powers (09:46):
When you break it down. No pun intended. Well,
Gary, is there anything we'vemissed?

Gary Hawkins (09:50):
You mentioned it earlier. Most of these apply to
the septic system itself, but ifyou're on municipal, thinking at
the sink, you also have to thinkabout that. I mean, you don't
have a concrete tank in thebackyard, but the city or county
has a million gallon tank theyhave to deal with. Don't strain
your drain, again, more waterdown the drain. One person

(10:11):
probably won't matter to thewastewater treatment plant
getting millions of gallons aday. But if a bunch of us do it,
also some of the municipalsystems get storm water, so that
extra water going in, and thenwe're doing that. And then
really just think about, don'toverload the commode, because
again, that goes to your septicsystem, or it goes to the
municipal system, and they haveto deal with it, so either

(10:31):
septic or municipal. But otherthan that, I thank you guys for
having me today, and this wasactually fun.

Jordan Powers (10:36):
Glad it was a good time. We had a blast and
thank you so much for joiningus.

Gary Hawkins (10:43):
You're welcome.

Sound Effect (10:44):
[music]

Jordan Powers (10:44):
Thanks for listening to Cultivating
Curiosity, a podcast produced bythe UGA College of Agricultural
and Environmental Sciences. Aspecial thanks to Mason
McClintock for our music andsound effects. Find more
episodes wherever you get yourpodcasts.
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